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Prevalence of Partner Abuse: Rates of Emotional Abuse and Control
Abstract
Partner abuse research over the past two decades has divided violent, threatening, or abusive phenomena into discrete areas of interest to researchers that, although distinct, are still broadly defined under the common category of “domestic abuse” or, more recently, intimate
partner violence (IPV). Thus, any concerted attempt to typify the various substrata of IPV research must recognize the distinct features of each area regarding their component parts (i.e., behavioral or psychological sequelae, incidence and prevalence, and social or interpersonal context)
while maintaining the overarching categorical commonality as variants of IPV. This article constitutes a contemporaneous and systematic review of the research on three aspects of controlling coercive violence (CCV): emotional abuse, sexual coercion, and stalking or obsessive behavior,
along with a separate examination of when these IPV substrata are combined with physical assaults on intimate partners. Each CCV substrata is operationally defined in research terms common to the social science research, and tabular and narrative data is provided on the incidence and prevalence
of each substrata and the combined category. Notable findings derived from this review are reported for each of the three aspects of CCV. For emotional abuse, prevalence rates might average around 80%, with 40% of women and 32% of men reporting expressive aggression (i.e., verbal abuse or
emotional violence in response to some agitating or aggravating circumstance) and 41% of women and 43% of men reporting some form of coercive control. For sexual coercion, national samples demonstrated the widest disparity by gender of victim, with 0.2% of men and 4.5% of women endorsing forced
sexual intercourse by a partner. By far, the largest selection of highly variable studies, stalking and obsessive behaviors showed a range from 4.1% to 8.0% of women and 0.5% to 2.0% of men in the United States have been stalked at some time in their life. Women were reported as having a significantly
higher prevalence (7%) of stalking victimization than men (2%). For all types of violence, except being followed in a way that frightened them, strangers were the most common perpetrators; as reported in approximately 80% of cases, women were most often victimized by men they knew, most frequently,
their current or former intimate partners. Among women who reported repeated unwanted contact, current (15.9%) and former (32.9%) intimate partners were the perpetrators in nearly half of the most recent incidents and the largest subdivision of reports came from college or university student
samples. A separate examination reports of these types of IPV combined with physical assaults on intimate partners reported the strongest link was between stalking and other forms of violence in intimate relationships: 81% of women who were stalked by a current or former husband or cohabiting
partner were also physically assaulted by that partner and 31% reported being sexually assaulted by that partner. Of the types of IPV reported on, most forms of violence that show the highest rates of reportage come from large national samples, with smaller samples showing increased variability.
This article concludes with a brief section delineating conclusions that can be drawn from the review and the potential implications for research, practice, and IPV scholarship.
... The most prevalent and common form of IPV perpetrated by women is emotional abuse (Williams et al., 2008;Follingstad and Edmundson, 2010;Carney and Barner, 2012). Men experience the same emotional abuse that women experience, and there is much evidence that men experience emotional abuse by women partners (Hines and Malley-Morrison, 2001). ...
... Similarly, women are more likely to perpetrate emotional than physical aggression toward male partners (Hines and Saudino, 2003). Emotional abuse has neither gained adequate nor as much attention as other types of abuse, including physical and sexual abuse (Carney and Barner, 2012;Joshua, 2019;David, 2020), due to the prevalent notion that IPV is committed against women, either physically or sexually, rather than emotionally; few male victims realize that emotional abuse is a form of IPV (Hogan, 2016). ...
... According to the National Domestic Violence Hotline Emotional Verbal Abuse (2021), a person may be in an emotionally abusive romantic or marital relationship if their partner attempts to exert control over them by committing the following acts: name-calling, insulting, or constantly criticizing them; acting jealous or possessive and not trusting them; isolating them from family, friends, or others; covertly monitoring their activities, including demanding to know where they go, who they contact, and how they spend their time; attempting to control what they wear, including clothes, makeup, or hairstyles; humiliating them in any way, especially in front of others; gaslighting them by (a) pretending not to understand or refusing to listen to them, (b) questioning their recollection of facts, events, or sources, (c) trivializing their needs or feelings, and (d) denying previous statements or promises; threatening their children and family members; damaging their belongings, including throwing objects, punching walls, kicking doors, and so forth; blaming them for their abusive behaviors; accusing them of cheating, or cheating themselves and blaming their partner's actions; cheating on them to intentionally hurt them and threatening to cheat again to suggest that they are "better" than them; and telling them that they are lucky to be with them or that they will never find someone better. Stark (2010) suggested that there are gendered asymmetries in practices of "coercive control, " which include three aspects: emotional abuse, sexual coercion, and stalking or obsessive behavior (Carney and Barner, 2012). Emotional abuse is considered the main aspect and includes patterns of manipulation, control, surveillance, isolation, and intimidation (Zavala and Guadalupe-Diaz, 2018). ...
Though emotional abuse is one of the worst and most common types of intimate partner violence, it has not been investigated in Arabic literature. Thus, this study explored the prevalence of emotional abuse among married Jordanian men. Furthermore, the moderating roles of marriage length, marriage motivation, age, and area in the path to emotional abuse were investigated. An online survey was conducted using a random sample of Jordanian married men in Amman. A total of 1,003 participants with an average age of 42.51 and a marital relationship duration ranging from 1 to 53 years were selected. The results revealed that isolation was the most prevalent emotional abuse domain, followed by degradation, property damage, and sexual coercion. However, all emotional abuse domains were more prevalent among rural rather than urban men, in both traditional and love marriages. Emotional abuse was higher among men who married for love. Younger men reported experiencing higher emotional abuse levels, which declined with age and increasing marriage length. Further research is required to explore the nature of emotional abuse forms and their underlying reasons among married men, as differences in sociodemographic characteristics could affect the identification and understanding of emotional abuse and contribute to developing an intellectual framework capable of finding solutions for abusive marital relations in the Jordanian context.
... Specifically, Borrajo et al. [40,88] indicated that self-reports of CDRA victimization and perpetration were related to self-reports of interpersonal forms of psychological and physical IPV. Cohesively, these findings support the notion that physical abuse without psychological abuse is rare (see [104] for a review of the literature) which further supports the need for the integration of both forms of abuse. ...
... Historically, much of the literature has focused on various forms of abuse as if they are truly distinct and occur in isolation from other forms of abuse. However, the research documents that this is not the case and that various forms of abuse often co-occur with other forms of abuse [5,11,104]. The co-occurrence literature across these various forms of IPV also hints on a possible progression from psychological to physical and/or sexual IPV. ...
... However, this longitudinal pathway along with the longitudinal association from psychological to sexual forms of IPV remains underdeveloped. Similar to physical IPV, sexual IPV is also at times perpetrated with the intention to control one's partner [104]. The use of control in an abusive relationship is a psychologically aggressive act. ...
Although detrimental for any age group, rates of experiencing sexual assault (SA) are found to be the highest among young adults; with nearly 25% of young adult women indicating to have experienced SA at least once in their romantic relationship. SA is also common among adolescents, as 33% of young women between the ages of 11–17 indicated to have been raped. The effects from SA include depression, trauma, and interpersonal distress, which are similar to the effects of other forms of intimate partner violence (IPV) (i.e., physical and psychological aggression), suggesting a covariation between these various forms of aggression. Additionally, a new form of dating violence has emerged; cyber-digital relationship abuse (CDRA). This behavior is commonly expressed via means of social media (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, & Snapchat) and through digital means (e.g., texting and email) whereby youth and young adults harass, threaten, control, and monitor their partners whereabouts. Recent studies have indicated that CDRA may serve as a precursor to physical violence in dating relationships. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an integrative exploration of sexual, physical, psychological, and CDRA by tracking the progression and concurrence across these various forms of IPV among youth and young adults. Implications for interventions will also be discussed.
... Psychological ID:p0105 abuse, including a number of behaviors used to exercise control and dominance over one's partner, are much more prevalent than physical assaults. From their review of 204 peer-reviewed studies, Carney and Barner (2012) determined that psychological abuse has occurred at some point in 80% of relationships, even if much of it involves relatively innocuous types such as yelling or swearing. The authors categorized their findings into two major types of psychological abuse-expressive (e.g., making derogatory comments, shaming) or coercive (e.g., monitoring, isolating, threatening). ...
