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Behavior in Public Places: Notes on the Social Organization of Gatherings.
... The significance of in-person openings cannot be overstated. In addition to enabling participants to establish the nature of the encounter and its organization-what will be done and/or talked about, in what order (Pillet-Shore, 2018a:214-215), copresent openings are a locus for: managing interpersonal access (e.g., ratifying or denying a face engagement; Goffman, 1963;1971), accomplishing presence validation and threat denial (Youssouf, Grimshaw & Bird, 1976), displaying (un)availability for collaborative action (Goffman, 1963;Robinson, 1998), meeting new people (Pillet-Shore, 2011), monitoring for and establishing joint attention on diverse and distributed manifestations of the self (e.g., how persons look, smell, and sound; Pillet-Shore, 2021), including or excluding newcomers (Corsaro, 1979;Pillet-Shore, 2010), and displaying how one is doing/feeling at the start of an interaction (Pillet-Shore, 2018b). Holistically, participants use the in-person opening phase to display a stance toward-and thereby actively (re)constitute-their social relationship on-the-spot and in-the-moment through the choices they make about how they design their social actions for one another (Pillet-Shore, 2006;2008;2011;2012;2018a;2018b;2021). ...
... The significance of in-person openings cannot be overstated. In addition to enabling participants to establish the nature of the encounter and its organization-what will be done and/or talked about, in what order (Pillet-Shore, 2018a:214-215), copresent openings are a locus for: managing interpersonal access (e.g., ratifying or denying a face engagement; Goffman, 1963;1971), accomplishing presence validation and threat denial (Youssouf, Grimshaw & Bird, 1976), displaying (un)availability for collaborative action (Goffman, 1963;Robinson, 1998), meeting new people (Pillet-Shore, 2011), monitoring for and establishing joint attention on diverse and distributed manifestations of the self (e.g., how persons look, smell, and sound; Pillet-Shore, 2021), including or excluding newcomers (Corsaro, 1979;Pillet-Shore, 2010), and displaying how one is doing/feeling at the start of an interaction (Pillet-Shore, 2018b). Holistically, participants use the in-person opening phase to display a stance toward-and thereby actively (re)constitute-their social relationship on-the-spot and in-the-moment through the choices they make about how they design their social actions for one another (Pillet-Shore, 2006;2008;2011;2012;2018a;2018b;2021). ...
... Pillet-Shore, 2012; 2018a), with larger, more elaborate openings indexing participants' orientation to the amount of time elapsed since last contact as significant (cf. Goffman, 1963;1971) and/or the current occasion as special or an unexpected pleasure (Pillet-Shore, 2008). Based upon videorecorded data, this observation lends evidence to Goffman's (1963:102) classic claim that each face-to-face "engagement tends to be initiated with an amount of fuss appropriate to the period of lapsed contact." ...
Though the field of conversation analysis (CA) was founded upon examinations of interactional "routines" such as conversation openings and closings, conceptualizing and categorizing communicative phenomena as "formulaic" is anathema to CA. This chapter details how, since its inception, CA work has empirically elucidated how participants to recorded episodes of naturally occurring social interaction actively and collaboratively accomplish conversational activities as 'routine' or not by selecting from available action alternatives, spontaneously coordinating their selections vis-à-vis one another. Taking a multimodal CA approach, this chapter reviews state-of-the art literature on how people open and close in-person and telephone conversations, showing the immense importance of conversational 'routines'-including greeting another person, introducing oneself to someone new, and saying goodbye. Presenting evidence that people tailor their social actions to/for one another in meaningful, creative and nuanced ways, this chapter illuminates how these phenomena sustain our human sense of self and our social relationships.
... José Augusto Pádua (2015) Ely Bergo de Carvalho (2015), ao discutir araucárias e Mata Atlântica, pontua que a delimitação espacial é um processo que precisa ser construído de maneira paralela e simultânea à própria narrativa histórica sobre um lugar, não podendo ser construída com um dado a priori para a pesquisa. Nesse sentido, uma delimitação espacial em história ambiental não pode ser tomada como um pano de fundo. ...
... Os textos ambientais são aqueles que são capazes de nos remeter a espaços que não conhecemos, sempre empreendem uma narrativa na qual a natureza ou o mundo natural não é apenas pano de fundo das ações humanas e, mais detidamente, apresentam perspectivas para uma leitura da ética das relações entre humanos e mundo natural (Buell 1995, 13 As zebras e os patos sem asa da narrativa nômade dos marinheiros espanhóis da expedição de Loaisa, que poderiam ser reduzidos à existências como as de pinguins avistados por europeus constituem uma terceira paisagem, um terceiro lugar que, por sua vez, revela rotinas intrincadas e comuns das práticas de narrativa diárias a aventura de viajar (Perec 1997 Os marinheiros que avistaram animais como patos sem asa ou as peles de zebra são veículos corporificados (Goffman 1963 ...
... Mas como tratar as coisas que acontecem fora do lugar ou melhor, no entrelugar, como é o caso do ambiente fluido dos oceanos? Gilmar Arruda(2015) pontua que delimitações espaciais de eventos ambientais despertam desafios teórico-metodológicos fundamentais na área de História Ambiental. Ao coordenar uma pesquisa de fôlego que envolveu investigadores e investigadoras de todo o Brasil em torno da questão,Arruda (2015) observa que as variáveis usadas para definição do recorte espacial precisam ser explicitadas, considerando a impossibilidade de real separação entre natureza e cultura bem como o reconhecimento da existência de processos naturais sobre os quais humanos não têm influência(Arruda 2015). ...
Este artigo discute a noção de entrelugar, seus limites e possibilidades para a reflexão sobre a delimitação espacial em estudos de história ambiental. O artigo posiciona a discussão a partir de documentos sobre a expedição de García de Loaísa às Molucas (1525), em cotejo com produção historiográfica e interdisciplinar sobre espacialidades, considerando esses documentos como textos ambientais que apresentam narrativas nômades. Os textos ambientais de expedições mostram, assim, o agenciamento de linguagem heterotópica construída sobre lugares novos no deslocamento ambiental dos olhares de quem observa uma nova paisagem.
... The public celebrations could happen in a year like the fireworks at new-year midnight in Times Square plaza, New York which brings millions of spectators for momentary togetherness in an everyday public open space. On the behaviour of the public in public spaces, Goffman (1963) says-"Illustration of the open regions provided by convivial occasions such as carnivals, during these costumed street celebration brings a person in contact, a contact felicitated by being out of role" [13]. In the case of India, cultural occasions such as Ganesh Chaturthi and Navratri festivities are celebrated on streets or public areas; this allows creating momentarily bonding between strangers and non-strangers. ...
... The public celebrations could happen in a year like the fireworks at new-year midnight in Times Square plaza, New York which brings millions of spectators for momentary togetherness in an everyday public open space. On the behaviour of the public in public spaces, Goffman (1963) says-"Illustration of the open regions provided by convivial occasions such as carnivals, during these costumed street celebration brings a person in contact, a contact felicitated by being out of role" [13]. In the case of India, cultural occasions such as Ganesh Chaturthi and Navratri festivities are celebrated on streets or public areas; this allows creating momentarily bonding between strangers and non-strangers. ...
... Conviviality can be discussed as occasion, atmosphere, cultural aspect, attitude or quality of life [1], [13], [21], [23], [26].The term conviviality fitting for my research purpose is a quality of urban public open space which felicitates mingling of people in their everyday course of life. ...
Conviviality is a popular concept in urban design while referring to the good qualities of public spaces. This concept is the need for current times when social life in physical public spaces is declining away largely to forces like social media and the virtual world. The human tendency to feel satisfied and happy exists in existence with others. The social media has taken away the role that established Greek agora as the first centre of public interaction which initiated the concepts of modern democracy. Where popular public spaces have big roles to perform, the small public spaces in the neighbourhood and markets perform an important role to stage the everyday local nuisance in people's life. Even If public space is satisfactory enough to take away the loneliness and boredom of everyday course of modern living a lot can be achieved. Conviviality is one such factor which helps to elevate the satisfaction of spending time with others. This paper is an attempt to understand conviviality and relate it to public open spaces from the physical planning point of view.
