Community based adaptation to climate change: Strengthening Resilience through Development

Abstract

A newly forming approach to adaptation addresses a community's development needs as a way to increase the resilience of poor, vulnerable people to the impacts of climate change. Early examples of such community-based adaptation in Bangladesh highlight the successes and limitations of this approach.

Full text

3TRENGTHENING2ESILIENCE
THROUGH$EVELOPMENT
#/--5.)49"!3%$
!$!04!4)/.4/
#,)-!4%#(!.'%
"9*%33)#!!9%23!.$4)-&/2394(
#/524%39*%33)#!!9%23
)ÌiÀ>Ì>ÊivvÀÌÃÊÌÊÀi`ÕViÊ>`ÊÃiµÕiÃÌiÀÊV>ÀLÊ
`Ý`iÊ >`Ê ÌiÀÊ }ÀiiÕÃiÊ }>ÃiÃÊ >ÀiÊ ÌÊ ÞiÌÊ
ÃÜ}Ê ÌiÊ À>ÌiÊ vÊ }L>Ê Ü>À}°Ê `ii`]Ê ÌiÊ
ÕÀÌÊÃÃiÃÃiÌÊ,i«ÀÌÊvÊÌiÊÌiÀ}ÛiÀiÌ>Ê*>iÊ
Ê>ÌiÊ>}iÊ*®Ê>ÌV«>ÌiÃÊÀ>«`ÊV>}iÃÊÊ
V>ÌiÊiÛiÊvÊ}ÀiiÕÃiÊ}>ÃÊiÃÃÃÊ>ÀiÊ Ài`ÕVi`Ê
µÕVÞ]£Ê >`Ê ÀiViÌÊ v`}ÃÊ ÃÕ}}iÃÌÊ Ì>ÌÊ ÌiÃiÊ «À
iVÌÃÊ >ÀiÊ Õ`iÀiÃÌ>Ìi`°ÓÊ /iÊ «>VÌÃÊ vÊ V>ÌiÊ
V>}iÊÜÊLiÊÃiÛiÀi]Ê«>ÀÌVÕ>ÀÞÊvÀÊÌiÊÃÌÊÛÕiÀ
>LiÊ`iÛi«}ÊVÕÌÀiÃÊÌ>ÌÊ >ÛiÊÌiÊi>ÃÌÊ V>«>VÌÞÊ
ÌÊV«i°ÊÃÊ>ÊÀiÃÕÌ]ÊÌiÊii`ÊÌÊÃÕ««ÀÌÊ>`>«Ì>ÌÊÊ
`iÛi«}ÊVÕÌÀiÃÊÃÊ}ÀÜ}ÊÊÕÀ}iVÞ°

 %.6)2/.-%.4 777%.6)2/.-%.4-!'!:).%/2' 6/,5-%.5-"%2
!DAPTATION DESCRIBES ADJUSTMENTS IN
NATURAL OR HUMAN SYSTEMS IN RESPONSE
TO THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE 5NTIL
RECENTLY ADAPTATION WAS A CONTROVERSIAL
TOPIC IN CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY DEBATES
WITH MANY ARGUING THAT TOO MUCH ATTEN
TION TO ADAPTATIONCONSIDERED LOCALLY
FOCUSEDINEXPENSIVEANDBENEFICIALONLY
IN THE SHORT TERMCOULD DETRACT FROM
MOREEXPENSIVEMITIGATIONEFFORTSFORTHE
GLOBAL GOOD )NHIS  BOOK %ARTH IN
THE "ALANCE !L 'ORE SAYS h"ELIEVING
THATWECANADAPTTOJUSTABOUTANYTHINGIS
ULTIMATELYAKINDOF LAZINESSANARROGANT
FAITHINOURABILITYTOREACTINTIMEv
(OWEVER THE TIDE IS TURNING 'IVEN
SLOW PROGRESS ON MITIGATION COUPLED
WITH EVIDENCEOF GREATER AND MORE RAPID
IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE THAN THOSE
PREVIOUSLYEXPECTEDBYTHE)0##ADAPTA
TION IS FIRMLYON THE INTERNATIONAL POLICY
AGENDAASACRUCIALSUPPLEMENTTOMITIGA
TION 3IGNALING THIS CHANGE 'ORE STATED
INARECENTINTERVIEWWITH4HE%CONOMIST
h) USED TO THINK ADAPTATION SUBTRACTED
FROM OUR EFFORTS ON PREVENTION "UT )VE
CHANGEDMYMIND0OORCOUNTRIESARE
VULNERABLEANDNEEDOURHELPv
/NE GROWING PROPOSAL CALLS FOR A
COMMUNITYBASED APPROACH TO ADAPTATION
#OMMUNITYBASED ADAPTATION OPERATES AT
THELOCALLEVELINCOMMUNITIESTHATAREVUL
NERABLE TO THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
)T IDENTIFIES ASSISTS AND IMPLEMENTS
COMMUNITYBASED DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
THATSTRENGTHENTHECAPACITYOFLOCALPEOPLE
TOADAPTTOLIVINGINARISKIERANDLESSPRE
DICTABLE CLIMATE -OREOVER COMMUNITY
BASED ADAPTATION GENERATES ADAPTATION
STRATEGIES THROUGH PARTICIPATORY PROCESSES
INVOLVING LOCAL STAKEHOLDERS AND DEVELOP
MENTANDDISASTER RISKnREDUCTION PRACTITIO
NERS )T BUILDS ON EXISTING CULTURAL NORMS
ANDADDRESSESLOCALDEVELOPMENTCONCERNS
THATMAKEPEOPLEVULNERABLETOTHEIMPACTS
OFCLIMATE CHANGEINTHEFIRST PLACE4HREE
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES ON COMMUNITY
BASED ADAPTATION HAVE BEEN ORGANIZED BY
INTERNATIONALORGANIZATIONSANDTHINKTANKS
SINCEWITHPOLICYMAKERSRESEARCHERS
ANDDEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATIONS AMONGTHE
ATTENDEES #OMMUNITYBASED ADAPTATION
PROJECTS ARE NOW IN OPERATION IN VULNER
ABLECOMMUNITIESINDEVELOPINGANDSOME
DEVELOPEDCOUNTRIES
9ETFUNDAMENTALCHALLENGESANDUNCER
TAINTIESREMAINABOUTTHEINTERPRETATIONOF
ADAPTATION POLICY WHICH IN TURN AFFECTS
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF COMMUNITYBASED
ADAPTATION7HATIS ADAPTATIONTO CLIMATE
CHANGE VERSUS MORE GENERAL CLIMATIC
VARIABILITY 7HO OR WHAT ADAPTSAND
HOW(OW DOES COMMUNITYBASEDADAP
TATIONFITWITHLARGERSCALEADAPTATIONPOLI
CIES AND PROGRAMS %ARLY DEBATES ABOUT
COMMUNITYBASEDADAPTATIONANDADAPTA
TION IN GENERALARE GRAPPLING WITH THESE
QUESTIONS)NADDITIONEXAMPLESINVULNER
ABLECOMMUNITIESIN"ANGLADESHHELPILLU
MINATE THE ROLE AND VALUE OFCOMMUNITY
BASED ADAPTATION ITS LIMITATIONS AND ITS
POTENTIALTOHELPINTEGRATECONCERNSABOUT
-ENIN!MTOLAALOWLYINGVILLAGEINTHE-ONGLASUBDISTRICTOFSOUTHERN"ANGLADESHPREPAREFORFLOODSBYRAISINGTHELEVELOFAWALKWAY
THROUGHTHEVILLAGEWITHMUD4HISANDOTHERDEVELOPMENTACTIVITIESCANHELPINCREASEACOMMUNITYSRESILIENCETOCLIMATECHANGE
#/524%394)-&/2394(

