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International Journal of Environment ISSN 2091-2854 231 | P a g e
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENT
Volume-2, Issue-1, Sep-Nov 2013 ISSN 2091-2854
Received:16 October Revised:13 November Accepted:13 November
STATUS OF ENDEMIC PLANTS OF BANGLADESH AND
CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
M. Atiqur Rahman1* and M. Enamur Rashid2
Department of Botany, University of Chittagong
Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh
*Corresponding author: atiquerahman125@hotmail.com
Abstract
The present study was aimed at recognizing the status of 28 endemic plants of Bangladesh
and determining their conservation management strategies. These endemics belong to 17
angiosperm families and constitute about 0.78% of the total species of the country. Of these
endemics, 2 species were least concern, 10 rare and 7 endangered, and need to give
immediate conservation priority. Another 9 endemics were assessed to be extinct since no
report of collection for more than 100 years was available and could not be traced in the wild.
An enumeration of these endemics is presented, each cited with updated nomenclature,
bangla names, type, habit, ecology, potential values, places and status of occurrence, threats
to the species, conservation status for sustainable management strategies. List of examined
specimens of these endemics, wherever available, is also provided. Photographs of 24
endemics are also presented.
Key words: Endemic plants, conservation management strategies, Bangladesh
Introduction
When a species is restricted to its distribution in a particular region or location then it
is regarded a true endemic. It is not easy to recognize endemic taxa of a region unless isolated
by geographical or temporal barriers, like, Madagascar, Andaman Islands and Sri Lanka
(Rahman and Rashid, 2012). Also it is very difficult to evaluate endemism within the political
boundary of Bangladeshsince the country lies within the Indian Floristic Region as of
Takhtajan (1986) and surrounded from 3 sides by India (Rahman and Rashid, 2012). The
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south eastern part of Bangladesh lies in the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot while the central
and north-west parts lie in the upper gangetic plain.
The concept of endemism depends on the knowledge of the geographical range of a species.
Usually, a newly discovered species is found only in a limited site, and considered a site of
national endemic until it rediscovers from another country or region.
The number of angiosperm plants of Bangladesh is about 5000 (Khan, 1972), of
which over 80% are identical to the Indian flora (Rahman et al., 2010; Rahman and Rashid,
2012). Ahmed et al. (2007-2010) recorded 3,611 plant species under 199 families in the
recently published Encyclopaedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh. The Indian flora lists
about 15000 plant species ofwhich 5725(33.5%) are endemics (Chatterjee, 1940). More than
10% Indian endemics werefound to be distributed to Nepal, Bangladesh and Myanmar since
these countries lie within thearea of Indian Floristic Region of Takhtajan, 1986 (Rahman and
Rashid, 2012).
Many Asian countries, like, China, India and Malaysia have published the inventory
of endemic taxa and made recommendations for conservation management (Ahmedullah and
Nayar, 1986; Chatterjee, 1940; Huang, 2011; Nayar, 1980). It is felt necessary to make a
complete inventory of the endemic plants of Bangladesh with determination of current status
and conservation management strategies for sustainability of the environment.
Materials and Methods
The world’s floristic literature, such as, the World Checklist of Selected Plant families
(www. WCSP), Kew Index, IPNI (urn: lsid: ipni.org: names: 901173-1.) including most
related national and regional Floras of Bhutan (Grierson and Long, 1987-1999), Ceylon
(Dassanayake and Fosberg, 1980-1997), China (Li et al., 2002-), India (Sharma et al., 1993;
Sharma and Balakrishnan, 1993; Sharma and Sanjappa, 1993; Hajra et al., 1997), Malesiana
(Wilde, 1988-89; Holttum, 1959-78; Holttum, 1991), Myanmar (USNH, 2003), Nepal (Press
et al., 2000), Pakistan (Nasir and Ali, 1972-83), Thailand (Santisuk and Larsen, 1997-2005)
have been consulted to check the distribution of the plants of Bangladesh, recorded to date in
Roxb. (1814, 1832), Wall. (1828-49), Hook.f. (1872-1897), Kurz (1877), Prain (1903),
Heinig (1925), Raizada (1941), Cowan (1928), Sinclair (1956), Khan (1972-1987), Alam
(1988), Dey et al. (1998), Das and Alam (2001), Ahmed et al. (2007-2010) and Rahman
(2013, 2013a, 2013b).
The herbarium specimens of these endemic taxa including types available at BM, E,
K, CAL, DACB, DUSH (Dhaka University Salar Khan Herbarium), BFRIH (Herbarium of
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Bangladesh Forest Research Institute), HCU (Herbarium of Chittagong University), BCSIRH
(Herbarium of Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Chittagong) and
MCCSH (Herbarium of Murari Chand College, Sylhet) have been examined. The type
specimens of these endemics, so far detected, have also been studied. The specimens
preserved at HCU, collected by the author himself through field investigations since 1983,
have been thoroughly examined, and the specimens belonging to these endemics are cited as
specimens examined. Photographs of 11 endemics, found in the wild, have been taken during
field investigations. The species which have not been found in the wild but available only as
herbarium specimens are photographed.
The evaluation and inventory with determination of overall conservation status of
these endemic taxa of the flora of Bangladesh is based on the author’s own field
investigations, examination of herbarium specimens and thorough survey of relevant floristic
literature.
