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Introduction: Exercise prescription from indices obtained from cycling or running treadmill incremental tests does not seem suitable for speed skaters. However, the specificity of laboratory skating assessments remains to be established. Purpose: This study intended to assess the test–retest reliability of an incremental test performed on a slide board (SB), and its validity compared with a cycling protocol in order to determine aerobic performance indices in speed skaters. Methods: Ten competitive inline speed skaters performed two incremental tests on an SB and one cycling incremental test. The intensity of SB test was determined by cadence, starting at 30 push-offs/min and increasing by three push-offs/min each minute, until volitional exhaustion. Maximal and submaximal values related to the anaerobic threshold (AT) of oxygen uptake (VO2), pulmonary ventilation (VE), respiratory exchange (RER), heart rate (HR), rating of perceived effort (RPE), cadence (CAD), and blood lactate concentration ([Lac]max) were measured. Results: No significant differences were found in any of the variables between test–retest on SB. High relative (ICC > 0.9) and absolute reliability (typical error of measure as CVTEM < 3.5%) were found for VO2max, HRmax, [Lac]max, CADmax, VO2AT, CADAT, and RPEAT. In comparison to SB test, the [Lac]max was significantly higher during cycling, and the RPEAT was lower. VO2max, HRmax, CADmax, VO2AT and CADAT were largely correlated between cycling and SB (r > 0.8). Conclusions: The findings suggest that SB test is reliable and adequate to evaluate aerobic performance indices of speed skaters.
Content may be subject to copyright.
Apunts
Med
Esport.
2015;50(186):57---63
www.apunts/org
ORIGINAL
ARTICLE
A
novel
incremental
slide
board
test
for
speed
skaters:
Reliability
analysis
and
comparison
with
a
cycling
test
Tatiane
Piucco,
Saray
Giovana
dos
Santos,
Ricardo
Dantas
de
Lucas,
Jonathan
Ache
Dias
Biomechanics
Laboratory,
Federal
University
of
Santa
Catarina,
Florianópolis,
Brazil
Received
29
September
2014;
accepted
2
January
2015
Available
online
11
February
2015
KEYWORDS
Athletic
performance;
Skating;
Exercise
test;
Physical
exertion
Abstract
Introduction:
Exercise
prescription
from
indices
obtained
from
cycling
or
running
treadmill
incremental
tests
does
not
seem
suitable
for
speed
skaters.
However,
the
specificity
of
labora-
tory
skating
assessments
remains
to
be
established.
Purpose:
This
study
intended
to
assess
the
test---retest
reliability
of
an
incremental
test
per-
formed
on
a
slide
board
(SB),
and
its
validity
compared
with
a
cycling
protocol
in
order
to
determine
aerobic
performance
indices
in
speed
skaters.
Methods:
Te n
competitive
inline
speed
skaters
performed
two
incremental
tests
on
an
SB
and
one
cycling
incremental
test.
The
intensity
of
SB
test
was
determined
by
cadence,
starting
at
30
push-offs/min
and
increasing
by
three
push-offs/min
each
minute,
until
volitional
exhaustion.
Maximal
and
submaximal
values
related
to
the
anaerobic
threshold
(AT)
of
oxygen
uptake
(VO2),
pulmonary
ventilation
(VE),
respiratory
exchange
(RER),
heart
rate
(HR),
rating
of
perceived
effort
(RPE),
cadence
(CAD),
and
blood
lactate
concentration
([Lac]max)
were
measured.
Results:
No
significant
differences
were
found
in
any
of
the
variables
between
test---retest
on
SB.
High
relative
(ICC
>
0.9)
and
absolute
reliability
(typical
error
of
measure
as
CVTEM <
3.5%)
were
found
for
VO2max,
HRmax,
[Lac]max,
CADmax,
VO2AT,
CADAT ,
and
RPEAT .
In
comparison
to
SB
test,
the
[Lac]max
was
significantly
higher
during
cycling,
and
the
RPEAT was
lower.
VO2max,
HRmax,
CADmax,
VO2AT and
CADAT were
largely
correlated
between
cycling
and
SB
(r
>
0.8).
Conclusions:
The
findings
suggest
that
SB
test
is
reliable
and
adequate
to
evaluate
aerobic
performance
indices
of
speed
skaters.
©
2014
Consell
Català
de
l’Esport.
Generalitat
de
Catalunya.
Published
by
Elsevier
España,
S.L.U.
All
rights
reserved.
Corresponding
author.
E-mail
address:
tatianepiucco@yahoo.com.br
(T.
Piucco).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apunts.2015.01.003
1886-6581/©
2014
Consell
Català
de
l’Esport.
Generalitat
de
Catalunya.
Published
by
Elsevier
España,
S.L.U.
All
rights
reserved.
Document downloaded from http://www.apunts.org, day 12/06/2015. This copy is for personal use. Any transmission of this document by any media or format is strictly prohibited.
58
T.
Piucco
et
al.
PALABRAS
CLAVE
Desempe˜
no
atlético;
Patinaje;
Test
de
esfuerzo;
Esfuerzo
físico
Nuevo
test
incremental
en
una
base
de
deslizamiento
para
patinadores
velocistas:
análisis
de
confiabilidad
y
comparación
con
un
test
de
ciclismo
Resumen
Introducción:
La
prescripción
de
ejercicios
obtenidos
por
medio
índices
de
tests
de
ciclismo
o
sobre
la
cinta
de
correr,
parecen
no
ser
apropiados
para
patinadores.
Sin
embargo,
la
especifi-
cidad
de
medidas
de
laboratorios
para
patinadores
debe
ser
establecida.
Objetivo:
Evaluar
la
confiabilidad
del
test-retest
de
un
test
incremental
realizado
en
una
base
de
deslizamiento
(BS),
así
como
la
validad
del
mismo
comparado
con
un
protocolo
de
ciclismo
para
determinar
índices
aeróbicos
en
el
desempe˜
no
de
patinadores
velocistas.
Métodos:
Diez
patinadores
velocistas
inline
ejecutaron
dos
tests
incrementales
sobre
un
BS
y
un
test
incremental
de
ciclismo.
La
intensidad
del
test
sobre
BS
fue
determinada
mediante
la
cadencia,
comenzando
en
30
empujes/min
y
aumentando
en
tres
empujes/min
a
cada
minuto
hasta
el
agotamiento
volitivo.
Fueron
medidos
valores
máximos
e
submáximos
relacionados
con
el
umbral
anaeróbico
(UA)
del
consumo
de
oxígeno
(VO2),
ventilación
pulmonar
(VP),
intercam-
bio
respiratorio
(IR),
frecuencia
cardíaca
(FC),
escala
de
percepción
de
esfuerzo
(EPE),
cadencia
(CAD)
y
lactato
sanguíneo
([Lac]max).
