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Journal
of
Electrical and Electronic Engineering
2014; 2(1): 1-8
Published online February 20, 2014 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/jeee)
doi: 10.11648/j.jeee.20140201.11
Study of the influence high-voltage power lines on
environment and human health (case study: The
electromagnetic pollution in Tebessa city, Algeria)
DIB Djalel
1, *
, MORDJAOUI Mourad
2
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, laboratory LABGET, University of Tebessa, Tebessa 12002, Algeria
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Skikda, Skikda 21000, Algeria
Email address:
dibdjalel@gmail.com (D. Djalel), Mordjaoui_mourad@yahoo.fr (M. Mourad)
To cite this article:
DIB Djalel, MORDJAOUI Mourad. Study of the Influence High-voltage Power Lines on Environment and Human Health (Case Study:
The Electromagnetic Pollution in Tebessa City, Algeria).
Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering. Vol. 2, No. 1, 2014, pp. 1-8.
doi: 10.11648/j.jeee.20140201.11
Abstract:
In this paper we present a modeling and simulation, the methodology for calculating the electromagnetic field
radiated by the high voltage (HV) lines and for selection of analytical models that interpret the electric and magnetic fields as
a function of the distance to the target object. The results were compared with measurements carried out on site where the HV
lines are present through a neighborhood of a large agglomeration in the city of Tebessa, for over 50 years. Following
published standards establishing the human to HV power line distances for professional exposure or in the case of low
frequency field exposure the results obtained by calculations /simulation and measurement in this work, enable us to
recommend possible solutions for the electromagnetic pollution issues in the town of Tebessa and thus to reduce the
permanent danger to the public considering also the legislative vacuum and the poor preoccupation of official authorities.
Keywords:
Electromagnetic Pollution, Low Frequency, Human Health, Aggression, Leukimia, Power Lines,
Electric and Magnetic Field
1. Introduction
The potential health effects of the very low frequency
electromagnetic fields surrounding power lines and
electrical devices are the subject of ongoing research. While
electrical and electromagnetic fields in certain frequency
bands have fully beneficial effects for medicine, radar and
mobile telephony, they appear to have more or less
potentially harmful, non-thermal, biological effects on
plants, insects and animals, as well as the human body when
exposed to levels that are below the standardized threshold
values. One must respect the precautionary principle and
revise the current threshold values that have become
inefficient and not aligned in different countries. Asbestos,
leaded petrol and tobacco that are polluting and aggressive
to human health are currently managed by the laws of strict
precaution after several sessions of legislative revisions.
Nowadays, people is highly concerned about the effects of
high voltage transmission lines on health. Probable risks for
leukemia, breast cancer, neuropsychological disorders and
reproductive outcomes have been reported.
A noticeable source of extremely low frequency radiation
is the high voltage electrical transmission lines, which in
some instances produce such high losses that they bend the
earth's ionosphere. Power lines are dangerous because they
are constantly losing energy. Because we can't see electricity,
and we don't use to have a detector, we can't see it oozing.
If we have an extremely low frequency spectrum analyzer,
we could find that extremely low frequency fields propagate
very far, even at long distances, and the intensity will be
quite significant from biological viewpoint for long term
exposures.
Figure 1. HV electric power line 400kV doubly- three phases lines
2 DIB Djalel and MORDJAOUI Mourad: Study of the Influence High-voltage Power Lines on Environment and Human Health
(Case Study: The Electromagnetic Pollution in Tebessa City, Algeria)
Even for people living at distance from power lines, long
term exposure may be dangerous. Often it was found that
secondary transmission lines, like in the streets, are much
worse polluters than the huge power lines. The human body
is a living antenna that can absorb and re-emit [1]-[13]-[14]
power line energy, in the environment. Animals also could
contribute to re-enforcing environment electromagnetic
loading. So a school full of children and teachers near a
power line, can become a tremendous new source of
electrical energy and a major polluter, not only to the
children in the school, but even to people living nearby
2. Living by Power Lines
Both high-voltage transmission lines and also power lines
vicinity constitute a radiation hazard. The size of the power
line is not the issue. The strength of the electromagnetic field
(especially the magnetic component) where you live is what
is important.