... Rates ID:p0110 of sexual coercion, however defined, are clearly asymmetrical across sex, especially for rape. The national samples examined by Carney and Barner (2012) reported victimization rates for forced sexual intercourse by a partner of 0.2% for men and 4.5% for women. NISVS data (Black et al., 2011) indicate lifetime rape victimization rates (completed or attempted forced penetration, completed alcohol/drug-facilitated penetration) of 18.3% for women and 1.4% for men. ...
... However, rates were based on a definition of stalking that includes "fear and danger concerns," which, in light of the lower rates of reported fear by men, would skew the data in the female direction. As found in the PASK review by Carney and Barner (2012), which reported similar physical stalking rates, sex differences are much less when all forms of obsessive pursuit behaviors are considered. The ID:p0120 total number of IPA victims depends on what forms of abuse are included, and whether the rates were based on lifetime or for the previous 12-month. ...
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is regarded by key stakeholders involved in shaping arrest and intervention policies as a gendered problem. The prevailing assumptions guiding these policies, centered on patriarchal social structures and men's motivation to dominate their female partners, have collectively been called the gender paradigm . When states started to enact laws against domestic violence in the late 1970s, it was due to the efforts of battered women and their allies, including second wave feminists fighting for the political, social, and economic advancement of women. The focus was on life-threatening forms of abuse in which women represented, and continue to represent, the much larger share of victims. Since then, IPV has been found to be a more complex problem than originally framed, perpetrated by women as well as men, driven by an assortment of motives, and associated with distal and proximate risk factors that have little to do with gender. Nonetheless, the gender paradigm persists, with public policy lagging behind the empirical evidence. The author suggests some reasons why this is so, among them the much higher rates of violent crimes committed by men, media influence and cognitive biases, political factors, and perpetuation of the very sex-role stereotypes that feminists have sought to extinguish in every other social domain. He then critically reviews two theories used in support of the paradigm, sexual selection theory and social role theory, and explores how empirically driven policies would more effectively lower IPV rates in our communities, while advancing core feminist principles.
... They found a significant amount of severe victimization in women and men, with severe psychological victimization emerging as the most common type of IPV. Likewise, a meta-analysis developed by Carney and Barner (2012) pointed a prevalence rate of 80% of PA in mixed samples of college students. Recently, in the United States, according to the 2015 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, over one-third of women (36.4% or 43.5 million) and one-third of men (34.2% or 38.1 million) reported experienced PA by an intimate partner during their lifetime, with the majority of them being victims before the age of 25 (Smith et al., 2018). ...
... Recently, Magalhães and collaborators (2017) conducted a study with 5,500 Portuguese university students and young aged over 15 years old, verifying that 19% students reported psychological victimization; however, its prevalence was higher in women in comparison to men. Therefore, both men and women are victims of PA (Carney & Barner, 2012;Começanha et al., 2016;Magalhães et al., 2017;Sabina & Straus, 2008), although expressing its consequences in different ways: men exhibit more manifestations of externalization (e.g., hostility), whereas women exhibit an elevation of internalizing symptoms (e.g., depression; Carney & Barner, 2012). ...
... Recently, Magalhães and collaborators (2017) conducted a study with 5,500 Portuguese university students and young aged over 15 years old, verifying that 19% students reported psychological victimization; however, its prevalence was higher in women in comparison to men. Therefore, both men and women are victims of PA (Carney & Barner, 2012;Começanha et al., 2016;Magalhães et al., 2017;Sabina & Straus, 2008), although expressing its consequences in different ways: men exhibit more manifestations of externalization (e.g., hostility), whereas women exhibit an elevation of internalizing symptoms (e.g., depression; Carney & Barner, 2012). ...
Psychological abuse (PA) is being associated with the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, few studies have focused exclusively in this type of abuse. This study aimed to examine the relationship between PA and PTSD symptoms according to gender and understand the impact of severe PA in identity transformation, in a Portuguese university sample. Using a mixed-methods approach, 158 students answered an e-survey containing closed and open-ended questions. Results indicated a positive correlation between PA and PTSD symptoms. Women were significantly different from men concerning PA, contrarily to PTSD symptoms that did not present significant gender differences. The qualitative analysis revealed two different forms of adjustment, in both genders: positive—indicating personal growth—and negative changes—impacting relationships and emotional states. The more negative changes were described, the more PTSD symptoms were presented, regardless gender. Raising awareness can help young recognize themselves as victims and prevent the development of detrimental mental health status.
... The average prevalence of psychological IPVAW in large population surveys varies largely depending on how this type of violence is defined and measured, with some studies estimating its prevalence at around 10-20% while others found prevalence rates of around 80-90% [14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. The frequency and severity of psychological IPVAW can also differ widely from one country to another [2,14], implying that the way in which this type of violence is perceived and interpreted can vary across countries and cultures. ...
... The average prevalence of psychological IPVAW in large population surveys varies largely depending on how this type of violence is defined and measured, with some studies estimating its prevalence at around 10-20% while others found prevalence rates of around 80-90% [14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. The frequency and severity of psychological IPVAW can also differ widely from one country to another [2,14], implying that the way in which this type of violence is perceived and interpreted can vary across countries and cultures. ...
... Two aspects are usually considered in the assessment of this type of violence: emotional abuse and controlling behavior [11,12,[23][24][25]. Emotional abuse involves behaviors intended to generate emotional harm or threat of harm, such as belittling, humiliating, threatening or intimidating the victim, whereas controlling behavior entails monitoring partner's behaviors or isolating them by limiting actions, such as forbidding them to leave the house, restricting contact with other people, or continually insisting on knowing the victim's whereabouts [2,14,26,27]. ...
Background
Intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) is a worldwide public health problem. One of the most frequent forms of this type of violence in western societies is psychological IPVAW. According to the European Union (EU) Fundamental Rights Association (FRA) the prevalence of psychological IPVAW in the EU is 43%. However, the measurement invariance of the measure addressing psychological IPVAW in this survey has not yet been assessed.
Methods
The aim of this study is to ensure the cross-national comparability of this measure, by evaluating its measurement invariance across the 28 EU countries in a sample of 37,724 women, and to examine how the levels of this type of violence are distributed across the EU.
Results
Our results showed that the psychological IPVAW measure presented adequate psychometric properties (reliability and validity) in all countries. A latent structure of one factor was supported and scalar invariance was established in all countries. The average levels of psychological IPVAW were higher in countries like Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, and Sweden compared to the rest of the EU countries. In many of the other countries the levels of this type of violence overlapped.
Conclusion
Our findings underlined the importance of using appropriate statistical methods to make valid cross-national comparisons in large population surveys.
... The abuser's purpose for the use of these coercive control tactics is to maintain power over the victim while also maintaining a relationship. The abuser's denial of liberty and autonomy creates doubt in the victim's own judgment; thus, they feel unable to make independent decisions Carney & Barner, 2012;Farley, 2003;E. Stark, 2006;Tanha et al., 2010). ...
... Structural isolation includes physical isolation (i.e., the victim cannot find a means to talk to anyone) and social isolation (i.e., the victim has no social access, although they may have a potentially helpful network). These are the most widely held definitions of isolation and they focus on physical restriction of movement and the denial of social experiences as exemplified by the restriction of interaction with others in both IPV and sex-trafficking victims (Baldwin et al., 2014;Carney & Barner, 2012;Lehman et al., 2012). Prior research with IPV victims has examined restricted communication (Lehman et al., 2012), geographic isolation (Reina et al., 2014), immigration barriers (M. A. Dutton et al., 2000;Kim, 2010), language barriers (M. A. Dutton & Goodman, 2005), financial/economic control (Johnson, 2006;Pence & Paymar, 1993), and physical restraint (Lehman et al., 2012;C. ...