... An important consideration in understanding on-line video conversation as a form of human social interaction is whether it to be understood simply as a face-to-face interaction mediated technologically or whether the technologically mediated nature of the interaction constitutes a new modality with concomitant impacts on the ways in which interaction is conducted by participants. The relevance of this question derives from an interest in face-to-face interaction as the basic site of socialitywhat Goffman (1959;, 1983) has termed the interaction order and Luhmann (1984) has referred to as simple social systems. This paper will examine strategic points in one form of video-mediated communication on-line video conversationsthe beginning of talk, interruptions to talk and the end of talk to examine the ways in which the mediated nature of the interaction is manifested through the ways in which participants interact. ...
... An important consideration in understanding on-line video conversation as a form of human social interaction is whether it to be understood simply as a face-to-face interaction mediated technologically or whether the technologically mediated nature of the interaction constitutes a new modality with concomitant impacts on the ways in which interaction is conducted by participants. The relevance of this question derives from an interest in face-to-face interaction as the basic site of socialitywhat Goffman (1959;, 1983) has termed the interaction order and Luhmann (1984) has referred to as simple social systems. This paper will examine strategic points in one form of video-mediated communication on-line video conversationsthe beginning of talk, interruptions to talk and the end of talk to examine the ways in which the mediated nature of the interaction is manifested through the ways in which participants interact. ...
... Following identification, the opening may then move to greetings. Greetings serve to put the participants in the conversation into a state of ratified mutual participation (Goffman, 1963). Sacks (1975, p. 64) has argued that greetings are "ahistorically relevant", that is, they are deployed by people regardless of what previous interactions or relationship may exist between them. ...
... 2) these constraints define the interaction order and defy social structures; 3) the interaction order generates meaning for the sake of the order; and 4) people commit themselves to the interaction order for moral reasons (Rawls 1987). The interaction order is thus based on pre-existing rituals and the meanings people bring to a particular situation in which people are deployed by frames of meaning, forms of talk, and symbolic gestures, which are deemed appropriate and necessary for successful social interaction (Goffman 1961a;1963;1974;1981;1990;2005). ...
... The mutual considerateness of people in social interaction, that is, their motivation of sticking to the script of the interaction order, is, however, not always how things turn out. Disruptions of the (Goffman 1963;1974). ...
... For instance, ethnomethodologists, such as Harold Garfinkel (1967), used breaching experiments to show the detrimental effects and social dangers of disruption upon social interaction. Due to the potential dangers of disruption of the interaction, people go to great lengths to counteract such breaches by applying "remedial interchanges" (Goffman 1963)-to reinstate the collective sense of alignment and normalcy of a situation and, more theoretically, to preserve the interaction order. People attempt to do so by making use of specific tactics to avoid disruption, for instance, such as using silence to ignore the disruption (see : Perinbanayagam 2018:67), or to correct the disruption by applying a particular "face-work," to save one's face or the face of others, for instance, by applying humor to defuse the situation (Goffman 1990:210-11;2005:5-46), or by "footing," which means to redirect the inappropriate conversation into a different route (Goffman 1981:124-159). ...
Seeing sociology visually adds a sense of realness to the viewer compared to only reading sociological texts. In this paper, I aim to provide an example of how a single scene from a feature film can be utilized as a practical and meaningful means to analyze a social situation and to help students of sociology to grasp key features of Goffman's theory of interaction order. More precisely, the main aims of the paper are 1) to illustrate Goffman's theory of the interaction order by identifying acts of disruption and alignment in interaction through a film clip; and 2) to attempt to analyze, in a Goffma-nian sense, what is really going on in the situational interaction. The scene is from the 2013 American movie August: Osage County and follows a dinner of immediate family in the wake of the funeral of the hostess's late husband. The normative and civilized interaction of the meal is, however, jeopardized by the hostile and provocative mood of the hostess, as she repeatedly disrupts the interaction order with attempts to mock and/or uncover the hidden and vulnerable truths of the immediate members of her family, exemplifying her power status in the particular situation. The dinner guests, however, try to overlook and resist the provocation of the hostess and stick to their predetermined roles to save and sustain their idealized selves (their faces) and the interaction order (the faces of others), In doing so they, on the one hand, discard the uncomfortable truths acclaimed by the hostess and, on the other , explain the hostess's provocative actions in terms of their claim that she is unwell and in need of medical attention. Thus, the attacked dinner guests in the scene align more alliance to the interaction order than to truth itself.
... Il s'agit pour chaque personne en coprésence d'un moyen de maintenir son intimité et celle de l'autre en pratiquant des distanciations. Ainsi, semblablement à « la réserve » conceptualisée par Simmel (1989Simmel ( [1902), « l'inattention civile » de Goffman (1963) rend non seulement possible la vie en société dans la ville, mais permet aussi aux citadin·e·s de garder leur anonymat. Considérant également que l'anonymat est une des caractéristiques premières des interactions sociales dans les espaces publics, Lofland (1989Lofland ( , 1998 compléta l'apport de Goffman. ...
... Cette étude a montré que l'accommodation interethnique se fait progressivement et que la coexistence est parfois valorisée, notamment par des parents qui la perçoivent comme une occasion d'apprentissage pour leurs enfants. Les sociabilités se déroulent selon le principe d'inattention civile de Goffman (1963) et les tensions rares. Par ailleurs, Leloup et Germain (2018) ont une nouvelle fois mis en lumière que certains espaces du quotidien participent à la production des relations interethniques, car les usager·ère·s peuvent se rencontrer de façon informelle sans avoir à s'engager plus que l'urbanité le suppose (Remy, 1990 Montréal, Meintel (2015 a quant à elle montré que les lieux de cultes sont également des espaces importants d'interactions entre les divers groupes ethniques. ...
... Lefebvre, 2000Lefebvre, [1974). À cet égard, la recension des écrits a noté que l'action publique locale en matière de gestion de la diversité (ethnoculturelle) vise à mettre concrètement en oeuvre « l'hypothèse du contact » postulant que la fréquentation des équipements de quartier favorise les interactions sociales et interethniques (Allport, 1954;Pettigrew et Tropp, 2011 Goffman (1963). 126 Bien que Piekut et Valentine (2017) n'y fassent pas référence, nous utilisons ici la terminologie de Putnam (2000). ...
Cette thèse s’ancre dans le contexte actuel de diversification socioethnique de la population des quartiers urbains. Nous voyons émerger des espaces d’interactions entre des personnes issues de diverses origines ethniques, linguistiques et religieuses. Afin de répondre aux besoins des minorités et aux enjeux des relations intergroupes, des institutions publiques locales ont développé des actions en matière de gestion de la diversité ethnoculturelle. C’est notamment le cas de la Ville de Montréal qui a adhéré au réseau des Cités interculturelles du Conseil de l’Europe et qui a identifié les bibliothèques publiques comme un espace de mise en œuvre. Mais, ces programmes font face à des limites de connaissances et de savoir-faire. Cette thèse vise donc à mieux comprendre le processus de production des relations interethniques de quartier en lien avec l’action publique locale de gestion de la diversité.
L’approche de ce problème articule les propositions théoriques sur « la production de l’espace » d’Henri Lefebvre (1974) et sur « les frontières de l’ethnicité » de Danielle Juteau (1999). L’objectif est alors d’expliquer les mécanismes intervenant entre l’action publique locale, les pratiques sociospatiales de quartier et les représentations de l’ethnicité. Un prisme intersectionnel cherche également à saisir l’expérience différenciée des femmes, notamment immigrantes et issues des minorités visibles.