An enumeration of these endemic taxa is prepared. In the enumeration, species are
arranged in alphabetical order. Each species is cited with updated nomenclature, synonyms,
bangla names, type localities, habit, ecology, potential values, places of occurrence, status of
occurrence, threats to the species, conservation status and recommendations for conservation
management. List of examined specimens of each species with their locations is also
presented. Two photoplates of 21 endemics composed of the photographs of 5 herbarium
specimens, 5 drawings and 11 field plants are provided.
Results and discussion
The study revealed that out of 3,611 plant species of Bangladesh, 28 are endemic at or
below species level which is about 0.78% of the total species. No endemics at generic or
supra-generic level could be recognised from Bangladesh. Among these, 4 are tree species, 2
shrubs, 1 undershrub, 2 parasites, 2 woody climbers and 17 herbs. The endemics were
recorded from greater Sylhet (5 species), Chittagong (7 species), Cox’s Bazar (2 species),
Hill Tracts (10 species), Tangail (2 species), Dhaka-Jamalpur-Pabna (1 species) and
Mymensing (1 species) districts.
Assessment of conservation status revealed that 10 endemics are categorized as
extinct since no report of second collection have been made after type collections for more
than 100 years. On the other hand, remaining 18 endemics are categorised as endangered,
rare and least concern by 6, 10 and 2 species respectively.
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Our evaluation on the endemism and distribution of endemics revealed that 7 plants
as regarded endemic to Bangladesh by Khan et al. (2001) and Ahmed et al. (2007-2010) and
11 plants by Pasha (2012) have a wider range of distribution in India, Myanmar, China,
Vietnam, Laos, Singapore, Java and some other countries (Ahmed et al., 2009; Hook.f.,
1886; Hu and Daniel, 2011; Khan et al., 2001; Rahman and Rashid, 2012) and these are:
Carex caespititia Nees (Cyperaceae) - distributed to China; Cissus sicyoides Roxb. (Vitaceae)
- distributed to India, Maxico, Central America and the Caribbean; Cleistanthus oblongifolius
(Roxb.) Muell.-Arg. Euphorbiaceae) - distributed to India, Java and Singapore; Croton
clorocalyx Muell.-Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) - distributed to India; Corypha taliera Roxb.
(Arecaceae) - endemic to India and extended its distribution to Bangladesh; Gymnostechium
listeri Prain (Acanthaceae) - distributed to China and Vietnam; Lithocarpus acuminata
(Roxb.) Rehder (Fagaceae) - distributed to Myanmar; Myroneuron clarkei Hook.f. and
Ophiorhiza villosa Roxb. (Rubiaceaea) - distributed to India; Phrynium imbricatum Roxb.
(Marantaceae) - distributed to Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnum, Laos and China; Vernonia
thomsonii Hook.f. (Rubiaceae) - distributed to Myanmar. Moreover, Cleistanthus
oblongifolius (Roxb.) Muell.-Arg. and Cissus sicyoides Roxb. as regarded endemic by Pasha
(2012) are the synonyms of Cleistanthus chartaceus Muell.-Arg. and C. verticillata (L.)
Nicolson and C.E. Jarvis respectively (Hook.f., 1886; French et al., 2003). Corypha taliera
Roxb. was first reported from Bengal by W. Roxburgh in 1919, and known to grow wildly in
a village near Shanti Niketan in Birbhum district of W. Bengal, India, and later discovered
from Dhaka University campus area (Khan et al., 2001).
Enumeration of endemic taxa
Ampelygonum salarkhanii Hassan in Bangladesh J. Bot. 20(2): 245 (1991). Fig. 1
Hassan in Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh 9: 397 (2009).
Family Polygonaceae
Synonym: Not available. Bangla name: Girishobhansak.
Type: Bandarban, Chimbuk hill, 1990, Hassan s.n. (DACB DUSH).
Habit: Perennial bushy undershrub.
Ecology: Hilly areas.
Potential value: Used as leafy vegetable by the tribal people.
Occurrence: Bandarban (Chimbuk, Ruma).
Status of occurrence: Least Concern (lc).
Threat to the species: Habitat destruction.
Conservation status: Found only in Bandarban district and could not be traced to any other
localities. Mistakenly its distribution was shown to India, China and Myanmar in Ahmed et
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al. (2009) but there is no report of its occurrence in the Floras of India (Sharma et al., 1993),
China (Li et al., 2004) and Myanmar (USNH, 2003).
Conservation measures taken: None
Conservation measures proposed: In-situ conservation management required immediately.
Herbarium specimens: Bandarban: Ruma, 27.02.2011, Rahman et al. 7954 (HCU).
Boesenbergia islamii Yusuf & Rahman in Saudi. J. Biol. Sci. 10 (1): 51 (2003). Fig.2
Yusuf in Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh 12: 466 (2008).
Family Zingiberaceae
Synonym: Not available; Bangla name: Not available.
Type: Chittagong, Chunati, Near forest beat office, 02.10.1997, Yusuf & Rahman, 1019
(BCSIRH: holo., HCU: iso.).
Habit: Small rhizomatous herb.
Ecology: Partial shade on the hilly forest floor.
Potential value: Medicinal and ornamental (as pot plant).
Occurrence: Chittagong (Chunati, Sitakundu).
Status of occurrence: Endangered (EN).
Threat to the species: Habitat destruction.
Conservation status: It has been rediscovered from SitakunduChandranath hill of Chittagong
by the author in 2009. It is seemed to be lost from the type locality due to habitat destruction
(Rahman, 2013).
Conservation measures taken: Grown in Chittagong University Botanic Garden.