*5,9!5'534 777%.6)2/.-%.4-!'!:).%/2' %.6)2/.-%.4 
VULNERABILITYANDDEVELOPMENTINTOWIDER
CLIMATECHANGEPOLICY
!PPROACHESTO!DAPTATION
!DAPTATIONWASNOTAMAJORPARTOFTHE
DEBATE WHEN CLIMATE CHANGE CAME ONTO
THE INTERNATIONAL POLICY AGENDA AT THE
5. 'ENERAL !SSEMBLY IN  )NITIAL
APPROACHES TO MANAGING CLIMATE CHANGE
GENERALLY FOCUSED ON MITIGATION THROUGH
REDUCINGGREENHOUSEGASEMISSIONSATTHE
SOURCEORINCREASINGCARBONSEQUESTRATION
THROUGHREFORESTATION AND BETTER LAND USE
MANAGEMENT4HE5NITED.ATIONS&RAME
WORK #ONVENTION ON #LIMATE #HANGE
5.&###INMENTIONEDADAPTATION
ONLYFIVETIMESNEVERDEFININGIT
3INCE THEN ADAPTATION HAS GAINED
STANDING WITHIN THEINTERNATIONAL CLIMATE
CHANGE ARENA 4HE 4HIRD !SSESSMENT
2EPORTOF THE )0## IN  SHOWEDTHAT
CLIMATE CHANGEIMPACTS ARE ALREADY HAP
PENINGBECAUSEFORTHEFIRSTTIMETHE)0##
USED OBSERVATIONS OVER THE PREVIOUS 
YEARS RATHERTHAN WORKING SOLELY ON PRE
DICTIONS3IXYEARSLATERATTHETH#ON
FERENCE OF THE 0ARTIES OF THE 5.&###
ADAPTATIONFORMEDONEOFFOURSTEPSOFTHE
SOCALLED"ALI2OADMAPWHICHPAVESTHE
WAYFORAPOST+YOTOPOLICYFRAMEWORKTO
INCLUDE ADAPTATION ALONGSIDE MITIGATION
TECHNOLOGYCOOPERATIONANDFINANCE
%MERGINGFROMTHISPOLICYCONTEXTTHE
MOST COMMON APPROACH TO ADAPTATION
CONSIDERSHOWFARPROCESSESOFADAPTATION
CANREDUCE DANGEROUSIMPACTSOF CLIMATE
CHANGE AND THEREFORE DEFINES THE HIGH
EST ACCEPTABLE THRESHOLDS OF GREENHOUSE
GAS CONCENTRATIONS 4HIS APPROACH ALSO
SUPPORTS ADAPTATIONPRACTICES THAT AIM TO
LESSEN THE IMPACTS OF INCREASED ATMOS
PHERICGREENHOUSEGASCONCENTRATIONSFOR
EXAMPLE THROUGH ENGINEERING AND TECH
NOLOGICAL MEASURES INCLUDING NEW SEED
VARIETIES WATER MANAGEMENT AND EARLY
WARNINGSYSTEMS BASEDONPROJECTIONSOF
FUTURE CLIMATECONDITIONS AND AN EXPECT
ED SEVERITY IN EVENTS SUCH AS STORMS
DROUGHTSORTIDALSURGES
!CADEMIC OBSERVERS HAVE DESCRIBED
THISAPPROACHASTHEhPOLLUTIONISTvVIEW
BECAUSE IT FOCUSES ON INFORMING CLIMATE
CHANGEPOLICIESTHATAREDRIVENBYCONTROL
LINGOVERALLLEVELSOFGREENHOUSEGASCON
CENTRATIONSINTHEATMOSPHEREBUTANUM
BEROFCRITICSHAVEQUESTIONEDWHETHERTHIS
APPROACH IS ALWAYS APPROPRIATE &IRST
SOME OBSERVERS HAVE POINTED OUT THAT
FOCUSINGONUNCERTAINCLIMATEIMPACTSHAS
SLOWEDDOWNADAPTATIONPRACTICESBECAUSE
POTENTIAL VICTIMS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND
AIDDONORSAREOFTENRELUCTANTTO COMMIT
TO ADAPTATION IF THEY DO NOT YET KNOW
EXACTLYWHATTHEYAREADAPTINGTO
3ECOND LARGESCALE ENGINEERING OR
TECHNOLOGICAL INVESTMENTS MAY NOT BE
THE MOST COSTEFFECTIVE WAY TO REDUCE
VULNERABILITYTOCLIMATECHANGE!LONG
STANDING LITERATURE WITHIN DEVELOPMENT
STUDIES HAS ARGUED THAT RISKS POSED BY
DISASTERS AND NATURAL HAZARDS ARE OFTEN
LINKED MORE TO SOCIAL ECONOMIC AND
EVENPOLITICALFACTORSINDIFFERENTCONTEXTS
RATHER THAN SIMPLY THE SIZE OF PHYSICAL
EVENTS SUCH AS STORMS AND FLOODS )N
THISSENSE SOCIAL VULNERABILITYTO CLIMATE
CHANGE IS INSEPARABLEFROM THE DEVELOP
MENT CONTEXT !CCORDINGLY MEASURES
BASEDONTECHNOLOGYCANONLYBEPARTIALLY
EFFECTIVEIFTHEYDONOTALSO ADDRESSNON
CLIMATIC FACTORS THAT ARE THE UNDERLYING
DRIVERSOF VULNERABILITYWHICH MAY VARY
BETWEEN LOCAL CONDITIONS &OR EXAMPLE
THE IMPLEMENTATION AND EFFECTIVENESS OF
NEW DROUGHTRESISTANT CROP VARIETIES IS
LIMITEDBY THEIR ACCEPTANCE IN A COMMU
NITY WHICH IN TURN DEPENDSONCOSTSAND
AVAILABILITY OF THE SEEDS ACCESS TOFERTIL
IZERANDOTHERINPUTSSTORAGECONSTRAINTS
EASE OF PREPARATION AND EVEN CULTURAL
PREFERENCESFORFLAVOR
!S A RESULT OF THESE CONCERNS A NEWLY
FORMING MORE DEVELOPMENTORIENTED PER
SPECTIVE TO ADAPTATION CONSIDERS DEVEL
OPMENT AND ADAPTATION RISKS AS STRONGLY
COMPLEMENTARY 5NDER THIS APPROACH
ADAPTATION IS NOT ONLY FOCUSED ON ANTICI
PATING ENHANCED PHYSICAL RISKS ASSOCIATED
WITHINCREASED GREENHOUSE GAS CONCENTRA
TIONS 2ATHER IT ALSO ADDRESSES DEVELOP
MENTAL NEEDS SUCH AS IMPROVING ACCESS
TO LIVELIHOODS AND PRODUCTIVE ASSETS TO
INCREASE THE ADAPTIVE CAPACITY OF POORER
MORE VULNERABLE PEOPLE 3OME OBSERVERS
HAVESAIDANYADAPTATIONINTERVENTIONCAN
NOTSTANDALONEBUTMUSTGOHANDINHAND
WITH DEVELOPMENT EITHER THROUGH MAIN
STREAMING ADAPTATION INTO DEVELOPMENT
ADAPTATION PLUS DEVELOPMENT OR EVEN
BY BEING SYNONYMOUS WITH DEVELOPMENT
ADAPTATION AS DEVELOPMENT!DAPTATION
ASDEVELOPMENTINEFFECTIMPLIESTHATOVER
ALLDEVELOPMENTISANEFFECTIVECONTRIBUTION
TOWITHSTANDINGFUTURECLIMATECHANGE4HIS
FORM OF DEVELOPMENT WOULD INCLUDE ACTS
SUCHASACHIEVINGTHE-ILLENNIUM$EVELOP
MENT 'OALS OF REDUCING POVERTY ENHANC
INGEDUCATIONANDHEALTHIMPROVINGLIVING
7ATERLOGGINGISONEOFMANYCLIMATECHANGEIMPACTSTHREATENINGLIVELIHOODSIN"ANGLADESH
ANDOTHERVULNERABLECOASTALNATIONS
#/524%39*%33)#!!9%23