Afin d’y parvenir, cette recherche opta pour une démarche en théorisation ancrée combinant plusieurs méthodes de production de données. Dans le contexte de l’arrondissement Saint-Laurent et de la bibliothèque publique du Boisé à Montréal, la chercheure procéda à un questionnaire en ligne auprès de 63 résident·e·s, 15 entrevues d’usager·ère·s de la bibliothèque, un recueil documentaire sur l’action publique locale en matière de gestion de la diversité ethnoculturelle, ainsi qu’à dix entrevues auprès d’acteurs clés (fonctionnaires d’arrondissement, employé·e·s de la bibliothèque et intervenant·e·s communautaires). Au terme du traitement des données, il s’agit de générer une modélisation théorique expliquant le processus de production des relations interethniques de quartier.
Parmi les principaux résultats, il se révèle que les pratiques spatiales et les interactions sociales sont modulées non seulement selon les dimensions socioethniques, mais surtout selon le statut familial des femmes. Les mères fréquentent plus souvent certains équipements de quartier, mais y ont aussi plus d’interactions sociales et interethniques que les autres groupes sociaux (hommes, personnes sans enfants, aîné·e·s, etc.). Par l’entremise d’une offre de services et d’activités variées, la bibliothèque occupe une place importante dans le réseau d’équipements où les résident·e·s de diverses origines ethniques peuvent se côtoyer, notamment pour les personnes immigrantes et issues des minorités visibles. Mais, les interactions sociales peuvent être entravées par des tensions d’image des bibliothèques. À l’échelle de quartier, les relations interethniques semblent empreintes à la fois de quelques inconforts et d’accommodation. Toutefois, les données suggèrent que la fréquence des interactions entre personnes issues de diverses origines ethniques ne joue qu’un rôle limité dans les représentations qui se cristallisent parfois sur des comportements identifiés au Québec comme inappropriés, tels que l’expression visible de l’appartenance religieuse dans l’espace public.
En somme, la modélisation théorique montre que l’action publique en matière de gestion de la diversité intervient dans le processus de production des relations interethniques de quartier par l’entremise des discours, non seulement au niveau local, mais aussi aux niveaux supérieurs. Elle a également la capacité de guider les pratiques sociospatiales en organisant l’accessibilité des espaces. Mais surtout, cette modélisation, nommée « production de l’espace intercultur·elles », met en lumière que les rapports sociaux de sexe-genre sont au cœur du processus. Compte tenu des rôles sociaux traditionnellement attribués aux femmes, la responsabilité des relations interethniques semble reportée en grande partie sur les mères qui accompagnent fréquemment leurs enfants dans des activités de socialisation, transmettent des spécificités ethnoculturelles et des normes sociales communes.
Pour terminer, cette thèse discute et suggère que l’action publique en matière de gestion de la diversité prenne davantage en compte les enjeux liés à la reproduction des rapports sociaux inégalitaires se trouvant à l’intersection des dimensions socioethniques, de la classe sociale et du sexe-genre.
... Most importantly, we account for the fact that helping among students is often part of a multiactivity (Mondada, 2011;Haddington et al., 2014), such as when students are simultaneously expected to help a classmate and to participate in a whole-class discussion or to work on an individual task. Based on the works of Goffman (1963Goffman ( , 1964 and his notions on the structuring of social gatherings, this means that in the context of helping, the students initiate a face engagement or encounter, which is defined as an association "of two or more participants in a situation joining each other openly in maintaining a single focus of cognitive and visual attention -what is sensed as a single mutual activity, entailing preferential communication rights" (Goffman, 1963, p. 89). A characteristic of an encounter is that the participants feel a moral responsibility or "werationale" for their actions (ibid., p. 97f.). ...
... At the same time, the students are part of the classroom gathering (Goffman, 1964) that, due to its institutional purpose, involves focusing on and completing collective or individual assignments. Therefore, when students respond to requests for help from their classmates during activities, they must simultaneously manage two involvements (Goffman, 1963;Peräkylä et al., 2021) and two moral commitments (Clark, 2006;Raymond and Lerner, 2014): the obligation to help and the obligation to work on the teacher's assignment. Our interest is in how students cope with these moral intricacies inherent in helping and in the varied and complex tasks they must manage when seeking and providing help as a concurrent activity. ...
... The moral dimension of helping-within-multiactivities implies that multiactivities bring along the need to establish a hierarchy between competing activities. While one activity is treated as a priority (Mondada, 2014b) or main involvement (Goffman, 1963), the other activity assumes the status of a side involvement (Goffman, 1963), less important or postponable action (Deppermann, 2014). For example, Raymond and Lerner (2014) describe two forms of "adjusting actions": suspending (e.g., suspending the act of seasoning one's own food in favor of fulfilling a concurrent request to serve food) and retarding (e.g., delaying a payment routine to simultaneously remind the customer to take the coffee with them), that enable different relations between two relevant courses of actions. ...
This study examines interactions in which students help each other with their learning during classroom instruction, forming groups in the process. From a conversation analytic perspective, helping is assumed to be a sequentially organized activity jointly accomplished by the participants. As an activity that proceeds alongside other ongoing classroom activities, helping can be conceived as part of a multiactivity that poses students with multi-faceted interactional and moral challenges. While previous research on helping in educational contexts has primarily focused on the influence of helping on learning outcomes and social dynamics in helping interactions, the present study investigates how students cope with the intricacies of moral commitments inherent in helping as a concurrent activity. The aim of this paper is two-fold. First, we aim to elaborate on how students’ dual involvements – i.e., their involvement in classroom activities while simultaneously providing help – manifest in the ways in which groups are constituted, maintained, and dissolved. The analyses reveal that both the compatibility of helping with the activity already in progress as well as the students’ problem definition are consequential for the sequential and bodily-spatial unfolding of the help interaction, inducing different arrangements that constitute a continuum, at each end of which there is a dominant orientation toward the shared space of helping or toward the individual/collective space. Furthermore, from a methodological perspective, our study aims to demonstrate the extent to which multimodal interaction analysis is applicable when examining naturally occurring groups, in this case, in interactive processes of helping. The study is based on a data corpus that comprises video recordings of mathematics and German lessons from two fifth-grade classrooms.
... Der Forschungsansatz ist die Nexusanalyse (Scollon 2001;Scollon & Scollon 2004). Damit werden die Akteursgeschichte und Interaktionsordnung der an sozialen Aktivitäten Beteiligten sowie die in der Situation entstehenden Diskurse (Scollon & Scollon 2004;Goffman 1961) eingeordnet. Dabei wird auch darauf geachtet, als welche Art von Akteuren sich die Beteiligten selbst und die anderen in Bezug auf die Digitalisierung der Schule positionieren (Davies & Harré 1990) und mit welchen Motiven sie ihr Handeln begründen (Scollon & Scollon 2004nach Burke 1969. ...
... Aktivität wird nach Scollon und Scollon (2004) als ein Nexus der Praxis angesehen, der die Interaktionsordnung, Akteursgeschichte und die Diskurse des Ortes verbindet (Scollon & Scollon 2004). Das Konzept der Interaktionsordnung (interaction order) wird in Anlehnung an Goffman (1961) und das Konzept der Akteursgeschichte (historical body) nach Nishida (1958) angepasst. Die dritte Dimension heißt Diskurse des Ortes (discourses in place) (Scollon & Scollon 2003). ...
Engaging in educational export negotiations online in English with German-speaking teaching professionals requires new kinds of competence compared to traditional business negotiations. In this study, the focus is on participants’ agency in business negotiations between teachers in Germany and Austria and Finnish service providers. The research strategy is nexus analysis, and the research materials include interviews, as well as observations and video footage from authentic business negotiations. The analysis focuses on circulating discourses, participants’ positioning and the motives they provide for their perspectives on the digitalisation of school. The findings highlight the importance of strengthening participants’ agency and professional identity as well as providing opportunities for meaning making with their workplace community.