Resultados:
No
se
encontraron
diferencias
significativas
entre
test---retest
sobre
la
BS
en
ninguna
de
las
variables.
Se
obtuvieron
niveles
elevados
en
el
coeficiente
intercalase
(ICC
>
0.9)
y
en
la
confiabilidad
absoluta
(error
típico
de
medida
CVTEM <
3.5%)
para
el
VO2max,
FCmax,
[Lac]max,
CADmax,
VO2AT,
CADAT ,
and
EPEAT .
En
comparación
con
el
test
de
BS,
el
[Lac]max
fue
signifi-
cantemente
más
alto
durante
el
test
de
ciclismo
y
la
EPEAT fue
más
baja.
El
VO2max,
FCmax,
CADmax,
VO2AT and
CADAT tuvieron
correlación
alta
entre
el
test
de
ciclismo
y
el
de
BS
(r
>
0.8).
Conclusión:
Los
resultados
obtenidos
sugieren
que
el
test
de
BS
es
confiable
y
adecuado
para
evaluar
índices
de
desempe˜
no
de
patinadores
velocistas.
©
2014
Consell
Català
de
l’Esport.
Generalitat
de
Catalunya.
Publicado
por
Elsevier
España,
S.L.U.
Todos
los
derechos
reservados.
Introduction
Skating
sports
involve
both
aerobic
and
anaerobic
energy
supply.1,2 During
the
start,
a
large
amount
of
anaerobic
energy
contribution
is
necessary
to
accelerate,
and
then,
the
last
lap
is
predominantly
covered
on
the
basis
of
aero-
bic
power.
Even
during
the
last
lap
of
a
1500
m
track
race
the
energy
is
supplied
by
greater
than
90%
aerobic
sources.1This
reveals
the
importance
of
aerobic
fitness
for
professional
inline
or
on
ice
speed
skaters.
Aerobic
fitness
tests
are
largely
used
to
monitoring
endurance
performance,
and
to
control
and
prescribe
train-
ing
intensities
during
speed
skating.3To
be
effective,
the
performance
evaluations
for
exercise
prescription
must
be
valid,
reliable
and
movement-specific.
It
is
generally
accepted
that
optimal
adaptations
can
be
obtained
from
training
loads
specifically
related
to
the
sport
activity
itself,
due
to
the
physiological
and
neuromuscular
specificity.4,5
Exercise
prescription
from
measurements
obtained
from
cycling
or
running
treadmill
incremental
tests
does
not
seem
suitable
for
speed
skaters.6,7 However,
the
specificity
of
laboratory
skating
evaluations
remains
to
be
established,
particularly
because
skating
activities
are
difficult
to
simu-
late
in
the
laboratory.3Since
the
development
of
the
skating
treadmill
in
1993,
there
has
been
little
research
on
the
skat-
ing
treadmill’s
validity
to
elicit
a
VO2max,
or
determining
what
type
of
protocol
to
use
for
evaluating
physiological
indices.8Also,
skating
treadmills
are
very
expensive
and
challenging
to
be
used
by
coaches
to
optimise
the
training
programmes
of
athletes
through
periodic
laboratory
evalu-
ation.
Given
the
importance
of
aerobic
parameter
assessment
to
monitoring
inline
or
on-ice
speed
skaters,
it
is
valuable
to
develop
an
appropriate
test
for
these
athletes.
In
this
sense,
the
SB
has
been
widely
used
as
an
off-ice
training
modality
by
speed
skaters,
since
it
seems
to
mimic
the
speed
skating
gesture.
However,
to
the
best
of
our
knowledge,
there
are
no
studies
attempting
to
validate
a
specific
test
to
evaluate
aerobic
indices
of
speed
skaters
or
using
a
slide
board
(SB)
as
ergometer.
The
developing
of
an
incremental
test
using
the
SB
may
allow
for
a
simple
and
low
cost
sport-specific
evaluation
of
speed
skaters.
Thus,
the
purpose
of
this
study
was
twofold:
(1)
to
assess
the
test---retest
reliability
of
a
short
incremental
test
per-
formed
on
SB;
(2)
to
compare
maximal
and
submaximal
aerobic
indices
obtained
from
cycling
and
SB
skating
incre-
mental
tests.
Material
and
methods
Participants
Eight
male
and
two
female
competitive
inline
speed
skaters
voluntarily
participated
in
the
study.
They
all
had
SB
train-
ing
experience
and
have
skating
for
at
least
three
years.
The
mean
age
was
30.6
±
6
years.
The
mean
body
mass,
percent-
age
of
body
fat
and
height
were
respectively,
71.4
±
11
kg,
Document downloaded from http://www.apunts.org, day 12/06/2015. This copy is for personal use. Any transmission of this document by any media or format is strictly prohibited.
A
novel
incremental
slide
board
test
for
speed
skaters
59
17.4
±
5.7%,
and
1.73
±
0.07
m
for
males,
and
62.3
±
1.5
kg,
25.9
±
2.05%
and
1.66
±
2.2
m
for
females.
The
study
was
conducted
in
accordance
with
ethical
principles
for
medical
research
involving
human
and
in
accordance
with
ethical
standards
of
the
Local
University
Human
Research
Ethics
Committee.
All
participants
signed
an
informed
consent
doc-
ument
with
a
detailed
description
of
the
aims,
benefits
and
risks
of
participating
in
the
study,
as
well
as
data
protection.
Procedures
The
participants
were
instructed
to
refrain
from
heavy
train-
ing,
maintain
a
regular
diet
24
h
prior
to
testing,
and
to
abstain
from
the
ingestion
of
any
stimulant
(caffeine
drink,
nicotine,
etc.)
or
alcohol
during
the
preceding
testing
day.
All
participants
were
familiarised
with
the
tests
and
the
equipment
prior
the
data
collection.
Three
incremental
tests
were
performed
in
laboratory-
controlled
conditions:
a
maximal
incremental
cadence
cycle
ergometer
test,
and
two
maximal
incremental
cadence
SB
tests
to
verify
the
test---retest
reliability.
The
tests
were
per-
formed
two
to
four
days
apart,
at
the
same
time
of
day
and
room
temperature
in
order
to
ensure
similar
environmental
conditions.
Incremental
cycling
test
The
cycling
protocol
was
performed
on
a
Lode
Excalibur
Sport
Cycle
Ergometer
(Groninger,
Holland).
Prior
to
the
maximal
test,
a
5-min
warm-up
at
a
workload
of
50---60
W
with
a
cadence
of
90
rpm
was
performed.