 %.6)2/.-%.4 777%.6)2/.-%.4-!'!:).%/2' 6/,5-%.5-"%2
CONDITIONS AND PROVIDINGACCESS TO FINAN
CIAL MARKETS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR POORER
COUNTRIES COMMUNITIES WITHIN COUNTRIES
ANDEVENINDIVIDUALS
#OMMUNITYBASED ADAPTATION TAKES THE
APPROACH OF ADAPTATION AS DEVELOPMENT
2ESPONDINGTOTHECONCEPTTHATADAPTATION
IS LOCAL AND PLACEBASED IT ADDRESSES THE
LOCALLY AND CONTEXTUALLY SPECIFIED NATURE
OF CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY BECAUSE
ITTAKESPLACEAT LOCALLEVELS WHEREPEOPLE
ENCOUNTERIMPACTSBUILDADAPTIVECAPACITY
ANDRESPOND!COMMUNITYBASEDAPPROACH
CONSIDERS THAT ADAPTATION STRATEGIES MUST
BE GENERATED THROUGH PARTICIPATORY PRO
CESSES INVOLVING LOCAL STAKEHOLDERS AND
DEVELOPMENT AND DISASTER RISKnREDUCTION
PRACTITIONERS RATHER THAN BEING RESTRICTED
TOIMPACTSBASEDSCIENTIFICINPUTSALONE!S
SUCH EXPERTISE IN VULNERABILITY REDUCTION
MUST COME FROM LOCAL COMMUNITYBASED
CASESTUDIESANDINDIGENOUSKNOWLEDGEOF
LOCALLY APPROPRIATE SOLUTIONS TO CLIMATIC
VARIABILITYANDEXTREMES
#OMMUNITY"ASED
!DAPTATIONIN"ANGLADESH
"ANGLADESHISFREQUENTLYCITEDASONEOF
THE MOST VULNERABLE COUNTRIES TO CLIMATE
CHANGEBECAUSEOFITSFLATANDLOWLYING
TOPOGRAPHY AND LOCATION ON THE COAST AT
THETOPOFTHE"AYOF"ENGALWHICHMAKE
ITVULNERABLETOCYCLONESANDTIDALSURGES
-OREOVER"ANGLADESHALSOSUFFERSFROMA
HISTORY OF IMPOVERISHMENT HIGH POPULA
TION DENSITY WEAK POLITICAL GOVERNANCE
AND A RELIANCE OF MANY LIVELIHOODS ON
CLIMATESENSITIVESECTORSPARTICULARLYAGRI
CULTUREANDFISHERIES-ANYOFTHEANTICI
PATED ADVERSE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
SUCHASSEALEVELRISEHIGHERTEMPERATURES
ENHANCED PRECIPITATION FROM MONSOONS
ANDANINCREASEIN CYCLONEINTENSITYWILL
AGGRAVATETHEEXISTINGSTRESSESTHATALREADY
IMPEDEDEVELOPMENTIN"ANGLADESH
4HE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY HAS REC
OGNIZED"ANGLADESHASAPARTICULARLYVUL
NERABLE COUNTRY FOR SOME TIME AND THE
COUNTRY HAS RECEIVED DISASTER MANAGE
MENT AND ADAPTATION SUPPORT IN SEVERAL
SECTORS "ANGLADESHHAS DEVELOPED SOME
CAPACITY FOR DEALINGWITH THE IMPACTS OF
CLIMATE CHANGE AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL AND
HAS MOBILIZED POLICY RESPONSE OPTIONS
THAT DEAL WITH VULNERABILITY REDUCTION TO
ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABILITY IN GENERALAND
MORE RECENTLY TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN PAR
TICULAR&OREXAMPLE"ANGLADESHWASONE
OFTHEFIRSTCOUNTRIESTOSUBMITITS.ATIONAL
!DAPTATION0ROGRAMMEOF!CTION.!0!
TO THE 5.&### AND MORE RECENTLY HAS
DEVELOPEDANATIONALCLIMATECHANGESTRAT
EGY TO DEAL WITH MITIGATION AND ADAPTA
TION!TTHESAMETIMECOMMUNITYBASED
ADAPTATION RESPONSES ARE EMERGING BOTH
AUTONOMOUSLY AND SUPPORTED BY .'/S
ANDLOCALPARTNERS
/NE EXAMPLE CAN BE DRAWN FROM THE
'AIBANDHA DISTRICT IN NORTHERN "ANGLA
DESH WHICH IS COVERED BY WATER DURING
THE MONSOON SEASON MAKING IT IMPOS
SIBLETOGROWCROPSUSINGTRADITIONALMETH
ODS4HE)0##&OURTH!SSESSMENT2EPORT
NOTES THAT CLIMATE CHANGE WILL BRING
GREATER PRECIPITATION EXTREMES INCLUDING
MORE INTENSE MONSOONAL RAINFALL WHICH
WILL EXACERBATEFLOODING IN 'AIBANDHA
4HE INTERNATIONAL .'/ 0RACTICAL !CTION
IS WORKING WITH LOCAL COMMUNITIES IN
THISDISTRICT TO DEVELOPWAYSTHATFARMERS
CAN GROW FOOD ON FLOODED LAND USING
A PROCESS OF COMMUNITYLED IDENTIFICA
TIONANDPRIORITIZATIONOF NATURALRESOURCE
MANAGEMENT OPTIONS AND TECHNOLOGIES
$ETAILED CONSULTATION MEETINGS IN ADDI
TION TO ASSESSMENTS OF THE NEEDS SKILLS
ASSETS AND CAPACITIES OF THE COMMUNITY
THROUGH HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS LED TO PAR
TICIPATORY ACTION PLANS OF DEVELOPMENT
WHICHIDENTIFIEDANUMBEROF OPTIONS FOR
TAILORINGEXISTINGANDNEWTECHNOLOGIESTO
MEETTHENEEDSOFTHECOMMUNITY
&OREXAMPLETHEINNOVATIVETECHNOLOGY
OFFLOATINGGARDENSORHYDROPONICSWHICH
VILLAGERS HAVE TAKEN UP IN MANY OTHER
WATERLOGGEDANDFLOODEDAREASOF"ANGLA
DESHHASBEENINTRODUCEDTO'AIBANDHA
! FLOATING GARDEN IS BUILT FROM A RAFT OF
WATER HYACINTH TYPICALLY ABOUT  METERS
LONG AND  METER WIDE 4HE RAFT IS COV
ERED WITH SOIL COMPOST AND MANURE IN
WHICH VEGETABLE SEEDS ARE PLANTED 4HE
RAFTWILLLASTJUSTONEYEARBUTCANBEUSED
AS FERTILIZER DURING THE DRY SEASON 4O
ENSURESUSTAINABILITYOFTHEPROGRAMTRAIN
INGANDINPUT SUPPORTWASTAILOREDTO THE
PARTICULAR PROFILE OFHOUSEHOLD MEMBERS
ANDTECHNOLOGIESWEREACCOMPANIEDBYA
WIDESPREADCLIMATECHANGEAWARENESSPRO
GRAM4HEWORKIN'AIBANDHAWASPARTLY
INSPIREDBY BAD FLOODING IN WHICH
PROMPTEDORGANIZATIONSSUCH AS 0RACTICAL
!CTIONTOLOOKINTOLONGTERMMETHODSOF
REDUCING VULNERABILITY TO INUNDATION AS
WELLSHORTTERMDISASTERRELIEF
6ILLAGERSIN'AIBANDHAUSEFLOATINGGAR
DENS TO GROW VEGETABLES SUCH AS BITTER
GOURDSGREENOKRAANDLEAFYGREENSWHICH
4OPROTECTAGAINSTENCROACHINGSALTWATERVILLAGERSIN!MTOLABUILDHOUSESONRAISEDPLATFORMS
ANDCOLLECTFRESHWATERRESERVOIRSINCLAYPOTSCALLEDMOKTI
#/524%394)-&/2394(

*5,9!5'534 777%.6)2/.-%.4-!'!:).%/2' %.6)2/.-%.4 
PROVIDESUBSISTENCEFORPEOPLEEVENDURING
THE ANNUAL MONGA PERIOD OF FOOD SHORT
AGE)NDEEDINSOMECASESTHESEVEGETA
BLESALSO PROVIDE AN ALTERNATIVESOURCE OF
INCOMEWHENSURPLUSISSOLDINTHEMARKET
"ECAUSETHERAFTSCANBEMOVEDFROMPLACE
TO PLACE THEY ARE ALSO SUITABLE FOR THOSE
WHOHAVETEMPORARILYORPERMANENTLYLOST
THEIRHOMES AND LAND DURING INCREASINGLY
SEVEREFLOODINGCONDITIONS
-EASURING THE SUCCESSOF COMMUNITY
BASED ADAPTATION PROJECTS IS INHERENTLY
PROBLEMATICMAINLY BECAUSE THE IMPACTS
ARE IN THE FORM OF OUTCOMES THAT HAVE
NOTHAPPENEDINTHISCASETHECROPSNOT
LOST DUE TO INUNDATIONAND THE ECONOMIC
IMPACTSTHATDIDNOTRESULT)TISTOOEARLY
TOTELLWHETHERTHEPROJECTHASRESULTEDIN
LONGTERM RESILIENCE BUILDING GIVEN THAT
THEPROJECTISONLYFOURYEARSOLDANDTHE
PROJECTIMPLEMENTERSSUGGESTTHATTHEREAL
TESTFORTHEPROJECTWILLDEPENDONWHETHER
ITCANBESCALEDUP
)NTHECOASTALAREASOFSOUTHERN"ANGLA
DESHONEFURTHERTHREATOFCLIMATECHANGE
IS INCREASING SALINITYTHE ENCROACHMENT
OFSALTWATERONTOANDBENEATHAGRICULTURAL
LAND3ALTWATERMAKESITDIFFICULT TOGROW
CROPSHISTORICALLYIRRIGATEDBYFRESHWATER
AND IT CAN ACCELERATETHE DETERIORATION OF
BUILDINGS )N -ONGLA SUBDISTRICT NEAR
THE MANGROVEFORESTS OF THE 3UNDERBANS
VILLAGERS ARE RESPONDING TO THE THREATS
OF SALINITY BY BUILDING HOUSES ON RAISED
PLATFORMSANDINSTALLINGSEALEDCONTAINERS
OF FRESHWATER 3MALL CONTAINERSCALLED
MOKTIARE OFTEN MADE OF POTTERY AND
PARTLYBURIEDINTOTHECLAYSOILSURROUNDING
HOUSESTOPROVIDERESERVOIRSOFFRESHWATER
FOR EVERY HOUSE ,ARGER WATER TANKS OF
PLASTICOREVENCONCRETEAREALSOINSTALLED
NEAR SCHOOLS OR IN VILLAGER CENTERS TO
PROVIDE A MORE COMMUNAL AND ROBUST
RESERVOIR 4HE FRESHWATER USUALLY COMES
FROMRAIN THATISCHANNELEDOFFROOFSINTO
CONTAINERS 3OME WEALTHIER FARMERS ARE
ALSOCONVERTINGOLDRICEFIELDSTOFISHPONDS
AND USING THESE TO FATTEN CRABS FOR LOCAL
RESTAURANTSORFORCONSUMPTIONIN$HAKA
"ANGLADESHSCAPITALCITY
)NTHECOASTALDISTRICTOF.OAKHALI3OUTH
"ANGLADESH THE )NTERNATIONAL 5NION FOR
#ONSERVATIONOF.ATURE)5#.HASBEEN
IMPLEMENTING THE 0ROMOTION OF !DAP
TATION TO #LIMATE #HANGE AND #LIMATE
6ARIABILITY0ROJECTWHICHAIMSIN PART TO
INCREASEADAPTIVECAPACITYATTHECOMMU
NITYLEVEL/NECOMMUNITYBASEDADAPTA
TION PROJECT UNDER THIS PROGRAM INVOLVES
RAISING AND REINFORCING HOMESTEADS TO
MAKE THEM MORE RESILIENT AGAINST FLOOD
ING AND CYCLONIC ACTIVITY REDUCING THE
NEED FOR PEOPLETO FLEE THEIR HOMES DUR
ING EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS AND REDUC
ING LOSSES4HE PROJECT BRINGS TOGETHER A
DESIGNTEAM OFLOCALINDIVIDUALSENGAGED
ASVILLAGELEVELHOUSEBUILDINGSPECIALISTS
ARCHITECTSPLANNERSANENGINEERA GEOG
RAPHER ARCHITECTURE STUDENTS FROM LOCAL
4HE)NTERNATIONAL5NIONFOR#ONSERVATIONOF.ATUREISWORKINGWITHVILLAGERSINTHE#HAR#LERKUNIONOF3UBARNACHAR5PAZILA.OAKHALITO
RAISEANDREINFORCEHOMESTEADSWHICHFACEINCREASINGTHREATSFROMFLOODINGANDCYCLONES
#/524%39*%33)#!!9%23