... Condemning the words and acts of people via mass online shaming campaigns has become a huge part of digital culture and is worthy of a longer look. It almost seems that people have become unable to engage in civil inattention (Goffman, 1963;Sharon and Koops, 2021)pretending to not listen or ignoring the conversations as a social norm of respect, 'act of "giving someone space"' (Marwick and boyd, 2011: 25). The expectation of forgiveness may be unfounded in omnopticon (Ambrose et al., 2012) and the shamed can more likely look forward to the forgetfulness of people in the context of information abundance. ...
... So we see that in some cases, shaming groups can meet escapist needs and gratifications, directing attention away from the stress of everyday life. Often that can happen by breaking the social norm of not being mean to people, not engaging in civil inattention (Goffman, 1963;Sharon and Koops, 2021). Simultaneously, the discussions also highlighted the idea that shaming groups can improve a person's attitude towards their own lives, creating a sense of gratitude that stems from downwards social comparison. ...
As social life and communication move increasingly online, we have experienced the expansion and the normalisation of online shaming – different forms of (semi)public cross-platform condemnation of people and their actions by (mass) online audiences. Online shamings can be analysed as combinations of reintegrative (shame-correct-forgive) and disintegrative (shame-stigmatise-expel) social sanctioning practices, usually focusing the ‘serious’ disciplinary shaming on the behaviour of the offender. We propose that equal attention should be given to what we have termed ‘recreational shaming’ – humour-based playful collective shaming that often occurs via online platforms, seemingly just for the sake of shaming, motivated mainly by social belonging needs and entertainment gratification.
By combining the results of standardised content analysis of Facebook recreational shaming groups (n = 65) and in-depth qualitative interviews with the ‘modmins’ of the groups (n = 8) we will give an overview of what is being shamed, how groups and modministrators create and enforce rules and what is the socio-cultural perceived meaning of this practice. We distinguish three spheres of recreational shaming that ‘frame the shame’ and demonstrate how recreational online shaming is often more about the self than the other – me performing the act of shaming for entertainment value, to belong in a group. Additionally, we introduce how shaming is used as a self-reflexive tool for behaviour-correction or base knowledge for dominant tastes.
... This study is rooted in social constructivism [21][22][23], taking the stance that meaning making, language (both verbal, non-verbal and symbolic) and processing of these forms the basis of human behavior. Living in closed, densely populated quarters with inevitable group interactions [24], ongoing and sometimes "forced" communication under conditions of intense institutional surveillance will have formed the basis of health behavior experiences of migrant workers under lockdown [25]. ...
... The selection of the constructs used to frame analyses was data driven as well as informed by Erving Goffman's treatise and recent expansion of Total Institutions [24,30] and Michel Foucault's conception of the panopticon effect [25]. Total institution theory was seen as relevant because it defines closed systems where formal routines and structures are enacted, sensitizing those segregated within the system to shared norms and practices. ...
Background
The first wave of COVID-19 during April to July 2020 in Singapore largely affected the migrant workers living in residential dormitories. A government taskforce working with dormitory operators, employers and non-government agencies came together to deliver behavioral interventions and health care services for migrant worker as dorms were imposed movement restrictions. To fill the research gap in understanding movement restriction experiences of migrant workers, this research seeks to describe dormitory contexts and explore behavior change related to both prevention of transmission as well as healthcare seeking for COVID-19 among male migrant workers.
Methods
With social constructivism as the foundation for this study, 23 telephone interviews were conducted with Bangladeshi and Indian migrant workers. A theory-informed, data-driven conceptual framework, characterized by the “Four Ss”: Sensitization, Surveillance, Self-preservation, and Segregation was first generated and later used to frame second-stage, more in-depth, thematic analyses. An effective multipronged approach was documented, persuading migrant workers in our case-study to improve hygiene and follow some safe distancing measures, and adhere to help-seeking when symptomatic.
Results
Rapid collective adaptation was demonstrated; it was propped up by effective harnessing of infrastructure and technology. While technology and digital platforms were central to shaping Sensitization for prevention-related behaviors, interpersonal communication, especially peer-sharing, was key to normalizing and accepting healthcare delivery and norms about healthcare seeking. Interpersonal factors particularly supported successful implementation of case-detection Surveillance, stimulating Self-preserving and acceptance of rules, and was found helpful to those Segregated in recovery facilities. In contrast, encouraging prevention-related behaviors relied more heavily on multiple online-platforms, phone-based e-learning/knowledge testing, e-monitoring of behavior, as well as interpersonal exchanges.
Conclusion
Overall, the findings showed that the conception of the Four Ss helped inform intervention strategies. Anchoring these towards optimal use of technology and harnessing of interpersonal communication for prevention and promotion of healthcare seeking in the planning of future Infectious Disease outbreaks in closed institutional settings is recommended.
... Walking is a core tool for the 'Geddesian planner' (Ferraro, 1998: 106). Wandering through the city, observing while walking: this is an invitation to an ethnographic orientation in which direct, if not participant, observation of places is a relevant tool of knowledge (Goffman, 2008;Hannerz, 1980;Wacquant, 2007). Students were introduced to social and spatial analysis approaches which can support the understanding of how urban space is organised and results as the combined product of human and non-human actors. ...
... As seen, most of the students' works revolved around the coexistence of strangers as a central character of the bus space, often starting from a bodily and spatial shared experience. Beyond some relevant 'incidents' that cannot be ignored, the 90/91 is used by very different people who, in most cases, seem to practise daily the fragile art of 'civic inattention', as Goffman (2008) called it: a set of minor and unwritten conventions that allow crowds of strangers to cohabit peacefully. Small courtesy gestures make up how strangers are seen, measuring themselves without staring at each other, remaining sceptical while giving themselves minimal confidence. ...
The article contributes to understanding public transport as a public space by exploring diversity and the city through mobility. It investigates the compressed and mobile space of the 90/91 trolleybus in Milan. Due to its itinerary and extended schedule, this bus is intensively used by citizens with different ethnic, economic, social and cultural backgrounds. Literature on planning and transport has recently started exploring qualitative issues through individual ethnographic research on transport means. Research on everyday multiculturalism, despite recognising the role of public transport as a promising space to study the negotiation of difference, rarely adopts this specific focus and does it mainly from a socio-anthropological point of view. Against this background, the work investigates the compressed space of a bus through an ethnographic exploration of people, spaces and practices onboard. Notably, the article is is grounded on direct observation carried out by three classes of students in the Urban Ethnography course offered in the MSc in Urban Planning and Architecture at Politecnico di Milano, and presents a post-hoc reflection on the outcomes of the teaching project. Grounding on this experience, the article argues that the compressed and mobile space of public transport is an excellent observation point to investigate everyday negotiation of difference and a privileged observatory of broader city dynamics. Additionally, the multiplication of points of view embedded in the observations and experiences of students has proved how, in the face of increasingly diverse cities, pluralisation may be a key methodological approach.
... Such a selection necessarily excludes some works that are not irrelevant to group communication or can be considered interesting addresses for valuable comparisons with the theory developed here. The micro-sociological tradition (e.g., Goffman, 1966Goffman, , 1967Collins, 2004) provides interesting insights in social interactions but has not produced a coherent group concept and is not concerned with conceptual issues of communication. Hansen's (2009) rich and highly nuanced work on collectives bears a lot of valuable insights for the study of relations among collectives, but it completely abandons the group concept and is also not explicitly concerned with communication. ...
... There is also observation which will be defined simply as the perception or thematization of the conduct or actions of others without attributing a messaging intention. As Goffman (1966) shows, mutual observation and mutual reciprocal observation may create the basis of interactions under the condition of co-presence. There are many additional ways in which observation can influence communication. ...