Conservation measures proposed: Both in-situ and ex-situ conservation management required
immediately.
Herbarium specimens: Chittagong, Sitakunda, Chandranath hill, 31.08.2009, Rahman s.n.
(HCU) and type specimen is also available at BCSIRH and HCU.
Croton chittagongensis Chakrab. & N.P. Balakr. in Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Pl. Sci.
92: 365, f. 2. (1983). Bull. Bot. Surv. India 34: 40 (1992; publ. 1997). Fig.24
Family Euphorbiaceae
Synonym: Not available; Bangla name: Not available.
Type: Chittagong Hill Tracts, Mainamukh, 09 May 1939, Dent 72 (CAL).
Habit: Small tree.
Ecology: Hill slopes in forests.
Potential value: Wild life supporting plant.
Occurrence: Rangamati (Mainamukh).
Status of occurrence: Extinct (EX), could not be traced after 1939.
Threat to the species: Data Deficient (DD).
Conservation status: It has not been reported from elsewhere since its type collection was
made from Chittagong Hill Tracts, Mainamukh by Dent (1939). It could not be traced to any
localities even type location during our search since independence of Bangladesh in 1972.
Conservation measures taken: None
Conservation measures proposed: Further search to locate this plant, if exists, is to be
continued and appropriate conservation measure to be taken accordingly.
Herbarium specimen: Only type specimen is available at CAL.
Curcuma bakerii Rahman & Yusuf in Plantae Discoverie 1: 21 (2012). Fig.5
Family Zingiberaceae
Synonym: Not available. Bangla name: Ban-halud.
Type: Tangail, Madhupur Sal forest,14.05.1996, Rahman & Yusuf 938 (BCSIRH: holo,
HCU: iso).
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Habit: Rhizomatous herb.
Ecology: Partial shade in forested areas.
Potential value: Rhizome used as spice mixed with turmeric.
Occurrence: Tangail (Madhupursal forest).
Status of occurrence: Endangered (EN).
Threat to the species: Habitat destruction, land use change.
Conservation status: Specimens outside type locality could not be traced yet.
Conservation measures taken: None
Conservation measures proposed: Both in-situ and ex-situ conservation management required
immediately.
Herbarium specimens: Type specimens available at BCSIRH and HCU.
Curcuma hookerii Rahman & Yusuf in Plantae Discoveries 1: 23 (2012). Fig.4
Family Zingiberaceae
Synonym: Not available; Bangla name: Janglihalud.
Type: Chittagong, Barabkundu, 18.04.1994, Rahman & Yusuf 867 (BCSIRH: holo.;
HCU: iso.).
Habit: Rhizomatous herb.
Ecology: Partial shade on hill slope of rain forests.
Potential value: Substitute of turmeric.
Occurrence: Chittagong (Bariadhala hill).
Status of occurrence: Rare (R).
Threat to the species: Habitat destruction, land use change.
Conservation status: It has been located to occur with a small community in both type
locality and Bariadhala of Chittagong. No specimenfrom outside of Chittagong has been
reported.
Conservation measures taken: None
Conservation measures proposed: Both in-situ and ex-situ conservation management required
immediately.
Herbarium specimens: Type specimens are available at BCSIRH, HCU); Chittagong
Bariadhala hill slopes, 02. 04. 1998, Rahman et al. 2773, 2774 (HCU).
Curcuma roxburghii Rahman & Yusuf in Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 19(1): 80 (2012).
Fig.7
Synonym: Not available. Bangla name: Janglihalud. Family Zingiberaceae
Habit: Rhizomatous herb.
Type: Rangamati, Rangapani, 08.07.1993, Rahman & Yusuf 803 (BCSIRH: holo.;
HCU: iso.).
Ecology: Partial shade on high hill slope of rain forests.
Potential value: Substitute of turmeric.
Occurrence: Chittagong (Rangunia) and Rangamati (Rangapani).
Status of occurrence: Rare (R).
Threat to the species: Habitat destruction.
Conservation status: Besides type locality, a very small size of population of this plant has
been traced to a second location in Chittagong by the author himself in 1998.
Conservation measures taken: Grown in Botanic Gardens of Chittagong University and
BCSIR Laboratory, Chittagong.
Conservation measures proposed: Both in-situ and ex-situ conservation management required
immediately.
Herbarium specimens: Type specimens are available at BCSIRH, HCU); Chittagong,
Razarhat, Rangunia, 03 06 1998, Rahman et al. 3248 (HCU).
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Curcuma wallichii Rahman & Yusuf in Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon.19(1): 82 (2012). Fig.6
Synonym: Not available; Bangla name: Haldigaas. Family Zingiberaceae
Type: Moulvi Bazar, Srimangal, Lawachara forest, 16.07.1993, Rahman & Yusuf 813
(BCSIRH, HCU).
Habit: Rhizomatous herb.
Ecology: Hill slopes of rain forests.
Potential value: Substitute of turmeric.
Occurrence: Moulvi Bazar (Lawachara forest).
Status of occurrence: Rare (R).
Threat to the species: Habitat destruction.
Conservation status: Apart from type locality, no other location of its occurrence could be
traced yet. Population size in the type locality is small.
Conservation measures taken: Grown in Botanic Gardens of Chittagong University and
BCSIR Laboratory, Chittagong.
Conservation measures proposed: Both in-situ and ex-situ conservation management
required.
Herbarium specimens: Only type specimens are available at BCSIRH and HCU.