After
a
three-
minute
rest,
the
participants
started
the
test
at
an
initial
workload
relative
to
their
body
weight
(2.75
W
kg1)
with
the
cadence
increased
by
10
rpm
each
minute
from
an
ini-
tial
cadence
of
70
rpm.9The
test
was
terminated
when
the
selected
cadence
could
no
longer
be
maintained
or
at
voli-
tional
exhaustion.
Incremental
SB
test
The
SB
protocol
was
performed
on
an
instrumented
SB
(2.0
cm
×
0.6
cm
×
0.025
cm)
developed
specifically
for
this
project
(Fig.
1).
The
SB
surface
was
made
of
polyethylene
(friction
coefficient
=
0.1)
and
a
non-slip
material
(ethylene
vinyl
acetate
---
EVA)
was
placed
underneath.
Tw o
optical
Speakers
Computer
1 Emitter
Athlete’s monitor
2 Receptor
Figure
1
Instrumented
SB
scheme.
1
---
photoemitter;
2
---
photordeceptor.
sensors,
connected
to
a
computer,
were
placed
at
both
extremities
of
the
SB
to
detect
the
movement
of
the
ath-
letes’
feet,
and
to
determine
the
contact
time
at
the
lateral
stoppers
to
indicate
the
athletes’
cadence.
Specific
software
was
developed
to
control
and
help
the
athlete
to
keep
the
pace
by
providing
visual
and
auditory
feedback,
and
also
to
determine
the
end
of
the
test
by
means
of
the
signals
input
from
the
SB.
The
subject
wore
a
pair
of
fleece
socks
to
skate
on
SB
during
the
test.
The
participants
performed
a
five-minute
warm-up
at
a
cadence
of
30
push-offs
per
minute.
After
a
3-min
rest,
the
test
began
with
a
cadence
of
30
push-off/min
and
it
increased
by
three
push-off/min
every
minute.
The
participants
were
asked
to
maintain
a
constant
skating
posture,
and
they
were
free
to
move
their
arms
during
the
test.
The
test
was
completed
when
the
selected
cadence
could
no
longer
be
maintained
or
at
voli-
tional
exhaustion.
Identical
procedures
were
applied
during
the
re-test.
Participants
were
verbally
encouraged
to
exert
maxi-
mum
effort
during
the
tests.
The
rate
of
perceived
exertion
(RPE)
during
the
tests
was
accessed
by
the
Borg
scale
(6---20
points)
at
the
end
of
each
stage.10 Ventilation
(VE),
respiratory
exchange
ratio
(RER)
and
oxygen
consumption
(VO2)
were
measured
breath-by-breath
using
a
gas
anal-
yser
(Quark
PFT
Ergo,
Cosmed,
Rome,
Italy),
calibrated
according
to
manufacturer’s
instructions
prior
to
each
test.
VO2max
was
considered
to
be
the
highest
value
averaged
over
15-s.
The
attainment
of
VO2max
was
defined
using
the
criteria
proposed
by
Howley
et
al.11 The
maximal
cadence
(CADmax)
was
defined
as
the
maximal
number
of
push-offs/min
reached
during
the
SB
test.
If
the
final
stage
was
not
completed,
the
CADmax
was
calculated
according
to
the
follow
equation
adapted
from
Kuipers
et
al.12:
CADmax =
CADf+t
60
×
3
with
CADfthe
cadence
of
the
final
stage
completed,
t
the
uncompleted
stage
time
(s),
60
the
stage
duration
(s)
and
3
the
cadence
increment
per
stage.
Blood
samples
were
collected
from
subjects’
earlobe
one,
three,
and
five
min-
utes
following
test
completion
to
assess
the
maximal
blood
lactate
concentration
([Lac]max).
[Lac]
were
assessed
using
an
electrochemical
analyser
(YSI
2700
STAT,
Yellow
Springs,
OH,
USA),
calibrated
according
to
the
manufacturer’s
recommendations
before
each
analysis.
The
ventilatory
threshold
(VT)
intensity
was
determined
by
two
experi-
enced
evaluators,
established
as
an
increase
in
respiratory
equivalent
for
O2and
CO2respectively.13 D-max
method14
was
used
to
identify
the
heart
rate
deflection
point
(HRDP),
which
is
related
to
the
anaerobic
threshold
(AT).15
A
paired
t-test
was
used
to
compare
data
obtained
from
the
two
SB
trials
in
a
test---retest
fashion
and
between
the
SB
and
cycling
tests.
Heteroscedasticity
of
all
variables
were
examined
by
Bland---Altman
plotting
of
the
absolute
individual
differences
vs.
the
individual
means.
The
slope
of
the
linear
regression
of
this
data
was
tested
against
zero,
in
order
to
assess
the
relationship
significance.16
Intraclass
correlation
coefficients
(ICC)
and
typical
error
of
measurement
(TEM)
were
calculated
according
to
Hopkins17
to
determine
the
test---retest
reliability.
The
TEM
was
Document downloaded from http://www.apunts.org, day 12/06/2015. This copy is for personal use. Any transmission of this document by any media or format is strictly prohibited.
60
T.
Piucco
et
al.
Table
1
Test---retest
reliability
scores
of
maximal
and
submaximal
(HRDP)
variables
(mean
±
SD)
during
incremental
SB
test.
Test
Retest
CVTEM (%)
ICC
(95%CI)
Bias
VO2max
(ml
kg1min1)
47.5
±
7.7
47.6
±
6.3
3.18
0.97
(0.91---0.99)
0.09
HRmax
(bpm)
190.9
±
8.9
189.6
±
6.8
1.19
0.95
(0.800---0.99)
1.30
RERmax
1.21
±
0.12 1.15
±
0.07
7.25
0.41
(1.86
to
0.73)
0.06
VEmax
(l
min1) 115.1
±
21.4 111.4
±
19 6.32
0.74
(0.03---0.93)
3.60
CADmax
(Push-off
min1) 64.0
±
9.3 64.9
±
9.5 1.21 0.99
(0.98---0.99) 0.60
[Lac]max
(mmol
l1) 10.3
±
1.9 10.2
±
1.9 6.72 0.92
(0.70---0.98) 0.27
RPEmax
17.2
±
0.6
17.1
±
0.5
4.01
0.86
(0.47---0.96)
0.10
VO2AT (ml
kg1min1)
42.35
±
5.4
41.82
±
5.7
4.90
0.93
(0.74---0.98)
0.53
CADAT (Push-off
min1)
53.4
±
6.9
53.7
±
8.5
3.47
0.97
(0.89---0.99)
0.30
HRDP
(bpm)
175
±
11.2
171
±
5.8
3.26
0.72
(0.06---0.93)
3.83
VEAT (l
min1)
77.9
±
8.9
75.9
±
10.2
8.90
0.68
(0.20
to
0.92)
2.03
RPEAT 15.6
±
1.4
15.4
±
1.4
2.84
0.95
(0.80---0.98)
0.20
CVTEM(%)
=
typical
error
of
measure
expressed
as
coefficient
of
variation;
ICC
=
intraclass
correlation
coefficient;
VO2max
=
maximal
oxygen
uptake;
HRmax
=
maximal
heart
rate;
VEmax
=
maximal
ventilation;
CADmax
=
maximal
cadence;
RERmax
=
maximal
respiratory
exchange
ratio;
[Lac]max
=
maximal
lactate
concentration;
RPEmax
=
maximal
rate
of
perceived
exertion;
VO2AT =
oxygen
uptake
at
AT;
CADAT =
cadence
at
AT;
HRDP
=
heart
rate
deflection
point;
VEAT =
ventilation
at
AT;
RPEAT =
rate
of
perceived
exertion
at
AT.