 %.6)2/.-%.4 777%.6)2/.-%.4-!'!:).%/2' 6/,5-%.5-"%2
UNIVERSITIESUSERGROUPSAND LOCALBUILD
ERSANDCARPENTERSTODEVELOPPRELIMINARY
DESIGNOPTIONS4HETEAMSELECTS ONEFAM
ILY IN THE COMMUNITYFOR WHOM TO BUILD
THEFIRSTDEMONSTRATIONHOUSE/NCEBUILT
ANEWLOCALDESIGNANDCONSTRUCTIONTEAM
ISFORMEDFROMTHENOWEXPERIENCEDLOCAL
MEMBERSOFTHEFIRSTTEAMWHOMOVETHE
PROJECTFORWARDINTHEIRCOMMUNITYBUILD
INGOTHERHOUSESINTHELOCALITYALONGWITH
THEHOUSEOWNERS
(OUSE DESIGN IS BASED ON TRADITIONAL
CULTURALPREFERENCES BUTINCORPORATEMOD
EST TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS THAT HELP
STRENGTHEN OR OTHERWISEIMPROVE PARTSOF
THE HOUSE THAT ARE PARTICULARLY WEAK AND
VULNERABLE IN THE LOCAL CLIMATE 4HESE
INCLUDE RAISING FOUNDATIONS REINFORCING
HOUSESTRUCTURESANDCREATINGRAISEDPLAT
FORMSWITHINHOMESWHEREPEOPLECANTAKE
SHELTERDURINGFLOODS0LANTINGEXTENSIVELY
ALONGEDGESOFHOMESTEADSISALOCALWAY
OFREDUCINGWINDIMPACTS
#OMMUNITYBASED ADAPTATION IS NOT
RESTRICTED TODEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESSUCHAS
"ANGLADESH BUT CAN ALSO BE USED AMONG
VULNERABLE COMMUNITIES IN MORE DEVEL
OPEDREGIONSSEETHEBOXBELOW
#HALLENGESTO#OMMUNITY
"ASED!DAPTATION
4HE APPROACHES DESCRIBED ABOVE INDI
CATE HOW ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
CAN BE INTEGRATED WITH LOCAL DEVELOP
MENT NEEDS AND ECONOMIC TRENDS RATHER
THAN SIMPLY BEING USED TO SLOW DOWN
PHYSICAL CHANGES SUCH AS RISING SEA LEV
ELS OR INCREASING SALINITY 0ROPONENTS OF
COMMUNITYBASED ADAPTATION SAY IT
HAS MADE EXCELLENT PROGRESS IN ACHIEV
ING PLACEBASED RESILIENCE BUILDING AND
ADDRESSINGLOCALSOCIALVULNERABILITYRATHER
THANASSESSING CLIMATERISKONLYINTERMS
OFPHYSICALEVENTS-OREOVERDONORAGEN
CIESHAVESHOWNANINTERESTININVESTINGIN
COMMUNITYBASED ADAPTATION RECOGNIZ
INGTHATITIS AVALIDAPPROACHTOBUILDING
ADAPTIVE CAPACITY IN VULNERABLE COMMU
NITIES &OR EXAMPLE AT THE 4HIRD )NTER
NATIONAL #OMMUNITY"ASED !DAPTATION
7ORKSHOP IN $HAKA IN &EBRUARY 
THE &OOD AND !GRICULTURAL /RGANIZATION
OFTHE5NITED.ATIONSANNOUNCEDTHEPOS
SIBILITY OF PROVIDING FUNDING FOR SMALL
SCALE COMMUNITYBASED ADAPTATION PROJ
ECTS WHILE OTHER DONORSINCLUDING THE
7ORLD "ANK 5NITED .ATIONS $EVELOP
MENT 0ROGRAMME 5+ $EPARTMENT FOR
)NTERNATIONAL $EVELOPMENT AND 3WEDISH
)NTERNATIONAL $EVELOPMENT #OOPERATION
!GENCYWERE ACTIVELY ENGAGED IN CON
FERENCE DISCUSSIONS ON THE BEST WAY TO
ACHIEVE DONOR SUPPORT FOR COMMUNITY
BASEDADAPTATION
(OWEVER WHILE COMMUNITYBASED
ADAPTATIONISAVITALAPPROACHTO ADDRESS
INGTHE VULNERABILITYOFCOMMUNITIESIT
ALSO PRESENTS MANY CHALLENGES &IRST FOR
SOME ANALYSTS IT IS UNCLEAR HOW MUCH
COMMUNITYBASEDADAPTATIONDIFFERSFROM
COMMUNITYBASEDhDEVELOPMENTvINGEN
ERAL4HISLACKOFDISTINCTIONHASPRESENTED
PROBLEMS FOR PRACTITIONERS AND FUNDING
BODIES WHO REQUIRE FIRMER SIGNPOSTS OF
SUCCESSFUL COMMUNITYBASED ADAPTATION
PROJECTS TO DISTINGUISH GOOD PRACTICE
3ECOND DOES COMMUNITYBASED ADAPTA
TION CONSISTSIMPLY OF LOCAL RESPONSES TO
EXISTINGCLIMATE VARIABILITY RATHER THAN A
PROACTIVE ANTICIPATION OF FUTURE CLIMATE
CHANGE-ANYCOMMUNITYBASEDADAPTA
TIONPROJECTSDONOTCURRENTLYUSEPROJEC
TIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE FROM RESEARCH
ORGANIZATIONS OR THE )0## !T THE 
WORKSHOP )0## SCIENTISTS IN ATTENDANCE
STRESSED THE IMPORTANCE OF CONSULTING
CLIMATE MODELERS IN COMMUNITYBASED
ADAPTATIONDESIGN9ETHOWUSEFULSUCH
INFORMATIONCANBEATTHECOMMUNITYLEVEL
REMAINSANOPENQUESTION4OOLSAREBEING
DEVELOPED TO IMPROVE THE ACCESSIBILITY
AND RELEVANCE OF DOWNSCALED MODELED
DATA TO COMMUNITYBASED ADAPTATION FOR
EXAMPLE THE WE!$!04 COLLABORATIVE
#/--5.)49"!3%$!$!04!4)/.).4(%!2#4)#
)TISNOTONLYDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESTHATARE
VULNERABLETOCLIMATECHANGE4HESMALL
COMMUNITIESALONGTHE!RCTICCOASTLINES
INCOUNTRIESSUCHAS#ANADA2USSIATHE
5NITED3TATESAND.ORWAYARELOCATEDIN
SUPPOSEDLYDEVELOPEDZONESYETINCLUDE
SOMEOFTHOSECOUNTRIESPOORESTPEOPLE
-OREOVER !RCTIC PEOPLE ARE RELIANT ON
ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES THREATENED BY
CLIMATE CHANGE )NDEED THE!RCTIC RIM
OF.ORTH!MERICAISOFTENREFERREDTOAS
CLIMATECHANGESCANARYINTHECOALMINE
THE FIRST TO EXPERIENCE ITS EFFECTS /NE
MAJOR PROBLEM ASSOCIATED WITH CLIMATE
CHANGEISDECLININGICECOVER4HE )NUIT
POPULATIONS OF THE !RCTIC RELY ON ICE
FOR TRANSPORTATION TO HUNT GATHER FOOD
GENERATE INCOME AND MAINTAIN SOCIAL
CONNECTIONSSOTHECHANGINGBEHAVIOROF
ICEPOSESASIGNIFICANTTHREATTOTHE)NUIT
WAYOFLIFE
!RCTIC COMMUNITIES HAVE ALWAYS
LIVED IN CONDITIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL
FRAGILITY AND HIGH VARIABILITY AND AS A
RESULTTHEYHAVEAWEALTHOFTRADITIONAL
KNOWLEDGE AND CULTURAL PRACTICES THAT
AREHELPINGTHEMTOCOPEWITHANDADAPT
TO NEW CHALLENGES &OR EXAMPLE THE
)NUITCOMMUNITYOFTHEISLAND OF)GLOO
LIKIN.UNAVUT#ANADAKILOMETERS
NORTH OF THE !RCTIC #IRCLE HAS DEVEL
OPEDMANY BEHAVIORALRESPONSES TOCLI
MATICEXPOSURES)NDIGENOUSKNOWLEDGE
PASSED FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION
ABOUT WHAT TO HUNT WHEN AND WHERE
AND HOW TO TELL WHEN DOG TEAMS INDI
CATE THIN AND UNSAFE ICE IS IN CERTAIN
AREAS HAS RESULTED IN FLEXIBLE HUNTING
ANDHARVESTINGTECHNIQUES0EOPLE HAVE
ALSO DEVELOPED RISKAVERSE PRACTICES
SUCH AS TAKING EXTRA SUPPLIES OF FOOD
ANDGASONEXPEDITIONSANDNEVERTRAV
ELING ALONE OR ON LAND OR WATER WHERE
THEICE SEEMS THIN #RITICALTO ADAPTIVE
CAPACITY ARE SOCIAL NETWORKS SUCH AS
EXTENDED FAMILY UNITS A STRONG SENSE
OFCOLLECTIVECOMMUNITY RESPONSIBILITY
AND MUTUAL AID ALL OF WHICH FACILITATE
THESHARING OF FOOD AND EQUIPMENT AND
ENSURE RAPID RESPONSES TO CRISES !
STUDY ON DEVELOPING APPROPRIATE ADAP
TATIONPOLICYIN.UNAVUTUNDERTAKENIN
RECOMMENDEDTHATINTERVENTIONSTO
REDUCEVULNERABILITYINTHE!RCTICREGION
SHOULDBEDEVELOPEDINPARTNERSHIPWITH
THE LOCAL COMMUNITY AND DRAW ON THIS
IMPORTANT INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE AND
EXISTINGLOCALCOPINGSTRATEGIES
&"ERKESAND $*OLLYh!DAPTINGTO#LIMATE
#HANGE3OCIAL%COLOGICAL2ESILIENCEINA#ANADIAN
7ESTERN!RCTIC#OMMUNITYv#ONSERVATION%COLOGY
NO
*&ORDET ALh2EDUCING6ULNERABILITYTO #LI
MATE#HANGE IN THE !RCTIC4HE #ASE OF .UNAVUT
#ANADAv!RCTICNOn
)BID