This article presents a novel conception of groups and social processes within and among groups from a communication-ecological perspective that integrates approaches as different as Garfinkel’s ethnomethodology, Heideggerian praxeology, and Luhmann’s systems theory into an innovative social-theoretical framework. A group is understood as a social entity capable of collective action that is an object to itself and insofar possesses an identity. The elementary operations of groups consist in social processes with communicative, pre-communicative, and non-communicative episodes. Groups operate in a number of environments that are conceived of as both correlates of their own processes and providing groups with the raw materials for the fabrication of their constituents. These environments include but are not limited to spatial, discursive, emotional, institutional, semiotic-medial, psychic-personal, technical, and groupal environments. The article paves the way to combine studies on intergroup and intragroup communication in one comprehensive theoretical framework situated on such an abstract level that it can be concretized in view of utterly different cultural contexts and the emic perspectives of actors therein. Accordingly, the framework provides researchers with the conceptual devices to balance the comparability of different lifeworlds with the faithfulness to actors’ inside views. The methodological implications laid out in this article prioritize qualitative, especially ethnographic methods as a starting point for research on group communication.
... Thus, the application of the recommended hygienic measures directly affected the personal front of the citizens. The appearance of markings in public places and the requirement to keep social distance changed the situational proprieties of everyday interactions (Goffman, 1966). The introduction of the permit regime in the Moscow Metro limited the mobility of certain categories of people. ...
... Despite the differences between them which are obviously present, these differences, on the one hand, are all too familiar in everyday urban life, while on the other hand, they allow to categorize strangers as being close to the social group the categorizer belongs to. Thus, while recognizing socio-cultural urban diversity but considering it as the foundation of large cities at the same time, researchers sometimes develop a theory of interaction between strangers, leaving aside some fundamental differences between strangers and the associated consequences for interactions (Goffman, 1966). ...
The paper is concerned with the social categorizations and perception of social diversity of the Moscow Metro passengers. Drawing on the Goffman’s theory, I assume that the interaction between passengers is based on categorization, which links appearance and behavior of people with their cultural expectations. The categorization allows to make interaction participants identifiable and accountable. In 2020 face masks and gloves, social distancing transformed the process of categorization having directly affected per-sonal front of city dwellers and situational proprieties. Using the theoretical resources of Erving Goffman, Harvey Sacks, and contemporary urban researchers, I compare how passengers of Moscow Metro recog-nized and defined each other under the regular circumstances and during the self-isolation regime, which was enforced by the city authorities at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study is built around three general types of “Others” that were developed as abductive notions: non-specific, specific, and stigmatized Others. I analyze how these types are situationally produced and to what extent they change when the localized interactional order undergoes significant transformations. On the one hand, this study is aimed at a detailed documentation of the unique socio-historical situation that occurred at an early stage of the pandemic. On the other hand, I use it as a “natural” breaching experiment that helps to reveal the basic elements of temporal and local specificity of the social order.
... Nous la suivons dans cet argument, apte à révéler toute la complexité des manières de marcher et de se comporter dans l'espace-temps d'un parcours urbain. Ces corps, le sous-titre de l'ouvrageune architecture des corps -nous faisait la promesse implicite de les décrypter dans leurs postures, dans leurs gestes, dans leurs rythmes, dans leurs modes d'attention à ces espace-temps de la gare… Si quelques parties de l'ouvrage s'y essaient -en particulier pages 148 et suivantes -la promesse n'est ici pas totalement tenue, le regard de l'architecte l'emportant sur l'attention à cette glose corporelle dont faisait mention Erving Goffman (1963Goffman ( , 1973. Mais sans doute des perspectives s'ouvrent-elles et viendront-elles compléter des travaux existants sur l'expérience en gare (Masson, 2009(Masson, , 2012Largier, 2010 ;Hennion, 2012 ;Boumoud & Gwiazdzinski, 2018), dont Pauline DETAVERNIER nous rappelle ici qu'elle « intéresse les décideurs et concepteurs » (p. ...
... This can be reflected in aspects such as the timbre, tone, and loudness of urban park soundscapes. Additionally, people's interactions in urban public spaces are often attributed to clear reasons such as comfort levels and their sense of belonging and security [58]; thus, these factors are also important parts of the residents' soundscape experiences. Based on this understanding, 11 pairs of adjectives with opposite meanings were selected to describe the soundscape characteristics of urban parks and constructed a semantic difference scale for the feature analysis of urban park soundscapes. ...
Urban parks provide their residents with a space for activities and interactions, and soundscapes play an important role in influencing the residents’ sense of experience of the park environment, with the result that the preferences of residents regarding multiple sound sources can be used as the basis of improving the soundscape quality and optimizing the function of urban parks. Using Shanghai Century Park as the research area, this study focused on the residents’ preference to multiple sound sources based on registered residence differences, and comprehensively used the semantic differential method, importance-performance analysis model, and multinomial logit model to conduct quantitative research on urban park soundscapes and combined the measurement results of the soundscape with the residents’ perception and preference. The results showed that the artificial sounds in Century Park were noisy during the morning and evening peak, while the human sounds were noisy when residents gathered in the park. There was a close relationship between the favorability and subjective loudness of urban park soundscapes, and the residents’ perceptions of urban park soundscapes substantially differed in terms of loudness, tone, and sense of belonging, whereas the differences in the perception of timbre, coverage, and sound source distance were relatively small. Furthermore, it is necessary to enhance the role of natural sounds as well as control the main noise-producing sound sources so that various sounds in the park will not interfere with each other; the optimization of soundscapes should also focus on the residents’ different soundscape preferences due to their individual characteristics.
... According to Collins (2004), interaction rituals vary in intensity. Building on Goffman's (1963) concept of unfocused interaction, Collins explains that even when people do not seem to be interacting, they pay attention to one another through "tacit monitoring, to make sure nothing abnormal or threatening is in the offing" (p. 23). ...
As COVID-19 prevention efforts have become normalized, conflicts between guests and hotel staff, who must adhere to government protocols, can have a serious impact on host-guest interactions. Drawing on interaction ritual chain theory, this research explores the ritualized mechanism of host-guest interactions during the pandemic from the perspectives of staff and guests. By combining video ethnography and interviews, this study identifies the ritual ingredients, processes, outcomes, and collective symbols of COVID-19 prevention measures. Based on the attitudes and performance paths of staff and guests, the interaction chain may become longer or shorter, and result in guests becoming "insiders" or "outsiders" and leaving the interaction space. An integrated model of host-guest interactions based on interaction ritual theory is proposed.
... In urban public spaces, people meet with each other, generate social interactions, and construct social relationships [7,8]. As an indispensable part of urban public space, Land 2022, 11, 151 2 of 21 urban parks can be understood as a form of landscape and green space for the public service [9], and they play a positive role in preventing social polarization, reducing social isolation, and enhancing leisure well-being for the public. ...
Leisure is an important way for residents to achieve well-being. As urbanization continues to accelerate and residents’ spiritual and cultural needs gradually increase, urban park leisure is becoming increasingly prominent in daily recreation, and recreational activities that meet residents’ short-term and frequent needs for leisure are becoming preferred. In this article, based on structural equation models, four representative urban parks in Beijing were selected as study areas to explore the relationships among three variables: leisure involvement, flow experience, and place attachment. The results showed that (1) leisure involvement had a significant positive effect on flow experience, (2) flow experience had a significant positive effect on place attachment, and (3) leisure involvement had both a significant direct effect on place attachment and an indirect effect mediated by flow experience. In addition, according to the empirical analysis of the influence of leisure behavior characteristics on leisure benefits, it was found that 1–3 h of leisure time in the park had the best leisure benefits. Therefore, a higher level of leisure involvement and a stronger flow experience can help to enhance residents’ place attachment; foster self-expression, identity, and self-actualization; and boost the benefits of leisure, which will eventually improve personal well-being and quality of life, construct and strengthen a sense of urban community, and fulfill people’s aspirations for a better life.