The configuration of power transmission lines greatly
affects the electromagnetic field (EMF) bio-effects. It is
common for high-voltage, high-current-carrying power
transmission lines to generate a magnetic field whose
strength is well above normal household ambient levels, at
distances up to 400 meters. But it is also common for a
neighborhood power line to create a similar EMF at a
distance of 30 meters, and for the wiring inside the walls of
your house to create a dangerous EMF at 1.0 meters. In each
case, much depends on the configuration of the wires and the
amount of current they carry.
2.1. Effects of the Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) on
Human Health
The following health outcomes have been conclusively
linked with EMF exposure in the scholarly literature: a
variety of cancers, leukemia, tumor growth, skin damage,
abnormal cell activity, sleep and daily rhythm disturbances,
perception and memory changes, genetic defects and
impairment of hormone regulation and production; also
gland deficiencies, mental and behavioral problems,
immune system deficiencies, nervous system disorders, fetal
development problems, miscarriages, birth defects, and
blood and circulatory problems (Wagner 2006 [15])
2.2. Several Effects on Human Health
The U.K. Stakeholder Advisory Group on Extremely Low
Frequency EMFs (2007) cited links between EMFs and the
following adverse effects; childhood and adult leukemia,
adult brain cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, Lou Gehrig’s
disease, breast cancer, childhood cancers, depression,
electrical sensitivity symptoms, certain types of heart
disease, miscarriage and suicide.
Figure 2. Low frequency electric and magnetic fields induce weak electric
currents in humans and animals [5]
Many occupational, epidemiological (population health
and illness), animal and cell studies reported in the peer
reviewed literature by the Colchester School Parents’
Association (1988) show major increases in the occurrences
of many diseases and other health problems in children and
adults exposed to EMFs.
These include: leukemia, non-Hodgkins lymphoma,
intestinal cancer, myeloid leukemia, brain tumors, brain
cancer, immune system deficiencies, DNA uncoiling,
retardation of fertilization, increased infant mortality,
embryo abnormality and stunting of growth. A
comprehensive review of recorded EMF effects on human
health and behavior conducted by Rubtsova [16] included
those effects recorded elsewhere in the literature as well as
the following: fatigue, decrease in visual and motor reaction
time, attention and memory deterioration, persistent mental
disorders, headache, nausea, male sexual dysfunction,
changes in cardio-respiratory functions, nervous system
changes, and embryonic death.
2.3. Risk of Cancers and Leukemia in Children
Epidemiological studies show an increased risk of cancer
and leukemia in children exposed to low frequency
electromagnetic-field and beyond the 5 kV / m and 0.4 T.
In his study, published in the journal Bio electromagnetic in
2001, Daniel Wartenberg [17] considers that the 2200 from
all cases of child leukemia (under 15 years) listed in the U.S.,
11% of cases will be attributable to domestic exposure to
magnetic fields of 60 Hertz. Involving more than 29,000
children with cancer, including 9,700 with leukemia, in the
study, published in June 2005 by Oxford University
researchers it was found that the risk of leukemia increased
by 69% for children whose home is located within 200
meters of high voltage lines at birth and by 23% for those
living at a distance between 200 and 599 meters, compared
to those born at more than 600 meters.
From these studies confirmed in several publications
[1]-[2]-[3]-[0] one may deduce that people living near the
power line, the risk for Leukemia increases. In the landscape,
high voltage line placement (90, 110, 230 and 400 kV) is
strongly criticized by organizations of environmental
protection and The media.
Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering 2014; 2(1): 1-8 3
Figure 3. Percentage of additional risk of developing childhood leukemia
by a line HV [Draper June 4, 2005]
3. Computation of Electromagnetic
Field Radiated by an HV Overhead
Line
The transfer of energy in aerial power lines is a high
voltage for technical and economic reasons such as: the
discount of joule losses, discount section of drivers and the
consideration of the voltage drop in long lines for transport
electric power.
The electromagnetic field mainly responsible for the
transfer of energy depends essentially on:
• The nominal line voltage which generates an electric
field E [kV/m] whose intensity is directly related to
the high voltage and the distance to the measuring
point.
• The electric current in the line that generate a
magnetic field H[A/m].
The mutual interaction between the electric and magnetic
fields gives rise to low-frequency electromagnetic field
radiated by the line and meant as a source of electromagnetic
pollution harmful to human health.
3.1. Computation of the Low Frequency Electric Field
The existence of electric charge into and around the phase
conductors lines, in electric substations produce electric
fields in their vicinity. These charges are due to the voltage
with respect to ground.
