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A new species of the genus Tylorida Simon, 1894 (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) from a rocky outcrop in the northern Western Ghats, India
Abstract
A new species Tylorida sataraensis sp. Nov. is described from the northern Western Ghats based on female only. Its behaviour of holding under water in response to disturbance is discussed.
... Dimitrov et al. (2008) synonymised the monotypic genus Sternospina Schmidt & Krause, 1993 with Tylorida and considered the 'unusual' Sternospina concretipalpis Schmidt & Krause, 1993 as a junior synonym of T. striata. Kulkarni (2014) described Tylorida sataraensis as a new species from India. Kulkarni & Yadav (2015) recorded T. striata for the first time from India and synonymised Tylorida stellimicans Simon, 1885 with T. striata. ...
... Its male sex was described by Kulkarni and Lewis in 2015. Although we did not examine the type of T. sataraensis, the images of genitalia of this species are available in the literature to facilitate its identification (Kulkarni 2014;Kulkarni & Lewis 2015). Detailed comparison of the pedipalp and epigynum of T. marmorea comb. ...
... nov. builds its large orb-webs above the course of the streams or water-logging areas (Gravely 1915Kulkarni 2014;present data). The webs are constructed horizontally to the water body (Gravely 1915;present data). ...
The tetragnathid spider genus Tylorida Simon, 1894 is reviewed in India. The relationship of Tylorida with Orsinome Thorell, 1890 is discussed and illustrated. The taxonomic significance of male chelicerae of Tylorida spp. is discussed and an identification key based on the features of male chelicerae to separate Indian Tylorida spp. is provided. A new species, Tylorida flava sp. nov. is described and illustrated. Two new transfers and four new synonyms are proposed: Orsinome marmorea Pocock, 1901 and Tylorida culta (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869) are transferred to Tylorida and Mesida Kulczyn'ski, 1911 respectively, Tylorida cylindrata (Wang, 1991) and Tylorida sataraensis Kulkarni, 2014 are synonymised with Tylorida marmorea (Pocock, 1901) comb. nov., Tylorida nicobarensis (Tikader, 1977) is synonymised with Tylorida striata (Thorell, 1877) and Leucauge pondae Tikader, 1970 is synonymised with Tylorida ventralis (Thorell, 1877). The biology, natural history and intraspecific variations of T. marmorea comb. nov. are noted. The occurrence of intraspecific variations and colour polymorphism in T. ventralis is discussed and two colour morphs (Silver and Yellow morphs) and three varieties (varieties I, II & III) for the species are recognised. Additionally, the genus Atelidea Simon, 1895 is recorded for the first time from India and provided the description and illustration of Atelidea nona sp. nov.. The current distribution of Atelidea is mapped.
... For species identification, the preserved specimens were first observed under a 50× dissecting microscope (Amscope, USA and identified to species based on the morphology descriptions of the Leucauge and Opadometa (Yoshida, 2009;, Mesida (Jager and Praxaysombath, 2011), Tylorida (Tanikawa, 2004;Jager and Praxaysombath, 2009;Kulkarni, 2014) and Tetragnatha (Okuma, 1987(Okuma, , 1988 subfamilies, and further supported by other documented morphological references (Barrion and Litsinger, 1995;Murphy and Murphy, 2000;Song et al., 2002;. ...
... Within the Mesida-Tylorida group, members share many similar morphological characteristics (Tanikawa, 2001;Alvarez-Padilla and Hormiga, 2011) and so these two genera can only be distinguished by minor differences in their outer appearance (Tanikawa, 2001(Tanikawa, , 2004Kulkarni, 2014). Tylorida striata was recognized as a sister-clade to M. argentiopunctata and the Mesida species (Tanikawa, 2001) based on a cladistic analysis of their morphological characteristics. ...
Although diverse groups of spiders are present in tropical countries, very little attention has been given on various types of differences that exist within these groups, particularly for the groups of tropical spiders in Malaysia. The morphological and genitalia characteristics are traditionally used to identify species variants. However, in this study, a molecular approach was utilized to produce a more precise and accurate result in an effort to identify, delineate and verify the species. Mitochondria-encoded cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and nuclear-encoded 18S rRNA (18S) genes) were adopted to establish DNA bacodes for 17 species of tetragnathid spiders (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in Malaysia. Generally, the molecular data of tetragnathid spiders was consistent with their classification based upon morphological characteristics, though species boundary of Opadometa grata and Leucauge decorata could not be resolved by 18S gene.