... These allowed him to 'detect some expectancies that lend commonplace scenes their familiar, life-as-usual character ' (1967, p. 37). Goffman's (1971) work is directly relevant to understanding how people behave in public spaces and produce, through interaction, the social and moral order. This includes, for instance, how people orient to 'personal space' even in a constrained space like an elevator when physical distance is impossible. ...
A key requirement of COVID-19 pandemic behavioural regulations in many countries was for people to 'physically distance' from one another, which meant departing radically from established norms of everyday human sociality. Previous research on new norms has been retrospective or prospective, focusing on reported levels of adherence to regulations or the intention to do so. In this paper, we take an observational approach to study the embodied and spoken interactional practices through which people produce or breach the new norm. The dataset comprises 20 'self-ethnographic' fieldnotes collected immediately following walks and runs in public spaces between March and September 2020, and these were analysed in the ethnomethodological tradition. We show that and how the new norm emerged through the mutual embodied and spoken conduct of strangers in public spaces. Orientations to the new norm were observed as people torqued their bodies away from each other in situations where there was insufficient space to create physical distance. We also describe how physical distance was produced unilaterally or was aggressively resisted by some people. Finally, we discuss the practical and policy implications of our observations both for deciding what counts as physical distancing and how to support the public to achieve it.
... tüm niteliklerinden ayrılarak özgürce bir arada toplandıkları, gündelik yaĢam etkinliklerini gerçekleĢtirdikleri ve toplumları birbirine bağlayan iletiĢim ortamlarıdır (Habermas, 1991). Bu alanlar, insanları bir araya getirerek, birey ve toplum arasındaki iletiĢimin varlığını belirtirler (Goffman, 1963). Arendt (2003) ise, kamusal alanı, bireylerin uyum içinde hareket ettikleri ve katılımın ön planda olduğu alanlar olarak tariflemektedir. ...
The emergence of environmental problems with urbanization have increased the importance of urban green spaces. Especially, urban parks are public spaces where socialization occurs, where people from diverse social classes such as culture, race, socioeconomic class come together. Thus they play a significant role in ensuring social cohesion by bringing together people from different nationalities or diverse ethnic cultures. However, as a result of social segregation manifesting itself in public spaces, in particular ethnic groups form their borders in these spaces. The purpose of this study is to determine how the spatial qualities of urban green spaces and identified recreational activities play a role in shaping user behaviors and developing a sense of place, and to examine the effect of the symbolic elements in the design and security situation on the perception of the users by examining the design of urban green spaces and the usage patterns of immigrants from different cultures in different geographies of the world, based on the literature. As a result of the research, it is seen that the differences in the behavioral patterns and spatial perceptions of immigrants in urban parks are directly related to the behavior-perception schemes of individuals before migration. Particularly, it has been specified that recreational activities and spatial qualities are factors that affect behavior patterns. It has been determined that ethnic groups are generally interested in symbolic areas and prefer areas in urban parks where they feel close to their own culture. At this point, it is important to make planning and design decisions that strengthen the relationship of people with space, considering different cultures.
... In video games, users can interact with their characters and inhabitants. The notions of presence (Schuemie et al., 2001) and co-presence (Goffman, 1963) or social presence (Heeter, 1992) are often evaluated and can be measured using self-report or behavioural measures (Bailenson et al., 2004). Agent's believabilty is frequently adressed (Magnenat-Thalmann et al., 2005;Bosse and Zwanenburg, 2009;Bevacqua et al., 2014), determined by aspects such as emotions, personality, culture, style, adaptation to the context, and many others (Poggi et al., 2005). ...
In this paper, we address the challenge of believability in multiplayer video games. Our contribution is a system for assessing the believability of computer players. The state of the art examines existing methods and identifies seven distinguishing features that differ considerably from one assessment to the next. Our investigation reveals that assessment procedures typically alter gameplay, posing a considerable danger of bias. This is a major flaw since computer players are evaluated in a specific context rather than in the context of the game as it should be played, potentially skewing the findings of the evaluation. As a result, we begin on a trial-and-error process, with each new proposal building on the achievements of the previous one while removing the flaws. New proposals are tested with new assessments, a total of three experiments are then presented. We created a computer program that partially automates the execution of the assessment procedure, making these trials easier to implement. At the end, thanks to our proposal, gamers can assess the believability of computer players indirectly by employing reporting forms that alert users to the presence of bots. We assume that the more a bot is reported, the less credible it becomes. We ran a final experiment to test our proposal, which yielded extremely encouraging results.
... tüm niteliklerinden ayrılarak özgürce bir arada toplandıkları, gündelik yaĢam etkinliklerini gerçekleĢtirdikleri ve toplumları birbirine bağlayan iletiĢim ortamlarıdır (Habermas, 1991). Bu alanlar, insanları bir araya getirerek, birey ve toplum arasındaki iletiĢimin varlığını belirtirler (Goffman, 1963). Arendt (2003) ise, kamusal alanı, bireylerin uyum içinde hareket ettikleri ve katılımın ön planda olduğu alanlar olarak tariflemektedir. ...
The emergence of environmental problems with urbanization have increased the importance of urban green spaces. Especially, urban parks are public spaces where socialization occurs, where people from diverse social classes such as culture, race, socioeconomic class come together. Thus they play a significant role in ensuring social cohesion by bringing together people from different nationalities or diverse ethnic cultures. However, as a result of social segregation manifesting itself in public spaces, in particular ethnic groups form their borders in these spaces. The purpose of this study is to determine how the spatial qualities of urban green spaces and identified recreational activities play a role in shaping user behaviors and developing a sense of place, and to examine the effect of the symbolic elements in the design and security situation on the perception of the users by examining the design of urban green spaces and the usage patterns of immigrants from different cultures in different geographies of the world, based on the literature. As a result of the research, it is seen that the differences in the behavioral patterns and spatial perceptions of immigrants in urban parks are directly related to the behavior-perception schemes of individuals before migration. Particularly, it has been specified that recreational activities and spatial qualities are factors that affect behavior patterns. It has been determined that ethnic groups are generally interested in symbolic areas and prefer areas in urban parks where they feel close to their own culture. At this point, it is important to make planning and design decisions that strengthen the relationship of people with space, considering different cultures.
... Tonnelat, S. (2010). The sociology of urban public spaces. Paris: Atlantis Press.p.3-4. Retrieved from: https://www.academia. edu/313641/The_Sociology_of_Urban_Public_Spaces. Last accessed [2021, June, 10].12Goffman, E. (1963).Behavior in public places: notes on the social organization of gatherings.NY: The free press.pp. 33-64. Retrieved from: https://ru.scribd.com/document/358398785/Erving-Goffman-Behavior-in-Public-Places-PDF. Last accessed. ...
... Lebowitz complains about the tourists constantly violating the rule of urban distancing, or civil inattention as described by Erving Goffman (1963), which now seems to belong to a bygone era 'I cannot stop for one second, or stand in front of a place smoking a cigarette without 10 people instantly asking me directions. And I'm surprised by this, because I always think, >>Really?Do I look welcoming to you?<<' (Pretend it's a city, episode 1). ...
... Elle est d'ailleurs critiquée par Heather Cameron (2004), qui la juge peu objective en raison de ce qu'elle échoue à présenter fidèlement le réel, comme c'est le cas de l'identification des personnes dans des espaces peu éclairés. Les Surveillance studies s'intéressent à la manière dont la télésurveillance produit la territorialité, à savoir les rapports qu'ont les individus aux lieux publics dans lesquels ils interagissent (Goffman 1966). Elles distinguent la « vidéosurveillance préservatrice » orientée vers la prévention et la gestion des comportements antisociaux, et la « vidéosurveillance protectrice » qui vise la protection des points sensibles comme des bâtiments (Klauser 2004 : 146 Dans les études africanistes, la rareté des travaux sur la télésurveillance s'explique par sa lente pénétration dans l'arsenal sécuritaire des États africains en développement. ...
