BookPDF Available

Forest Restoration in Landscapes. Beyond Planting Trees

Authors:

Abstract

The importance of restoration continues to grow, and this book integrates the restoration of forest functions into landscape conservation plans. The global conservation organization WWF has made forest landscape restoration a key topic and priority for its environmental work. Due to the WWF's extensive global reach, and together with is many partners and counter-parts, it has acquired a significant level of experience on the topic of forest restoration at large scales. This book represents the collective body of knowledge and experience of WWF and its many partners—which is collected here for the first time and which will be invaluable to all of those working in the field. This guide will serve as a first stop for practitioners and researchers in any organization or region and as a key reference on the subject. Along with concise, practical information for a variety of specific systems and issues, it gives many suggestions for further research. From the Foreword by Chief Anyaoku, President, WWF International: "Is it a sign of the times that the Nobel committee chose to award the Nobel Peace prize to Wangari Maathai for having planted 30 million trees? We believe so. . . .The 21st Century will be a time of forest restoration."
springeronline.com
Mansourian • Vallauri
Dudley Editors
Forest Restoration in Landscapes
Beyond Planting Trees
Forest Restoration in Landscapes
Beyond Planting Trees
Mansourian • Vallauri • Dudley Editors
The importance of restoration continues to grow,
and this book integrates the restoration of forest
functions into landscape conservation plans. The
global conservation organization WWF has made
forest landscape restoration a key topic and priority
for its environmental work. Due to the WWF’s
extensive global reach, and together with is many partners and counter-
parts, it has acquired a significant level of experience on the topic of
forest restoration at large scales. This book represents the collective body
of knowledge and experience of WWF and its many partners—which is
collected here for the first time and which will be invaluable to all of those
working in the field. This guide will serve as a first stop for practitioners
and researchers in any organization or region and as a key reference on the
subject. Along with concise, practical information for a variety of specific
systems and issues, it gives many suggestions for further research.
From the Foreword by Chief Anyaoku, President, WWF International:
“Is it a sign of the times that the Nobel committee chose to award the
Nobel Peace prize to Wangari Maathai for having planted 30 million trees?
We believe so....The 21st Century will be a time of forest restoration.
Forest Restoration
in Landscapes
Beyond Planting Trees
Stephanie Mansourian • Daniel Vallauri
Nigel Dudley
Editors

Chapters (59)

Since the start of its Forest Landscape Restoration programme in 2000, WWF, the global conservation organisation, has faced a number of challenges related to (1) the planning of restoration in large scales, (2) the integration of social and ecological dimensions, and (3) the implementation of restoration programmes on a large scale. A more detailed analysis of specific lessons learned from forest landscape restoration projects can be found in this book in the part entitled" Lessons Learned and the Way Forward." This chapter focusses instead on specific challenges anticipated for future programmes to restore forest functions in landscapes, based on experience in the first 4 years of WWF's restoration programme. While this draws on experience within one organisation, we hope that the brief summary of some of the tasks we have identified will also be useful to governments, nongovernment organisations, (NGOs) and others interested in developing restoration projects, large or small. © 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. All rights reserved.
The economic and social significance of nontimber forest products (NTFPs) to sustain people’s livelihoods and local, national, and international markets justify the need to invest resources in harvesting, growing, and planting a wide range of native plant species. Applying and adapting the existing ecological restoration techniques to NTFPs can help secure focal species’ habitat requirements and diversify natural resource production on which sustainable forest management is based. Well-defined tenure and access rights and funding mechanisms can provide adequate incentives for creating community-based NTFP income-generating restoration initiatives.
After regeneration begins on previously for-ested sites, carefully designed silvicultural strategies can accelerate growth, influence the direction of succession, increase the goods and services provided, or enhance diversity. 327 Selecting proper treatment options requires an understanding of the factors limiting succes-sional change and increases in desired species. These treatments should be designed to assist natural processes rather than fight them. This is most likely to occur when forest restoration plans (1) consider and remove the underlying causes rather than the symptoms of degradation ; (2) are based on an understanding of succession and threshold barriers that must be overcome through designed interventions; and (3) stimulate the desired successional behaviour with minimal interventions.