... On the other hand, Tylorida sataraensis Kulkarni, 2014 is restricted to a smaller part of Western Ghats in India (Kulkarni and Lewis 2015). These distributional variations of species belonging to same genus may suggest contrasting adaptive capacities, since T. striata undoubtedly sustains in anthropogenically exploited habitats whereas, T. sataraensis is a habitat specialist, currently under threat of habitat degradation (Kulkarni 2014, Kulkarni andLewis 2015). Two other Tylorida species having T. striata-like globose abdomen, Tylorida mornensis (Benoit, 1978) and Tylorida seriata (Thorell, 1899) are only known from their respective type localities (Fig. 4). ...
The tetragnathid spider Tylorida striata (Thorell, 1877) is redescribed on examination of its
long unknown syntypes from Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi deposited in the Natural History
Museum of Giacomo Doria, Genoa, Italy and additional material from Kendari and other
Indonesian regions. Description of Tylorida stellimicans (Simon, 1885) mentions its identity
with T. striata, which however characterizes sub-adult of T. striata and is accordingly
synonymized. Tylorida striata is newly recorded from India which links the distributional gap between China to Australia and Comoros Islands. Distributional and taxonomic records of
Tylorida species with T. striata- like globose abdomen infer probable synonymy, which is
subject to genus revision.
ABSTRACT :
Spiders belonging to order araneae are one of the biggest groups of predaceous organisms in the animal kingdom. Along with their diverse structure, they are popular for their tough silk and spider venom which is of pharmaceutical importance.Also they are playing a major role in lower food web in the ecosystem to maintain the ecological equilibrium and are one of the best bioindicators of natural ecosysytems.Now a days, due to the habitat destruction caused by natural calamities and anthropogenic activities ,the number of spiders species are found to be declined, as a result number of species of spiders are getting extinct before they are explored. One of the major hotspots of biodiversity of India is Western Ghats, known for their high species diversity. Taking into account the importance of spiders as bioindicators of environment, the present article was aimed to review on Araneae diversity from Satara Sangli and Kolhapur districts lying in the Northern Western Ghat regions of Maharashtra, India . This study shall help to record the number of species found in this regions. This review provides a checklist of total 27 families of 101 genera representing 178 species along with some new species recorded with special reference to their behaviour, habitat and variations among them. The review mainly provides a baseline information for the future study on diversity of spiders.From this review it is concluded that Northern Western Ghats being one of the biggest hotspots of diversity have a large number of spiders species, which are very less as compared to the spider diversity of India as suggested by the world catalogue of spiders, suggesting for an urgent need to explore further the areneae diversity in order to maintain the ecological equilibrium and the products obtained from them.
This paper contains a systematic list of species and the literature references of the spiders precinctive in India. Spiders from 58 families, 340 genera and 1238 species are precinctive in India. However, there is an urgent need to revise all these species.
The male sex of Tylorida sataraensis Kulkarni, 2014 is described based on specimens from the type locality. The distinguishing characters from its closest species Tylorida ventralis (Thorell, 1877) are detailed. An interesting behaviour of going underwater by T. sataraensis, on disturbance is recorded and tested for significance. The surveys have shown sighting of this species only to the perennial streams of the rocky outcrops in Satara region. The potential threats to this species and the possible conservation status based on known distribution are discussed.
Rocky plateaus in the northern Western Ghats and Konkan region are specialized habitats belonging to the general habitat category of Rock Outcrops. Their distribution and classification is presented here, with details of microclimate and edaphic features. Microhabitats on the rocky plateaus have been described along with characteristic species assemblages and changes in them due to biotic pressure. Ecological assessment of representative sites show high species richness and diversity (H). A review of current knowledge about endemic flora and fauna on the rocky plateaus shows a large number of endemic species of flora and fauna, of which many are regionally assessed as threatened. Localized diversification within floral and faunal genera is common and indicates active speciation. Most localities except those within protected areas are affected by biotic pressures and there is no specific legal protection for their rich biodiversity. The paper suggests needs for future research on the habitat and recommends conservation and management actions based upon the ecology of the habitat.