expressed
as
coefficient
of
variation
(CVTEM).
The
ICCs
were
interpreted
as
follows:
0.90---0.99
as
high
reliability;
0.80---0.89
as
good
reliability;
0.70---0.79
as
fair
reliability;
and
<0.69
as
poor
reliability.18 Pearson’s
correlations
were
used
to
examine
the
relationships
between
cycle
ergometer
and
SB
tests.
The
following
criterion
was
adopted
for
inter-
preting
the
magnitude
of
correlation
between
variables:
<0.1
as
trivial;
0.11---0.3
as
small;
0.31---0.5
as
moderate;
0.51---0.7
as
large;
0.71---0.9
as
very
large;
and
0.91---1.0
as
almost
perfect.19 Statistical
analysis
was
conducted
using
Statistical
Package
for
Social
Sciences
(SPSS
Inc.
v.17.0,
Chicago,
USA)
and
the
confidence
level
was
set
at
5%.
Results
During
the
SB
protocol,
all
participants
reached
at
least
three
of
five
criteria
for
VO2max
attainment,
accord-
ing
to
Howley
et
al.,11 7/10
subjects
attained
a
VO2max
plateau,
7/10
attained
predicted
HRmax,
9/10
achieved
an
RER
1.1,
9/10
achieved
[Lac]
8
mmol
l1,
and
3/10
attained
an
RPE
of
18.
Table
1
shows
test---retest
reliability
scores
of
the
max-
imal
and
submaximal
variables.
No
significant
differences
were
found
between
VT
and
HRDP
method
for
all
variables
analysed
during
test
and
retest.
In
this
sense,
the
submaxi-
mal
values
related
to
the
HRDP
were
used
for
the
following
50 60 30 40 50 60 70
46
4
2
–2
–4
–6
0
2
0
–2
–4
70
Average CADmax (ppm)
Difference CADmax (ppm)
Difference VE (l.min–1)
Average VE (l.min–1) Average [Lac] (mmol.I–1
)
Difference [Lac] (mmol.I–1)Difference VO2max (ml.kg–1.min–1)
Average VO2max (ml.kg–1.min–1)
80 90
80
40
3
2
0
–1
–2
1
20
–20
–40
0
100
120
140
160 610 1412
8
Figure
2
Bland---Altman
plots
showing
the
agreement
between
test
and
retest
in
SB
sessions
for
VO2max,
CADmax,
VEmax
and
[Lac]max.
Solid
line
=
bias;
dashed
lines
=
95%
limits
of
agreement.
Document downloaded from http://www.apunts.org, day 12/06/2015. This copy is for personal use. Any transmission of this document by any media or format is strictly prohibited.
A
novel
incremental
slide
board
test
for
speed
skaters
61
analysis
to
be
considered
as
a
more
practical
application.
No
significant
differences
were
found
between
test
and
retest
values
for
all
variables
analysed.
All
data
analysed
presented
homoscedasticity.
The
results
show
low
within-individual
variation,
very
low
bias
and
high
reliability
for
VO2,
HR
and
CAD
maximal
values.
Maximal
and
submaximal
values
of
VE
and
RER
showed
poor
reliability.
Fig.
2
illustrates
the
Bland---Altman
plots
for
the
reliability
analysis
for
some
of
the
maximal
variables.
No
significant
differences
for
maximal
VO2,
VE,
RER
and
RPE
values
(Table
2)
were
found
between
cycling
and
SB
tests.
Regarding
the
submaximal
values
obtained
during
SB,
only
RPEAT were
significantly
different
(p
<
0.01)
compared
to
cycling
test.
Large
correlations
were
found
between
cycling
and
SB
for
VO2max,
HRmax,
CADmax,
VOAT and
CADAT .
The
relationship
between
the
performance
on
SB
(VO2max)
and
the
maximal
cadence
reached
during
SB
(CAD-
max)
are
shown
in
Fig.
3.
Discussion
The
first
aim
of
this
study
was
to
evaluate
the
reliability
of
physiological
measures
during
SB
testing,
which
mim-
ics
the
skating
gesture.
No
differences
were
found
for
all
maximal
variables
between
test
and
retest
trials.
In
general,
the
reliability
scores
obtained
from
the
SB
test
showed
that
it
is
a
practical
and
consistent
incremental
test.
The
VO2max,
HRmax,
CADmax,
CAD
and
RPE
submaximal
measures
showed
the
highest
test---retest
reliability
scores
(ICC
>
0.9;
CVTEM <
3.5%,
Table
1).
Considering
most
maximal
variables,
within-individual
variations
(TEM)
between
test
and
retest
were
smaller
than
those
found
for
similar
proto-
cols
in
cycle
ergometer9,20 and
field
hockey
skating
test.21
Also
the
Within-participants
variation
is
the
most
important
analysis
when
considering
the
reliability
of
measurements,
because
it
affects
the
estimates
precision
of
change
in
the
50
40
45
55
60
65
50
55 60 65 70
CADmax (ppm)
VO2max (ml.kg–1.min–1)
75
r=0.89
P<0.01
80 85
Figure
3
Relationship
between
VO2max
and
CADmax
obtained
on
SB
incremental
test.
variable
of
an
experimental
study.17 From
a
practical
point
of
view,
Hopkins17 pointed
out
that
about
1.5---2.0
times
the
typical
error
could
be
used
as
a
threshold
above
which
any
individual
change
would
be
interpreted
as
‘‘real’’
following
an
intervention.
For
instance,
considering
the
CVTEM value
found
for
the
CADmax
(e.g.
1.2%),
this
threshold
would
be
around
2.4%.
