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The Influence of Dual-purpose Production on Triticale Grain Quality
Abstract
Triticale is a high yielding cereal grain which performs well as a dual-purpose crop (both mid-season biomass and end-season grain harvests), however, is usually inferior to wheat under the requirements of a high-value milling grain market. There is potential to increase the profitability of dual-purpose triticale by improving grain quality for food products. Currently the ash content of triticale grain is above acceptable limits and protein content is usually below the requirement for a milling market. This research compared the yield, test weight, ash and protein content of four winter triticale genotypes in replicated grain only and dual-purpose treatments over five year-site environments, based on a previously reported hypothesis that removal of triticale biomass reduces grain ash content. Cutting had a highly variable influence on yield and protein content between genotypes. Ash content was either unaffected or increased by cutting, again depending on the genotype. Ash content was negatively correlated with both stage of plant development when cut (explaining 82% of the variation) and amount of dry matter removed (explaining 65% of the variation). The results suggest that ash content in dual-purpose triticale grain may be reduced by combining suitable cultivars with later cutting; however, this may also decrease the grain protein content. It is unlikely that grazing or cutting is a suitable strategy to reduce ash content in triticale to the level required by wheat milling markets.
... Over the past decade, foreign scientists have focused mainly on the biology of Triticale cultivars, their biological safety and development, the origin of hexaploid triticale, industrial production of triticale, its competitiveness with wheat, genomics, and biotechnology [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. ...
... The reduced technological scheme included four break systems (br.), six reduction systems (red.), and one scratch system (scr.) [22]. The technological process of the advanced scheme included four break systems, two sizing systems (sz.), three sieving (SV), and six reduction systems (red.) ...
The present paper features Triticale grain processing. The research involved two Russian cultivars of Triticale grain, i.e. Ramzes and Saur. The authors investigated two schemes of processing these grain varieties into high-quality baker’s grade flour. The first scheme was reduced and included only the processes of breaking and reduction, whereas the second scheme was more advanced and included breaking, purifying, sizing, and reduction processes. The paper gives a thorough description of the processing schemes, their parameters, and milling modes. A detailed analysis proved the high efficiency of the advanced scheme which presupposed the use of sieve purifiers. Their expediency was determined by the specifics of break dunst products at the first, second, and third breaks. The Triticale flour varieties were produced by mixing various flows of the central, intermediate, and peripheral parts of the Triticale grain endosperm. The reduced scheme produced a 40% yield for the Ramzes variety (ash content = 0.70%, according to the State Standard 34142-2017), while the advanced technological scheme resulted in a 63% yield. As for the Saur variety, the advanced scheme produced a total yield of 78.0%, which was 0.6% higher than in the reduced scheme. The advanced scheme resulted in a 46% yield of the T-60 flour variety, which has the lowest ash content among all the varieties of Triticale flour, whereas the reduced scheme failed to produce the flour of this variety. The experiment also involved the first-ever study of the rheological properties of Triticale flour varieties with Mixolab (Chopin Technologies, France). The study revealed significant differences in baking absorption, doughing time, batch, gluten, viscosity, amylase, and retrogradation. The best baking properties were displayed by T-70 and T-80 Triticale flours that were obtained from the central part of the endosperm, both in reduced and advanced processing schemes. However, the advanced scheme proved to be the most effective way of processing Triticale grain into baker’s grade flour
... Obtaining low-calorie and nutrient-rich cereals from sprouted grains of wheat, rye, and barley is advisable and possible. The chemical properties of this cereal allow this product to be absorbed faster and more efficiently [8][9][10][11][12][13]. ...
... Studies of foreign scientists conducted in recent years are mainly related to the biology of triticale species and biosafety in its growth and development, the origin of hexaploid triticale, industrial production of triticale and its competitiveness with wheat, genomics and biotechnology of triticale grain and products of its processing. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. There are very few works devoted to the technology of processing triticale grain into varietal bakery flour. ...
... Over the past decade, foreign scientists have focused mainly on the biology of Triticale cultivars, their biological safety and development, the origin of hexaploid triticale, industrial production of triticale, its competitiveness with wheat, genomics, and biotechnology [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. ...