The principal idea to calculate the matrix of potential
coefficients is deduced from the load quantity around the
conductor is solely capacitive and linear according to the
applied voltage:
V: is the corresponding voltage of one conductor
Cg: is the geometric capacity of the line
To calculate the radiated electric field at low frequency,
the concept of surface charges is generally used. For three
phase structure, the surface charges Q are expressed by:
(1)
[P]: matrix whose elements are coefficients of potential
ij
of three phase lines,
[V] is the single matrix of voltages of each phase.
For the influence coefficients computation, we are going
to use the images theory method of conductors with regard
to the soil (show fig.4)
Figure 4. Three phase line geometry according to the image theory
The conductors potentials of a three phase line are bound
with loads amounts that carry and surround them by
electrostatic influences coefficients or potential coefficients
ij
and expressed by a linear equations system:
The nature of the electric field emitted by a low frequency
loaded line is given by the quasi-static electric field
components in a the cylindrical coordinate system [3]:
Figure 5. Model for computing of the electric and magnetic fields
!
!
(2)
"
#$!
#$!
(3)
is the horizontal electric field and
"
is the vertical
electric field
Q is the surface charge
ε
o
is the permittivity
!
%
is the position angle
4 DIB Djalel and MORDJAOUI Mourad: Study of the Influence High-voltage Power Lines on Environment and Human Health
(Case Study: The Electromagnetic Pollution in Tebessa City, Algeria)
3.2. Computation of the Magnetic Field Radiated by a HV
Power Line
Computing analytically the magnetic field at low
frequencies is based on the calculation of the currents in
the three phases (A, B, C) of the line [4]. In quasi-static
conditions, the density of the magnetic field B (r) generated
at a distance r in the point M in the space above the ground
by the line current I into a wire structure can be evaluated by
the relationship of Biot-Savart:
&
'
(
)
)
*
+
,
-.
(/0
(
0
1
2
3
24
'
'
(
(4)
where µ
0
and µ
r
are the magnetic permeability in the vacuum
and area
Otherwise the magnetic field strength created by a line of
finite length l can be expressed in cylindrical coordinates by:
4
5
0
!
!
6
'
'
(
7
(5)
where Uϕ is the unit vector
3.2.1. Modeling of the Magnetic Field Radiated by a Three
Phases Line
Let us take that in the modern Cartesian coordinate
system the coordinates of wires A, B and C with currents
running are x
A
, y
A
, x
B
, y
B
, x
C
, y
C
(Fig.6 shows only x
A
and
y
A
). The coordinates of point M, at which the magnetic field
emitted by currents running along the line wires is measured
are x
M
and y
M
. The wire radius r
o
is much less than the other
transverse linear measurements. A symmetric current system
i
A
, i
B
, i
C
is running along the wires.
The current system:
#
8
9
:
#$;
#
<
9
:
=>?;@AB C
D
#
E
9
:
=>?;AB C
D
I
m
: maximum current [A]
; Fpulsation [rad/s]
Figure 6. Scheme of magnetic fields emitted by three-phase power line
A, B, C – phase wires of aerial power lines;
I
A
, I
B
, I
C
– phase currents;
x
M
– distance between pylon and measurement point M;
x
A
– distance between phase A wire and y axis;
y
A
– distance between phase A wire and x axis;
Suppose that the positive current direction is towards the
observer and the negative one from the observer. The
strength of the magnetic field emitted by a three-phase aerial
line is a vectorial sum of magnetic field strengths emitted by
all three currents:
4
'
'
(
G 4
'
'
(
H4
'
'
(
&4
'
'
'
(
(8)
The magnetic field of a straight endless wire with the
current 9 running at the point far from the wire at a distance
r is expressed by Biot-Savart equation (4):
4 9
ABI
4
J
+
K
+
L
0
L
M
08
+
N
0
N
M
0<
+
O
0
O
M
0E
P (9)
r
A
, r
B
,,r
C
– are the distances of point M to wires A, B and C
e
rA
, e
rB
, e
rC
– are the unit vectors corresponding to these
distances.