*5,9!5'534 777%.6)2/.-%.4-!'!:).%/2' %.6)2/.-%.4 
HASCREATEDTHE#LIMATE#HANGE%XPLORER
TOOLWHICHDISPLAYSOUTPUTFROMMULTIPLE
CLIMATE MODELS DOWNSCALED TO A STATION
LEVELANDALSOGUIDESUSERSTO HELP APPLY
THESE DATA OUTPUTS IN MEANINGFUL WAYS
!N IMPORTANT ELEMENT OF THIS TOOL IS ITS
EMPHASIS ON THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF
CHANGES IN CLIMATE TO BETTER UNDERSTAND
FUTURE CHANGES LONGTERM TRENDS OCCUR
RING IN THE PRESENT MAYIN FACT BE MORE
IMPORTANT FOR ADAPTATION IN MANY CASES
THANPROJECTEDCHANGEFOR
4OOLS SUCH AS THE #LIMATE #HANGE
%XPLORERAREINTHEEARLYSTAGESOFDEVEL
OPMENT AND DATA IS NOT YET AVAILABLE
FOR ALL VULNERABLE REGIONS &URTHER AS IS
EMPHASIZED BY THE TOOL ITSELFUSERSMUST
BECAUTIOUSWHENDRAWINGON THEOUTPUTS
OF DOWNSCALED CLIMATE CHANGE MODELS
INDESIGNINGAPPROPRIATECOMMUNITYBASED
ADAPTATION PROJECTS &ROM A COMMUNITY
BASED ADAPTATION STANDPOINT CLIMATIC
CHANGES ARE ACKNOWLEDGED BY TRYING TO
UNDERSTAND LOCALLYOBSERVEDHISTORICPAT
TERNS OF CHANGE IN WAYS THAT ARE MEAN
INGFUL TO LOCAL PEOPLE &OR SOME THIS
REPRESENTS A STRENGTH OF THE APPROACH
WITH PROPONENTS ARGUING THAT A FOCUS ON
THE UNDERLYING hDRIVERSv OF VULNERABILITY
SODEPENDENTONTHEDEVELOPMENTCONTEXT
REPRESENTS A MUCHNEEDED MOVE AWAY
FROMANhIMPACTSBASEDvAPPROACH9ETIF
CLIMATECHANGEPROJECTIONSARENOTBROUGHT
INTOCOMMUNITYBASEDADAPTATIONPROJECTS
THENCANTHEYREALLYBESAIDTOBEADDRESS
INGCLIMATECHANGEANDHENCEBESEENAS
LEGITIMATE APPROACHES TO CLIMATE CHANGE
ADAPTATION!SNOTEDBYONEDONORREPRE
SENTATIVEATTHEWORKSHOPhGOODDEVELOP
MENTISNOTSUFFICIENTFORADAPTATIONv
4HESE QUESTIONS ALSO INFLUENCE HOW
COMMUNITYBASED ADAPTATION SHOULD BE
FUNDED3OME DONORS SUCHASTHE7ORLD
"ANKHAVECALLEDFORAGREATERINVOLVE
MENT OF OFFICIAL SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENTS OF
CLIMATECHANGEBEFOREUSINGCLIMATECHANGE
FUNDS FOR COMMUNITYBASED ADAPTATION
!NOTHEROPTIONIS TO FUNDITTHROUGHOFFI
CIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE 4HIS OPTION
RAISES FURTHER CHALLENGES HOWEVER SINCE
ITMAYTHENBECOMPETINGWITHOTHERLOCAL
DEVELOPMENTPRIORITIES-OREOVERFUNDING
ADAPTATIONTOCLIMATECHANGETHROUGHOFFI
CIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE FACES STRONG
CRITICISMS FROM DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
WHOARGUETHATCLIMATECHANGEISANOTHER
STRESSOR ON TOP OF ALBEIT EXACERBATING
UNDERDEVELOPMENT AND IT SHOULD THERE
FOREBETHERESPONSIBILITYOFINDUSTRIALIZED
COUNTRIES WHO HAVE CAUSED THIS PROBLEM
TO BEAR THE BRUNT OF THE ADDITIONAL COSTS
&OR EXAMPLE AT THE *UNE  MEETING
OFTHESUBSIDIARYBODIESTOTHE5.&###
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES CALLED FOR THE MEA
SURABLE REPORTABLE AND VERIFIABLE USE OF
NEW AND ADDITIONAL FUNDING FOR CLIMATE
CHANGEnSPECIFIC ACTIVITIES AS OPPOSED TO
MORE GENERAL RESILIENCE BUILDING 4HIS
PRINCIPLEISRECOGNIZEDBYARTICLEOFTHE
5.&###WHICHSPECIFIESTHATDEVELOPED
COUNTRIESHAVECOMMITTEDTOHELPINGhPAR
TICULARLY VULNERABLEv COUNTRIES MEET THE
COSTSOFADAPTATION
!NOTHER COMMON CONCERN IS HOW TO
MAKE LOCAL LESSONS OF COMMUNITYBASED
ADAPTATIONAPPLYTOWIDERSPATIALSCALESA
CONCEPTOFTENCALLEDhUPSCALINGv.'/S
AND ACADEMICSTUDIES ARE CURRENTLY IDEN
TIFYING SEVERAL EXAMPLES OF SUCCESSFUL
PROJECTS AT THE SCALE OF A HOUSEHOLD A
VILLAGE OR A COLLECTION OF VILLAGES "UT
DO THESE LOCAL COMMUNITYBASED INITIA
TIVES OFFER LESSONS FOR HOW TO ADAPT TO
CLIMATECHANGEATTHENATIONALSCALEORIN
OTHERCOUNTRIES4HECONTEXTUALNATUREOF
COMMUNITYBASED ADAPTATION MAKES
DEVELOPING INDICATORS OR MODELS PROB
LEMATIC RISKING THE PROLIFERATION OF A
PIECEMEALAPPROACHTHATLACKSCLARITYAND
FAILS TO ATTRACTWIDER CLIMATE CHANGE AND
DEVELOPMENTINVESTMENT
!CCORDINGTOSOMEANALYSTSTHEINSTITU
TIONALDESIGNOFCOMMUNITYBASEDADAPTA
TIONLIESINTHELOCALDELIBERATIONSTHATCAN
IDENTIFY DEVELOPMENT NEEDS AND CULTURAL
PREFERENCES RATHER THAN THE APPLICATION
OFTHESAME TECHNOLOGIESORASSUMPTIONS
ABOUT LIVELIHOODS TO DIFFERENT PLACES
)NDEEDONEOPTIONISTO TAKETHEEXISTING
DEVELOPMENTASSISTANCEKNOWNASTHESUS
TAINABLELIVELIHOODSAPPROACHANDSENSITIZE
ITTO FUTURE CLIMATE RISKS! SUSTAINABLE
LIVELIHOODS APPROACH MAKES HOUSEHOLDS
MORERESILIENTTOCLIMATESHOCKSEITHERBY
USING MIGRATION SELECTIVELY OR EMPOWER
ING HOUSEHOLDS TO INTENSIFY AGRICULTURE
OUTPUTSANDDIVERSIFYECONOMICACTIVITIES
&OR EXAMPLE IN -ONGLA SUBDISTRICT OF
SOUTHERN "ANGLADESH SOME HOUSEHOLDS
AREREDUCINGTHEIRVULNERABILITYTOCLIMATE
BYGAININGREMITTANCESFROMFAMILYMEM
BERSWORKINGIN$HAKAANDGROWINGFRESH
WATERCROPSINTHEDRYSEASONANDCRABSIN
SALTWATER IN THE WET SEASON !DDRESSING
CLIMATE RISK SOMETIMES CAN MEAN REDUC
INGTHEDEPENDENCYOFINCOMEFROMAGRI
CULTURALORFISHINGBASEDACTIVITIES
&INALLYPERHAPSTHEULTIMATECRITICISMOF
COMMUNITYBASEDADAPTATIONISTHATITMAY
NOTSUFFICEINPREVENTINGSOMEIMPACTSOF
CLIMATECHANGE)FCURRENTCLIMATECHANGE
POLICIESFAILTOPROLONGATMOSPHERICWARM
ING AT JUST  DEGREES #ELSIUS AND IF
WARMING APPROACHES DEGREES OR MORE
THEN IT IS LIKELY THAT LARGE AREAS OF LAND
WILLINTIMEBEINUNDATEDWITHSEAWATER
2ELOCATION OF VILLAGES WOULD THEREFORE
BE A REALITY #OMMUNITYBASED ADAPTA
TION THAT DOES NOT INCORPORATE DETAILED
CLIMATE CHANGE INFORMATION OR COMMU
NICATE LIKELYSCENARIOS AT THE COMMUNITY
LEVELMAYDISCOURAGETHEKINDOF TECHNO
LOGICAL OR ENGINEERINGBASED APPROACH
ES TO ADAPTATION THAT A COMMUNITY
BASEDAPPROACHSEEKSTOSUPPLEMENT0ER
VERSELY THIS COULD LEAD TO A SITUATION IN
WHICH LARGERSCALE STRATEGIC ADAPTATION
OPTIONSTHATRESPONDDIRECTLYTOFUTURECLI
MATECHANGESCENARIOSAREALIENATEDEVEN
MORE FROM THE COMMUNITIES THEY AFFECT
BECAUSE A LACKOF AWARENESS OF THE NEED
FORSUCHPROGRAMSWILLMAKEPARTICIPATION
WITHLOCALPEOPLEPROBLEMATIC3OMEANA
LYSTS CALL THIS MISMATCH OF EXPECTATIONS
A FORM OF MALADAPTATION )N "ANGLA
DESHSUCHISSUESAREPARTICULARLYPOIGNANT
BECAUSE MANY COMMUNITIES UNDERTAKING
COMMUNITYBASED ADAPTATION ARE LOCATED
INAREASTHREATENEDBYINUNDATIONSEETHE
BOXONPAGE
#ONCLUSIONS
h'OODv ADAPTATION REQUIRES CONSIDER
ATION OF IMMEDIATE AND LONGTERM VUL
NERABILITY IN CLIMATIC AND DEVELOPMENTAL
TERMS 4HERE IS LITTLE POINT IN SEEKING TO
ADAPTTOLIKELYCLIMATERISKSWITHOUTKNOW
INGHOWSOCIALANDECONOMICTRENDSMAKE
PEOPLEVULNERABLEORWHATTHEIRNEEDSARE
9ET DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES ALSO NEED TO