... In addition to isolation that is created through the barriers described above, isolation can also occur through coercive tactics occurring in every aspect of the victim's life, the effects of which present themselves even in the presence of supposed social supports. Although there is limited research on functional isolation, this is not an entirely new concept and this type of isolation has been noted across IPV (Carney & Barner, 2012;Johnson, 2006), sex trafficking (Kim, 2010), and non-abuse (i.e., depression; Raghavan & Mennerich, 2007) research. To further the discussion and fill this gap, we will use the term functional isolation to describe instances when the victim feels unable to seek help, despite appearing to have access to public spaces or the support of others. ...
The study of sexual exploitation of trafficked victims cannot be done without understanding their enforced isolation. To better understand the dynamics of isolation, this study examined how traffickers used different elements of isolation and how such tactics may have contributed to the traffickers’ success in maintaining control over the victim(s). We examined in-depth narratives from 14 women between the ages of 20 to 53, primarily immigrants, who were recruited from an agency serving victims of sex trafficking in a large metropolitan city. The tactics used by traffickers varied and included not only the commonly defined structural isolation in which victims are restricted physically and socially, but also included a shrinking of safe social space and an elimination of privacy and social support. The latter, which we label as functional isolation, refers to instances when survivors are surrounded by peers who are either unreliable or aligned with the trafficker and thus are unable to give true social support. Survivors reported a combination of isolation tactics (i.e., both structural isolation and functional isolation). The different interwoven types and patterns of isolation reported by former victims of trafficking help address a dearth in the coercive control and abuse literature, providing a richer understanding of isolation in trafficking survivors.
... Based on the overall review of extant research, the average prevalence rate of psychological abuse is astoundingly high around 80%, with 40% of women and 32% of men reporting psychological aggression, and 41% of women and 43% of men reporting coercive control [14]. It seems to be the most common form of abuse, with the percentage at least 2 to 4 times as large as other abuses. ...
... It seems to be the most common form of abuse, with the percentage at least 2 to 4 times as large as other abuses. Particularly, no significant gender differences were found among psychological IPV [14]. ...
... Rates of women reporting to have been stalked by a current/former partner or stranger in the United States range from 8% to 43%. 28 Women are generally more likely to be victims of such behaviors than men 28 and men are more likely to engage in intimidating behaviors such as the use of fear tactics. 29 Although rates of IPV are high among community samples of emerging adults, [30][31][32] being enrolled in college may increase one's risk of being a victim of IPV. ...
... Rates of women reporting to have been stalked by a current/former partner or stranger in the United States range from 8% to 43%. 28 Women are generally more likely to be victims of such behaviors than men 28 and men are more likely to engage in intimidating behaviors such as the use of fear tactics. 29 Although rates of IPV are high among community samples of emerging adults, [30][31][32] being enrolled in college may increase one's risk of being a victim of IPV. ...
Objective:
Although numerous reports document college students' risk-taking behaviors, few examine these behaviors in a developmental context. The purpose of this study was to examine female freshmen college students' pre-college experiences and parenting influences on first semester experiences with alcohol misuse, sexual risk-taking, and adverse outcomes, including violence.
Methods:
We surveyed 229 female freshman residential college students at the end of their first semester in college.
Results:
Participants who drank frequently in high school were more likely to binge drink in college and regret doing something while drinking. Mother-daughter closeness and parental discussions of sexual risks, personal safety and danger avoidance were associated with a reduced likelihood of regretting doing something while drinking, experiencing sexual violence, and having sex without a condom. Parental provision of alcohol was associated with alcohol misuse.
Conclusion:
These findings provide a life course perspective on the development of risk behaviors and adverse outcomes during emerging adulthood.
... Although psychological aggression, in some cases, may not be perceived as aggression by outside observers because it is covert and manipulative in nature, psychological aggression is an essential component of IPV that can significantly influence the impact of other forms of IPV (Breiding et al., 2015). Similarly, it has often been observed that psychological IPV is more common in relationships where physical IPV is also present (Carney & Barner, 2012) and that psychological IPV is a precursor to physical IPV (Saint-Eloi Cadely et al., 2020). However, even though virtually all physically aggressive couples report also engaging in psychological IPV (Carney & Barner, 2012), the opposite is not true: Most psychologically aggressive couples do not engage in slapping and hittingparticularly when psychological IPV is less frequent and severe (Salis, Salwen, & O'Leary, 2014). ...
... Similarly, it has often been observed that psychological IPV is more common in relationships where physical IPV is also present (Carney & Barner, 2012) and that psychological IPV is a precursor to physical IPV (Saint-Eloi Cadely et al., 2020). However, even though virtually all physically aggressive couples report also engaging in psychological IPV (Carney & Barner, 2012), the opposite is not true: Most psychologically aggressive couples do not engage in slapping and hittingparticularly when psychological IPV is less frequent and severe (Salis, Salwen, & O'Leary, 2014). ...
Objective:
Psychological aggression is common in intimate relationships, yet only a subset of psychologically aggressive couples also engage in physical violence. We examine two factors proposed to identify which psychologically aggressive couples display physical violence, emphasizing (a) couples' negative and ineffective communication during relationship-focused conversations and (b) the demands imposed upon couples by chronic social and economic disadvantage.
Method:
From 862 spouses (431 couples), we collected self-report data on psychological and physical aggression, observational data capturing the quality of their communication, and self-report data assessing established indicators of socioeconomic vulnerability. Tests of moderation were conducted with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM).
Results:
The association between psychological and physical aggression was stronger among couples who displayed lower-quality communication and among couples facing higher levels of socioeconomic disadvantage. The moderating effect of couple communication remained significant after controlling for socioeconomic disadvantage, and the moderating effect of socioeconomic disadvantage remained significant after controlling for communication. All effects remained after controlling for relationship satisfaction.
Conclusions:
Specific communication skills and broad indices of socioeconomic vulnerability make independent contributions to acts of physical aggression among psychologically aggressive couples. Conceptual frameworks are needed to integrate these two levels of analysis, and intervention models are needed that identify at-risk couples and that modify the conditions that heighten their likelihood of physical aggression.
... Psychological intimate partner violence (ψIPV)-including insults, threats, monitoring, and controlling behaviors-is a serious concern in adolescent populations (e.g., Taylor & Mumford, 2016). Rates of ψIPV have been found to be over 60% in nationally representative samples of 12 to 18-year-olds in the United States (Borrajo et al., 2015;Taylor & Mumford, 2016), and rates as high as 75% to 90% have also been reported for both in-person and electronic ψIPV (Borrajo et al., 2015;Carney & Barner, 2012). Presently, ψIPV is commonly assessed with self-report measures of the frequency of specific behaviors with a partner (e.g., SafeDates, Foshee et al., 1998;Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory [CADRI], Wolfe et al., 2001). ...
Commonly used scales of psychological intimate partner violence (ψIPV) for adolescents may not include sufficient items to measure adequately different forms of ψ aggressive behaviors. They may also characterize as harmful ψ aggressive behaviors occurring in non-conflictual or joking contexts. The current study examined a new scale, the Relationship Behavior Survey (RBS), which was designed to measure three different forms of ψIPV (denigrating, controlling, and intrusive behaviors) and the appraisals of the perpetrator's intent. Factor structure was examined, and incremental validity was tested by examining the relation of the RBS to general aggressive tendencies and physical IPV after accounting for the emotional abuse and threatening behavior subscales of the Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory (CADRI). Criterion validity and gender differences were also examined. Data were collected using an online survey from a national sample of 1,100 13 to 17-year-olds in the United States (51% identified as female, 80% as White) in a dating relationship. Confirmatory factor analysis supported one ψIPV construct for males and females. The RBS demonstrated incremental validity; criterion validity was supported for controlling intent for males and females and mistrust intent for females. Joking intent was the most reported intent for males and correlated unexpectedly with physical IPV. The RBS captures a larger range of ψIPV behaviors than the CADRI. The addition of intent appraisals provides important information to differentiate forms of ψIPV, particularly in relation to acts motivated by coercion and mistrust.
... experienced, with nearly 50% of both men and women reporting emotional IPV victimization in their lifetime (Black et al., 2011;Carney & Barner, 2012). Still, emotional IPV tends to receive the least amount of attention compared to physical or sexual IPV (Stern et al, 2019). ...