Summarized by :
I
Q
RS
J
@S
Q
T S
J
@U
Q
T (10)
Where:
r
i
– wire distance from the point;
x
i
, y
i
– coordinates of this wire centre.
i: indices of phases line
Angles
formed by unit vectors e
rA
, e
rB
, e
rC
with axis y
(Fig.6) are found by using the formulas:
Q
VIW
X
Y
X
Z
[
Y
[
Z
(11)
As the cosine is an even function, projections of vectors H
on to the coordinates are calculated according to the
following formulas in two cases:
a) U
J
@U
Q
\ 3
]4
QX
@4
Q
Q
4
Q[
4
Q
#$
Q
(12)
b) U
J
@U
Q
^ 3
]4
QX
@4
Q
Q
4
Q[
4
Q
#$
Q
(13)
Thus projections of the magnetic field strength vector
onto the coordinates will be found as follows:
4
X
4
8X
4
<X
4
EX
4
[
4
8[
4
<[
4
E[
(14)
The module of vector 4
'
'
(
and the angle
M
(with the x
axis) is calculated as follows:
Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering 2014; 2(1): 1-8 5
4
J
_`4T
X
4T
[
a (15)
J
b
c
b
d
(16)
Magnetic flow density B is calculated as follows:
& 2
0
2
e
4 (16)
Where:
µr – relative magnetic permittivity
µ0 – vacuum magnetic permittivity (µ
0
= 4π×10
-7
H/m).
Based on the proposed mathematical model of magnetic
fields, an analytic way was used to establish the calculated
value of magnetic flow density (B) of 230 kV and 110 kV
voltage power line aerial at different currents running along
the wires.
4. Simulation Study
To analyze the behavior of the electromagnetic field
radiated by the HV lines, we simulate in Matlab the models
of E (r) and B (r) (show fig.7 and fig.8) developed above.
The results obtained will be compared to those already
published by other authors and those measured on site by our
team in Tebessa at a line of 220 kV.
(a)
(b)
Figure 7. Dependence of electric field E on distance from (a) 230kV,
(b)110kV aerial power line
Figure 8. Dependence of magnetic flux density B on distance from: (a)
230kV, (b)110kV aerial power line
The geometric profile of simulation results implies a
decreasing of electromagnetic field components with the
distance to the measuring point. For enriching this work, we
propose an analytical modeling of the field components
(regression curves approaching the measured data series),
with software version ORIGIN7 and approximate method of
numerical interpolation Least-Squares, we obtained the
following models:
Electric field of 230 kV power line:
General model: polynomial function:
Y= ax
n
+bx
n-1
+cx
n-2
+ ….+K (18)
approximate model by LSM:
Y = ax
6
+ bx
4
+ cx² + dx
Y=-5.10
-13
x
6
+ 4.10
-08
x
4
+ 1.10
-11
x + 5,7
Magnetic field of a 230 kV power line:
General Model: polynomial function type:
Y=A.e
-Bx
(19)
Approximate model by LSM:
Y= 2e
-0,02x
LSM : Least Squares Model
5. Case Study: Tebessa Town in Algeria
The wilaya of Tebessa comes from the Algerian
administrative division of 1974. It extends over an area of
13,878 km² with an estimated population in 2012 to over
700,000 inhabitants and an average population density of 50
inhabitants per km². Located at an altitude (between 700 m
6 DIB Djalel and MORDJAOUI Mourad: Study of the Influence High-voltage Power Lines on Environment and Human Health
(Case Study: The Electromagnetic Pollution in Tebessa City, Algeria)
and 1000 m), Wilaya of Tebessa currently has 28 communes
grouped into 12 province.
The Tebessa is located south-east of Algeria on the
highlands, it is limited by (fig.9).
The longitude and latitude of Tebessa city are:
• Latitude : 35°24′15″ North
• Longitude : 8°07′27″ East
• The altitude above sea level: 856 m
In the power grid map of the Wilaya of Tebessa
established by the national electricity company
SONELGAZ (fig.10) one can find more sources of
electromagnetic radiation in the low frequency ( 50 Hz )
such as HV power lines (30 kV, 90 kV and 220 kV).
Figure 9. Geographical location of Tebessa Town[19]
Figure 10. Sonelgaz Electrical network; Region EAST, Annaba
SOV, ANA, TEB are the Electric abbreviated
designations for Algerian city established by the state
society Sonelgaz (producer and supplier of electric energy in
Algeria).
5.1. Experimental Study
The measurements are performed in the vicinity of
high-voltage power line that crosses the site OuedNagueus
in Tebessa city coming from the substation of Annaba town
to supply the wilaya of Tebessa by electrical energy.
In the first part, we choice the good conditions for these
measurements as the climatic, atmospheric and electric
parameters.
The measures are realized in the strictest of
environmental conditions in the winter and a humidity of
70% and a maximum power demand rate, which promotes
the conductivity in the atmosphere.