Comparisons
between
the
SB
test
and
cycling
test
indi-
cate
higher
[Lac]max
values
and
lower
RPEAT during
SB
protocol
compared
with
cycling
(Table
2).
Most
partici-
pants
reached
a
slightly
lower
maximal
and
submaximal
VO2
and
VE
values
and
higher
HR
during
SB
protocol.
Further-
more,
significant
correlations
for
VO2max,
HRmax,
CADmax,
VO2AT and
CADAT values
exist
between
SB
and
cycle
ergome-
ter
protocols.
There
is
data
in
the
literature
comparing
the
physiological
parameters
amongst
skating,
cycling
and
Table
2
Comparison
and
correlation
values
of
maximal
and
submaximal
variables
(mean
±
SD)
between
SB
and
cycling
protocols.
SB
Cycling
r
VO2max
(ml
kg1min1)
47.5
±
7.7
48.4
±
8.8
0.91b
HRmax
(bpm)
190.9
±
8.9
190
±
10
0.87b
RERmax
1.21
±
0.12
1.29
±
0.1
0.22
VEmax
(l
min1)
115.07
±
21.4
127.4
±
18
0.40
CADmax
(Push-off
min1)
64.0
±
9.3
127.0
±
20.5
0.83b
[Lac]max
(mmol
l1)
10.3
±
1.9
13.4
±
2.3a0.60
RPEmax 17.2
±
0.6
17.3
±
0.48
0.52
VO2AT (ml
kg1min1)
42.35
±
5.4
44.1
±
6.4
0.90b
CADAT (Push-off
min1)c53.4
±
6.9
103
±
14.9
0.80b
HRDP
(bpm)
175
±
11.2
172.6
±
12.2
0.32
VEAT (l
min1)
77.9
±
8.9
88.3
±
21.1
0.50
RPEAT 15.6
±
1.4
14.6
±
1.5a0.54
CADAT (%max)
88.4
±
4.6
81.7
±
8.2
0.50
aSignificant
difference
(p
<
0.05).
bSignificant
correlation
(p
<
0.05).
cCadence
values
not
compared
due
to
different
units.
VO2max
=
maximal
oxygen
uptake;
HRmax
=
maximal
heart
rate;
VEmax
=
maximal
ventilation;
CADmax
=
maximal
cadence;
RERmax
=
maximal
respiratory
exchange
ratio;
[Lac]max
=
maximal
lactate
concentration;
RPE-
max
=
maximal
rate
of
perceived
exertion;
VO2AT =
oxygen
uptake
at
AT;
CADAT =
cadence
at
AT;
HRDP
=
heart
rate
deflection
point;
VEAT =
ventilation
at
AT;
RPEAT =
rate
of
perceived
exertion
at
AT.
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62
T.
Piucco
et
al.
running
activities.6,7,22---25 Despite
some
differences,
cycling
parameters
seem
to
be
more
similar
to
skating
activity
than
running.23,24 Furthermore,
the
testing
protocol
design
can
also
affect
physiological
responses
during
exercise.26
Cadence
vs.
workload
incremental
cycling
tests
show
differ-
ences
in
peak
workloads.
However,
both
protocols
produce
similar
peak
VO2values,
which
reflect
on
a
lower
cycling
economy
during
cadence-increase
protocols.9
The
findings
of
the
present
study
are
consistent
with
the
previous
investigations
of
Foster
et
al.25 and
Snyder
et
al.23
that
have
demonstrated
lower
VO2,
VE
and
RER
values
and
higher
HR
and
[Lac]
values
during
treadmill
skating
pro-
tocol
when
comparing
with
cycling
exercise.
Krieg
et
al.6
also
found
lower
VO2max
and
higher
HR
and
[Lac]
values
during
skating
when
compared
to
cycle
testing,
but
higher
submaximal
VO2and
RER
associated
with
a
fixed
[Lac]
of
4
mmol
l1.
Perhaps
the
field
skating
test
conditions
in
Krieg
et
al.’s6study
could
explain
those
differences,
because
the
asphalt
friction
coefficient
and
skating
variables
such
as
uncontrolled
posture,
stride
frequency,
glide
and
push-off
duration,
crossover
stride,
can
alter
physiological
responses
between
treadmill
and
field
skating.27 Also,
Krieg
et
al.6
utilised
a
discontinuous
protocol
and
the
[Lac]
could
be
decreased
due
to
the
exercise
interruptions,
and
as
well
the
lactate
vs.
VO2relationship.
Other
possible
explanations
for
the
lower
VO2max
attained
during
skating
exercise
can
be
related
to
both
a
smaller
active
muscle
mass
and
to
a
restriction
of
mus-
cle
blood
flow
during
skating
when
compared
to
cycling.7,25
These
conditions
depend
on
skating
posture,
surface
char-
acteristics
and
skater
motor
skill.6,28 A
lower
skater
body
position
induces
a
greater
reduction
in
VO2max,
consistent
with
a
reduction
in
muscle
blood
flow
secondary
to
high
intramuscular
forces
during
skating
exercise.25
High
intramuscular
forces
could
also
explain
the
high
HR
during
skating,
since
it
might
lead
to
a
disproportionate
increase
in
HR
relative
to
VO2.
Such
situation
is
frequently
observed
during
resistance
training
or
attributable
to
the
activated
muscle
ischaemia
and
an
increase
in
systemic
arterial
pressure.29 This
is
consistent
with
the
concept
that
the
high
forces
within
the
muscle
act
to
compress
the
smaller
arterioles
thereby
increasing
the
HR
during
skat-
ing.
For
submaximal
comparisons
between
cycling
and
SB
modalities,
we
chose
to
use
the
HRDP
as
an
aerobic
index
to
access
the
AT.
The
HRDP
has
potential
to
be
used
for
training
regulation
purposes
due
to
its
feasibility.
The
results
indi-
cate
similar
values
for
VO2,
HR
and
VE
at
AT.
Further,
the
cadence
at
AT
found
for
each
ergometer
was
significantly
correlated
(Table
2).
This
result
suggests
that
HRDP
occurred
at
the
same
relative
intensity
when
compared
cycling
and
SB
exercises,
and
this
index
could
be
a
viable
method
to
prescribe
submaximal
intensity
during
SB
training.
The
high
relationship
score
(r
=
0.89)
found
between
CADmax
and
VO2max
relationship
(Fig.
3)
also
suggest
that
the
maximal
cadence
or
stage
reached
during
the
test
can
be
an
indirect
index
to
indicate
training
level.
Since
board
skating
evokes
much
more
specific
physiolog-
ical
and
biomechanical
responses,30 it
can
be
used
not
only
for
testing,
but
for
training
purposes
as
well.