Key Points to Retain: Application of an inadequate conceptual framework is often behind the failure of mining reclamation projects, including insufficient understanding of reference ecosystems, short-term planning, and insufficient consideration of contingencies. Cooperation between mining companies and environmental institutions is necessary to integrate reclaimed areas into conservation programmes at a regional scale. Good erosion models for reclaimed areas as tools for landform design have been developed. One major area in need of improvement is the application of laws that require rehabilitation of mined sites.
... Conversely, factors such as drought, inappropriate species site match, free grazing, inappropriate planting time, and inappropriate planting materials were considered less significant contributors to seedling mortality in these Kebeles. It is worth noting that drought is a prevalent issue in the alpine Zones of Ethiopia, particularly during the dry season [31,32]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Extreme environmental conditions, such as high temperature, frost, low humidity and desiccating winds, are the main causes for the failure of plantation forests in Ethiopia. Frost damage contributes to the low seedling survival and plantation success in frost affected highlands of Amhara region Ethiopia. Research outputs on farmers' traditional knowledge on frost management and technologies that curb frost related problems are limited in the country. This study was conducted to document the farmers’ traditional knowledge on frost management and their tree preference in frost affected highlands of Amhara region. Sinan, Guna-begemder and Meket districts were selected purposively in 2020. One representative sample Kebele was selected in each district with a total of 204 households selected with systematic random sampling technique for interview. In addition to interview focus group discussion was also conducted. Both descriptive and inferential statistics data analysis method were employed. In this study, frost was found to be an important limiting factor for plantation development in the study area. Frost occurs, mainly, from September to January. The local community applies traditional frost management techniques. The seasonality of frost occurrence and type of traditional frost management practices varied among the studied Kebeles. Eucalyptus globulus, Oldeania alpina, Rhamnus prinoides and Chamaecytisus palmensis were preferred trees species due to their frost resistant performance. The effectiveness of identified traditional frost management techniques needs to be investigated before they can be promoting and disseminating. Farmers should also be trained in proper techniques to protect planted seedlings from frost damage. Adjusting the timing of planting may also help to mitigate the effect of frost damage.
Article
Full-text available
Sustainable forest management plays a crucial role in climate change mitigation and adaption, as well as the achievement of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Recognizing the significance of sustainable forest management, China has implemented a range of the legislative measures and policies for the conservation and restoration of key forest ecosystems and has launched the Three-North Shelterbelt Forest Program and other key forest programs, resulting in an increase in forest coverage and forest carbon sinks. In addition to forestry ecological restoration projects (FERPs) initiated by the administration and project developers, the Chinese courts have also actively engaged in exploring various strategies to enhance forest carbon sinks. In both criminal and civil cases, afforestation and reforestation activities, buying forest carbon credits, and participation in forest management and other restoration activities by offenders have been regarded as factors in determining legal responsibility. Moreover, the courts have also established forest restoration centers, either independently or in collaboration with local governments. These judicial innovations in China have provided positive incentives for the conservation, restoration, and sustainable management of forests, thereby significantly contributing to the achievement of the Climate Action Goals (SDG 13). However, these developments also raise several concerns, particularly the fair application of forest carbon sink mechanisms, the comparability in ecosystem service between damaged natural resources and compensatory measures, and the interconnection of the various SDGs. It is imperative to establish clear guidance on buying forest carbon credits, to develop standards and procedures to assess forest carbon sinks, and to strengthen cooperation between the judiciary and governmental agencies. Additionally, it is essential to integrate the forest carbon sink with broad economic development goals and social justice frameworks to ensure sustainable and inclusive outcomes.