Curcuma wilcockii Rahman & Yusuf in Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon.19(1): 83 (2012). Fig.3
Family Zingiberaceae
Synonym: Not available. Bangla name: Ban haldi, shati
Type: Tangail, Madhupursal forest, Rasulpur, 21.08.1993, Yusuf & Rahman 838
(BCSIRH, HCU).
Habit: Rhizomatous herb.
Ecology: Moist forest in partial shades.
Potential value: Rhizome used as spice with turmeric.
Occurrence: Tangail (Madhupur sal forest).
Status of occurrence: Rare (R).
Threat to the species: Habitat destruction.
Conservation status: No collection, outside type locality, could be made yet.
Conservation measures taken: Grown in Botanic Garden of BCSIR Laboratory, Chittagong.
Conservation measures proposed: Both in-situ and ex-situ conservation management required
immediately.
Herbarium specimens: Only type specimens are available at BCSIRH and HCU.
Cuscuta chittagongensis Sen Gupta et al., in Bangladesh J. Bot. 12(1): 33-36 (1983). Fig.16
Khan & Khanam in Fl. Bangladesh 55: 3 (2003); Khanam in Encyclopedia of Flora
and Fauna of Bangladesh 7: 327 (2008). Family Cuscutaceae
Synonym: Not available. Bangla name: Pahari swarnalata.
Type: Rangamati, Myanimukh, 24.12.1956, Khan 234A (DACB).
Habit: Twining parasite.
Ecology: Parasites on trees.
Potential value: Medicinal.
Occurrence: Bandarban (Chimbuk hill), Rangamati (Myanimukh) and Sylhet (Beyani Bazar).
Status of occurrence: Least concern (lc).
Threat to the species: Habitat destruction.
Conservation status: It was rediscovered from Sylhet in 1979 and Bandarban in 1983.
Although its occurrence in Chittagong (loc. non cit.) has been mentioned in Khan & Khanam
(2003) and Khanam (2008), there is no specimen from Chittagong available in any herbaria.
No location in Chittagong could be traced yet.
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Conservation measures taken: None
Conservation measures proposed: Both in-situ and ex-situ conservation management
required.
Herbarium specimens: Bandarban: Chimbuk hill, 27.11.1983, Khan et al., K.6518 (DACB);
Rangamati: Myanimukh, 24.12.1956, Khan, 234A (DACB: type), Kalampoli, Chittagong-
Rangamati road, 23.02.1979, Huq H.4341 (DACB); Sylhet: Beyani Bazar, 01.02.1979, Huq
4196 (DACB).
Cyperus pilosus Vahl var. polyantha C.B. Clarke in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 21: 151 (1884).
Uddin in Encyclopaedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh 11: 204 (2007).
Family Cyperaceae
Synonym: Not available; Bangla name: Not available.
Type: Mymensingh, loc. non cit., 1868, C.B. Clarke s.n. (K)
Habit: Stoloniferous perennial herb.
Ecology: Open wet places, grassland, swamps, deciduous forest floors and rice fields.
Potential value: Not known.
Occurrence: Mymensingh (loc. non cit.).
Status of occurrence: Extinct (EX), could not be traced after 1886.
Threat to the species: Data deficient (DD).
Conservation status: No report of second collection is yet available since its type collection
made by C.B. Clarke from Mymensingh in 1868.
Conservation measures taken: None.
Conservation measures proposed: It is to be located, if exist, then in-situ or ex-situ
conservation management to be taken as appropriate.
Herbarium specimens: No specimen, except type, is available.
Dalbergia confertiflora Benth. var. listeri Thoth. In Bull. Bot. Surv. Ind. 17(1-4): 66-67
(1975). Rezia in Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh 8: 51 (2009).
Family Fabaceae
Synonym: Not available. Bangla name: Not available.
Type: Bangladesh, Chittagong, loc. non cit., in 1876, Lister s.n. (CAL).
Habit: Large woody climber.
Ecology: Grows in red soil areas.
Potential value: Not known.
Occurrence: Chittagong (loc. non cit.).
Status of occurrence: Extinct (EX), could not be traced after 1876.
Threat to the species: Data Deficient (DD).
Conservation status: No report of its occurrence, after type collection, is yet available. No
locality could be traced during field trips to Chittagong since independence of Bangladesh
in 1971.
Conservation measures taken: None.
Conservation measures proposed: Further search is to be continued to locate this plant, if
exist, for taking appropriate conservation management.
Herbarium specimens: No specimen in Bangladesh, except type at CAL, is available.
Globba rahmanii Yusuf in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 28(1): 87-90 (2004). Fig. 10
Yusuf in Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh 12: 482 (2008).
Family Zingiberaceae
Synonym: Not available. Bangla name: Not available.
Type: Khagrachari, Dheghinala-Marissha road, Teen tila, 30.08.1997, Rahman & Yusuf
1878 (BCSIRH, HCU).
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Habit: Small rhizomatous herb.
Ecology: Partial shade on high hill slope of rain forests.
Potential value: Ornamental (could be grown as pot plant).
Occurrence: Chittagong (Bariadhala, Sitakundu), Khagrachari (Dheghinala), Rangamati
(Barkal).
Status of occurrence: Rare (R).
Threat to the species: Habitat destruction, changing of land use.
Conservation status: Two more locations, outside type locality, are known. Population size in
both localities found to be very small.
Conservation measures taken: Grown in Botanic Garden of BCSIR Laboratory, Chittagong.