The present paper features Triticale grain processing. The research involved two Russian cultivars of Tri- ticale grain, i.e. Ramzes and Saur. We investigated two schemes of processing these grain varieties into high-qua- lity baker’s grade flour. The first scheme was reduced and included only the processes of breaking and reduction, whereas the second scheme was more advanced and included breaking, sieving, sizing, and reduction processes. The paper gives a thorough description of the processing schemes, their parameters, and milling modes. A detailed ana- lysis proved the high efficiency of the advanced scheme which presupposed the use of sieve purifiers. Their expe- diency was determined by the specifics of break dunst products at breaks I, II, and III. The Triticale flour varie- ties were produced by mixing various flows of the central, intermediate, and peripheral parts of the Triticale grain endosperm. The reduced scheme produced a 40% yield for the Ramzes variety (ash content = 0.70%, according to the State Standard 34142-2017*), while the advanced technological scheme resulted in a 63% yield. As for the Saur variety, the advanced scheme produced a total yield of 78%, which was 0.6% higher than in the reduced scheme. The advanced scheme resulted in a 46% yield of the T-60 flour variety, which had the lowest ash content among all the va- rieties of Triticale flour, whereas the reduced scheme failed to produce the flour of this variety. The experiment also involved the first-ever study of the rheological properties of Triticale flour varieties with Mixolab (Chopin Technolo- gies, France). The study revealed significant differences in baking absorption, doughing time, batch, gluten, viscosi- ty, amylase, and retrogradation. The best baking properties were displayed by T-70 and T-80 Triticale flours that were obtained from the central part of the endosperm, both in reduced and advanced processing schemes. However, the advanced scheme proved to be the most effective way of processing Triticale grain into baker’s grade flour.
... Na količinu ukupnih proteina, pored tipa (ozimi ili prolećni) utiču uslovi spoljne sredine i zemljišta, zatim primenjena agrotehnika (u prvom redu, ishrana biljaka), kao i genetičko i geografsko poreklo sorte. Prolećne sorte, u celini, imaju više proteina za 0,2-2,1% nego ozime (Dennett et al. (2013a). Najveća koncentracija proteina je u aleuronskom delu endosperma (oko 20% od ukupne količine) i njihov sadržaj opada idući od periferije prema unutrašnjosti pravog endosperma. ...
ABSTRACT
The monograph Tritikale, origin, significance, technology of production and preservation of products by Djorđe N. Glamočlija, Nenad A. Djurić and Nataša M. Glamočlija, deals with issues related to the origin of this interspecies hybrid, its economic importance, biological properties, relation to agroecological and soil conditions, basic principles of cultivation in conventional (classical) and organic production systems, as well as the production of seed crops, and ways of preserving the main and secondary products.
The analysis of plant needs related to climatic and soil factors and comparison with agroecological and soil conditions of the most important agricultural areas in the Republic of Serbia shows that they are very favorable for the cultivation of winter and spring forms of triticale as well as other real (bread or small grain) wheats. Favorable environmental conditions are a great opportunity for farmers to decide to cultivate this type of wheat. As a very successful interspecies hybrid, or a new species of wheat, triticale has inherited biological traits from its parent species, which enable the possibility for cultivation also on soils with less favorable physical and chemical properties. Depending on the goal of cultivation, the main, as well as the secondary products, can be utilized in several ways. The above ground biomass and grain are excellent livestock feed, suitable for all species of domestic and bred animals. The secondary product, the straw, also has a great value for use on the farm. The ripe grain is an increasingly valued and sought after product on the market because it can be used in the food industry or for the production of biofuel.
The monograph is written using scientific and professional terms, but its easy style, namely its understandable language, provides the possibility for it to be used equally by students and agricultural experts, as well as by people working in crop and livestock production. Topics covered in the monograph provide farmers the opportunity to achieve the highest possible overall yields, and tell them how to use the products on their own farms or to offer the best quality goods to the market.
O uso de alimentos alternativos, como os coprodutos e alguns aditivos
na alimentação de pequenos ruminantes vem ganhando destaque, principalmente
pelos avanços observados dentro da cadeia produtiva. Substituir alimentos mais
nobres e caros, por outros similares com custos acessíveis tem se tornado possível,
melhorando de maneira eficaz os resultados produtivos, promovendo maior
rentabilidade e sustentabilidade ao sistema e ao meio ambiente. A oferta desses
alimentos alternativos da agroindústria é ampla e diversificada; com disponibilidade
diferenciada conforme as regiões do país e a localização do cultivo do produto
primário. Além dos alimentos alternativos e coprodutos, existe a possibilidade de
lançar mão do uso de aditivos como ferramenta alimentar. Estes devem ser escolhidos
de acordo com a finalidade, resultado esperado e seu custo-benefício.
Vários fatores devem ser considerados durante a escolha dos alimentos
alternativos e aditivos que serão utilizados, como a qualidade, a época do ano com
maior e menor oferta, a proximidade da fonte produtora com o local onde será
consumido, o custo do produto e principalmente, se promoverá os resultados
almejados pelo produtor.