Highly
fit
indi-
viduals
may
require
a
higher
training
stimulus
to
achieve
a
significant
training
effect,
and
SB
skating
could
be
used
to
perform
interval-training
sessions.
Intensity
is
easily
manip-
ulated
by
changes
in
cadence
or
by
increasing
the
friction
coefficient
on
the
board
surface.
However,
intervention-
based
studies
are
necessary
in
order
to
better
understand
the
likely
benefits
applied
to
SB
training
compared
to
actual
skating
movement.
The
good
agreement
between
test---retest
data
suggests
that
the
SB
incremental
test
is
reliable.
Furthermore,
the
large
correlations
and
the
lack
of
differences
in
the
phys-
iological
variables
between
the
SB
skating
and
cycling
protocols
suggest
that
the
SB
test
is
valid
and
adequate
to
evaluate
aerobic
indices
of
performance
in
speed
skaters.
Therefore,
the
use
of
indirect
indices,
i.e.
HRDP
and
CAD-
max,
to
identify
the
exercise
intensities
and
training
level
has
a
more
practical
application
for
coaches
and
may
provide
a
more
feasible
alternative
to
laboratory-based
tests
when
a
large
number
of
athletes
need
to
be
monitored
for
changes
in
performance
and
fitness
over
a
competitive
sea-
son.
Future
studies
are
necessary
to
better
understand
the
biomechanics
and
physiology
of
slide
board
skating
move-
ment
and
its
similarity
with
skating
movement.
Conflict
of
interest
Authors
declare
that
they
do
not
have
any
conflict
of
inter-
ests.
Acknowledgments
The
authors
wish
to
acknowledge
and
thank
the
volunteer
athletes
of
Santa
Catarina’s
Federation
of
Hockey
and
Skat-
ing
(FCHP)
for
their
cooperation.
This
work
was
supported
by
the
CAPES
Brazil
Agency.
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JJ,
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GJ.
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... Araştırmalara bakıldığında SB egzersizleri, yanal hareketleri içerdiğinden dolayı buz hokeycilerde (15)(16)(17) ve buz patencilerde (18,19) kassal dayanıklık ve alt bacak rehabilitasyonlarında özellikle ön çapraz bağ rekonstrüksiyon rehabilitasyonunda kullanılmaktadır (14,(20)(21)(22) ...
... Slide board, buz hokey sporcuların performansını ölçmek amaçlı da kullanılmaktadır. Piucco ve arkadaşları (2015) (15), buz hokey sporcularının slide board ve bisiklet testlerinin karşılaştırdıkları çalışmalarında; slide board testinde MaxVO 2 değerleri 47,5±7,7ml/kg/dk; bisiklet testinde ise 48,4± 8,8ml/kg/dk olarak bulmuşlardır. ...
Article
The purpose of this study was to review the effect of slide board training in beginner rowing athletes on aerobic capacity. Our study consists of 18 beginner rowing athletes in Galatasaray Club in the sub-elite category whose age mean were 14.94±,96years, height mean were 180.35±3.95cm, and weight mean were 70.24±6.94kg. The first group (Slide Board Group n=9) in working group was performing slide board while the second group (Control Group, n=9) was performing classical preparation training. The rowing ergometer was used for MaxVO2 measurement at the beginning and end of the preparation training. The standard deviation (SD) and arithmetic mean (AM) were utilized to analyze the data as the descriptive statistics. Wilcoxon test was used for compared the pre and post-test of two groups; Mann−Whitney U test specified the difference between two groups. As a result of the research, a significant difference was found in the I. Group (SBG) pre-test and post-test results (P
... 현재 이루어지고 있는 슬라이드 보드에 관한 선행연구를 살펴보 면, 생리학적 측면에서의 연구 (Piucco et al., 2015(Piucco et al., , 2016(Piucco et al., , 2017(Piucco et al., , 2018(Piucco et al., , 2021 (Dunne et al., 2024;Foster et al., 1993;Yoon, 2024 ...
... A slide board equipped with sensors and connected to custom made software was used for a maximal incremental test, as described elsewhere 13 Figure 2). The reliability of this protocol has been previously determined (ICC > 0.9 and typical error of measure expressed as a coefficient of variation < 3.5%) 15 . ...
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Full-text available
Purpose: the aim of this study was to investigate the criterion validity of a maximal incremental skating test performed on a slide board (SB). Methods: Twelve sub-elite speed skaters performed a maximal skating test on a treadmill and on a SB. Gas exchange threshold (GET), respiratory compensation point (RCP) and maximal variables were determined. Results: oxygen uptake (V̇O2) (31.0 ± 3.2 and 31.4 ± 4.1 mL∙min(-1)∙kg(-1)), percentage of maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) (66.3 ± 4 and 67.7 ± 7.1%), HR (153 ± 14 and 150 ± 12 bpm), and ventilation (59.8 ± 11.8 and 57.0 ± 10.7 L∙min(-1)) at GET, and V̇O2 (42.5 ± 4.4 and 42.9 ± 4.8 mL∙min(-1)∙kg(-1)), percentage of V̇O2max (91.1 ± 3.3 and 92.4 ± 2.1%), heart rate (HR) (178 ± 9 and 178 ± 6 bpm), and ventilation (96.5 ± 19.2 and 92.1 ± 12.7 L∙min(-1)) at RCP were not different between skating on a treadmill and on a SB. V̇O2max (46.7 ± 4.4 vs 46.4 ± 6.1 mL∙min(-1)∙kg(-1)) and maximal HR (195 ± 6 vs 196 ± 10 bpm) were not significantly different and correlated (r = 0.80 and r = 0.87, respectively; p < 0.05) between the treadmill and SB. V̇O2 at GET, RCP and V̇O2max obtained on a SB were correlated (r > 0.8) with athletes' best time on 1500 m. Conclusions: the incremental skating test on a SB was capable to distinguish maximal (V̇O2 and HR) and submaximal (V̇O2, % V̇O2max, HR and ventilation) parameters known to determine endurance performance. Therefore, the SB test can be considered as a specific and practical alternative to evaluate speed skaters.
... In kinematic analysis, it has been confirmed that speed skating the angle of the joint at the push-off stage is important for high power generation and superior performance 4 . Thus, an irrelevant posture can have an adverse effect on the muscle physiology resulting in localized muscle fatigue and may even affect the skating performance [5][6][7] . Previous studies have compared the klapskate and conventional skates where they studies reported the importance of foot rotation and a delay in onset of foot rotation was related to the increase in angular displacement and the peak angular velocity of knee and hip joint. ...