Preprint
Full-text available
Forest resources have been declining due to various human activities, including agricultural expansion, selective logging, and overgrazing. To address this issue, restoration initiatives such as reforestation and afforestation have been introduced, with varying degrees of success. Site selection has emerged as a critical factor in determining the outcome of these initiatives. This review paper examines methods for identifying suitable restoration sites using remote sensing (RS), geographic information systems (GIS), and multi-criteria analysis (MCA), focusing on data sources, satellite imagery, and key criteria. A systematic review of 26 scientific research papers published between 1999 and 2022 was conducted. The analysis revealed that 81% of studies did not involve stakeholders in identifying priority areas for restoration, while 10% included only expert stakeholders. Approximately 70% of studies considered both ecological and socioeconomic criteria, with the remaining 30% focusing solely on ecological factors. Common ecological criteria included distance from existing forest patches, land use/land cover, slope, and proximity to water sources. Satellite imagery used for spatial data collection varied, with Landsat-7 (38.5%), SPOT (30.77%), Landsat-8 (19.23%), and IKONOS (11.54%) being the most frequently utilized. Datasets are mainly sourced from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) website, supplemented by additional open-source platform datasets. This review emphasizes the importance of a multidimensional approach to restoration, integrating ecological, socioeconomic, and political factors with advanced geospatial tools. The findings highlight the need for increased stakeholder involvement, utilization of open-source data, and adoption of holistic, inclusive planning methods to enhance the success of forest landscape restoration initiatives.
Book
Full-text available
Guidebook for Afforestation and Reforestation Projects The Guidebook addresses aspects related to implementing afforestation and reforestation projects, aiming to debate and document solutions for the artificial establishment of forest vegetation. The book is designed as a practical guide to provide technical solutions and clear recommendations for foresters, summarizing the essential steps of specific activities and highlighting best practices in the field. The suggested examples and solutions are based on current technical regulations for forestry in Romania.
Chapter
This book takes a multidisciplinary perspective to analyze and discuss the various opportunities and challenges of restoring tree and forest cover to address regional and global environmental challenges that threaten human well-being and compromise sustainable development. It examines forest restoration commitments, policies and programs, and their planning and implementation at different scales and contexts, and how forest restoration helps to mitigate environmental, societal, and cultural challenges. The chapters explore the concept of forest restoration, how it can restitute forest ecosystem services, contribute to biodiversity conservation, and generate benefits and synergies, while recognizing the considerable costs, trade-offs, and variable feasibility of its implementation. The chapters review historic and contemporary forest restoration practice and governance, variations in approaches and implementation across the globe, and relevant technological advances. Using the insights from the ten topic-focused chapters, the book reflects on the possibility of sustainable and just approaches to meet the challenges that lie ahead to achieve ambitious international forest restoration targets and commitments.
Chapter
Full-text available
This book takes a multidisciplinary perspective to analyze and discuss the various opportunities and challenges of restoring tree and forest cover to address regional and global environmental challenges that threaten human well-being and compromise sustainable development. It examines forest restoration commitments, policies and programs, and their planning and implementation at different scales and contexts, and how forest restoration helps to mitigate environmental, societal, and cultural challenges. The chapters explore the concept of forest restoration, how it can restitute forest ecosystem services, contribute to biodiversity conservation, and generate benefits and synergies, while recognizing the considerable costs, trade-offs, and variable feasibility of its implementation. The chapters review historic and contemporary forest restoration practice and governance, variations in approaches and implementation across the globe, and relevant technological advances. Using the insights from the ten topic-focused chapters, the book reflects on the possibility of sustainable and just approaches to meet the challenges that lie ahead to achieve ambitious international forest restoration targets and commitments.
Chapter
Full-text available
This book takes a multidisciplinary perspective to analyze and discuss the various opportunities and challenges of restoring tree and forest cover to address regional and global environmental challenges that threaten human well-being and compromise sustainable development. It examines forest restoration commitments, policies and programs, and their planning and implementation at different scales and contexts, and how forest restoration helps to mitigate environmental, societal, and cultural challenges. The chapters explore the concept of forest restoration, how it can restitute forest ecosystem services, contribute to biodiversity conservation, and generate benefits and synergies, while recognizing the considerable costs, trade-offs, and variable feasibility of its implementation. The chapters review historic and contemporary forest restoration practice and governance, variations in approaches and implementation across the globe, and relevant technological advances. Using the insights from the ten topic-focused chapters, the book reflects on the possibility of sustainable and just approaches to meet the challenges that lie ahead to achieve ambitious international forest restoration targets and commitments.