Разработка технологий получения новых продуктов питания на возобновляемой зерновой основе является одной из приоритетных задач продовольственной доктрины Российской Федерации. Разработана технология получения целой пшенично-тритикалевой крупы из пшенично-тритикалевой зерновой смеси в результате трёхэтапного абразивного шелушения. Приведены результаты исследований влияния исходной влажности пшенично-тритикалевой зерновой смеси в соотношении 50/50% на выход целой пшенично-тритикалевой крупы. Установлено, что наибольший выход целой пшенично-тритикалевой крупы в количестве 62,6% получается при минимальной начальной влажности пшенично-тритикалевой зерновой смеси равной 11,0%. При этом на первом этапе абразивного шелушения пшенично-тритикалевой зерновой смеси удалили 20,8% оболочек в течение 90 секунд, на втором этапе абразивного шелушения – 11,3% оболочек. Выявлено, что наименьший выход целой пшенично-тритикалевой крупы в количестве 59,2% получается при минимальной начальной влажности пшенично-тритикалевой зерновой смеси равной 14,3%. При этом на первом этапе абразивного шелушения пшенично-тритикалевой зерновой смеси удалили 22,5% оболочек в течение 90 секунд, на втором этапе абразивного шелушения удалили 12,4% оболочек.
The development of technologies for obtaining new food products on a renewable grain basis is one of the priority tasks of the food doctrine of the Russian Federation. A technology has been developed for producing whole wheat-triticale groats from wheat-triticale grain mixture as a result of three-stage abrasive peeling. The research results of influence of initial moisture content of wheat-triticale grain mixture in ratio 50/50% on yield of whole wheat-triticale groats are given. It was found that the highest yield of whole wheat-triticale groats in the amount of 62.6% is obtained at minimum initial moisture content of wheat-triticale cereal mixture equal to 11.0%. At the same time, at the first stage of abrasive peeling of wheat-triticale grain mixture 20.8% of shells were removed during 90 seconds, at the second stage of abrasive peeling – 11.3% of shells. It was revealed that the lowest yield of whole wheat-triticale groats in the amount of 59.2% is obtained with minimum initial moisture content of wheat-triticale cereal mixture equal to 14.3%. At the first stage of abrasive peeling of wheat-triticale grain mixture 22.5% of shells were removed during 90 seconds, at the second stage of abrasive peeling 12.4% of shells were removed.
У статті наведено результати аналітичного огляду щодо переваг зерна тритикале в хлібопекарській промисловості. Тритикале – перспективна зернова культура, оскільки має підвищену морозостійкість в порівнянні з озимою пшеницею, стійкість до грибних і вірусних захворювань, не вимоглива до родючості ґрунту. Тритикале може успішно вирощуватися в тих же районах, що й озима пшениця і жито. Основним показником, що визначає цінність білкових речовин у зерні тритикале є клейковина, вміст якої становить до 34% залежно від сорту, а індекс деформації клейковини становить від 60 до 120 о. п. Вміст білка в зерні тритикале становить від 10,0 до 25,0% залежно від сорту. Вміст вуглеводів у зерні тритикале становить близько 70,0%, зокрема – крохмалю – 49–67%, цукрів – 3,3–4,9, клітковини – 2,7–3,2%. Встановлено, що в зерні тритикале вміст золи становить 1,69–2,35%. Тритикале порівняно із зерном пшениці містить більший вміст вітамінів групи: В, РР, Е та провітамінного складу, зокрема вітаміну В1 – 0,56, В2 – 0,18 і РР – 4,2 мг/100 г. Зерно тритикале багате мінеральними речовинами, такимми як фосфор, калій, марганець, кальцій, натрій, кремній, сірка, хлор, окрім того в зерні присутні цинк, мідь, кобальт. Накопичуються мінеральні речовини переважно в алейроновому шарі й оболонках зерна. Зерно тритикале має збалансований амінокислотний склад, що характеризується значним вмістом глютамінової та аспарагінової кислот, проліну та лейцину. Продукти перероблення зерна тритикале добре засвоюються, що пояснюється високою перетравністю білка (до 90,3%). Тритикале представляє великий інтерес для хлібопекарської галузі. У загальній проблемі тритикале належить вирішити завдання поліпшення якості зерна та ефективного використання його для виробництва хлібобулочних виробів і інших видів продуктів харчування.