 %.6)2/.-%.4 777%.6)2/.-%.4-!'!:).%/2' 6/,5-%.5-"%2
INCORPORATEPROJECTIONSABOUTHOWCLIMATE
WILLCHANGE)N EFFECTTHESEREQUIREMENTS
IMPLYTHATCLIMATECHANGEIMPACTSCANBE
RELEVANT TO COMMUNITYBASED ADAPTATION
ASLONG ASITREMAINSFIRSTANDFOREMOSTA
COMMUNITYDRIVENPROCESS)TISIMPORTANT
THAT INTERVENTIONS ARECONSISTENT WITHCLI
MATE CHANGE IMPLICATIONS AND CAN FORM
PARTOFAWIDERCLIMATECHANGEADAPTATION
STRATEGYINWHICHSPECIFICANDLONGERTERM
CLIMATECHANGEIMPACTSCANBEADDRESSED
ATAVARIETYOFSCALES
!TTHESAMETIMESCIENTIFICASSESSMENTS
OF LIKELY CHANGES IN CLIMATE NEED TO BE
OPENTOCOMMUNITYBASEDADAPTATIONASA
MEANSOFINTEGRATINGCONCERNSABOUTSOCIAL
VULNERABILITYANDDEVELOPMENTWITHCLIMATE
CHANGE POLICY %SPECIALLYASWEAPPROACH
THE  CLIMATE CHANGE NEGOTIATIONS IN
#OPENHAGEN WHERE A POST DEAL ON
MANAGINGCLIMATECHANGEWILLBEREACHED
ITISIMPORTANTTHATOBSERVERSACKNOWLEDGE
THEPOTENTIALOFCOMMUNITYBASEDADAPTA
TION AS A CRITICAL OF REDUCING THE VULNER
ABILITYOFTHEPOORESTCOMMUNITIES0OLICY
DIALOGUEUNDERTHE5.&###NEEDSTO BE
OPENTOANEWRANGEOFEXPERTISEINFORMED
BY INSIGHTS FROM VULNERABLE COMMUNI
TIES GENERATED BY LOCAL STAKEHOLDERS AND
DEVELOPMENT AND DISASTER RISKnREDUCTION
PRACTITIONERS RATHER THAN RESTRICTED TO
IMPACTSBASED SCIENTIFIC INPUTS ARISING
FROMGLOBALORNATIONALMODELSALONE/NE
SIGN OF PROGRESS CAN BE SEEN IN DISCUS
SIONS OVER 5.&###S!DAPTATION &UND
TOSUPPORTADAPTATION INDEVELOPINGCOUN
TRIES THAT ARE 0ARTY TO THE 0ROTOCOL UNDER
THE 5.&### 4HE 2EPORT OF THE &IFTH
!DAPTATION&UND"OARD-EETINGIN-ARCH
 NOTED MEMBERS BROADLYAGREED THAT
SMALLSCALEANDCOMMUNITYBASEDPROJECTS
SHOULD BE INCLUDEDIN FUNDINGCYCLES AND
,)-)434/#/--5.)49"!3%$!$!04!4)/.4(%)-0,)#!4)/.3
/&3%!,%6%,2)3%&/24(%#/!34!,"%,4/&"!.',!$%3(

4HE COASTAL BELT OF "ANGLADESH IS THE
SITEOFMANYCOMMUNITYBASEDADAPTATION
PROGRAMSTHATARERESPONDINGTOPROBLEMS
SUCH AS WATERLOGGING SALINITY INTRUSION
AND INCREASING STORM ANDCYCLONE SEVER
ITY "UT WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS OF
SEALEVEL RISE ON THISREGION FOR THE SUS
TAINABILITY OF THESE PROJECTS IN THE LONG
TERM 3EALEVEL RISE WILL RESULT IN MORE
COASTALFLOODINGUNDERAMBIENTCONDITIONS
AND EVEN MORE SO IN THEEVENT OF STORM
SURGES /NE PROMINENT  STUDY SUG
GESTSTHATAMETERRISEINSEALEVELWOULD
INUNDATEPERCENTOF"ANGLADESHSTOTAL
LAND DIRECTLY THREATENING  PERCENT OF
THE COUNTRYS POPULATION WHILE A 
7ORLD "ANK REPORT SUGGESTS SUCH A RISE
WOULD FLOOD n PERCENT OF THE LAND
MASS AND DISPLACE  MILLION PEOPLE
MAINLYFROM THE SOUTHERNCOASTAL AREAS
4HESEPROJECTIONSAREVERYPOSSIBLEBYTHE
END OF THIS CENTURY WITH RECENT STUDIES
THATFACTORINGLACIALMELTSUGGESTINGRISES
OFTOMETERSBY
)NADDITIONSEALEVELRISEINCONJUNC
TIONWITHINCREASEDFREQUENCYAND INTEN
SITY OF STORMS AND CYCLONES HAS SEVERE
IMPLICATIONS FOR COASTAL INUNDATION IN
THE REGION ! RESEARCHER AT THE "ANGLA
DESH3PACE2ESEARCHAND2EMOTE3ENS
ING/RGANIZATIONCALCULATED THEEFFECTOF
 DEGREES #ELSIUS WARMING ON A REPEAT
OFTHE DEVASTATINGCYCLONEIN "AN
GLADESH WHICH FORCED A METER STORM
SURGE INLAND OVER A WIDE AREA KILL
ING AT LEAST  PEOPLE AND LEAVING
AS MANY AS MILLION HOMELESS 4HE
RESEARCHERFOUNDTHATTHERISEINTEMPERA
TURE WAS ASSOCIATED WITH A  PERCENT
INCREASE IN WIND SPEED AND A  METER
RISE IN SEA LEVEL (E ESTIMATED THAT THIS
SCENARIO WOULD RESULT IN HIGHER STORM
SURGES THAT WOULD INUNDATE  PERCENT
MORELANDTHANTHATOFTHECYCLONE
4HIS PREDICTION IS PARTICULARLY ALARMING
GIVEN THAT CLIMATE SCIENTISTS ARE NOW
QUESTIONINGWHETHERTHEWORLDCANMAKE
THERAPIDREDUCTIONOFEMISSIONSNEEDED
TOHALT WARMING AT DEGREES #ELSIUS IN
THE FACE OF MAJOR ECONOMIC TECHNICAL
AND POLITICAL OBSTACLES 3OME ARE EVEN
SUGGESTINGTHAT WARMINGOFMORETHAN 
DEGREESISMUCHMOREPLAUSIBLE
)N THE FACE OF SUCH DIRE IMPLICATIONS
FOR THE REGION THERE IS A SENSE THAT
COMMUNITYBASED ADAPTATION INITIATIVES
SUCH AS FLOATING GARDENS AND REINFORCED
HOUSING WHILE UNDENIABLY CONTRIBUTING
TO THE SHORTTERM ADAPTIVE CAPACITY OF
A SMALL NUMBER OF PEOPLE TO CURRENT
CLIMATEVARIABILITYCANONLYPROVEAPAL
LIATIVESOLUTIONFOR ASMALLPROPORTION OF
THE THREATENED POPULATION #OMMUNITY
BASEDADAPTATIONINTHEREGIONISHELPING
PEOPLE COPE WITH CURRENT CLIMATIC RISKS
WHICHWILL IN TURN ASSISTIN BUILDING OR
LIMITTHE LOSSOFASSETS ANDENTITLEMENTS
THAT CAN CONTRIBUTE TO ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
OVERALONGERTIMESCALE(OWEVERIFTHEY
ARE NOT INTEGRATED INTO WIDER AND MORE
STRATEGIC POLICYMAKING PROCESSES THAT
ADDRESSTHELONGERTERMANDWIDERSCALE
IMPLICATIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE SUCH
INTERVENTIONS CAN ONLY BE SHORT TERM
ASSIST A VERY SMALL NUMBER OF PEOPLE
IN RELATION TO THE THREATENED POPULATION
AND MAY RESULT IN ONLY COPINGAGAINST
RISKS THAT PERHAPS SHOULD BE RECOGNIZED
AS UNMANAGEABLE WITHOUT MUCH LARGER
INTERVENTIONS#OPINGWITHADDEDSHOCKS
ANDSTRESSES IMPLIESTHATPEOPLE AREABLE
TO DEAL WITH THESE WHILE MAINTAINING
THEIR ORIGINAL VULNERABLE STATE BUT ARE
NOTABLETOADDRESSTHEMYRIADCHALLENGES
THAT CONSTRAIN LIVES AND LIVELIHOODSAND
MAKEPEOPLEVULNERABLEINTHEFIRSTPLACE
!DAPTATIONON THE OTHER HANDSUGGESTS
APROCESS THAT REDUCES VULNERABILITYAND
BUILDS RESILIENCE TO CLIMATIC STRESSES
FACILITATING MORE GENERAL IMPROVEMENTS
TOTHEQUALITYOFHUMANLIVES
4HE AUTHORS WISH TO ACKNOWLEDGE )AN "URTON FOR
DISCUSSIONSTHATINFORMEDTHISSECTION
 3!GRAWALA 4/TA ! 5!HMED * 3MITH
AND-VAN!ALST$EVELOPMENTAND#LIMATE#HANGE
IN"ANGLADESH &OCUSON #OASTAL &LOODINGAND THE
3UNDARBANS 0ARIS/RGANISATION FOR %CONOMIC #O
OPERATIONAND$EVELOPMENT
7ORLD"ANK"ANGLADESH#LIMATE#HANGEAND
3USTAINABLE $EVELOPMENT 3TUDY 7ASHINGTON $#
7ORLD"ANK
 7 4 0FEFFER * 4 (AERPER AND 3 /.EEL
h+INEMATIC#ONSTRAINTS ON 'LACIER #ONTRIBUTIONSTO
ST#ENTURY3EA,EVEL2ISEv3CIENCENO
3EPTEMBERn
 !!LI h6ULNERABILITY OF "ANGLADESH TO #LI
MATE #HANGE AND 3EA,EVEL 2ISE THROUGH 4ROPICAL
#YCLONESAND3TORM3URGESv7ATER!IR 3OIL0OL
LUTIONNOSnn
)"URTONh"EYOND"ORDERS4HE.EEDFOR3TRA
TEGIC 'LOBAL!DAPTATIONv)NTERNATIONAL )NSTITUTE FOR
%NVIRONMENT AND $EVELOPMENT ))%$ 3USTAINABLE
$EVELOPMENT/PINION0APER ,ONDON))%$
AND- 0ARRY*0ALUTIKOF# (ANSONAND * ,OWE
h#LIMATE 0OLICY 3QUARING 5P TO 2EALITYv .ATURE
2EPORTS #LIMATE #HANGE  NO   n
HTTPWWWNATURECOMCLIMATEFULLCLI
MATEHTMLACCESSED!PRIL
 $ $ODMAN* !YERSAND 3 (UQ h"UILDING
2ESILIENCEv IN 7ORLDWATCH )NSTITUTE 3TATE OF THE
7ORLD  )NTO A 7ARMING 7ORLD 7ASHINGTON
$#7ORLDWATCH)NSTITUTE

