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Energy Analysis of Solar Home Lighting System With Microcontroller-Based Charge Controller
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In this paper, a solar powered home lighting system in the Electrical Engineering Department of Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology (VNIT), Nagpur is analyzed for energy using a personal computer simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis (circuit simulation software, PSPICE 9.1). The home lighting system consists of a solar panel of 37 W-p, a 45 Ah battery, a solar charge controller, dc loads of two 9W compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), and a dc fan of 14 W. Through the solar panel, the battery is charged during day time. In the night, when solar power is not available, the battery provides power as a backup to the dc load consisting of two CFLs and a dc fan. The aim of the paper is to analyze the solar home lighting system for energy gain/loss with a microcontroller- based charge controller. From the analysis, it is concluded that the solar home lighting system is not designed for continuous energy gain as per manufacturer's specifications. The design needs to be modified to have energy gain in the system for Nagpur, India. A designed microcontroller-based charge controller is also analyzed. The advantages of a microcontroller 89C2051-based charge controller are its simple design, low cost, logic change facility with change of programming of microcontroller, presence of liquid crystal display (LCD) with battery charge status, and display of different messages. RIDE software is used as an assembler for generating the required hex file of program and it is used for burning in the microcontroller IC with the help of Vegarobokit (a microcontroller programmer developer) to make a microcontroller programmer.
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... Global horizontal irradiation data are pivotal to solar resource assessments, feasibility studies, and the simulation, design, and implementation of diverse solar energy applications [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. This article focuses on monthly average daily GHI data and related regression models, which solar radiation modelers continue testing and developing today. ...
Irradiation time equivalence pioneers the classification of models that predict monthly average daily global solar radiation on a horizontal surface based on their double cross-validation performances. By exploiting indigenous irradiation data, novel irradiation-based models can be created and used to classify prediction models thereby facilitating a deeper understanding of model performance beyond routine summary statistics. The concept was demonstrated by formulating novel One-hour and Two-hour irradiation-based models to predict monthly average daily global horizontal irradiation. Double cross-validation of the 2 irradiation-based models and 70 existing regression models was performed using a pair of five-year subsets. The 70 models used the measured meteorological predictors of air temperature and sunshine hours, either alone or combined. The irradiation time equivalence of a model evaluated under double cross-validation has been defined as the minimum number of hours of measured irradiation needed to predict the monthly average daily irradiation in an average year, with a root mean square error less than or equal to that of the model. Despite their intra-competitiveness, all 44 temperature-based models had an irradiation time equivalence of 1 h while the remaining 26 models which contained the sunshine-hours predictor were classified with a higher performance rank of 2 h. An irradiation time equivalence scale extending to 13 h was also developed to cater for the classification of higher-performance models. This fresh perspective on model performance directs future investigations toward determining whether prediction models exhibit global classification constancy.
... And also pose a safety risk. Depending upon the manufacture of battery technology the charge controller provides the protection against, the complete drain out of the battery and improves controlled discharge [7] [8]. ...
In the world's railway system, innovative technology to tap alternative sources of energy can help in reducing the dependence on fossil fuel and power grid. The self-generating system is absent in most of the LHB coaches based long distance running trains, thus the required power for lighting loads is supplied through power car which becomes mandatory. In all seasons of the year the total amount of energy harvested from the roof top of the trains is to be considered as most important. Basically the main component is the Regulation cum Rectifier Unit (RRU). RRU is fast and reliable switching unit with alternator identifying facilities. The existence of intelligent control system with in the RRU which operates on solar power supply and during the insufficient solar power it controls the action of switch over from solar power to conventional power. With this implemented scheme in all the trains aims to achieve the considerable fuel saving and the reduction of CO 2 emission. The present work concentrates on the implementation of interfacing the solar charge control with the RRU based on the literature study of CO 2 mitigation, load calculation and rating of alternators of railway coaches. The design of solar charge controller with RRU has been simulated using MATLAB SIMULINK and prototype hardware of solar charge controller has been tested.
Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are emerging progressively due to their wide compatibility range, ease of installation, and environmental friendliness. The module mismatch (MM) losses and module open circuit (MOC) fault can cause the power mismatch between different PV modules. This significantly affects the energy output from the PV module. Also, the intermittent nature of solar PV power makes the solar PV systems unreliable; to compensate for this, conventional PV systems utilize a battery storage system (BSS) with separate bidirectional converter. These bidirectional converters require two‐stage power conversion and massive battery bank connected at the DC link. This leads to the further reduction in overall efficiency. To address these issues, this paper proposed a multi‐input PV battery system (MIPBS) that uses nonisolated buck and boost converter combinations. It requires single‐stage power conversion to extract maximum power from each PV module along with BSS charging and discharging. Its modular design allows it to function across a wide range of voltage, power, and BSS choices. The proposed system is capable of mitigating the MM loss and sustaining the MOC fault. This paper discusses the operation, steady‐state analysis, and dynamic analysis of the proposed MIPBS. The performance of the proposed MIPBS is validated using a state‐of‐the‐art experimental setup with two PV modules, each having a rating of 60.53 W. A multi‐input photovoltaic (PV) battery system (MIPBS) requires single‐stage power conversion to extract maximum power from each PV module along with battery charging and discharging. The proposed system can mitigate the module mismatch loss such as partial shading and withstands the module open circuit fault.
A hybrid system consists of conventional and nonconventional energy systems for the achievement of reliable operation to keep the balance between energy supply and load demand. Various methods have been employed for planning and sizing of the hybrid energy system to get optimal location. Due to weather conditions, some renewable energy sources such as solar and wind energy may be unable to provide continuous supply. In addition, stability is an important issue. This may be voltage stability, frequency stability, and rotor angle stability. Different optimization techniques have been developed for optimizing the parameters of the hybrid energy system. This manuscript deals with a review of different hybrid energy systems with optimization techniques to achieve their best optimal location and sizing. Some planning methods have been reviewed with in this manuscript and focused on the development of a new hybrid energy system with advanced techniques.KeywordsRenewable energy systemSolar systemWind powerParticle swarm optimizationGenetic algorithmArtificial bee colony algorithm
Though the available models cannot produce the efficiency or power as Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT), the Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) design in recent works was reviewed for its aesthetic value and efficiency. This review will be a useful guide to modify available design for any intended purpose or provide a futuristic design which can be efficient in power generation and be an ornamental device. Besides these, the overview of recent researches in the field of wind turbine technology is covered in this book chapter. The work provides the guide to design VAWT with the information about the implementation of farm, reduction of noise, and computational techniques used in recent researches. The review of this kind always has greater importance because of the up to date information about the ongoing researches.KeywordsVAWTAerodynamic designComputational analysisExperiment methodRenewable energy
The population of India is growing day by day. This is resulting in more pollution facing the problem of shorter non-rechargeable resources leftover for the succeeding generations. Naturally, it is certainly concluded that India’s energy demand will increase in near future. Renewable energy is very useful in playing a significant role for providing pollution-free energy. This will certainly contribute to climate change. There is a target of generating 100 GW of solar energy by 2022. This goal is very pioneering for India under the agreement of Climate Change in Paris. Progress of the Indian solar energy division depends on the mixture of law framework, financial structure, and local production sector and eco-friendly sound technology. Although there is enhancing potential of sun energy in India, today also there are shortcomings in its administration. In this chapter, the authors focus on the present status, challenges, and upcoming prospects of sun power progress in India. It further summarizes the way ahead with recommendations to overcome some of the shortcomings.KeywordsPV scenarioGlobal energyIndian PVMotivational policiesSolar panelsJNNSMSolar mission achievements
In recent years, the market of the brushless Permanent Magnet (PM) motors, such as Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) and Brushless Direct Current Motor (BLDCM) drives, has become huge due to demand of the Electric Vehicles (EVs) and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs). However, brushless PM drives are less robust compared to other types of motor drives due to the high acoustic noise, vibrations, and de-magnetization risk of the PM (Chan. Proc IEEE 95:704–718, 2007; Report, Implementing Agreement for Co-operation on Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Technologies and Programmed. International Energy Agency, 2016). These shortcomings pose important restrictions for critical applications. Initially, to run PMSM, Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) is implemented. But this technique generates current harmonics and high torque ripples, which ultimately leads to Acoustic Noise and Vibration (ANV) in PMSM drive. Hence, for analysis purpose, a framework based on lumped model along with effective mass and mass participation factor technique for prediction of torsional vibration in case of SPWM technique is elaborated to show detailed methodology for vibration response caused by high torque ripples. This framework is generalized in a way that can be easily extended to any mechanical power transmission system having shaft-coupler or geared system especially for EV and HEV application. Also, vibration prediction modelling is integrated with optimum number of modes or degree of freedom selection technique, which help to enhance the accuracy of model along with computationally efficient, which is the novelty of present work, which usually researchers took earlier randomly based on their setup and mass distribution without any specific technical justification. The vibration analysis reveals high torsional twisting and untwisting of shaft in case of SPWM, because of high source torque ripple. Henceforth, a Random Pulse Width Modulation (RPWM) technique for reduction of ANV is discussed in this chapter. The proposed RPWM method brings a significant reduction in torque ripples which directly influence ANV in the motor, thereby enhancing the performance of the complete drive system under operation. The relationships between the stator current harmonics feed by drive and non-sinusoidal magnetic field flux distribution, with torque ripples is developed and detailed analysis is discussed in this chapter. An extensive simulation and experimental work are carried out on a 1.07- kW, 4-poles, 36-slots, 3-phase PMSM drive for validation of proposed control strategy. In the end, experimental validation part is presented for all analytical modelling and simulation results presented in this chapter.