Approximately 50% of both men and women will experience emotional intimate partner violence (IPV) in their lifetime—a form of violence highly associated with other forms of IPV—making it important to develop further understanding of for assessment and treatment purposes. The bio-psycho-social model was used to guide the study. Utilizing data from 181 studies, yielding 348 effect sizes, we conducted a meta-analysis examining mental and physical health correlates with emotional IPV perpetration and victimization. We also examined if mental and physical health correlates were significantly stronger for emotional IPV perpetration or victimization, as well as if correlates were stronger for men or women. Suicidal ideation, post-traumatic stress, anxiety, depressive symptoms, borderline personality disorder (PD), psychological distress, physical pain, trauma, anger, shame, poor physical health, antisocial PD, and somatic symptoms were significantly associated with emotional IPV victimization. Borderline PD, narcissism, emotional dysregulation, anger, post-traumatic stress, antisocial PD, psychopathy, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and trauma were significantly associated with emotional IPV perpetration. Anger, emotional dysregulation, and psychopathology were stronger correlates for emotional IPV perpetration compared to victimization, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and psychological distress were stronger correlates for victimization. PTSD and suicidal ideation were stronger correlates of IPV victimization for women than men, and anger was a significantly stronger correlate of IPV perpetration for women than men. This study highlights the importance of a holistic approach when working with victims and perpetrators of IPV, focusing on the importance of taking all aspects of the bio-psycho-social model into account.
... Emotional abuse, an aspect of intimate partner violence, is a leading risk factor for mental health problems. Its prevalence is increasing not only among females but among males too (Carney & Barner, 2012). Studies reported that, even intimate partners experience emotional abuse and they have a tendency to report risk symptoms of depression, PTSD and mental health problems (Golding,1999& Chandra, Satyanarayana, et.al, 2009. ...
Context: Intimacy being a crucial part of marriage is often misunderstood that only couple with less intimacy experience emotional abuse. But whether highly intimate married couple also experience emotional abuse is not clearly understood. So the present study emphasized on exploring the emotional abuse among highly intimate married couples. Aim: To explore emotional abuse in intimate relationships among married people. Method: The data was collected from 10 participants using in-depth interviews, living in India, who are in an intimate (married) relationship. The data was analysed using qualitative thematic analysis. Results: After analysing the qualitative content of the interviews, the following five themes were emerged: Verbal abuse, emotional insecurities, degradation, lack of affiliation, and negative view on life. Conclusions: Even highly intimate married couples experience emotional abuse. The findings have important applications in developing healthy relationship among married couples.
... In line with previous studies (Herzog, 2007;Yamawaki et al., 2009;DeHart et al., 2010;Nguyen et al., 2013), therefore, we developed a task, in which respondents were asked to evaluate short hypothetical scenarios. Using the structure of the MPAB (Follingstad et al., 2015) as a model, we selected the five types of psychological abuse that IPV victims experience most frequently [i.e., monitoring, jealousy, verbal abuse, isolating, and creating a hostile environment (Follingstad et al., 1990(Follingstad et al., , 2015Harned, 2001;Carney and Barner, 2012)]. We then constructed 12 brief scenarios describing daily life episodes of a young woman and her partner (named "S. ...
Research on intimate partner violence (IPV) has recognized psychological abuse as a precursor of physical and sexual violence in intimate relationships. However, risk factors in predicting women’s psychological abuse victimization in such a context are still unclear. The goal of the present work was to investigate the role of ambivalent sexism on psychological IPV victimization, by taking into account in the same study the effect of three additional social-psychological factors: women’s i) attitudes supportive of IPV, ii) endorsement of legitimating myths of IPV, and iii) acceptance of psychological aggression in intimate relationships. A total of 408 Italian young women (Mage = 23.87; SD = 2.39) involved in non-marital heterosexual romantic relationships completed measures aimed at assessing i) hostile and benevolent sexism, ii) attitudes supportive of IPV, iii) legitimating myths of IPV, iv) prevalence of psychological abuse experienced within the last 12 months, and performed a task developed ad hoc to measure v) acceptance of psychological aggression in intimate relationships. Results showed that the effect of ambivalent sexism on participants’ prevalence of psychological abuse was mediated by the endorsement of attitudes supportive of IPV and legitimating myths of IPV, as well as by acceptance of psychological aggression. Findings are discussed based on literature about ambivalent sexism, and attitudes and beliefs about IPV.
... The mate guarding tactics found in these studies among jealous, insecure men and women are roughly the same as those identified in the general population, among dating partners, and in clinical samples, including IPV offenders courtmandated to treatment (Black et al., 2011;Carney & Barner, 2012;Graham-Kevan & Archer, 2009;Hamel et al., 2015;Jasinski et al., 2014). Some IPH studies find similar rates of male-and female-perpetrated IPH motived by sexual jealousy. ...
Although intimate partner violence (IPV), also known as domestic violence, is a set of heterogeneous phenomena, with various causes, dynamics, and consequences, some forms of IPV, known as battering or coercive-controlling violence, can have a profound physical and psychological impact on victims. At the extreme end of these phenomena is intimate partner homicide (IPH), a crime that has been poorly understood and politicized. Attorneys, judges, and juries are asked to adjudicate a crime committed among intimate partners, a context that challenges traditional forms of jurisprudence and invites confusion and politicization. This review examines the causal and motivational factors for IPH in light of the scholarly research literature. It provides a critique of the battered person syndrome, routinely invoked by defense attorneys, particularly in cases involving female suspects. The role of perpetrator sex and gender is also examined.
... However, research that focuses on male victims of IPV is increasing (Bates, 2019;Espinoza & Warner, 2016). Although prevalence rates strongly vary depending on the type and severity of IPV behaviour that is examined, numerous studies investigating male victimization of IPV report relatively high prevalence rates, with some studies reporting prevalence rates comparable to rates of female victimization (Carney & Barner, 2012;Dutton & White, 2013). In Belgium, a survey study among a representative sample of adults found that 43.7% of men had experienced physical violence and/or psychological violence (i.e., excessive controlling behaviours and emotional abuse) by their partner (Pieters et al., 2010). ...
The present study examined men’s experiences of intimate
partner violence (IPV) and associated mental health problems.
Specifically, we investigated men’s (poly)victimization, (poly)
perpetration, and victim-perpetrator overlap experiences of
physical, sexual, psychological, and cyber IPV, and associations
with anxiety and depression. Data were collected via survey
among a representative sample (n = 1587) in Ghent, Belgium.
For this study, the sample consisted of 557 men in a romantic
relationship. We found that polyvictimization (45.8%), polyperpetration
(31.1%), and victim-perpetrator overlap (26.2% to
60.5%) were rather common among men who experienced
partner violence. Polyvictims, polyperpetrators, as well as victim-
perpetrators of psychological and cyber IPV reported the
highest levels of anxiety and depression. Our findings emphasize
the importance of addressing men’s (accumulated) experiences
of online and offline bidirectional IPV in research and
practice, and to account for internalizing and externalizing
expressions of mental health problems among male victims,
perpetrators and victim-perpetrators of IPV.
... Interpersonal violence-defined as violence between family members, intimate partners, acquaintances, and strangers which is not intended to further the aims of a group or a cause (Waters et al., 2004)-is prevalent across the life span, with 43.9% of women and 23.4% of men experiencing sexual violence, and 22.3% of women and 14.0% of men experiencing physical violence during their lifetime (Breiding et al., 2015;Carney & Barner, 2012). Accordingly, the World Health Organization (2021) deems interpersonal violence a global public health concern. ...
The present study examined how individuals describe the nature of interpersonal violence perpetrated against them using the Twitter hashtags #NotOkay and #MeToo. Iterative qualitative coding of 437 tweets resulted in four major themes (i.e., the nature of violence and tactics utilized, the identity of the perpetrator, the location of the assault, and whether the perpetrator was held accountable). Subthemes nested beneath perpetrator identity included whether the perpetrator was known, as well as perpetrator gender identity. Subthemes nested beneath perpetrator tactic included the presence of multiple perpetrators, whether the assault was a crime of opportunity, engagement in physical aggression, utilization of psychological abuse, perpetration of sexual abuse, substance use at the time of the assault (victim and/or perpetrator), whether the abuse persisted, and whether the perpetrator used a weapon. Findings contradict stereotypes that frame interpersonal violence as a single occurrence committed by a stranger who planned an attack using a weapon.