*5,9!5'534 777%.6)2/.-%.4-!'!:).%/2' %.6)2/.-%.4 
COMMUNITYBASED PROJECTS COULD ALSO BE
SUBMITTED BY GOVERNMENTS AS PART OF A
MORE STRATEGIC ADAPTATION FUNDING PACK
AGE
!S THE FIELD OF COMMUNITYBASED ADAP
TATION  GROWS IN SIZE AND SIGNIFICANCE IT
IS LIKELY THAT THE LESSONS LEARNEDFROM THE
INCREASING NUMBER OF CASE STUDIES WILL
BEGIN TO PERMEATE THE NEGOTIATIONS AND
HELPCREATEABETTERUNDERSTANDINGOFHOWTO
BUILDTHERESILIENCEOFTHEMOSTVULNERABLE
*ESSICA !YERS IS A 0H$ CANDIDATE AT THE$EVELOPMENT
3TUDIES )NSTITUTE ,ONDON 3CHOOL OF %CONOMICS AND
0OLITICAL3CIENCEANDARESEARCHCONSULTANTFORTHE)NTER
NATIONAL)NSTITUTEFOR%NVIRONMENTAND$EVELOPMENT(ER
WORKFOCUSESTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENCOMMUNITYBASED
ADAPTATION AND WIDERCLIMATE CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT
GOVERNANCE STRUCTURES AT THE NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL
LEVEL!YERSALSOACTS ASAN INDEPENDENTCONSULTANTFORA
VARIETY OF DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENT ORGANIZATIONS
WORKINGTOIMPROVEPOLICYANDACTIONONCLIMATECHANGE
ADAPTATION 3HE IS CURRENTLY WORKING FOR THE 5NITED
.ATIONS$EVELOPMENT0ROGRAMMEIN.EPALONDESIGNING
THE.ATIONAL!DAPTATION0ROGRAMMEOF!CTION3HEMAY
BECONTACTEDATJMAYERS LSEACUK
4IM&ORSYTHISAFACULTYMEMBERATTHE$EVELOPMENT
3TUDIES)NSTITUTEATTHE,ONDON3CHOOLOF%CONOMICSAND
0OLITICAL3CIENCE(EHASWORKEDFORMORETHANYEARS
ON ENVIRONMENTALPOLICY AND GOVERNANCEESPECIALLY IN
3OUTHAND3OUTHEAST!SIAANDHAS WRITTENESPECIALLYON
COMMUNITYBASEDENVIRONMENTALPRACTICESTHEPROBLEMS
OFIDENTIFYINGENVIRONMENTALRISKANDWAYSOF INTEGRAT
ING DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES INTO GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL
POLICY (E IS THE AUTHOR OF &OREST 'UARDIANS &OREST
$ESTROYERS 4HE 0OLITICS OF %NVIRONMENTAL +NOWLEDGE
IN .ORTHERN 4HAILAND WRITTEN WITH !NDREW 7ALKER
5NIVERSITY OF7ASHINGTON 0RESS  AND EDITOR OF
%NCYCLOPEDIAOF)NTERNATIONAL$EVELOPMENT2OUTLEDGE
AMONGOTHERPUBLICATIONS(EMAYBECONTACTEDAT
TJFORSYTH LSEACUK
./4%3
 )NTERGOVERNMENTAL 0ANEL ON #LIMATE #HANGE
)0## #LIMATE#HANGE  3YNTHESIS 2EPORT #ON
TRIBUTIONOF7ORKING'ROUPS) )) AND ))) TOTHE &OURTH
!SSESSMENT 2EPORT OF THE )NTERGOVERNMENTAL 0ANEL ON
#LIMATE#HANGE#ORE7RITING4EAM2+0ACHURIAND
!2EISINGEREDS#AMBRIDGE5+ #AMBRIDGE5NIVER
SITY0RESS
 - 0ARRY * 0ALUTIKOF # (ANSON AND *,OWE
h#LIMATE0OLICY3QUARING5PTO2EALITYv.ATURE2EPORTS
#LIMATE #HANGE  NO   n HTTPWWW
NATURECOMCLIMATEFULLCLIMATE
HTMLACCESSED!PRIL
 )0## h3UMMARY FOR 0OLICYMAKERSv IN#LIMATE
#HANGE  )MPACTS !DAPTATION AND 6ULNERABILITY
#ONTRIBUTIONOF7ORKING'ROUP))TO THE&OURTH!SSESS
MENT2EPORTOF THE)NTERGOVERNMENTAL0ANELON#LIMATE
#HANGE-,0ARRY/&#ANZIANI*00ALUTIKOF0*
VANDER,INDENAND#%(ANSONEDS#AMBRIDGE5+
#AMBRIDGE5NIVERSITY0RESSn
! 'ORE %ARTH IN THE "ALANCE %COLOGYAND THE
(UMAN 3PIRIT "OSTON-! (OUGHTON -IFFLIN 