Thesis
Full-text available
Edson J. Morales-Parra: (CHRONOSEQUENCE ON NATURAL REGENERATION IN ABANDONED MINING SITES IN THE AMAZON RAINFOREST OF MADRE DE DIOS, PERU) (Under the supervision of Nobuyuki Tanaka) Gold extraction via small scale mining in the Amazon rainforest of Peru has become one of the greatest threats to deforestation and land degradation in the Amazon, especially in the Madre de Dios region which is one of the last biggest remnants of continuous tropical rainforest in the world. Restoration of these degraded ecosystems have become a priority in the last decade but without concrete actions, however, few research has been conducted in response to these restoration activities nor natural regeneration. The significance of this research was to 1) To Analyze how gold mining affects forest structure, species richness and diversity in the Amazon Rainforest of Madre de Dios, Peru. 2) To assess variation on diversity levels in secondary successional forest compared to that found in primary forest 3) to identify variations in the gold extraction methods reported in the region and how it affect forest recovery 4) to outstand the importance of remnant forest, if present, in nearby areas and finally 5) explore the existence of other factors that may prevent forest recovery after sever disturbances in four active gold-mining sites in Madre de Dios-Peru (Paolita-PA; Santa Rita-ST; San Jacinto-SJ and Aide-A. Sites were chosen depending on its management and the proximity to nearby remnant forest. Floristic composition of natural regeneration following abandonment of mining activities was studied by establishing a total of 21 plots (20x50m each) from which 8 plots were considered as primary-remnant forest and 13 plots were secondary growth forest spanning a period of 2 to 16 years of growth A total of 1404 individuals were described, representing 182 species scattered in 50 families from which only 21 species represented 50% of the total species found during the survey. To analyze biodiversity and similarity composition, Shannon and Jaccard indexes were used, respectively from which it was found that, the reduction of diversity within stages of succession confirms, as for this thesis, that diversity does not increases with time but instead, it decreases as the plot ages due additional factors over plots with more than five years after the cease of mining. As for variations in method of gold extraction, results did not shown significant variations in forest development that could be related to method of gold extraction but instead, climate might be playing an important role in forest development.
Chapter
Climate change poses unprecedented challenges to forest ecosystems worldwide, threatening their integrity and functionality. This chapter explores the intricate relationship between climate change and forest ecosystems, focusing on restoration and rehabilitation approaches to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change on forests. Forests are crucial in carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, and providing essential ecosystem services. However, anthropogenic activities, such as deforestation and habitat fragmentation, coupled with the impacts of climate change, have led to the degradation and loss of forest ecosystems globally. In response to these challenges, various restoration and rehabilitation approaches have been developed to enhance forest ecosystems’ resilience and adaptive capacity in the face of climate change. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the critical restoration and rehabilitation strategies employed to mitigate the impacts of climate change on forest ecosystems. These approaches may significantly contribute to forest ecosystems’ preservation and sustainable management, enhancing their resilience to climate change impacts and ensuring long-term viability.
Article
The use of fire as a tool for environmental management has been widely practiced across societies worldwide as a crucial agent of landscape transformation. However, the recent surge in large forest fires poses significant risks due to their uncontrollable intensity, requiring new strategies in forest management and fire prevention. As rural areas in southern Europe are grappling with depopulation due to urban migrations, collective initiatives are being reconsidered as a territorial resilience approach for rural communities. This research aims to explore the link between traditional commons and forest fire prevention. To do so, the phenomenon of fires in Galicia (NW Spain), an area with a notable incidence of fire in southern Europe, is studied statistically and cartographically from the perspective of land tenure. The primary objective is to characterise the incidence of fires according to the three types of property: public, private, and common land. Empirical research reveals that while fire activity is more severe on common land, this is due to the correlation with preceding rural depopulation and the concentration of traditional commons in areas with harsher climates. Furthermore, specific cases of effective fire prevention and territorial resilience in common land are analysed and discussed. Ultimately, the benefits and opportunities offered by collective forest management in fire prevention are highlighted, providing a compelling case for exploring this approach further.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.