Conservation measures proposed: In-situ conservation management required.
Herbarium specimens: Chittagong: Sitakundo, 03.10.1969, Das 4 (BFRIH); Bariadhala-
Hazarikhil, 06.10.1997, Rahman & Yusuf 1020 (BCSIRH and HCU); Rangamati: Barkal R.
F. 12.06.1983, Huq et al., H.5751 (DACB).
Gomphostemma salarkhaniana Khanam & Hassan in Bangladesh J. Bot. 32 (1):63-64
(2003). Fig. 18
Khanam & Hassan in Fl. Bangladesh 58: 31 (2008); Khanam in Encyclopediaof Flora
and Fauna of Bangladesh8: 282 (2009). Family Lamiaceae
Synonym: Not available; Bangla name: Not available.
Type: Sylhet, Tamabil, 13.10.1973, Khan et al., K.3296 (DACB).
Habit: Aromatic herb.
Ecology: Shady forest areas.
Potential value: Medicinal.
Occurrence: Sylhet (Tamabil, Jaintapur, Jafflong).
Status of occurrence: Rare (R).
Threat to the species: Habitat destruction and restricted distribution.
Conservation status:It occurs in and arround type locality by a small fragmented population
size.
Conservation measures taken: None.
Conservation measures proposed: Both in-situ and ex-situ conservation management
required.
Herbarium specimens: Sylhet: Tamabil, 13.10.1973, Khan et al. K.3296 (DACB: type),
Jaintapurand Jafflong 19.10.1986, Huq & Mia 7873 and 7887(DACB).
Hedyotis thomsonii Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 3:63 (1880). Fig. 9
Rahman & Das in Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh 10: 72 (2009).
Family Rubiaceae
Synonym: Not available. Bangla name: Not available.
Type: East Bengal, loc. non cit., collected in 1851, J. D. Hooker s.n. (K).
Habit: Annual herb.
Ecology: Open areas beside rivers and lakes.
Potential value: Not known.
Occurrence: Bank of the river Meghna and Mahanudde (Hook.f., 1880), Sylhet (Jafflong,
Tamabil) and Bandarban (Jiban nagar).
Status of occurrence: Rare (R).
Threat to the species: Habitat destruction.
Conservation status: Khan and Hassan rediscovered this plant in 1973 from Jafflong and
Tamabil areas of Sylhet after its type collection was made by Hook.f. in 1851. Later Huq et
al., in 1981 also collected this plant from same locality. Very recently in 2011, Rahman et al.,
rediscovered it from Bandarban hill district.
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Conservation measures taken: None.
Conservation measures proposed: Both in-situ and ex-situ conservation management
required.
Herbarium specimens: Sylhet: Jafflong, 13.10.1973, Khan & Hassan K.3294 and Tamabil,
29.04.1981, Huq et al. H.5082 (DACB); Bandarban: Jiban nagar, on the way to Balipara
bazar, 12.05.2011, Rahman et al. 8639 (HCU).
Iodes thomsoniana Baill. in Adansonia 10:270 (1872). Fig. 21
Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India1: 596 (1875); Huq in Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of
Bangladesh 8: 257 (2009). Family Icacinaceae
Synonym: Not available. Bangla name: Not available.
Type: Chittagong, loc. non cit., in 1851, Hook.f. & Thom., s.n. (K).
Habit: Climber.
Ecology: Evergreen forest.
Potential value: Not known.
Occurrence: Chittagong (loc. non cit.).
Status of occurrence: Extinct (EX), could not be located after 1851.
Threat to the species: Data Deficient (DD).
Conservation status: Its type was collected from Chittagong by Hook.f. & Thom in 1851 and
since then no report of its collection from elsewhere is yet available.
Conservation measures taken: None
Conservation measures proposed: Further search to locate this plant in and around type
locality is to be continued. If found, both in-situ and ex-situ conservation management to be
taken immediately.
Herbarium specimens: No specimen is available in any herbaria of Bangladesh
Knema bengalensis W.J. de Wilde in Blumea 25(2): 413 (1979). Fig. 14
Khan et al., Red Data Book of Vascular Plants of Bangladesh 103 (2001);
Islam & Hossain in Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh 9: 241 (2009).
Family Myristicaceae
Synonym: Not available. Bangla name: Khude Barala.
Type: Cox’s Bazar, Dulahazra, 31.12.1957, M. S. Khan 511 (DACB).
Habit: Medium tree.
Ecology: Mixed evergreen forest, on the edges of forest.
Potential value: Wild life supporting plant, fire wood.
Occurrence: Cox’s Bazar (Dulahazra, Ramu Upper Rezu).
Status of occurrence: Rare (R)/Endangered (EN). Could not be relocated either type locality
or Upper Rezu Reserve forest after 1999.
Threat to the species: Habitat destruction.
Conservation status: After type collection, M.S. Khan relocated this plant at the Upper Rezu
reserve forest of Ramu, Cox’s Bazar in December 1999 (Khan, et al., 2001 and Uddin et al.
2013).
Conservation measures taken: None
Conservation measures proposed: Further search to locate this plant in and around type
locality is to be continued. Both in-situ and ex-situ conservation management required.
Herbarium Specimens: Cox’s Bazar, Dulahazra, 31.12.1957, M.S. Khan 511 (DACB); Upper
Rezu, 03.12.1999, Khan et al. 10210 (DACB).