This paper describes the design of a solar charge controller with microcontroller based soft switching buck converter. Zero current switching technique is used for buck converter design. Atmega 16 microcontroller is used for generating the necessary PWM switching signal. The output voltage of the solar panel is reduced to 15 V and it is applied to a charge controller circuit. The overcharge protection and under charge alarm is available in the charge controller circuit. The settings of these protection circuits are adjustable through potentiometers. Win AVR software is used as a compiler for the generation of necessary hex file.12V, 45 Ah lead acid battery is used for charging purpose.
The aim of the paper is to design a soft Switching Boost Converter with simulation of Maximum Power point tracking for Solar Home Lighting System. A 37Wp Solar Panel is used for designing the boost Converter using soft switching technique. Microcontroller Atmega32 is used to generate the necessary PWM switching signal for the MOSFETs. Soft-switching boost converter is designed to improve the efficiency of the converter and it is observed that efficiency is increased for wide load variation. WIN AVR Software is used as assembler to generate the required hex file for burning in the microcontroller IC. The designed boost converter is further simulated for Maximum Power Point with constant voltage method using Multisim 10 software and results are obtained for the increased current at various Maximum Power Point voltages.
In this paper, a novel integrated system for a battery charger with a state-of-charge estimator is proposed. First, by using a 16-bit MC80196 microprocessor, two different methods for estimating a battery's state-of-charge are presented. Then, the current of the charger is adjusted according to the estimated result. The charger, which has a zero current switching topology, performs with both a high input power factor and a high efficiency. In addition, the microprocessor effectively integrates the charger and the state-of-charge estimator. Several experimental results validate the theoretical analysis.
SPICE piecewise linear resistor (PWLR) and piecewise current-controlled (PWCC) current source models are applied to represent conventional loads of PV systems, namely, a washing machine, a refrigerator, lights and a d.c.–a.c. converter. The parameter extraction for these models has been performed by experimental measurements. A complete system of 440 Wp has been simulated and the results compared to experimental measurements. Future application advanced dispatching strategies and intelligent load management are indicated as possible uses of these models. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In this chapter we present an overview of the development of today’s electric power industry, including the regulatory and historical evolution of the industry as well as the technical side of power generation. Included is enough thermodynamics to understand basic heat engines and how that all relates to modern steam-cycle, gas-turbine, combined-cycle, and cogeneration power plants. A first-cut at evaluating the most cost-effective combination of these various types of power plants in an electric utility system is also presented.
This paper proposes a new, effective, robust and reliable solar battery charging algorithm for the widely used batteries; NiCd, NiMH, Lead-Acid and Lithium-Ion. The algorithm has the ability to charge the battery in the outdoor conditions, when the power is variable, and terminate charging when the battery is fully charged. The algorithm has two modes of operation; current mode and voltage mode. It can deal with the unexpected outdoor conditions, which may cause drops in the current, without falsely detecting the battery state of charge. A programmable power supply was programmed and the four battery types were charged to test the algorithm.
The application of renewable energy in electric power system is growing fast. Photovoltaic and wind energy sources are being increasingly recognized as cost-effective generation sources for remote rural area isolated power system. This paper presents the performance analysis of solar photovoltaic (SPV) system installed at Sagardeep Island in West Bengal state of India. The technical and commercial parameters are used to carry out the performance analysis. The effect of the SPV installation on social life is also studied. SPV installations not only provide electricity to people but also raised their standard of living.
An improved MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) algorithm charge controller exploiting an interleaved synchronous buck converter has been designed and realized to extract the maximum power from a photovoltaic panel. The converter sends the available photovoltaic energy to a battery pack thanks to an input control loop that reads the input voltage and limits the output current of the converter, thus fixing the photovoltaic panel voltage to its maximum power value. The MPPT is achieved through a microcontroller based PAO (Perturb And Observe) algorithm. The converter is capable of driving two separate battery packs thanks to two onboard solid-state switches, thus allowing a longer life cycle and a better energy management.