... Moreover, it should be noted that double translation brings with it difficulties and risks in preserving the original meaning, although double-blind back-translation procedures reduce the possibility of errors, but do not void it. Finally, these assessment instruments are often developed and validated among female populations, despite there are no gender differences in the prevalence of psychological violence [33,[89][90][91][92][93]. However, it is important to note that no agreement with respect to this trend appears in the literature. ...
Psychological and emotional forms of violence often represent a danger alarm and an important risk factor for other forms of intimate partner violence (IPV). Measuring psychological violence raises several issues of conceptualization and definition, which lead to the development of several assessment instruments; among them, the Scale of Psychological Abuse in Intimate Partner Violence (EAPA-P) showed good psychometric proprieties in a Spanish population and is used to identify which strategies are acted out to engage in psychological violence. The aim of the present study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Italian version of EAPA-P among a group of Italian-speaking women (N = 343), thus evaluating its psychometric characteristics. Based on the English translation of the original Spanish version, an 11-item form of the EAPA-P was obtained, validity has been assessed through measures of emotion dysregulation, interpersonal guilt, conflict among partners and depression, anxiety, and stress symptomatology. Moreover, differences among groups were conducted to identify the capacity of the Italian version of EAPA-P to discriminate among women reporting experiencing psychological violence (N = 179), and who don’t (N = 150). Results showed an excellent internal validity, good correlations, and a good discriminatory ability of the scale. Strengths, limitations, and practical implications of the study have been discussed according to recent literature.
... In the UK, 1% of women have experienced physical violence or threats from their partner at least once in their lifetime [11]. Half of Americans have been abused by a close partner at least once in their lifetime [12,13]. The prevalence of abusive relationships in Iran indicates the highest violence rate among women aged 20-30 years with 48.5% and the lowest rate of violence in the age group of 45-50 years with 9.6%. ...
Introduction: Choosing an emotional partner is an important occasion that profoundly affects various aspects of life; however, many relationships fail, and people face a vicious cycle of unhealthy and harmful relationships.
Objective: This study aimed to explain the concept of re-experiencing harmful relationships.
Materials and Methods: This research is a qualitative study done with the Grounded Theory (GT) approach done using the purposive sampling method until data saturation. Data collection methods included semi-structured interviews, observations, and field notes. In this study, 8 victims of harmful relationships and 8 psychologists were interviewed. Each interview lasted 25 to 55 minutes and was digitally recorded. Data analysis was performed along with data collection by Strauss and Corbin’s constant comparative analysis. Using Lincoln and Guba criteria, the accuracy and strength of this research were confirmed.
Results: The open coding results indicated that 47 concepts could effectively frame the pattern of re-experiencing unhealthy relationships. In the axial coding stage, the concepts were classified into 8 general categories. Finally, in the selective coding stage, the phenomenon of “harmful relationships” was extracted as a significant category. The central coding paradigm consisted of 8 key features: perceived violence, psychological symptoms, unhealthy relationship strategies, dark personality traits, emotion regulation problems, retention factors, family harms, self-breaking behaviors. Each includes subclasses with specific characteristics.
Conclusion: The results showed that harmful relationships are complex, dynamic, continuous, and intervened with the contextual conditions, retention factors, causal conditions, and intervening conditions. So it is necessary to develop and present psychological programs and interventions based on these problems.
... cooperation between domestic violence scholars and treatment providers and advance evidence-based practice, and to gauge the role of ADVIP in this effort. year, approximately 7 million women and 7 million men are physically assaulted by an intimate partner, and the number of individuals who experience emotional abuse is much higher (Black et al., 2011;Carney & Barner, 2012). Interventions in intimate partner violence (IPV) are conducted in a variety of sectors and modalities, for voluntary clients and those who have been mandated by a criminal court. ...
A debate persists regarding the effectiveness of batterer intervention programs (BIPs), the predominant form of intervention for individuals who have perpetrated intimate partner violence (IPV). Social science research has identified some promising research trends—for example, the effectiveness of motivational interviewing and process factors that maintain an effective therapist–client alliance, what clients say facilitators can do to keep them engaged and motivated, and, for certain low-risk populations, the viability of couples counseling. Unfortunately, most frontline treatment providers lack access to much of this research, which appears primarily in peer-reviewed journals. A previous national survey of BIPs reported that, on the whole, BIP group facilitators have ample clinical experience, but are poorly informed about IPV risk factors and dynamics; and while they report substantial training, the nature of that training, and the extent to which the training accurately reflects current research, remains unknown. BIPs, and most treatment providers, including licensed mental health professionals, depend on organizations who too often lack reliable, up-to-date information about domestic violence. The Association of Domestic Violence Intervention Providers (ADVIP) was created by the first author to provide a platform where researchers and providers could cooperate by exchanging information and resources. This article reports on findings from a larger follow-up to the 2016 survey, that sought to elicit views on how to increase cooperation between domestic violence scholars and treatment providers and advance evidence-based practice, and to gauge the role of ADVIP in this effort.
... According to a study conducted in Turkey, attitude scores of males towards perpetrating both psychological and physical violence during dating are higher than of females (Sezer, 2008;Yumuşak, 2013). The differentiation of the social roles attributed to women and men also brings together with it risk factors, especially in regards to physical and psychological violence (Carney and Barner, 2012;Rosen and Bezold, 1996;Tarı Selçuk, Avcı and Mercan, 2018). Other factors, together with social gender, also become determinants of psychological and physical dating violence. ...
... In intimate relationships, men have consistently been found to physically stalk and sexually abuse partners at significantly higher rates than women. However, verbal abuse, threats, possessive behaviours, and attempts to degrade and control one's partner are perpetrated, overall, far more often than physical assault, stalking, or sexual abuse (Carney & Barner, 2012); and there is convincing evidence that these other power and control behaviours are perpetrated at comparable rates across gender (e.g. Follingstad & Rogers, 2014;Kasian & Painter, 1992). ...
... In such an event, the rates of intimate aggression between sexes will be higher for women. Relatedly, studies find that women are more likely to perpetrate psychological aggression than men (Carney & Barner, 2012), and this behavior was the most commonly reported act perpetrated against a partner in these data. In accordance with past studies, women will report higher levels of psychological aggression than men. ...
In 2005, Agnew presented a new theoretical framework for understanding crime and delinquency. To date, this theory has not been thoroughly tested among various populations and types of crime. To address this gap in the research, the present study analyzes data gathered from the Dating Violence Among Latino Adolescents Study, providing a partial test of Agnew’s integrated general theory to determine its applicability to dating violence perpetration among Latino youth. Results from 669 Latino respondents showed that the theory’s constructs are modestly associated with perpetrating dating violence among this study population. Concepts depicting self (anger) and peer (peer bullying) domains are associated with the dependent variable, while school (school performance) and family (family support) domains were found to be nonsignificant. Among control and demographic variables, age, sex, depression, anxiety, and past dating victimization were also significant, while enculturation was nonsignificant. Overall, results are indicative of partial support for the theory. Prevention and intervention strategies based on the study’s findings targeted at reducing dating violence perpetration, such as recognizing signs of anger and reducing peer bullying victimization, are discussed.
... It is important to note that although women may perpetrate violence equally or more so than men, the complexity of contributory factors may differ and women's use of violence should be viewed within the context of intersectionality factors, including gender, class, race, social and civil opportunities (White & Kowalski, 1994). It is acknowledged that although mixed, there is some evidence to suggest that females can more often be the victims when coercive control and physical violence are considered (Carney, & Barner, 2012) and may become perpetrators of IPV as a means of self-defense (Swan et al., 2008). The intergenerational association was only significant for females (OR = 2.28). ...