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Objectives: The purpose of this study was to analyze the differences in posture during push-off phase between an actual speed skating condition and on slide-board, and provide the basis for improvement of slide-boards. Methods/Statistical Analysis: Nine speed skaters participated in the experiment. To obtain kinematic data in these two conditions, two methods were taken under consideration for the recording motion. The push-off phase was defined as the time period from the left toe contact on the ice surface to the right toe off which was normalized to 100 data points. Univariate analysis of variance was used to test if the differences between two groups with changing time frame in the whole push-off phase are significant. Findings: The results show that the distance between the two feet on the slide board was much longer, while the angle of rotation of both feet was much smaller in the entire push-off phase. Also, there was no significant difference in hip angle between two situations. The knee angle was significantly higher at the early stage of push - off, and the ankle angle was higher at the end of the push - off phase during the slide board training than the actual skate situation. In conclusion, design constraints limits the space on the slideboard which effects the kinematic parameters and made the distance between the left and right foot more distant, as well as smaller rotations of the push off foot. Current slideboards prefer hip-bending exercises, but they do not help with stretching exercises on the knees and ankles. Application/Improvements: Therefore, the structural design of the slide board can be improved by allowing the skater to perform forward propulsion, but not propel the knee or ankle explosively in the medial-lateral direction at the end of the push-off phase.
... The participants were asked to maintain a constant skating posture, with free movement of their arms during the test. The reliability of this protocol was previously determined (ICC > 0.9 and typical error of measure <3.5%) (Piucco, dos Santos, de Lucas, & Dias, 2015). ...
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ABSTRACT This study investigated how the combination of workload and fatigue affected the frequency components of muscle activation and possible recruitment priority of motor units during skating to exhaustion. Ten male competitive speed skaters performed an incremental maximal test on a slide board. Activation of six muscles from the right leg was recorded throughout the test. A time-frequency analysis was performed to compute overall, high, and low frequency bands from the whole signal at 10, 40, 70, and 90% of total test time. Overall activation increased for all muscles throughout the test (p < 0.05 and ES > 0.80). There was an increase in low frequency (90 vs. 10%, p = 0.035, ES = 1.06) and a decrease in high frequency (90 vs. 10%, p = 0.009, ES = 1.38, and 90 vs. 40%, p = 0.025, ES = 1.12) components of gluteus maximus. Strong correlations were found between the maximal cadence and vastus lateralis, gluteus maximus and gluteus medius activation at the end of the test. In conclusion, the incremental skating test lead to an increase in activation of lower limb muscles, but only gluteus maximus was sensitive to changes in frequency components, probably caused by a pronounced fatigue.
... Similarly, the use of skate specific treadmills is most of time inaccessible and expensive to monitor training and performance during the competitive season. As an alternative to perform a more specific and feasible laboratory test, Piucco et al. (22) proposed a maximal incremental test on a slide board, using a short-stage protocol (i.e., 1-minute stage) as an easy and low cost sport-specific evaluation for speed skaters. The authors found a high reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] .0.9 and typical error of measure ,3.5%) of maximal and submaximal physiological variables obtained. ...
... Similarly, the use of skate specific treadmills is most of time inaccessible and expensive to monitor training and performance during the competitive season. As an alternative to perform a more specific and feasible laboratory test, Piucco et al. (22) proposed a maximal incremental test on a slide board, using a short-stage protocol (i.e., 1-minute stage) as an easy and low cost sport-specific evaluation for speed skaters. The authors found a high reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] .0.9 and typical error of measure ,3.5%) of maximal and submaximal physiological variables obtained. ...
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Full-text available
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of stage duration (Long-stage-LS: 3-min, Short-stage-SS: 1-min) on maximal and submaximal aerobic physiological variables during a simulated skating test performed on a slide board. Ten well-trained male speed skaters performed two maximal incremental tests on slide board until voluntary exhaustion. The second ventilatory threshold (VT2) was determined by the ventilatory equivalent method. All participants reached the criteria for maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) attainment in both protocols. Maximal cadence (CADmax), VO2 at VT2 and cadence at VT2 (CADVT2) were significantly higher during SS protocol, but maximal heart rate was significantly lower for the SS protocol. VO2max was significantly correlated with CADmax for the SS (r= 0.62) and LS protocol (r= 0.61). Strong correlation were found between CADmax and CADVT2 during the SS (r=0.83) and LS protocol (r=0.76). The results of the present study suggest that either SS or LS slide board incremental protocols can be used to evaluate skaters, since they elicited maximal physiological responses. Additionally, slide board incremental skating tests may be considered as a more specific and practical alternative than laboratory-based tests, especially when a large number of athletes need to be assessed.
Article
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the test-retest reliability of the 80s-slide-test in well-trained alpine ski racers. Methods: The sample consisted of 8 well-trained alpine ski racers (age = 17.8 [0.7] y old; height = 1.80 [0.09] m; body mass = 72.1 [9.5] kg) who performed a lab-based maximal graded test on cycle ergometer and three 80s-slide-tests in 4 separate sessions. The 80s-slide-test consisting of maximal push-offs performed for 80s on a 8-ft slide board. Oxygen uptake (V˙O2) and heart rate (HR) were recorded continuously. Blood lactate ([La]b) was determined immediately prerun, followed by 3 minutes postrun. Three minutes after the completion of the session, the subjects were asked to indicate their rate of perceived exertion using Borg scale ranging from 6 to 20. Total and every 10s mean push-offs number were assessed by camera. Typical errors of measurement, intraclass correlation coefficients, and smallest worthwhile change were calculated. Results: The 80s-slide-test showed strong reliability for total push-offs number, V˙O2peak, V˙O2mean, HRpeak, and HRmean. Δ[La]b, fatigue index, and the rate of perceived exertion were moderately reliable. Conclusion: The 80s-slide-test is a reliable test for well-trained alpine ski racers and can be used easily by trainers.