Использование в различных отраслях пищевой и перерабатывающей промышленности продуктов переработки нетрадиционной зерновой культуры - тритикале в настоящее время привлекает все большее внимание, как производителей зерна, так ученых в нашей стране и за рубежом. Обусловлено это обстоятельство увеличением посевных площадей, созданием озимых сортов зерна тритикале, включенных в реестр сортов, многочисленными исследованиями технологического, биохимического и биологического потенциала зерна тритикале. В связи с этим целью наших исследований стало определение потенциальных мукомольных свойств новых сортов зерна озимого тритикале как сырья для производства тритикалевой муки различного назначения. Объектом исследований потенциальных мукомольных свойств озимого зерна тритикале являются 5 новых сортов - Консул, Капрал, Ацтек, Корнет и Топаз. Определение потенциальных мукомольных свойств новых сортов тритикале проводили на лабораторных мельницах РСА-4 с нарезными и гладкими, микрошероховатыми вальцами. На всех драных системах и вымольной системе использовали рифленые вальцы с расположением рифлей острие по острию, а на размольных системам использовали вальцы с гладкой микрошероховатой поверхностью. Установлено наличие 3-х этапов формирования тритикалевой муки, что достаточно четко видно из графиков кумулятивных кривых. Первый участок – измельчение центральной части эндосперма и включает в себя 3-4 потока. Далее идет второй участок, на котором происходит измельчение эндосперма и периферийной части, включающий в себя 3-4 потока. На третьем, заключительном участке происходит вымол оболочек и включает в себя 3-4 потока. Общий выход тритикалевой муки из сорта Консул составил 73,8 % зольностью 0,80 %, из сорта Капрал составил 77,2 % зольностью 0,94 %, из сорта Ацтек составил 76,4 % зольностью 0,71 %, из сорта Корнет составил 75,6 % зольностью 0,82 %, из сорта Топаз составил 73,2 % зольностью 0,73 %. Наилучшими мукомольными свойствами из представленных образцов тритикале обладает сорт Ацтек выход тритикалевой муки высшего сорта Т-60 из которого составил 59,2% с зольностью 0,59 %.
Study results of the processing of initial samples of triticale grain into graded bread flour according to the designed reduced and developed technological schemes are presented. When processing Ramses grains, the output of the T-70 grade of triticale flour (with ash content of no more than 0.70%) from the central part of the endosperm was 40% according to the reduced technological scheme and 63% according to the developed technological scheme. The total output of flour according to the developed scheme in comparison with the reduced one increased by 3.4 and amounted to 75.5%. At the same time, the output of the low-ash T-60 grade flour according to GOST 34 142-2017 according to the developed scheme was 46%, while it was not possible to get a single percent of flour according to the reduced scheme. When processing Saur grade grain, the output of the T-70 grade triticale flour from the central part of the endosperm according to both the reduced scheme and the developed scheme amounted to 77.4%. When processed according to the developed scheme, the total output of flour increased by 0.6 and amounted to 78.0% in comparison with the reduced scheme. At the same time, according to the developed processing scheme, 42% of triticale flour was obtained with ash content of no more than 0.55%, while it was not possible to obtain a single percent of triticale flour with ash content of 0.55% according to the reduced scheme. It is established that processing of triticale grain according to the developed technological scheme with the use of sizing and sieve-purifying systems allows increasing the total output of flour by 0.6–3.4% in comparison with the reduced technological scheme.
The results of studies of the processing of initial samples of triticale grain in bakery flour according to the developed reduced and developed technological schemes are presented. When processing Ramses grains, the output of the T-70 grade of tritical flour (ash content no more than 0.70%) was 40% reduced by the technological scheme, and the yield of flour grade T-70 was 63% when processed according to the developed technological scheme. The total yield of flour according to the developed scheme, in comparison with the reduced one, increased by 3.4 and amounted to 75.5%. At the same time, the yield of the low-ash flour T-60 according to GOST 34142-2017 under the developed scheme was 46%, and according to the reduced scheme it was not possible to get a single percent of the tritical flour T-60.When processing grain grade "Saur" yield of tritical flour of grade T-70 and by the reduced scheme and by the developed scheme yield of flour amounted to 77.4%. When processed according to the developed scheme, the total yield of flour increased by 0.6 and amounted to 78.0% in comparison with the reduced scheme. At the same time, according to the developed processing scheme, 42% of tritical flour was obtained by ash content no more than 0.55%, and according to the reduced scheme it was not possible to obtain a single percent of tritical flour with an ash content of 0.55%.It is established that processing of triticale grain according to the developed technological scheme with the use of grinding and sieve systems allows to increase the total yield of flour by 0,6% -3,4% in comparison with the reduced technological scheme.
K e y w o r d s: triticale, kernel size, energy consumption of milling, particle size, flour.