Spiders from Laos collected on expeditions from 2003 to 2008 are investigated. Currently, 89 spider species are recorded from Laos. Records of 51 species are included in the present paper. Four species are described for the first time: Argiope dang sp. n. (male, female) from Vang Vieng, Pseudopoda wang sp. n. (male, female) from Nam Khan valley, Olios muang sp. n. (male) from Ban Thathot, and Thelcticopis folia sp. n. (female) from Nam Khan valley. Sixteen species are recorded from Laos for the first time: Acusilas malaccensis Murphy & Murphy 1983, Agelena limbata Thorell 1897, Anepsion maritatum (O. Pickard-Cambridge 1877, Arachnura melanura Simon 1867, Araneus ellipticus (Tikader & Bal 1981), Argiope pulchella Thorell 1881, Eriovixia pseudocentrodes (Bösenberg & Strand 1906), Hersilia flagellifera Baehr & Baehr 1993, Menemerus bivittatus (Dufour 1831), Myrmarachne turriformis Badcock 1918, Oxyopes birmanicus Thorell 1887, Portia assamensis Wanless 1978, Tetragnatha ceylonica O. Pickard-Cambridge 1869, Tetragnatha lauta Yaginuma 1959, Tylorida striata (Thorell 1877), Tylorida ventralis (Thorell 1877). New observations on the biology of Eurychoera banna Zhang, Zhu & Song 2004 are documented. E. quadrimaculata Thorell 1897 is firstly recorded from Brunei. The following species are transferred from the genus Zygiella (Araneidae) to the genus Guizygiella (Tetragnathidae): Guizygiella indica (Tikader & Bal 1980) comb, nov., Guizygiella shivui (Patel & Reddy 1990) comb. nov. Illustrations are given for Argiope pulchella, A. ?versicolor, Eriovixia pseudocentrodes, Laoponia saetosa Platnick & Jäger 2008, Orsinome vethi (Hasselt 1882), Oxyopes birmanicus, Tylorida ventralis, mostly showing intraspecific variation. A map of Laotian collecting localities is given. Orsinome vethi is recorded for Flores the first time, the record represents the eastern most distribution of this species.
The present atlas documents the morphology of representative species of 22 tetragnathid genera, with emphasis on nontetragnathines. It includes approximately 960 scanning electron micrographs, morphological drawings and web photographs. The 213 characters used in the phylogenetic analyses are described and illustrated. We discuss the optimal cladograms obtained by the analysis of the morphological and behavioural data, and compare our results to a recent hypothesis of tetragnathid phylogenetic relationships that combined similar data with multigene DNA sequences. Based on the cladistic hypothesis that results from the total evidence analysis, we study the evolution of six morphological character systems within Tetragnathidae: spinneret spigots, respiratory structures, trichobothria, chelicerae, and male and female genitalia.© 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 162, 713–879.
Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Catalogue of a collection of Ceylon Araneida lately received from Mr J. Nietner, with descriptions of new species and characters of a new genus
- F Alvarez-Padilla
- G Hormiga
Alvarez-Padilla, F. & G. Hormiga (2011). Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae: Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of Linnean Society 162(4): 713–879.; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x Cambridge, O.P. (1869). Cambridge, O.P.-. (1869b). Catalogue of a collection of Ceylon Araneida lately received from Mr J. Nietner, with descriptions of new species and characters of a new genus. I. Journal ofLinnean Society London (Zoology) 10: 373–397.
Notes on Habits of Indian Insects Myriapods and Arachnids.Records of the Indian Museum XI
- F H Gravely
Gravely, F.H. (1915). Notes on Habits of Indian Insects Myriapods and Arachnids.Records of the Indian Museum XI: 483–539.
Some Indian spiders of the family
- F H Gravely
Gravely, F.H. (1921). Some Indian spiders of the family Tetragnathidae. Records of the Indian Museum 22: 423–459.