Lagenandra gomezii (Schott) Bogner & N. Jacobsen in Aqua Pl. 49 (1987). Fig. 15
Khan et al., Red Data Book of Vascular Plants of Bangladesh 26 (2001); Ara in
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Encyclopedia ofFlora and Fauna of Bangladesh 11: 62 (2007).
Family Araceae
Basionym: Cryptocoryne gomezii Schott (1857); Hook.f. (1893).
Synonym: Not available. Bangla name: Ban-kachu.
Type: Sylhet, Panchara, collected in1828 by W. Gomez, Wall. Cat. 8958 (K-W).
Habit: Rhizomatous herb
Ecology: In shady moist situations.
Potential value: Not known.
Occurrence: Greater Sylhet (Panchara).
Status of occurrence: Extinct (EX), could not yet be traced in the field after 1828.
Threat to the species: Data Deficient (DD).
Conservation status: No report of second collection of it from elsewhere is available since its
type collection was made in 1828 by W. Gomez from greater Sylhet of Bangladesh.
Conservation measures taken: None
Conservation measures proposed: Further search to locate this plant in and around type
locality is to be continued. If exists, both in-situ and ex-situ conservation management to be
taken.
Herbarium specimens: None in any herbaria of Bangladesh. Only type specimen is
available at K.
Limnophila cana Griff., Notul. 4:98 (1847). Fig.11
Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 4: 269 (1884). Prain, Bengal Pl. 2: 569 (1903); Rahman, O. in
Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh 10: 242 (2009).
Family Scrophulariaceae
Synonym: Not available. Bangla name: Not available.
Habit: Annual aquatic herb.
Type: East Bengal, loc. non cit., collected from the Jheels of Jumalpore, loc. non cit.,
Griffith s.n. (K).
Ecology: Stagnant water.
Potential value: Not knwn.
Occurrence: Dhaka (loc. non cit.), Jamalpur (loc. non cit.) and Pabna (loc. non cit.).
Status of occurrence: Extinct (EX), could not be traced.
Threat to the species: Data deficient (DD).
Conservation status: Type collection was made by Griffith from the Jheels of Jamalpurand
later Hook.f. and T.Thom. also collected this plant from East Bengal (loc. non cit.). in 1851.
It was then collected by C.B. Clarke from Dhaka and Pabna in 1868, and it was further
reported from East Bengal (loc. non cit.) by Prain in 1903. Since then no report of its
occurrence from elsewhere is available.
Conservation measures taken: None.
Conservation measures proposed: Further search to locate this plant in and around type
locality is to be continued. Both in-situ and ex-situ conservation management required.
Herbarium specimens: None in any herbaria of Bangladesh. Only type specimen is
available at K.
Litsea clarki Prain, Bengal Pl. 2:676 (1903).
Khan et al., Red Data Book of VascularPlants of Bangladesh 83 (2001); Mia in
Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh8: 348 (2009).
Family Lauraceae
Synonym: Not available. Bangla name: Not available.
Type: Chittagong, Seetakundu, Prain s.n. (CAL).
International Journal of Environment ISSN 2091-2854 242 | P a g e
Habit: Small evergreen tree.
Ecology: Semi evergreen forest.
Potential value: Not known.
Occurrence: Chittagong (Sitakundu).
Status of occurrence: Extinct (EX)/ Endangered (EN), could not be traced after 1903.
Threat to the species: Data deficient (DD).
Conservation status: No report of second collection from elsewhere in or out side Bangladesh
is available.
Conservation measures taken: None.
Conservation measures proposed: Further search to locate this plant in and around type
locality is to be continued. Both in-situ and ex-situ conservation management required.
Herbarium specimens: No specimen available in any herbaria of Bangladesh.
Mantisia salarkhanii Rahman & Yusuf in Saud. J. Biol. Sci. 9 (2): 105 (2002). Fig. 12
Yusuf in Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh 12: 497 (2008).
Family Zingiberaceae
Synonym: Not available. Bangla name: Pathari-ada, Kew-kheya (Marma).
Type: Bandarban, Alikadam, Guishap Jiri, 3.5.1998, Rahman & Yusuf 2891
(BCSIRH, HCU).
Habit: Perennial rhizomatous herb.
Ecology: Shady, moist and steep hill slopes.
Potential value: Medicinal.
Occurrence: Bandarban (Guishap Jiri, Ali Kadam).
Status of occurrence: Endangered (EN).
Threat to the species: Habitat destruction.
Conservation status: It has been rediscovered from Jibannagar reserve forest near Bolipara
bazar of Thanch, Bandarban in 2011. Beside type locality, two other locations in Bandarban
district have been traced with a fewer number of populations. It has not been located yet
outsideBandarban hill district.
Conservation measures taken: None.
Conservation measures proposed: Both in-situ and ex-situ conservation management
required.
Herbarium specimens: Bandarban: Alikadam, Guishap Jiri, 3.5.1998, Rahman & Yusuf 2891
(type: BCSIRH, HCU); Thanchi road, 03.05.1998, Rahman et al. 2891a (HCU); Jiban nagar
reserve forest, near Bolipar bazar, 12.05.2011, Rahman et al. 8581 (HCU).
Nothopegia acuminata J. Sinclair in Bull. Bot. Soc. Bengal 9 (2): 90 (1956). Fig. 19
Khan et al., Red Data Book of vascular plants of Bangladesh 14 (2001); Hassan in
Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh 6: 114 (2008).
Family Anacardiaceae
Synonym: Not available. Bangla names: Not available.