A b s t r a c t This study assessed the effect of kernel size on the milling properties of triticale grain, particularly on the flour yield, energy consumption of the milling process and the granulometric composition of flour. The samples of two spring triticale varieties were segregated by kernel size into four kernel-size fractions. The grain fractions were milled in a Brabender Quadrumat Jr. roll mill. The kernel size had a significant effect on flour yield and on the milling efficiency coefficient. The milling yield increased with an increased triticale kernel size. The energy required to produce 1 kg of flour from triticale grain increased gradually, assuming the lowest value for the smallest kernels and the highest value for the kernel thickness fraction from 2.75 to 3.0 mm. The kernel size was found to have an effect on the protein and ash content in the flour. Flour milled from the smallest-kernel fraction had a significantly lower protein content and a higher ash content. Segregating grain into kernel-size fractions before milling caused significant changes in the minimum and average size of the flour particles.
Triticale is a man-made cereal crop that can be synthesized by hybridizing wheat and rye with the intent to combine the superior agronomic performance and end-use qualities of wheat with the stress tolerance (both biotic and abiotic) and adaptability of rye. Despite the significant improvements made in modern triticale cultivars with respect to agronomic performance and disease resistance, many challenges remain related to its end-use quality particularly for human consumption and wider adoption as a viable commercial corp. In the past decade, new breeding tools and enabling technologies (doubled haploid, marker assisted selection, genomics selection, transgenic, functional genomics, and targeted genome editing) have been developed and successfully exploited in other crops. Through the integration of these tools and technologies with conventional plant breeding approaches, triticale has the potential to be a successful future crop.
Climate change due to global warming will affect the prevailing conditions for wheat breeding and production. In order to prepare response strategies to future climate change, it is important to simulate the growth and yield of wheat under various stress conditions like high air temperature and humidity. To expose autumn-sown breeding material to higher temperatures we cut the above ground biomass in spring in order to artificially delay crop development. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of biomass removal in spring on expression of agronomic traits in a set of 21 winter wheat genotypes from Kazakhstan. Biomass removal at the pre-stem elongation stage delayed crop development and heading dates by almost 10 days and exposed plants at the same stages of growth and development to temperatures on average 2-3°C higher. This exposure to higher temperature resulted in height reduction of almost 30%, biomass reduction and reductions in all spike productivity parameters of 20-40%. The relationships between the spike productivity traits were also affected. The correlation of spike productivity traits with accumulated air temperature and average relative humidity after anthesis was also different under control and biomass removal treatments. All these changes allowed evaluation of the germplasm under two well contrasted environments. Although the majority of genotypes responded uniformly and negatively to biomass removal stress, there were a few that demonstrated good adaptation and superior performance under both treatments. Biomass removal in this experiment created additional stress that can be utilized in germplasm evaluation and selection. The advantage of the method is its simplicity and uniformity of all other conditions except weather. This method may also be well recommended as an easy way to delay crop development especially for extending the period of crossing or for extending the period of exposure to foliar diseases.
In Bangladesh, fodder and feed scarcity is a major limiting factor from January to May for ruminant livestock and throughout the year for poultry. During 1999-2002, triticale was assessed as a dual-purpose crop to meet needs for quality fodder and grain during the lean season. High quality grass fodder was obtained by cutting green triticale plants twice, at 35 and 50 days after seeding, while later the ratooning tillers produced grain. Fifty-four on farm demonstrations conducted throughout Bangladesh in 2001 -02 showed that 6-15 t/ha of fresh mass fodder can be produced from two cuts within 50 days. Triticale crops can then grow on to yield 1.1-2.4 t/ha of grain for poultry feed or human food. Tests in Bangladesh have shown triticale fodder quality to be similar to several forage legumes and well above grass forages, with 24.7% crude protein in the dry matter and metabolizable energy values of 10.6 MJ/kg dry matter. Triticale straw was twice as nutritious as rice or wheat straw and its grain contained more protein than other cereals. A program is underway to promote triticale as a high quality fodder and feed for small-scale dairy and poultry production in Bangladesh.