Since the launch of the Cameroon Intelligent City Project in 2014 through the deployment of Chinese technologies produced by Huawei, the public space in Yaoundé has become a remotely surveilled space. Police surveillance cameras capture individuals, objects in circulation, and scenes occurring there. This technology is not a mere smart city gadget: it is a device that changes the relationship to space, individual behavior, and law enforcement. Based on the Foucauldian and post-Foucauldian theses of panoptic surveillance, with twenty-first century sociotechnical innovations, this article analyses how Cameroon has become part of a project for the “agile transformation” of its security services to cope with the economy of hostile urban and border realities. Security services are taking advantage of public spaces that have been reconfigured and reinvented, reaffirming their fundamental role in public security.
This work involves a comprehensive review of qualitative research focused on analysing the experience of social ostracism. The voices of the ostracized are essential for uncovering that subtle, small, invisible, and silent practices of social exclusion, such as not paying attention, treating someone like air, lack of interest, or being left out, are sufficiently real and painful enough for those who have to deal with them. The term “social (in)visibility” allows us to openly name feelings that are an internal response to external ostracism, but which remain unexpressed in everyday interactions. The article focuses on understanding the role of social attention and social recognition in social encounters. As the social challenges described document a set of practices that prevent engagement in social interactions and reinforce cultural otherness, the construct of “social (in)visibility” may thus provide a framework for explaining how the lack of acknowledgment of someone’s presence in an appropriate manner in a given situation initiates the process of excluding those with so-called ‘spoiled identities’ and may help reveal mechanisms of escalating negativity. The work concludes with reflections on future research areas and the practical implications of social (in)visibility within the context of social relationships, co-presence, and social encounters.
This chapter studies openings of interactions in immersive virtual reality (VR). Immersive VR refers to computer-generated and visually rich environments that create for the user a powerful sense of immersion. The data are video recordings of interactions collected in a multiplayer online game called Rec Room. The method is conversation analysis. The analysis focuses on openings of interactions between participants who either know each other or who do not know each other. We show how the shape of the openings reflects the complexity and fragmented nature of immersive VR as an interactional setting and the resources in it. We conclude that the openings are designed to minimise problems in the establishing of mutual orientation and intersubjectivity.KeywordsOpeningsVirtual realityEmbodimentInteractional resourcesIdentificationRecognition
This chapter shows how workers initiate interactions in a complex workplace setting: a construction site. It focuses on encounters involving an ambulatory party and a (generally) stationary party. Three practices for approaching and initiating interaction are described—direct, oblique, and restricted approaches—each of which has particular implications for the interactions that they precede. Participants are shown orienting to trajectory and proximity as constitutive features of ambulatory openings. This chapter also considers “anticipatory openings”: opening turns issued by a party who sees that they are being approached, and which anticipates the likely reason for their being approached. The analysis is based on 80 openings in English and Spanish, identified in 10+ hours of video recordings of construction site activities.KeywordsOpeningsMobilityWorkplaceConstruction
Based on an ethnographic study of the production of visual effects, this chapter analyses the role of waiting in digital work. I argue that temporal discrepancies between computational processes, computer operating and human interaction are a constant part of cooperation in digital work. In my analysis, the phenomenon of waiting, hitherto conceived almost exclusively as human (in)activity, is made visible as a sociotechnical practice that is fundamental to the accomplishment of cooperation. The observable forms of waiting—as situated practices—in visual effects production provide information on how cooperation in digital work is established between different participants on a daily basis. Both digital forms of waiting presented in this chapter, waiting in a standby pose as well as waiting in rendering queues, contributed to making design processes accountable for those involved in the production of visual effects.
The intelligibility of a performance of improvised dance does not reside in the rehearsed execution of a pre-existing script, nor does it result from a sustained verbal interaction between the dancers. Many aspects of the speechless performance obviously play an important role in the achieved intelligibility of the dance: a dancer is seen moving on and from a ground, on a stage, in a space delimited by walls, illuminated by spotlights, sounded by music, in front of an audience. And of course with other dancers, whose joint gestures and moves give shape to a choreography by providing pace, rhythm and sequences, thereby constituting a narrative or fragments thereof. This paper addresses the manufacture of this witnessable order, by presenting some results of an ethnographic inquiry. The investigation will be focused on how, in an improvised duet, each dancer interacts with the other, and more specifically how she or he positions her- or himself in relation to the other, from distance to proximity and touch. This work of distance management is the dance, whose choreographic accountability is produced and structured by dancers staying at a distance, getting closer and touching each other. The analysis shows that distance management is oriented to as relevant by the dancers and that it has consequences on their improvised duet. It is also what makes their performance analyzable by distant observers.
Background: This study shows how the use of wheelchairs due to mobility impairment influences the configuration of interactional spaces and the initiation of conversation. It takes as a case in point the spatial arrangements and interactions between sports students using wheelchairs and their co-participants in a Danish sports high school. Method: Using the framework of research into ethnomethodological conversation analysis (EMCA) in atypical multimodal interaction, this study demonstrates how co-participants with and without impairments consider factors such as the position, size, design, and maneuverability of the wheelchair when they configure interactional spaces and organize conversational beginnings, and how the bodily orientation of the wheelchair user toward a specific physical environment and space is also taken into account. Furthermore, the co-participants’ conversation is adapted to fit these arrangements. The study describes features of spatial configurations that apply irrespective of the presence, type, and degree of disability in speech, language, and communication among the co-participants. The study draws on 10 hours of video recordings. Results and conclusion: The study indicates a need to investigate everyday conversation in its natural surroundings. Detailed descriptions of how co-participants draw upon available material, technological, and bodied ‘modes’ as resources may re-specify our understanding of aspects of conversations when impairments are involved.
According to normative theorists, informal conversations between strangers are the most basic manifestation of the political public sphere and truest to the deliberative democratic ideal. Yet systematic empirical evidence on citizens’ everyday political talk outside their social networks is largely missing. Using a unique survey, we examine citizens’ access to the public discursive sphere of political talk with strangers, as well as the frequency and disagreeableness of the conversations held in this arena of the deliberative system. Although widespread and frequent engagement is desirable from a normative point of view, we find this discursive sphere to be considerably smaller in scope and less vibrant than the private and semi-public discursive spheres of political talk within strong and weak network ties. Contrary to theorists’ equation of strangeness with difference, political conversations between strangers also appear rather harmonious. Furthermore, our findings show that psychological dispositions, most notably social trust and conflict orientations, are important drivers of individuals’ involvement in political conversations with strangers. Their impact exceeds the influence of political dispositions, opportunities, and skills. Some aspects of our results raise doubts about the deliberative quality of these conversations.
la entrada “Transporte criollo” analiza el modo en que las tecnologías de transporte circulan globalmente y se consumen localmente. El término permite plantear muchos de los artefactos utilizados en América Latina cuyo invento y producción provienen de los países más desarrollados tecnológicamente, y el modo en que son adaptados.