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a continuum of abuse that is associated with a number of negative outcomes including substance misuse, depression, and suicidal ideation. This study aims to investigate the intergenerational transmission of IPV perpetration and the mechanisms involved. Intergenerational transmission was investigated using information from two generations of the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development which is a prospective longitudinal study of 411 males from an inner London area in the UK who have been followed up over a period of 50 years. Information with regard to IPV perpetration, specifically physical violence, was garnered from self-reports by the male at age 32, from their female partner at age 48, and from their male and female children in early adulthood. Regression analyses were used to investigate intergenerational transmission and examine whether psychosocial risk factors could be identified as potential intergenerational pathways. Having a father who was a perpetrator of IPV significantly increased the odds of daughters being perpetrators by 2 times. It did not significantly increase the odds for sons. The intergenerational transmission of IPV perpetration remains between fathers and their daughters over and above a series of psychosocial factors such as accommodation problems and alcohol misuse. Identification of factors associated with the intergenerational transmission of IPV perpetration will inform practitioners and policymakers. Information garnered from studies such as this may contribute to the development of prevention and intervention strategies for those at risk.
... Common psychologically aggressive tactics include frightening, humiliating, ridiculing, controlling, or silent treatments, purposefully ignoring, degrading, threatening to abandon or harm, and damaging personal property (Follingstad et al., 1990;Sackett & Saunders, 1990). Studies report that psychological abuse is prevalent, especially compared with physical aggression (Carney & Barner, 2012;Lawrence et al., 2009;Mills et al., 2018;Taft et al., 2006) and other types of abuse (Panuzio & Dilillo, 2010). ...
Objective
To test the mediating effect of perpetrating psychological abuse between insecure attachment orientations and relationship satisfaction among couples.
Method
The mediating effect of psychological abuse between attachment orientation and relationship satisfaction was investigated among 128 couples (N = 256 participants) in enduring relationships using the actor–partner interdependence model.
Results
Actor effects indicated men and women higher in anxious attachment perpetrate more psychological abuse, which in turn is linked to their low personal relationship satisfaction. Partner effects revealed two significant paths: Women higher in anxious attachment perpetrated more psychological abuse, which in turn was negatively linked to their partners' relationship satisfaction. Second, the higher the women's attachment anxiety, the more their partners perpetrated psychological abuse, which in turn was negatively linked to partners' relationship satisfaction.
Conclusions
Research on attachment and psychological abuse within romantic relationships could benefit from including a dyadic perspective. Although seen as an invisible harm, psychological abuse is a distinct type of abuse. It has a unique role in fulfilling attachment needs, as well as potentially damaging consequences on the individual and the dyad.
... Hettrich and O'Leary (2007) found that around 32% of dating college women reported physically aggressing against their partners, with women reporting significantly more acts of physical dating aggression perpetration than their male counterparts. Additional findings indicate that women, including women in dating relationships, may perpetrate psychological aggression at equal or higher rates than their male partners (Carney & Barner, 2012;Hines & Saudino, 2003;Leisring, 2011). Notably, psychological aggression has been identified as an important longitudinal predictor of future physical aggression among college women in dating relationships (Testa et al., 2011). ...
The dependency-possessiveness model proposes that individuals who are highly dependent on their intimate partner and fear partner abandonment, particularly among those with emotion dysregulation problems, may be at heightened risk for intimate partner aggression (IPA) perpetration. Despite prior research establishing a link between relationship dependency and male IPA perpetration, it is unknown whether this association extends to female-perpetrated aggression, occurs in dating relationships, and is moderated by emotion dysregulation. Thus, the purpose of the current study was to investigate the association between relationship dependency and female-perpetrated dating aggression and determine if emotion dysregulation moderated this hypothesized relationship. Female undergraduate students ( N = 119) completed measures assessing relationship dependency, emotion dysregulation, and female-perpetrated physical and psychological dating aggression as part of a larger study investigating the context of dating aggression episodes. Anxious attachment was significantly correlated with female-perpetrated psychological and physical dating aggression. Regression analyses indicated a significant interaction between the Spouse-Specific Dependency Scale [SSDS] Anxious Attachment subscale and emotion dysregulation predicting female-perpetrated physical dating aggression, suggesting moderation. There was a positive association between anxious attachment relationship dependency and female-perpetrated physical dating aggression at high levels of emotion dysregulation. A significant interaction was also found between the SSDS Emotional Dependency subscale and emotion dysregulation predicting female-perpetrated physical dating aggression, such that among those with low scores in emotion dysregulation, there was a positive relationship between emotional dependency and female-perpetrated physical dating aggression. Findings suggest that the ability to regulate emotions may play an important role in the association between relationship dependency and female-perpetrated dating aggression.
... Indeed, more recent research, which positions DVA in the context of other family violence, has provided convincing evidence of female aggression (Archer, 2000;E. A. Bates et al., 2014;Hines & Douglas, 2009) and control (E. A. Bates & Graham-Kevan, 2016;Carney & Barner, 2012), and "intimate partner terrorism" (Hines & Douglas, 2010a, 2010b, and the prevalence of bidirectional DVA (Langhinrichsen-Rohling et al., 2012). Moreover, studies are beginning to highlighting the prevalence of DVA within samesex relationships, including against GBT (gay, bisexual, and transgender) men (Bacchus et al., 2017). ...
While previous studies have begun to provide evidence on the experiences of male victims of domestic violence and abuse (DVA), current understanding in this area is still limited, and subject to narrow methods of inquiry. Moreover, little is known regarding the challenges of providing support to men in abusive relationships, and how barriers to effective service engagement are experienced by both men and service practitioners. This is an important area for exploration, as the gender-specific experiences and needs of men have been historically overlooked within academic research and service provision. The present study therefore had two principal aims: first, to provide more detailed information regarding the nature and context of abuse toward, and help-seeking experiences of, male victims, and second, to explore the experiences of those supporting abused men. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with four call handlers at a U.K. domestic abuse charity supporting male victims. Transcribed interviews were subjected to thematic analysis, revealing a superordinate theme of stereotypes and expectations of men which affected all the other three overarching and eight subthemes, including those detailing the range and severity of abuse suffered, the role of family and friends, barriers to reporting for abused men, and challenges in supporting them. Implications for services working with male victims of DVA are discussed: centered around the need for recognition, increased awareness, increased resourcing, and the provision of gender-inclusive services catering for the gender-specific needs of men.
... Psychological aggression is the most common form of IPV reported by both men (34.2%) and women (36.4%), followed by physical violence (31%, 30.6%), sexual violence (8.2%, 18.3%), and stalking (2.2%, 10.4%, respectively; Smith et al., 2018). Additionally, certain types of IPV tend to co-occur (Bates et al., 2014;Carney & Barner, 2012;Fawson, 2015). For example, findings of a national, population-based study of 5,296 women found that a vast majority (93%) of women who experienced physical violence by an intimate partner also experienced psychological violence (Krebs et al., 2011). ...
This article reports the results of a scoping review of the literature on life-course patterns of violence that span the developmental periods of childhood, adolescence, and early and middle adulthood. We also assess the evidence on elder mistreatment and its relation to earlier forms of violence. Additionally, we draw on theories and empirical studies to help explain the transmission of violence over time and relational contexts and the factors that appear to mitigate risks and promote resilience in individuals exposed to violence. Results suggest that encounters with violence beginning in childhood elevate the risk for violence in subsequent developmental periods. The strongest connections are between child maltreatment (physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect) and violence in adolescence and between violence in adolescence and violence in early and middle adulthood. Persistence of violence into older adulthood leading to elder mistreatment is less well-documented, but probable, based on available research. We conclude that more attention should be paid to studying developmental patterns and intersecting forms of violence that extend into old age. To eradicate violence in all its forms, considerably more must be done to increase awareness of the repetition of violence; to connect research to actionable steps for prevention and intervention across the life course; and to better integrate systems that serve vulnerable children, youth, and adults. Primary prevention is essential to breaking the cycle of violence within families and to alleviating the risks to children caused by poverty and other external factors such as social disconnection within communities.