Type: Cox’s Bazar, Kelatuli chara, 17.03.1945, Sinclair 4039 (E).
Habit: Shrub.
Ecology: Rain forest near streams, fl. March (Sinclair, 1956).
Potential value: Not known.
Occurrence: Cox’s Bazar (Kelatulichara).
Status of occurrence: Extinct (EX)/Endangered (EN), could not be located after 1945.
Threat to the species: Data Deficient (DD).
Conservation status: It has not been reported from elsewhere since its type collection was
made from Cox’s Bazar by Sinclair in 1945. We have not been able to collect this species
from type locality or any other areas of Bangladesh.
International Journal of Environment ISSN 2091-2854 243 | P a g e
Conservation measures taken: None.
Conservation measures proposed: Further search to locate this plant in and around type
locality is to be continued. Both in-situ and ex-situ conservation management required.
Herbarium specimens: Only type specimen is available at E.
Periploca acuminata Rahman & Wilcock in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 110: 373-377 (1991).
Rahman in Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh 6: 251 (2008). Fig. 17
Family Periplocaceae
Synonym: Not available. Bangla name: Bish-lata.
Type: Sylhet, Tamabil-Jafflong hill, 17.9.1987, Rahman & Hossain 56 (BM: holo, ABD,
K and HCU: iso).
Habit: Extensive woody twiner.
Ecology: Primary forest and in scrub jungles.
Potential value: Medicinal/Poisonous.
Occurrence: Sylhet (Tamabil-Jafflong).
Status of occurrence: Rare (R)/Endangered (EN).
Threat to the species: Habitat destruction.
Conservation status: No report of occurrence out side Bangladesh is yet available.
Conservation measures taken: None
Conservation measures proposed: Further search to locate this plant in and around type
locality is to be continued. Both in-situ and ex-situ conservation management required.
Herbarium specimens: Only type specimen is available at ABD, BM, K and HCU.
Persicaria eciliata Hassan in Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 3(2): 87-89 (1996). Fig.22
Hassan in Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh 9: 405 (2009).
Family Polygonaceae
Synonym: Not available. Bangla name: Bishkatali.
Type: Rangamati, Kaptai, 1.11.1988, Hassan 1205 (DACB).
Habit: Perennial herb.
Ecology: Marshy areas.
Potential value: Not known.
Occurrence: Rangamati (Kaptai).
Status of occurrence: Rare (R)/Endangered (EN).
Threat to the species: Habitat destruction.
Conservation status: It has not been reported yet from elsewhere in and outside Bangladesh
since its type was collected in 1988.
Conservation measures taken: None.
Conservation measures proposed: Further search to locate this plant in and around type
locality is to be continued. Both in-situ and ex-situ conservation management required.
Herbarium specimens: Only type specimen is available at DACB.
Rotala simpliciuscula (Kurz) Koehne in Bot. Jahrb. Syst.1:159 (1881). Fig.13
Khan et al., Red Data Book of Vascular Plants of Bangladesh 89 (2001); Khanam in
Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh 8: 425 (2009). Family Lythraceae
Basionyms: Ammannia simpliciuscula Kurz (1871); Hook.f. (1872); Heinig (1925).
Bangla name: Agasa.
Type: Chittagong, loc. non cit., collected in 1851, Hook.f. & Thom. s.n. (K).
Habit: An amphibious, mat-forming annual herb.
Ecology: Moist rice fields and marshy lands.
Potential value: Not known.
International Journal of Environment ISSN 2091-2854 244 | P a g e
Occurrence: Chittagong (loc. non cit.).
Status of occurrence: Extinct (EX), could not be collected after 1925.
Threat to the species: Data Deficient (DD).
Conservation status: It has not been reported from elsewhere outside Chittagong since Heinig
(1925).
Conservation measures taken: None.
Conservation measures proposed: Further search to locate this plant in and around type
locality is to be continued. Both in-situ and ex-situ conservation management required.
Herbarium specimens: Only type specimen is available at K.
Tarenna scandens (Roxb.) Good in Jour. Bot., 64 (suppl. 2): 11 (1926). Fig.20
Rahman & Das in Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh 10: 148 (2009).
Family Rubiaceae
Synonym: Webera scandens Roxb. (1814 nom. nud.,1832); Bangla name: Gujer-kota
Type: Sylhet (Silhet), loc. non cit., M.R. Smith collected in 1812, s.n. (K).
Habit: Woody scandent shrub.
Ecology: Shady slopes.
Potential value: Fire wood.
Occurrence: Sylhet (loc. non cit.) and Rangamati (Kaptai Rampahar).
Status of occurrence: Endangered (EN).
Threat to the species: Habitat destruction and fire wood collection.
Conservation status: It was rediscovered from Rampahar reserve forest of Rangamati hill
district by Rahman et al. in 1999 and 2011 after type collection from Sylhet by M.R. Smith
in 1812 (Rahman et al., 2012).
Conservation measures taken: None
Conservation measures proposed: Both in-situ and ex-situ conservations management
required immediately.
Herbarium specimens: Rangamati:Kaptai, Rampahar, 06.09.1999, Rahman et al. 5703,
5704 (HCU); 03.06,2011, Rahman et al. 8701 HCU).
Taxillus thelocarpus (Hook.f.) Alam in Bangladesh J. Bot. 14 (1): 32 (1985). Fig. 23
Alam in Fl. Bangladesh 33: 13 (1986); Khan et al., Red Data Book of Vascular Plants of
Bangladesh 87 (2001); Alam in Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh 8:
403 (2009). Family Loranthaceae
Basionyms: Loranthus thelocarpus Hook.f. (1886); Prain (1903); Heinig (1925).