Cereal Chem. 75(1):156–161 To investigate relationships of wheat single kernel (SK) characteristics with end-use properties, we used 12 hard winter wheat cultivars har-vested at six regions in Kansas in 1993. Significant positive correlations occurred among wheat hardness parameters including near-infrared reflectance hardness score, SK hardness index (SK-HI), and SK peak force (SK-PF) obtained by the Single Kernel Characterization System (SKCS). The SKCS characteristics also were significantly correlated to conventional wheat quality parameters such as test weight, kernel den-sity, and kernel sizing. Flour yields were significantly correlated with SK-PF, SK-HI, and SK weight (SK-WT), suggesting the usefulness of SKCS in evaluating milling quality. The negative correlation of milling score with the standard deviation of SK-HI and SK-PF indicated that uniformity of SK hardness is desirable for good milling performance. However, bread loaf volumes had significant negative correlations with SK diameter and SK-WT, mainly due to the inverse relationship between wheat protein contents and kernel weights or sizes. Loaf volume regres-sion values, the changes in loaf volumes per one percentage point of flour protein, also had significant negative correlations with SK-HI, SK-PF, and SK-WT.
Hard winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain harvested from a dual-purpose (forage plus grain) crop is often perceived by users to have inferior end-use quality compared with that of a grain-only crop. In this paper, we determine if that perception has a scientific basis and if long-term genetic changes in grain quality are equally expressed under two management systems commonly practiced in the southern Great Plains. Uniform trials were established under grain-only and dual-purpose management systems, each featuring whole-plot treatments of a foliar fungicide and split-plot treatments of 12 hard red winter (HRW) wheat cultivars spanning nearly 80 yr of genetic improvement. The study was conducted for 4 yr at the Wheat Pasture Research Center near Marshall, OK. Dual-purpose experiments were grazed from November through late February or early March of each year. Variables measured were kernel hardness, grain protein, flour yield, mixing time and tolerance, large-kernel fraction, kernel weight, and kernel diameter. The effect of fungicide treatment was not significant. Cultivar x system interactions were generally absent, and the correlation between management systems varied from r = 0.74 to 0.99 (P < 0.01), indicating a high level of consistency in quality between systems. Kernel weight in the dual-purpose system did not reach the same level as in the grain-only system for some cultivars, though kernel diameter was not negatively affected. Grain protein and dough strength, measured by mixing time and tolerance, were unaffected by management system. Significant genetic progress was observed in both systems for only the physical quality attributes (kernel weight and diameter, and percent large kernels). With exception of kernel weight, we detected no detrimental effect of the dual-purpose management system on cultivar performance, or on cultivar differences associated with breeding, for several characteristics commonly used to estimate bread wheat quality.
Addition of triticale (xTriticosecale Wittmack) into more diversified cropping systems could provide valuable economic and environmental benefits to producers in the U.S. Corn and Soybean Belt. To maximize triticale value, research was conducted to identify planting dates that allowed maximum dry matter production and N capture. Winter triticale was planted at 10-d intervals from 15 September to 15 October at three Iowa locations: central, northeast, and southwest for two growing seasons: 2002-2003 and 2003-2004. Aboveground dry matter production, N concentration, and N removal were greater at southwest Iowa than central and northeast Iowa. Dry matter production decreased as planting was delayed from late September to late October. Nitrogen accumulation at any time during the spring and summer was greater for September- than October-planted triticale in 2002-2003. At the end of the 2002-2003 season, mid-September-planted triticale had accumulated 37% more N than mid-October-planted triticale. In 2003-2004, total N capture occurring by early May was less for late-October-planted triticale than the other three planting dates, but there were no differences in N capture among the four planting dates from late May until maturity. Dry matter production was greatest when at least 300 growing degree days (GDDs) (base 4 degrees C) accumulated between planting and 31 December. These results suggest that triticale should be planted in September to maximize spring forage yield and N accumulation although later planting dates would provide a higher quality forage if harvest was not delayed into late spring and summer.
The modern trends in human nutrition and the growing non-food applications of cereals open new opportunities for exploiting triticale grain. In this presentation I would like to give breeders signals as to which grain component(s) in triticale should be modified so as to meet the quality requirements for specific end-uses and what the prerequisites are required for achieving these modifications. The analysis of chemical characteristics focused mainly on the content of bioactive components in nine triticale varieties which were cultivated in Poland and these were compared to wheat and rye varieties.
Six hard red (2137, Jagalene, Jagger, OK101, Stanton, and Thunderbolt) and six hard white (Burchett, Lakin, NuFrontier, NuHills, NuHorizon, and Trego) winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties were evaluated for grain yield and quality in southwestern Kansas in 2004 and 2005. Cattle commonly graze wheat in this region from late November to mid March in a dual-purpose system. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with split-plot treatment arrangement. Main plots were grazed or ungrazed, and subplot treatments were wheat varieties. Yield was not affected by color. Yield was reduced 23% when grazed beyond wheat jointing. NuHorizon yielded less when grazed. Test weight was 4 kg m(-3) greater among red varieties in 2004 and 4 kg m(-3) greater among white varieties in 2005. Grazing did not affect test weight. Color and grazing did not affect protein concentration. White varieties sprouted more than red varieties, but Burchett sprouted less than Stanton. Grazing did not affect sprouting. Kernel diameter was 0.1 mm greater among red than white varieties. Grazing reduced kernel diameter 0.1 mm in 2004. Kernel hardness was 4% greater among white than red varieties. Grazing increased kernel hardness 3% in 2005. Seed weight was 5% greater among red than white varieties. Grazing reduced seed weight 4%. Both red and white wheat can be used in a dual-purpose system with no substantial affects on yield or quality. Producers should select varieties on the basis of their system and environment because certain varieties responded better to grazing and environmental conditions than others.