Thesis
Ce travail de thèse avait pour objectif (i) de quantifier les contraintes métaboliques en slalom (SL), en slalom géant (GS) pour des durées d’efforts courtes et longues, représentatives des temps extrêmes de compétitions contemporaines ; (ii) de comparer les demandes métaboliques entre le ski alpin in situ (SL et GS) et différentes motricités (bonds latéraux sur box, slide, course à pied, cyclisme, bonds latéraux sur trampoline). Quelle que soit la durée de GS en compétition, le métabolisme aérobie est prédominant dans la fourniture d’énergie. En revanche, les contributions respectives des métabolismes aérobie et glycolytique à la fourniture d’énergie ne sont pas significativement différentes en SL. Par ailleurs, la course à pied et le cyclisme sont les motricités investiguées les moins spécifiques de SL et GS. En revanche, la motricité des bonds latéraux sur box et celle des bonds latéraux sur trampoline représentent des similarités physiologiques intéressantes par rapport au SL et GS. A fortiori, la motricité du slide est la plus spécifique de SL et GS au regard de la spécificité de ses paramètres physiologiques (part d’implication des métabolismes aérobie et glycolytique, débits énergétiques total, glycolytique et aérobie, valeurs de [La]pic et de Δ[La]). Subséquemment, l’objectif de l’étude n°3 était de déterminer la reproductibilité d’un test physique de 80s utilisant la motricité du slide. Le 80s-slide-test est un test physique spécifique du ski alpin et reproductible. En effet, le nombre total d’appuis, V̇ O2pic, V̇ O2moy et FCmoy sont reproductibles. Ainsi, le 80s-slide-test constitue une alternative pertinente aux tests physiques non spécifiques du ski alpin menés en laboratoire. Enfin, l’objectif de l’étude de cas n°4 était de décrire la stratégie d’allure du skieur alpin au cours d’une manche longue de GS. Le skieur alpin adopterait une stratégie d’allure au cours d’une manche longue de GS en diminuant l’intensité de ski de manière anticipée dès la section 1 (premières 52s) puis durant la section 2 (dernière 29s) lors d’un GS long (81s).
Article
The purpose of the study is to propose an analytical method to identify key performance parameters that effects the skating posture for designing a detailed real-time posture analysis and feedback skating simulator. One female speed skater from the Korean National Team participated in the pilot study. Eight infrared motion capture cameras were used to obtain kinematic data regarding the participant’s performances on the slide board. Lead time between each phase, center of mass trajectory and angular variable i.e. trunk, hip, knee and ankle were calculated. The lateral movement of the athlete on the transverse plane was about 1.5m, with 0.07m on the superior/inferior plane and only 0.06m on the anterior/posterior plane. Mean STDEV of the COM trajectory was very low with ±0.01m and ±0.02m for anterior/posterior and superior/inferior respectively. Larger variation of mean STDEV was also observed among different angular variables at each event. Highest mean STDEV of knee angle ±9.70° and ±7.63° was observed for both right and left limbs respectively whereas, lower variation was observed in trunk angle.
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Conconi et al. proposed that the point where heart rate departed from linearity in an incremental exercise test was a good indicator of the anaerobic threshold. However, the heart rate deflection points (HRDPs) can not be determined in many subjects. The aim of this study was to determine the heart rate deflection point by the Dmax method and to compare it with the conventional linear method. The study was performed in the Exercise Physiology Laboratory in the Faculty of Medicine, Selçuk University. Thirty-two untrained males (aged 18-22) performed a maximal exercise test on a cycle ergometer. The deflection from linearity of HR could not be detected in nine subjects (28%) by the linear method. The HRDPs could be detected in all subjects by the Dmax method. It was observed that the HR values in the HRDPs determined by both methods were close to the maximal HR values (approximately 90% of maximum). There were high correlations and no differences (p more than 0.05) between the deflection points expressed as oxygen uptake, HR and work rate determined by two methods (correlation coefficients 0.93, 0.93, 0.97, respectively, p less than 0.001). The Dmax method is more useful than linear method. The HRDPs of all the people can easily and objectively be found by this method.
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Full-text available
Physiological variables, such as maximum work rate or maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max), together with other submaximal metabolic inflection points (e.g. the lactate threshold [LT], the onset of blood lactate accumulation and the pulmonary ventilation threshold [VT]), are regularly quantified by sports scientists during an incremental exercise test to exhaustion. These variables have been shown to correlate with endurance performance, have been used to prescribe exercise training loads and are useful to monitor adaptation to training. However, an incremental exercise test can be modified in terms of starting and subsequent work rates, increments and duration of each stage. At the same time, the analysis of the blood lactate/ventilatory response to incremental exercise may vary due to the medium of blood analysed and the treatment (or mathematical modelling) of data following the test to model the metabolic inflection points. Modification of the stage duration during an incremental exercise test may influence the submaximal and maximal physiological variables. In particular, the peak power output is reduced in incremental exercise tests that have stages of longer duration. Furthermore, the VT or LT may also occur at higher absolute exercise work rate in incremental tests comprising shorter stages. These effects may influence the relationship of the variables to endurance performance or potentially influence the sensitivity of these results to endurance training. A difference in maximum work rate with modification of incremental exercise test design may change the validity of using these results for predicting performance, and prescribing or monitoring training. Sports scientists and coaches should consider these factors when conducting incremental exercise testing for the purposes of performance diagnostics.
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Full-text available
Cycle tests for maximal oxygen uptake (O2max) have traditionally used incremental resistance protocols (RP) at a constant cadence. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether an incremental cadence protocol (CP) using a constant resistance relative to gross body mass was as reliable and valid in eliciting O2max as RP in trained cyclists. Ten male recreational cyclists aged 25.2 ± 6.8 years completed two CP and one RP trials in a randomized order over a 3-week period. The CP started at a workload of 2.75 W per kg body mass, with the cadence increased by 10 rpm each minute from 70 rpm. The RP started from 125 W with workload increased 25W each minute with a constant cadence of 90 rpm. The results showed no significant differences between the CP (mean of the two CP trials) and RP for peak O2 (3.9 ± 0.6 vs. 4.0 ± 0.8 L·min−1), peak ventilation (140.5 ± 22.8 vs. 143.0 ± 27.1 L·min−1) and post-exercise blood lactate (11.4 ± 2.1 vs. 11.9 ± 1.6 mmol·L−1), while peak heart rate (183.9 ± 10.5 vs. 187.5 ± 11.4 beats·min−1) and peak workload (319.9 ± 60.2 vs. 375.1 ± 67.3W) were significantly less for the CP than the RP. For the two CP trials, the intraclass correlation coefficient for test-retest reliability was 0.96, the technical error of measurement (TEM) was 0.17 L·min−1, and the relative TEM was 4.35%. The results indicate that the CP is equally effective in eliciting O2max as the RP and is a reliable method of measuring O2max in trained recreational cyclists.
Article
Laboratory studies with competitive athletes are an important component of many sports science programs and are often designed to augment coaching. For ergometric studies to have any substantial value in understanding the conditioning of the athlete, they must correlate with performance and track longitudinal changes in fitness. Many laboratory tests satisfy the first criterion but fail in the second. This paper details historical experience of laboratory studies with one group of athletes, speed skaters, with the intent of demonstrating the difficulty in achieving a test that satisfies both criteria. On the basis of this experience, it is to be hoped that others charged with the scientific support of athletes and their coaches may arrive at satisfactory tests more rapidly. (C) 1993 National Strength and Conditioning Association
Chapter
IntroductionModelling of Speed SkatingFactors that Influence PerformanceConclusions References