The second phase of our experimental study was to take
measurements of electrical and magnetic fields near the line
and on several points of different distances. The measuring
instrument (fig.11) is the model: ME3830B 5 Hz to 100 kHz,
highly sensitive and specific for the electric and magnetic
fields.
Figure 11. Instrument model: ME3830B used in main measurements The
following table summarizes the main measurements:
Table 1. Measurement of electric and magnetic fields near 220kV overhead
line in OuedNagueus in Tebessa Town, Algeria
Distance (m) E (V/m) B ( T)
Beneath 8000 7
10 4000 4
20 1500 2.5
30 800 2
40 600 5
50 400 4
60 200 3
70 80 2.3
Figure 12. Experimental measurement of electric (a) and magnetic (b) field
of 220kV power line in Oued-Nagueus in Tebessa, Algeria
5.2. Results and Discussion
For the electric field, simulation, the results of modeling
Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering 2014; 2(1): 1-8 7
and measurements coincide and give satisfaction. The
difference found between theory and measurement at a
distance of 35-40 m where the B field rebounds (fluctuation),
could be generated by external parameters such as electric
permittivity ε and magnetic permeability µ of the soil
varying from one location to another, also by climatic and
atmospheric conditions such as humidity and environmental
temperature gradients. The measures are realized in the
strictest of environmental conditions in the winter with a
humidity of 70% and a maximum power demand rate, which
promotes the conductivity in the atmosphere. The
measurements were repeated 3 times for each distance in
favorable conditions mentioned above with uncertainties
very weak and have no effect on the mean value. The
maximum exposure to electric and magnetic field at 50 Hz
according to standardized limits [11] are respectively:
- For professional exposure: 10 kV / m and 1 µ T
- For the general population: 5 kV / m and 0.4 µ T
According to studies and research work published by
several authors [10]-[11]-[13]-[14] and aiming to establish a
platform for regulatory exposure limits of living beings
while putting human health of priority we propose the
reassuring limits in the following table 2.
Table 2. Regulatory exposure limits of living beings to electric and
magnetic fields radiated by the HV lines
Voltage of power line recommended distances
90 kV 45 meters
130 kV 65 meters
225 kV 112,5 meters
400 kV 200 meters
5.3. Photos of Electromagnetic Pollution by 220kV Power
Lines in Tebessa Town, Algeria
During our companion measures for the electromagnetic
fields on the site at issue, we have taken photos (fig 13) to
show of collective offenses committed by the authorities,
companies and people by their participation in a direct or
indirect manner in electromagnetic pollution and his
aggressions to human health.
Figure 13. Photographs on the aggression Electromagnetic HV lines on the environment in the several zones in Tebessa town (2013)
8 DIB Djalel and MORDJAOUI Mourad: Study of the Influence High-voltage Power Lines on Environment and Human Health
(Case Study: The Electromagnetic Pollution in Tebessa City, Algeria)
6. Conclusion
Although the science is far from conclusive, a substantial
base of data exists from years of research which is highly
suggestive of an association between exposure to
electromagnetic fields and the development of certain health
problems. Identification of these groups aggressed of people
would be impractical given our current state of knowledge,
but their risk would be greater than the general population.
The HV power lines are a source of pollution to the
environment through its direct assault on the landscape, land
use in the city or agricultural land and its impact on human
and animal health by its electromagnetic radiation.
The conclusion of our study is summarized in:
Computing of electric field and magnetic field
following the proposed mathematical model.
Simulation under Matlab10 and Origin7 of the
electromagnetic field according the distance target.
Experimental measurement of electric and magnetic
fields of 220kV power lines by our team research in
Dhraalimam area in Tebessa Town in Algeria;
Good satisfaction between all results given by
modeling, simulation and measurement.
Confirmation of non-standards compliance to the
limits of human exposure to ELF fields in the case of
the town of Tebessa and approving the aggression on
human health.
Lack of specific standards for Algeria which set the
terms and distances for any exposure to
Electromagnetic fields as is the case in Europe and
USA.
The establishment of a monitoring study of medical
diagnosis on those residents near HV power lines
and telephone transmission antennas for the different
operators.
Proposing to used a diverse sources of renewable
energy to avoid the centralized production and
promote the proximity between production sites and
places of energy consumption
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[18] www.sonelgaz.dz
[19] www.mem.dz
[20] www.oms.org