... In general, IPV can include forms of abuse such as physical (e.g., punching, slapping, pushing, choking), psychological (e.g., verbal assault, dominance, degradation, manipulation, coercion), sexual (e.g., coerced sex, sexual assault), and economic (e.g., financial control/deprivation). Of these types of abuse, psychological aggression is reportedly the most common type of abuse experienced by women (Black et al. 2011;Carney and Barner 2012). Despite much of the extant literature focusing on the negative impact of physical violence and sexual abuse on women, research has long suggested that the negative impacts of psychological abuse are as destructive (if not more so) than physical abuse (Follingstad 2009;Ludermir et al. 2010;Yoshihama et al. 2009). ...
This pilot study examines the impact of a community-based domestic violence intervention program in British Columbia, Canada that primarily targets voluntary male participants who have engaged in abusive behaviors toward their intimate partners. Analyses of abusive behaviors were conducted on the sample of 20 participants who completed the Abusive Behavior Inventory (ABI) at both pretest and posttest, as well as the subsample who completed the ABI at pretest, posttest, and 6-month follow-up (n = 10). Additional analyses focused on the 25 participants who completed pretest and posttest questions regarding knowledge and skills learned. Findings suggest that participation in the 15-week Transforming Relationships program contributed to a significant decrease in psychological abuse, and that results held 6 months following program completion. Further, program participants increased in their knowledge of skills and strategies to de-escalate and reduce partner aggression. Implications for domestic violence intervention programs and future research are discussed.
... However, the body of scholarship around men's experiences of IPV in heterosexual relationships is much less developed, particularly where this explores sexual violence as a form of domestic abuse. Existing research has demonstrated that men can experience significant verbal and physical aggression, and coercive and controlling behavior (also known as emotional or psychological abuse, see discussion by Bates, 2019c;Carney & Barner, 2012). It has also shown how such violence impacts men's physical and mental health (e.g., Hines & Douglas, 2010;Tsui, 2014), impacts their relationships with their children (e.g., Harman et al., 2018), and can also continue postseparation (e.g., Bates, 2019a). ...
The issue of men’s sexual victimization in the context of intimate partner violence (IPV) where the perpetrator is female has received minimal attention. This article brings together and analyses data from two empirical studies conducted in the United Kingdom—one exploring men’s experiences of being forced-to-penetrate women and another investigating men’s experiences of female-perpetrated IPV. Analysis of the data found that men experienced sexual violence alongside a range of other abusive behaviors, but that there was a clear relationship between the sexual violence and physical violence/ force, and coercive and controlling behaviors that they experienced. These novel insights improve our understanding about men’s sexual and domestic violence victimization, as well as challenge gender and sex-role stereotypes around men and masculinity and the (im)possibility of them experiencing sexual and domestic abuse from a female partner.
... 5). In fact, the overwhelming body of research data, from general population studies, find IPV rates to be very comparable across gender for physical as well as psychological (but not sexual) abuse (Black et al., 2011;Carney & Barner, 2012;Desmarais et al., 2012). In this way, Pence and Paymar (1993, p. 5) view IPV as thoroughly gendered, in which men are culturally "the master of the home" and must, at time, physically enforce this "right." ...
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to understand the importance
of research-supported practice for batterer intervention programs.
Methods: This study applied descriptive statistics and chi-square analyses to a novel dataset from the Domestic Violence Perpetrator
Treatment Survey (N = 411). This was a 69-item survey developed by
domestic violence providers and researchers to understand the role of
research-supported practice in the treatment of intimate partner violence (IPV).
Results: This study found statistically significant differences between
Duluth oriented programs and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
oriented programs with respect to the importance of researchsupported practices and motivational interviewing, a strategy found
effective in treatment of IPV by extant research.
Discussion: There appears to have been an evolution among practitioners toward more eclecticism, and an acknowledgment that programs should be research-supported.
Conclusion: Implications of this study for education and treatment are
discussed.
... Similarly, there has been a historic tendency within the IPV literature to focus on the physical aggression, at the cost of a lesser understanding of other more prevalent forms of abuse (Straight et al., 2003). While this has recently begun to change within the literature (see review by Carney & Barner, 2012), there is still a dearth of knowledge about the perceptions of this type of aggression. The present study therefore sought to assess how judgments of IPV in bidirectional scenarios differ as a function of proportion of abuse perpetrated by each partner, the initiator of the aggression, and type of abuse. ...
Gendered models of abuse describe intimate partner violence (IPV) as unilaterally perpetrated by dominant, aggressive men toward vulnerable women. This unidirectional conceptualization has contributed to a “domestic violence stereotype” which, alongside broader attitudes regarding gender, influences attitudes toward “non-typical” victim and perpetrator groups (e.g., male victims, female perpetrators, those within same-sex relationships), and has significant outcomes for help-seeking decision-making, as well as responses from service providers and the criminal justice system. While prevalence data and research suggest bidirectional violence is in fact the most common pattern, there is still little known about how the stereotypes and attitudes described above manifest in scenarios where both parties occupy “victim” and “perpetrator” labels. The present pilot study therefore asked 178 undergraduate students to allocate “victim” and “perpetrator” labels, and make judgments of severity, resolution, and justice outcomes, toward hypothetical opposite-sex IPV scenarios varying on the proportion of abuse perpetrated by each party, and type of violence. Results showed that participants were infrequently labelled men as “victims,” and women as “perpetrators,” across scenarios. They were also less likely to recommend that the man should call the police. These exploratory results suggest that powerful stereotypes about IPV and gender may serve to influence perceptions of bidirectional violence and point to a need to study this issue in more detail to elucidate the most appropriate way to begin to address these issues.
... Overall, these findings support the claim that the inclusion of anger management components in IPV intervention programs may incur beneficial impacts on the reduction of IPV, especially for psychologically abusive behaviors. Although physical abuse is often presumed to be the most serious form of IPV and the primary target of IPV intervention programs, research suggests that psychological abuse is the most common form of IPV experienced by women (Black et al. 2011;Carney and Barner 2012). Further, despite much of the extant literature focusing on the negative impact of physical violence and sexual abuse on women, research has long suggested that the negative impacts of psychological abuse are as deleterious (if not more so) than physical abuse (Follingstad 2009;Ludermir et al. 2010;Yoshihama, Horrocks, and Kamano 2009). ...
There exists ongoing debate regarding appropriate therapeutic approaches, practices, and techniques for interventions targeted toward male perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV). The current study describes and presents pilot evaluation data from two IPV intervention programs implemented in British Columbia, Canada which use different approaches to IPV intervention: Help Yourself to Healthy Relationships (HYHR; a feminist/trauma-informed program), and Managing Stress and Personal Relationships (MSPR; a cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT)-oriented anger/stress management program). This pilot comparative evaluation examines quantitative outcomes focused on self-reported changes in participant psychological and physical abuse toward their intimate partners, and a series of questions assessing feedback about the program content, lessons learned, and overall satisfaction. Findings from the evaluation suggest that MSPR was more effective at reducing rates of psychological violence than was HYHR. In addition, regardless of which program they participated in, participants discussed the importance of learning how to understand, manage, and regulate their emotions. Limitations of the current study and implications for the development and improvement of future IPV intervention programs are discussed.
... There is evidence of associations from the preschool to midteen years. Limitations include that studies have largely focused on physical IPV and PCA-with the exception of Grasso et al. (2016) who included a combined measure psychological and physical violence-despite evidence that psychological IPV frequently co-occurs with and predicts physical IPV (Carney & Barner, 2012) and physical PCA often co-occurs with psychological PCA (Gershoff, 2002). Furthermore, few have incorporated both mother-child and father-child aggression. ...
Background
Associations of exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) and parent-to-child aggression (PCA) with child adjustment have not been examined adequately for community samples.
Objective
To examine main, cumulative, and interactive associations of IPV and PCA (separately for physical and psychological aggression) with four aspects of child adjustment (i.e., externalizing and internalizing behavior; social and scholastic competence). Associations were examined between (a) G1 parent behavior and the adjustment of G2 boys (N = 203) at ages 13–14 years and (b) G2 parent behavior and the adjustment of G3 children (N = 294) at ages 4–5 and 11–12 years.
Participants and setting
Families in a prospective, multigenerational dataset.