Cereal Chem. 73(6):779-784 The quality of flours obtained from 10 triticale cultivars and its use- with flours exhibiting low protein content, high prolamine percentage fulness in the manufacture of cookies were studied. Factors affecting with a high proportion of species with a molecular mass =34 kDa, low cookie quality were also analyzed. The results obtained show that triti- glutenin content with a low proportion of species with a molecular mass cale flours are suitable for cookie manufacture. Best quality is related
Four field experiments were conducted over 2 years and at 2 sites under irrigation and with high soil fertility in north-eastern Spain. Two 6-rowed barley varieties, 3 spring triticales, and 2 winter triticales were evaluated for grain yield and for forage and grain production in the same cropping season. Forage was cut at the first node detectable stage and grain was harvested at ripening in both cut and uncut plots. Forage and grain yields did not differ significantly between species. Forage yield was positively and strongly related to the time between sowing and cutting. Forage quality and grain protein content were similar in barley, spring triticale, and winter triticale. Forage crude protein averaged 25.3%, digestible crude protein 19.4%, and acid detergent fibre 21.9%. Grain protein content averaged 15.4%. The reduction in grain yield caused by clipping ranged from 7 to 70% in barley, 10 to 21% in spring triticale, and 8 to 24% in winter triticale. Grain yield after cutting decreased drastically when the thermal time between cutting and physiological maturity was lower than 1000 growing degree-days (GDD), being independent of this duration for values >1100 GDD. Reductions in grain yield after forage removal were caused mainly by reductions in grain weight. A strong relationship appeared between grain yield in the uncut treatment and grain yield after forage removal, suggesting that breeding for dual purpose could take advantage of the efforts made to increase grain yield potential.
In four experiments from 1975 to 1979, wheat or oat crops were grazed to a standard height of about 6 cm (and to 2 cm as well in 1975 and 1976) at various times during winter by sheep, and by cattle also in 1979. Nitrogen was applied to a portion of each plot at the end of grazing. The crops were then allowed to recover for grain production. Herbage and grain yields, grain yield components, grazing days and liveweight gain were recorded. In two years, grazing significantly depressed grain yield relative to that of the ungrazed control, by 25-79% depending on treatment. In all years more herbage and animal production were obtained from a July or August grazing than from a June grazing. The greatest number of sheep grazing days recorded was 3414/ha for hoggets grazing oats for August 1977. lsis wheat was generally inferior to oats for grazing and grain production. Nitrogen increased grain and hay yields in three years; this increase was not profitable for grain, but was profitable for hay in at least one year. The most profitable use of winter cereal crops depends strongly on the relative prices of meat, grain, and hay. Our data suggest relationships between animal, hay, and grain production, which may be useful for farmers wishing to decide probable best options for using grazing-grain crops.
Little has been published about the composition of mineral elements in triticale (x Triticosecale Wittm.) grains. Our study deals with the following questions: (i) How do increases in grain yield, resulting from growing triticale in more productive environments or growing more productive cultivars, affect the concentrations of minerals in the grains? (ii) Do genotypes exist whose grains are exceptionally high or low in minerals? (iii) To what extent are the concentrations of protein and minerals related? To answer these questions, 10 hexaploid winter triticale lines/cultivars were grown at three locations in western Switzerland for 2 yr. Whole grains were analyzed for protein (N x 5.7), P, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu. With the exception of Mn and Zn, the variation in mineral element concentrations among lines/cultivars was as great as or greater than the variation caused by environmental factors. Except for Mg, concentrations of mineral elements were significantly lower in the year in which the grain yield was higher. Except for Ca, high grain yields of cultivars were associated with low concentrations of minerals, indicating that one-sided selection for high grain yield tends to reduce the nutritional quality of triticale grain. Concentrations of protein and minerals were positively correlated, suggesting that breeding for elevated levels of protein is likely to increase the concentrations of minerals.