 h!DAPT OR $IEv 4HE %CONOMIST  3EPTEMBER
 HTTPWWWECONOMISTCOMWORLDINTERNATIONAL
DISPLAYSTORYCFMSTORY?ID ACCESSED  -AY

&OR EXAMPLETHE MEETING WASCOORGANIZED
BYTHE)NTERNATIONAL)NSTITUTEOF%NVIRONMENTAND$EVEL
OPMENT THE "ANGLADESH#ENTRE FOR !DVANCED 3TUDIES
ANDTHE2ING!LLIANCE)TWASCOSPONSOREDBYTHE"RITISH
(IGH#OMMISSIONOF"ANGLADESH%MBASSYOF$ENMARK
"ANGLADESH 7ORLD 7IDE &UND FOR .ATURE &OOD AND
!GRICULTURE/RGANIZATIONOFTHE5NITED.ATIONSAND THE
.'/S#ARE#HRISTIAN!IDAND0RACTICAL!CTION
*!YERSAND3(UQ h4HE6ALUE OF,INKING -ITI
GATION AND!DAPTATION ! #ASE 3TUDY OF "ANGLADESHv
%NVIRONMENTAL -ANAGEMENT  NO   /CTOBER
nAND,3CHIPPERh#ONCEPTUAL(ISTORYOF
!DAPTATIONINTHE5.&###0ROCESSv2%#)%,NO
n
 )0## #LIMATE #HANGE  3YNTHESIS 2EPORT
#ONTRIBUTION OF 7ORKING 'ROUPS ) )) AND ))) TO THE
4HIRD!SSESSMENT2EPORTOFTHE)NTERGOVERNMENTAL0ANEL
ON#LIMATE#HANGE247ATSON ANDTHE #ORE7RITING
4EAM EDS #AMBRIDGE 5+ #AMBRIDGE 5NIVERSITY
0RESS
*!YERSAND$$ODMANh#LIMATE#HANGE!DAPTA
TIONAND $EVELOPMENT4HE3TATEOF THE $EBATEv0ROG
RESSIN$EVELOPMENT3TUDIESACCEPTED
2*4+LEINAND!0ERSSONh&INANCING!DAPTA
TION TO #LIMATE #HANGE )SSUESAND 0RIORITIESv 3TOCK
HOLM %NVIRONMENT)NSTITUTE BRIEFINGNOTE FOR THE %URO
PEAN#LIMATE0LATFORM/CTOBER
 ) "URTON h#LIMATE #HANGE AND THE !DAPTA
TION $EFICITv !DAPTATION AND)MPACTS 2ESEARCH 'ROUP
/CCASIONAL0APER -ETEOROLOGICAL3ERVICE OF#ANADA
%NVIRONMENT#ANADA
*!YERS-!LAMAND 3(UQ h!DAPTATIONINA
0OST 2EGIME $EVELOPING #OUNTRY 0ERSPECTIVESv
IN &"IERMANN 00ATTBERG AND & :ELLIEDS 'LOBAL
#LIMATE 'OVERNANCE 0OST  !RCHITECTURE !GENCY
AND!DAPTATION#AMBRIDGE5+#AMBRIDGE5NIVERSITY
0RESSFORTHCOMING
 ) "URTON 3 (UQ " ,IM / 0ILIFOSOVA AND
, 3CHIPPERh&ROM )MPACTS !SSESSMENTTO !DAPTATION
0RIORITIES4HE 3HAPING OF !DAPTATION 0OLICYv#LIMATE
0OLICY   n AND 7 . !DGER 3 (UQ
+ "ROWN$ #ONWAY AND- (ULME h!DAPTATIONTO
#LIMATE#HANGE IN THE $EVELOPING7ORLDv0ROGRESSIN
$EVELOPMENT3TUDIESNOn
 3EE FOR EXAMPLE " 7ISNER 0 - "LAKIE
4 #ANNON AND ) $AVIS !T 2ISK .ATURAL (AZARDS
0EOPLES 6ULNERABILITY AND $ISASTERSND ED ,ONDON
AND.EW9ORK2OUTLEDGE  "3MITAND * 7AN
DELh!DAPTATION!DAPTIVE#APACITY AND 6ULNERABILITYv
'LOBAL%NVIRONMENTAL#HANGENOn
AND-!*ANSSEN-,3CHOON7+EAND+"ORNER
h3CHOLARLY .ETWORKS ON 2ESILIENCE 6ULNERABILITY AND
!DAPTATION WITHIN THE (UMAN $IMENSIONS OF 'LOBAL
%NVIRONMENTAL#HANGEv 'LOBAL%NVIRONMENTAL #HANGE
NOn
7ISNER"LAKIE#ANNONAND$AVISIBID
+LEINAND0ERSSONNOTE
!YERSAND$ODMANNOTE
&ORANARGUMENTTHAT CLIMATECHANGEPOLICYMUST
TARGET POOR PEOPLENOT JUST POOR COUNTRIES SEE 2 7
+ATES h#AUTIONARY 4ALES !DAPTATION AND THE 'LOBAL
0OORv#LIMATIC#HANGEn
 !2AHMAN h4HE 3OUTH )S !CTINGv /UR 0LAN
ET  $HAKA "ANGLADESH "ANGLADESH #ENTRE FOR
!DVANCED 3TUDIES  ! !HMED - !LAM AND
!2AHMAN h!DAPTATIONTO#LIMATE #HANGEIN "ANGLA
DESH&UTURE/UTLOOKvIN3(UQ:+ARIM-!SADUZ
ZUMANAND & -AHTABEDS 6ULNERABILITYAND !DAPTA
TIONTO#LIMATE#HANGEFOR"ANGLADESH$ORDRECHT4HE
.ETHERLANDS+LUWER!CADEMIC0UBLISHERS($
6ENEMAAND-#ISSE3EEINGTHE,IGHT!DAPTINGTO#LI
MATE #HANGEWITH $ECENTRALIZED 2ENEWABLE%NERGY IN
$EVELOPING#OUNTRIES7INNIPEG#ANADA)NTERNATIONAL
)NSTITUTEFOR3USTAINABLE$EVELOPMENTAND!YERS
AND(UQNOTE
 3 (UQ AND* !YERSh#LIMATE #HANGE )MPACTS
AND 2ESPONSES IN "ANGLADESHv BRIEFING NOTE PREPARED
FOR THE %UROPEAN 0ARLIAMENT 0OLICY $EPARTMENT %CO
NOMICAND3CIENTIFIC0OLICY$')NTERNAL0OLICIES OFTHE
5NION
)BID
)0##NOTE
+--2AHMAN h2IVER%ROSIONAND &LOODING
IN .ORTHERN "ANGLADESHv IN * %NSOR AND 2 "ERGER
5NDERSTANDING #LIMATE #HANGE !DAPTATION ,ESSONS
FROM#OMMUNITY"ASED!PPROACHES3TERLING6!3TY
LUS0UBLISHINGINPRESS
 4HIS PROGRAM IS ORGANIZED BY THE .'/ 0RAC
TICAL !CTION 3EE HTTPWWWPRACTICALACTIONORG
IDCLIMATECHANGE?FLOATINGGARDENS ACCESSED  -AY

2AHMANNOTE
 $ $ODMAN * !YERS AND 3 (UQ h"UILDING
2ESILIENCEv IN7ORLDWATCH)NSTITUTE3TATE OF THE7ORLD
)NTO A 7ARMING7ORLD 7ASHINGTON $#7ORLD
WATCH)NSTITUTE
2"ERGERAND-!LIh!DAPTATIONIN3OUTH!SIAv
4IEMPOn
 ! ,EOPOLD AND , -EAD h4HIRD )NTERNATIONAL
7ORKSHOP ON #OMMUNITY"ASED !DAPTATION TO #LI
MATE#HANGEv#OMMUNITY"ASED!DAPTATIONTO#LIMATE
#HANGE"ULLETINNO
3(UQAND(2EIDh#OMMUNITY"ASED!DAPTA
TION ! 6ITAL!PPROACH TO THE 4HREAT #LIMATE #HANGE
0OSESTOTHE0OORv)NTERNATIONAL)NSTITUTEOF%NVIRONMENT
AND$EVELOPMENT))%$BRIEFING,ONDON))%$
 2 *ONES AND ! 2AHMAN h#OMMUNITY"ASED
!DAPTATIONv4IEMPOn
,EOPOLDAND-EADNOTE
4HEWE!$!04GROUP ISANINFORMALPARTNERSHIP
AMONG LEADING ORGANIZATIONS WITH EXPERTISE IN VARIOUS
ASPECTSOFCLIMATE ADAPTATION)THAS EVOLVEDASPARTNERS
IN SPECIFIC PROJECTS SEE HTTPWWWWEADAPTORG FOR
THE LIST OF PARTNERS CURRENTLY INVOLVED WE!DAPT HAS
DEVELOPEDAPLATFORMOFTOOLSMETHODSDATASETSEXPERI
ENCEAND GUIDANCETOPROVIDEARESOURCE FORADAPTATION
PRACTITIONERS ANDTHE !DAPTATION %XPLORER IS ONE SUCH
TOOL HOSTED ON THE PLATFORM HTTPWWWWEADAPTORG
ACCESSED-AY
 3EE HTTPWIKIADAPTORGINDEXPHPTITLE4HE
?#LIMATE?#HANGE?%XPLORER?4OOL FOR MORE INFORMATION
ACCESSED-AY
,EOPOLDAND-EADNOTEPAGE
,EOPOLDAND-EADNOTEPAGE
 ,EOPOLD AND -EAD NOTE AND * !YERS AND
3(UQ h#OMMUNITY"ASED!DAPTATION7HATS.EWv
))%$BRIEFING,ONDON))%$INPRESS
2 * 4+LEIN h-AINSTREAMING#LIMATE!DAPTA
TION INTO $EVELOPMENT 0OLICIES AND 0ROGRAMMES !
%UROPEAN0ERSPECTIVEvIN%UROPEAN0ARLIAMENT&INANC
ING #LIMATE #HANGE0OLICIES IN $EVELOPING#OUNTRIES
0% )0!#,)0!#,)-34 "RUSSELS
"ELGIUM%UROPEAN0ARLIAMENT
)BID
 &OR EXAMPLE SEE THE DATABASE OF CASE STUDIES
AT HTTPCOMMUNITYELDISORGCBAX ACCESSED  -AY

*ONES AND 2AHMANNOTE  AND (UQAND 2EID
NOTE
&OREXAMPLESEETHE)NTERNATIONAL&UNDFOR!GRI
CULTURAL$EVELOPMENTHTTPWWWIFADORGSLAACCESSED
-AY
!YERSAND$ODMANNOTE
 4HESE DISCUSSIONS COVERED OPERATIONAL POLICIES
AND GUIDELINES FOR 0ARTIES TO THE 0ROTOCOL TO ACCESS
RESOURCES FROM THE !DAPTATION &UND 3EE !DAPTATION
&UND"OARD 2EPORTON THE!CTIVITIES OFTHE 3ECRETARIAT
!&""  -ARCH  HTTPWWWADAPTATION
FUNDORGIMAGES!&""?2EPORT?ON?THE
?!CTIVITIES?OF?THE?3ECRETARIAT?&INALPDF ACCESSED 
-AY
)"URTON4$ICKINSONAND9(OWARDh5PSCAL
ING!DAPTATION 3TUDIES TO )NFORM 0OLICY AT THE'LOBAL
,EVELv 4HE )NTEGRATED !SSESSMENT *OURNAL  NO 
n