Employers now expect graduates with skills that would enable them sustain and adapt to employment in the workplace. This study investigated self-perceived communication competence to talk in meeting context for sustainable employment in future workplace among mass communication undergraduates. Stratified simple random sampling was adopted in selecting 405 students from four tertiary institutions in Nigeria. This quantitative study employed questionnaire for the data collection. The study used exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to test the reliability and validity of the instrument, and inferential statistics for the analysis. The findings show that the respondents self perceived communication competence to talk in meeting contexts is above moderate level. The main focus of this study is the self-perceived communication competence of mass communication undergraduates to speak in meeting contexts. The study contributes to the body of knowledge on soft skills otherwise referred to as employability skills. Theoretically this research provide salient information that is of practical importance and implications that tertiary education authorities must address for the improvement of communication undergraduates in communication competence to speak in meeting context in order to improve their future employment opportunities. Journal of Global Business and Social Entrepreneurship (GBSE) Vol. 9: No. 26 (January 2023) page 52-69 | www.gbse.my | eISSN : 24621714 53 Introduction Effective communication is a vital aspect of our daily lives, and it becomes even more crucial in professional settings. In view of this, it is essential for communication undergraduates to develop and hone their own communication skills to succeed in the job market. One important component of communication is self-perceived communication competence, which refers to an individual's belief in their ability to communicate effectively in various contexts (Beebe & Mottet, 2016). In the context of meetings, whether with strangers, friends, or acquaintances, self-perceived communication competence is especially important. Meetings are often high-stakes situations where individuals must convey their ideas, opinions, and perspectives in a clear and concise manner. Without effective communication skills, individuals may struggle to articulate their thoughts, leading to misunderstandings and missed opportunities. Research has shown that self-perceived communication competence is positively correlated with various aspects of communication, including verbal and nonverbal communication skills, interpersonal communication, and public speaking (McCroskey & Richmond, 1990). For communication undergraduates, the opportunity to develop and enhance self-perceived communication competence through coursework, extracurricular activities, and real-world experiences are needed. It is important for communication undergraduates to recognize the value of this skill and take steps to develop and enhance their Self-perceived communication competence as a crucial aspect of effective communication to function in meeting contexts with strangers, friends, and acquaintances. It is by doing so, that the chances of success in the job market and beyond can be increased.
La théologie de la prospérité comme paradigme a fait l’objet de nombreuses analyses. Le plus souvent, cette abondance passe par la mobilisation des notions d’absence, de manque, d’insuffisance, d’attente, de passivité, de blocage, de misérabilisme, de fainéantise, en particulier dans les études qui se sont intéressées aux Églises d’Afrique ou d’Amérique latine. Pourtant, sur le terrain, derrière cette notion, nulles évidences, nulle homogénéité, mais une constellation de sens et de pratiques infiniment diverses, où s’entremêlent résurgence et création. Toutefois, en dépit de l’hétérogénéité de représentations de ce qu’elle désigne et des réalités qu’elle implique, sa déclinaison au pluriel n’a pas fait florès en sciences sociales. Et c’est bien ce contraste entre spécificité du regard ethnographique et permanence d’une notion ethnographiquement désinformée qui pousse à la repenser. Cet article propose donc de revisiter cette notion, à la lumière des profondes recompositions que connaît le paysage protestant franco-belge et celui des circulations postcoloniales ces dernières décennies afin de mieux appréhender les différents jeux d’appropriation et de (ré)interprétation à l’oeuvre au sein de cette mouvance religieuse.
Movilidades animales, animales moviles, una perspectiva entre la geografía animal , la movilidad y la biogeografía. En el libro nuevos términos clave para los estudios de movilidad en América Latina
How can live-performed chamber operas be conceptualized as immersive games with interactive features? This artistic study has resulted in a system model through which degrees of immersion may be generated and analyzed from physical, social, and psychical stimuli. A differentiation of immersive modes has been made possible by the framing of opera-making as game design. The findings indicate that so-called ludo-immersive opera could be developed into operatic chamber opera play for self-reliant participants, constituting an intimate and alternate practice in which dynamic game-masters may replace supervising directors. However, this practice is entangled with the question of future training for operatic practitioners outside the mainstream opera format, and beyond both Wagnerian and Brechtian spectatorship. The shift from the traditional audience/performer relationship to a novel form of immersive interaction requires a new mind-set and training for opera practitioners, to encourage autonomy and active participation by individual visitors. Theoretically, the study connects recent innovations in opera to the aesthetic principles of the Apollonian and the Dionysian and positions ludo-immersive opera in relation the these. The principles bridge immersion, opera, and game-playing, articulated by a reinterpretation of Roger Caillois’ taxonomy of play. The issue of immersion as an artistic aim in opera is highlighted. Moreover, artists’ and visitors’ reciprocal participation in ludo-immersive opera is discussed in regard to its historical context of operatic event-making and forms of presentation. The project explores the detailed consequences of perception and performance in chamber opera with ludic and immersive features, primarily inspired by live-action role playing. The main objective has been to investigate how operatic events can be presented as immersive adventures rather than spectacles, and consequences that the integration of playing visitors in professional opera implies for artistic practice. In four operas created during the period 2016–2020, interventions and encounters between artists and visitors in musically driven situations framed by fictional settings have been staged and studied. The artistic researcher has iteratively been engaged in action as opera singer, librettist, dramaturge, and director. Data from the research cycles include field recordings from the productions and reports from the participants in the form of interviews and surveys.
Sažetak
The paper presents the results of research on fan messages conducted by analysing the elements of visual expression of the supporters’ group “Bad Blue Boys” of the “Citizens Football Club Dinamo Zagreb”. The period of analysis included ten seasons of domestic football championships and international leagues (2010-2020). The results revealed that during this period the supporters’ group “Bad Blue Boys” went through several stages, marked by protests and activism, the battle for democratization and a greater degree of transparency in the “Dinamo Zagreb” football club that they support, but also some less pleasant stages, including a period of strong repression of the group, as well as internal divisions. Discourse analysis method was used to create a typology of fans’ messages, while the description of their rituals arose from many years of participant observation of their rituals.
Ključne riječi
football fans, subculture, Bad Blue Boys, performance, fan messages
With remarkable regularity, escalation processes in soccer stadiums lead to violence between police, private security guards, and soccer fans. This article examines the question of how this happens and what it means. In a consideration of Reckwitz’s thesis of the society of singularities, data from participant observation, interviews, and video analysis is examined in order to address the question of whether going to soccer games can be understood as a temporary break from the compulsion to individualize or singularize. In addition, the article develops the thesis that the escalation of processes of violence does not constitute the collapse of social order, but rather a predictable process in which all participants consistently cooperate (Collins). Through ordered togetherness and opposition, a common ritual (Durkheim and Turner) takes place, an always precarious walk up to the limits of what is socially acceptable, which also leads to the renewal of the social. Going to soccer stadiums, so my thesis, can be understood as testing the boundaries of the socially acceptable.
The Maybachufer Market is an urban street market in Berlin-Neukölln that constitutes a highly diverse urban context by bringing together people of different social, cultural, and linguistic backgrounds. Through linguistic ethnography, this paper explores the negotiation of various resources in everyday communicative practices and activities of this urban space. The market setting with its multiethnic and multilingual community constitutes a spatial repertoire with a rich pool of resources. Although German, Turkish, and English are prominent as local and international lingua francas, various other languages and resources are used in the market activities involving different types and modes of interaction. The study shows that the respective communicative practices, which seem random at first glance, in fact follow specific interactional patterns with respect to communicative goals and interactional roles, including different social relations and identity constructions. While exploring everyday activities and the linguistic behaviours at a highly diverse urban market, the study contributes to our understanding of spatial repertoires, metrolingual and convivial practices, and communicative patterns in multilingual and multiethnic interactions in highly diverse urban spaces.
Cities and neighborhoods are key sites of migration-related diversity. Differences in lifestyle, class, ethnicity, or religion become visible in urban spaces, such as neighborhood bars, shops, or cafes. This article applies a social cognitive approach to explore how urban spaces shape the relationship between ethnic encounters and intergroup perceptions. Theoretical work on urbanism suggests that public and private spaces have different effects on people’s perceptions of group interdependence and relative group status. This article contributes to the ongoing debate between conflict and contact schools of thought by defining how contextual conditions promote ethnic diversity’s positive or negative effects on intergroup perceptions.
Als sich die Frauenforschung in den 70er Jahren zu etablieren begann, hat sie den Unterschied zwischen den Geschlechtern als Leitdifferenz gesetzt und darüber ihre Legitimation bezogen. Die mit Nachdruck vertretene These, dass Gesellschaften auch und vor allem geschlechtlich differenziert sind, war gegen den Mainstream der Soziologie gerichtet, der die Geschlechterdifferenz entweder nicht thematisierte oder als ein Phänomen behandelte, das im Zuge der Modernisierung von selbst verschwinden wird.
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