The milling and baking performances of wheat (Triticum aestivum L)/triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack) grain blends (W /TCL-GB), with 25 or 50% triticale in the blend, were determined and compared with those of the two wheat and the two tritcale composite samples included in the W /TCL-GB. The milling performance of the W /TCL-GB resembled the wheat more than the triticale samples; therefore, the wheat/triticale co-milling practice appears to be a good procedure to improve the milling performance of triticale. Bread loaf volume values for the W /TCL-GB flours were significantly higher (at 5% level) than those of the two triticales. When wheat of good breadmaking quality was used in the W /TCL-GB, up to 50% triticale could be substituted for wheat in the GB to produce flours with acceptable breadmaking quality.
Triticale (× Triticosecale sp. Wittmack ex A. Camus 1927) is an anthropogenic cereal designed to incorporate the functionality and high yield of wheat (Triticum spp. Linnaeus 1753) and durability of rye (Secale cereale Linnaeus 1753). The potential of triticale has remained largely unrealised, and in the 135 years since A. Stephen Wilson first crossed wheat and rye, triticale has mostly been used as animal feed. Growing demand for food resources has led to an increased interest in triticale development. Efforts to breed cultivars appropriate for baking have met with difficulty, although relatively new approaches to triticale end-use propose greater applicability for human consumption. Further, environmental awareness has generated interest in the use of triticale within biofuel production. We review environmental and genetic effects on triticale yield with a view towards increased demand on a hardy and useful cereal crop. We find triticale could satisfy many of the hopes originally placed upon it, and may be useful in foodstuffs and fuel, but only when growth environment is carefully considered.
Nutritional quality of cereal-based foods Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology
- C F Klopfenstein
Klopfenstein, C.F. 2000. Nutritional quality of cereal-based foods. In: Kulp, K., Ponte Jr., J.G. (eds), Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology. Marcel Dekker, New York, USA, pp. 705–723.
Bread making potential of selected Australian triticale varieties and elite breeding lines
- A L Dennett
- R M Trethowan
- J E Roake
Dennett, A.L., Trethowan, R.M., Roake, J.E. 2009. Bread making potential of selected Australian triticale variet-ies and elite breeding lines. In: Proc. 7th Int. Triticale Symp., International Triticale Association, Ciudad Obregon, Mexico.
Test Weight of Australian Wheat - 2010 and Beyond. Grain Trade Australia
- G Honey
Honey, G. 2010. Test Weight of Australian Wheat – 2010 and Beyond. Grain Trade Australia.. Available at: http://www.wagg.com.au/Test_Weight_of_Australian_Wheat_2010_and_Beyond.pdf. Verified 30 June 2012.
Quality evaluation of cereals and cereal products
- V F Rasper
- C E Walker
Rasper, V.F., Walker, C.E. 2000. Quality evaluation of cereals and cereal products. In: Kulp, K., Ponte Jr., J.G. (eds), Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology. Marcel Dekker, New York, USA, pp. 505–537.
Dietary fiber composition, viscosity and protein content of winter and spring cereals
- M Cyran
- L Bona
- D Boros
- G Hajós
Cyran, M., Bona, L., Boros, D., Hajós, G. 2002. Dietary fiber composition, viscosity and protein content of win-ter and spring cereals. In: Arseniuk, E. (ed.), Proc. 5th Int. Triticale Symp., International Triticale Association, Radzikow, Poland, pp. 438–444.
The South African Triticale breeding programme: Current status Cereal Research Communications DENNETT and TRETHOWAN: Grain Quality of Dual-purpose
- H S Roux
- G F Marais
- J E Snyman
- W C Botes
- W C Botes
- D Boros
- N Darvey
- J P Gustafson
- R Jessop
- G F Marais
- G Oettler
Roux, H.S., Marais, G.F., Snyman, J.E., Botes, W.C. 2006. The South African Triticale breeding programme: Current status. In: Botes, W.C., Boros, D., Darvey, N., Gustafson, J.P., Jessop, R., Marais, G.F., Oettler, G., Cereal Research Communications DENNETT and TRETHOWAN: Grain Quality of Dual-purpose Triticale Salmon, D. (eds), Proc. 6th Int. Triticale Symp., International Triticale Association, Stellenbosch, South Af-rica, pp. 80–84.
Winter Crop Variety Sowing Guide
- P W Matthews
- D W Mccaffery
Matthews, P.W., McCaffery, D.W. 2011. Winter Crop Variety Sowing Guide 2011. NSW DPI. Available at: http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/272945/winter-crop-variety-sowing-guide-2011.pdf. Verified 1 March 2012.