Synonym: Scurrula thelocarpa Danse (1929). Bangla name: Not available.
Type: Chittagong, Kazike hat, 1851, Hook.f & Thom. s.n. (K).
Habit: An aerial parasite.
Ecology: Grown as parasite on woody plants.
Potential value: Not known.
Occurrence: Chittagong (Kazike hat, Baraiadhala-Hazarikhil).
Status of occurrence: Endangered (EN).
Threat to the species: Habitat destruction.
Conservation status: Hook.f. (1886) named and reported this plant as Loranthus thelocarpus
on the basis of type collection of J.D. Hooker and T.Thomson from Chittagong in 1951. After
type collection, Huq et al., rediscovered this plant from Bariadhal-Hazarikhil area of
Chittagong in 1978.Since then no other report of its occurrence elsewhere in and outside
Bangladesh is yet available. It was later transferred to Taxillus by Alam (1985).
Conservation measures taken: None
Conservation measures proposed: Further search to locate this plant in recorded areas is to be
continued and both in-situ and ex-situ conservation management to be taken immediately.
International Journal of Environment ISSN 2091-2854 245 | P a g e
Herbarium specimens: Chittagong, Baraiadhala-Hazarikhil, 29.10.1978, Huq et al. H.3910
(DACB, BFRIH).
Trigonostemon praetervisus Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 37: 121 (1982).
N.P. Balakr. & Chakrab. in Candollea 46: 625 (1991). Family Euphorbiaceae
Synonym: Not available. Bangla name: Not available.
Type: Silhet (Sylhet), loc. non cit., Wall. Cat. 8001 (K-W).
Habit: Large shrub or small tree.
Ecology: Periphery of semi-evergreen forests.
Potential value: Wild life supporting plant, fire wood.
Occurrence: Sylhet (loc. non cit.).
Status of occurrence: Extinct (EX), could not be traced after1828.
Threat to the species: Data deficient (DD).
Conservation status: It has not been reported from elsewhere since its type collection was
made from Sylhet in 1828 (Wall Cat. 8001).
Conservation measures taken: None
Conservation measures proposed: Further search to locate this plant in and around type
locality is to be continued. Both in-situ and ex-situ conservation management required.
Herbarium specimen: Only type specimen is available at Kew (K-W).
Zingiber salarkhanii Rahman & Yusuf in Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 20(2):2013. Fig. 8
Family Zingiberaceae
Synonym: Not available. Bangla name: Jangliada.
Type: Chittagong, Sitakundu, Chandranath hill, 13.08.1993, Rahman & Yusuf 825
(BCSIRH, HCU).
Habit: Perennial rhizomatous herb.
Ecology: Shady, moist and steep hill slopes.
Potential value: Rhizome used spice with zinger.
Occurrence: Chittagong (Sitakundu).
Status of occurrence: Endangered (EN).
Threat to the species: Habitat destruction, over exploitation.
Conservation status: No report of second collection from elsewhere is yet available. It occurs
only in the type localitywith a small population size.
Conservation measures taken: Grown in Botanic Garden of BCSIR Laboratory, Chittagong.
Conservation measures proposed: Further search to locate this plant in and around type
locality is to be continued. Both in-situ and ex-situ conservation management required.
Herbarium specimens: Chittagong: Sitakundu, Chandranath hill, 13.08.1993, Rahman &
Yusuf 825 (BCSIRH, HCU).
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International Journal of Environment ISSN 2091-2854 248 | P a g e
Figures 1-12: Endemic species of Bangladesh. 1. Ampelygonum salarkhanii Hassan; 2. Boesenbergia islamii
Yusuf & Rahman; 3. Curcuma wilcockii Rahman & Yusuf; 4. Curcuma hookerii Rahman & Yusuf; 5.
Curcuma bakerii Rahman & Yusuf; 6. Curcuma wallichii Rahman & Yusuf; 7. Curcuma roxburghii Rahman
& Yusuf; 8. Zingiber salarkhanii Rahman & Wilcock; 9. Hedyotis thomsoni Hook.f.; 10. Globba rahmanii
Yusuf; 11. Limnophila cana Griff.; 12. Mantisia salarkhanii Rahman & Yusuf .
9
7
1
3
6
5
8
10
12
2
4
11
International Journal of Environment ISSN 2091-2854 249 | P a g e
Figures 13-24: Endemic species of Bangladesh: 13. Rotala simpliciuscula (Kurz) Koehne (from Khan et al.
2001); 14. Knema bengalensis WJ de Wilde; 15. Lagenandra gomezii (Schott) Bogner & Jacobsen (from Khan
et al. 2001); 16. Cuscuta chittagongensis Sen Gupta et al.; 17. Periploca acuminata Rahman & Wilcock; 18.
Gomphostemma salarkhaniana Khanam & Hassan; 19. Nothopegia acuminate J. Sinclair (from Khan et al.
2001); 20. Tarenna scandens Roxb.; 21. Iodes thomsoniana Baill.; 22. Persicaria eciliata Hassan; 23. Taxillus
theolocarpa (Hook.f.) Alam (from Khan et al. 2001); 24. Croton chittagongensis Chakrab. & N.P. Balakr.
16
13
14
15
17
18
19
20
24
23
22
21