Methods
Measures included reports by caregivers, children, and teachers. Cross-sectional regression models (controlling for parent socioeconomic status and G3 child gender) examined: (a) main effects of IPV or PCA, (b) the simultaneous (i.e., cumulative) effects of both IPV and PCA, and (c) interactive effects of IPV and PCA (sample size permitting) on each of the child adjustment outcomes.
Results
When considered simultaneously, PCA (but not IPV) was associated with each aspect of child adjustment. The interaction between PCA and IPV indicated lower G2 adolescent scholastic competence and greater G3 preschool externalizing behavior for children exposed to lower levels of IPV and higher levels of PCA.
Conclusion
Psychological and physical PCA were associated with child adjustment problems even when accounting for IPV. Findings support the use of evidence-based programs to prevent PCA and PCA-associated child adjustment problems.
... Keywords intimate partner psychological aggression, self-compassion, self-kindness, positive reframing, growth, meaning in life Psychological aggression is highly prevalent in adult intimate relationships and is the most common form of intimate partner violence (Carney & Barner, 2012;Frye & Karney, 2006;Henning & Klesges, 2003). The term psychological aggression refers to non-physical aggressive behaviors in intimate adult relationships (Follingstad, 2007) that aim to harm a partner's psychological well-being (Yoon & Lawrence, 2013). ...
Psychological aggression is experienced by a large proportion of people in intimate relationships, and the negative impact of this experience has the potential to weaken one's sense of meaning in life. This study aimed to understand a mechanism through which the experience of psychological aggression in a past intimate relationship relates to less meaning in life. By applying self-compassion and meaning-making theory, we proposed that the experience of psychological aggression decreases one's ability to be kind toward oneself in times of suffering (i.e., self-kindness), which decreases positive reframing of the experience, which sequentially decreases growth from the experience, which in turn decreases meaning in life. Participants were 253 people who experienced psychological aggression in a past intimate relationship. Participants completed measures of psychological aggression, self-kindness, positive reframing, growth, and meaning in life. Results found that psychological aggression experienced in a past intimate relationship related to less meaning in life and that the serial mediation model proposed was supported. As such, the results indicate that greater psychological aggression experienced relates to less self-kindness, which in turn relates to less positive reframing, which is sequentially associated with less growth, which is associated with less meaning in life. The findings indicate the need for counseling and psychotherapies to bolster self-kindness in people who have experienced psychological aggression in a past intimate relationship. This is because levels of self-kindness might be depleted after experiencing psychological aggression and because self-kindness appears to support adaptive meaning-making processes.
... Violence against women has long been recognized as a worldwide problem, with the lifetime prevalence of violence against women at 30% (Devries et al., 2013;World Health Organization, 2013). Adverse consequences of domestic violence for those victimized include long-standing psychological and physical health problems, loss of income and employment, social isolation, and preventable death as a result of homicide (Carney & Barner, 2012;Lawrence, Orengo-Aguayo, Langer, & Brock, 2012;MacDonnel, 2012). In more recent decades, domestic violence has received increased widespread advocacy and societal awareness (Day, Chung, O'Leary, & Carson, 2009;Russell, 2012). ...
Preventing and reducing domestic violence is a national and international social priority. Civil law protection orders (POs) have been the primary legal response to domestic violence internationally for a number of decades. However, evidence of their effectiveness is mixed due to variations in application within and across countries and variable quality of the research with most studies at high risk of bias. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effectiveness of POs in reducing violation rates of domestic violence, compare violation rates reported by victims and police reports, and identify factors that influence violation and reoffense. Two electronic databases were searched; two independent researchers screened abstracts. Data were collected and assessed methodologically, using the Kmet Checklist Appraisal Tool and National Health and Medical Research Council Hierarchy of Evidence. Twenty-five studies that evaluated the effectiveness of POs in reducing recidivism in domestic violence met the eligibility criteria. Meta-analyses of weighted means of violation in the studies were conducted. Violation rates were found to be higher for victim reports compared with police reports. Violation rates were reduced when POs used in combination with arrests. PO violation rates were lower among perpetrators without histories of arrest for committing violence, perpetrators not engaging in stalking, and where couples have had medium to high incomes. There is no consensus among the studies about what the most appropriate methodology is to measure PO effectiveness. Future research should establish a more unified approach to evaluating the effectiveness and violations of POs.
While incarcerated, women may continue to experience intimate partner violence (IPV), perpetrated by partners who reside in the outside community. Power and control dynamics of abusive relationships may intensify as the abuser exploits their partners' incarceration. The current study assessed IPV experiences of 832 incarcerated women (50% white, 76% mothers), testing a novel instrument. Results validated a two-factor structure: (a) general abuse (i.e., verbal, physical) and (b) deny or threaten to deny (i.e., leveraging the women's incarceration to intimidate or control). This study introduces a novel instrument to measure IPV while incarcerated and provides implications for research and practice.
Many countries are unable to offer men and their children a safe place to stay when exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV). Denmark is an exception by having implemented a coordinated effort in 2016 of meeting the needs of male victims of IPV and their children. This presents an opportunity for in-depth exploration of the experiences of male victims of IPV. In this study we present a review of men’s exposure to IPV in Denmark, the experiences of 58 men who stayed in six crisis centers for men, and present results from a follow-up pilot study working with these men. Men staying in the crisis centers reported having been exposed to psychological, physical, economical, material violence, and stalking perpetrated predominantly by a female partner or ex-partner. In the follow-up, several men reported still being exposed to different types of violence and threats. The men experienced a number of adverse outcomes associated with their experiences but described a positive impact by the combination of help offered at the shelters. This study points to the importance of safe accommodation for male victims of IPV and includes recommendations for practice.
Despite longstanding investigation into the experiences and needs of female victims of domestic violence and abuse (DVA), and a burgeoning literature on abused men, information on service engagement by both of these groups is limited, particularly in direct comparison. This is in part due to a lack of large-scale quantitative data on victim needs upon presentation to services. The current study presents the first of a two-part examination of data collected from specialist DVA services in the UK supporting predominantly high-risk clients between 2007 and 2017. Case data from a total of 34,815 clients (858 men and 33,957 women) was assessed across five key areas: demographic characteristics, routes of referral into service, context of abuse, reported abuse type, and outcomes and risk factors of abuse. Clients tended to be white, with men being older on average. Men and women had similar referral routes, but men were more likely to have a disability of some kind and women were more likely to have children living/visiting the home. Men were more likely to report physical abuse than women, whilst women were more likely to report sexual abuse and harassment/stalking. There were no significant differences in the frequency of reporting jealous/controlling behaviours. Results also showed that women were more likely to have attempted to leave, and to call the police, with men more likely to suffer from alcohol/drug problems and reporting poorer physical health. However, it should be noted that almost all such differences had small effect sizes, suggesting greater similarity between male and female clients than difference. Results are discussed in the context of the importance of recognising both the shared and unique risk factors of client groups upon presentation to services.
TR
Şiddet, kapsamı her geçen gün daha da genişleyen bir fenomen haline gelmektedir. Buna rağmen şiddet denildiğinde doğrudan fiziksel güç kullanımına dayalı fiziksel şiddet akıllarda belirse de şiddetin farklı görünümleri bulunur, psikolojik şiddet de bu şiddet biçimlerinden yalnızca biridir. Sıklıkla fark edilmeyen, fark edilse de temelinde sevginin bulunduğu düşünülen psikolojik şiddet, toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliğinin neden olduğu ve şekillendirdiği problemlerden biridir. Toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri doğrultusunda kadının mağdur, erkeğin fail olarak yeniden etiketlendiği ataerkil toplumsal yaşam düzeninde psikolojik şiddetin bir tür ilişki biçimi olduğuna dair fikirler de bulunmaktadır. Eril temellere dayanan zarar verici ilişki biçimlerinin yaygınlığı nedeniyle psikolojik şiddeti tanımlamak zorlaşmaktadır. Niteliği bakımından fiziksel iz bırakmaması nedeniyle gözlem yoluyla fark edilmesi güçleşen psikolojik şiddetin ağır sonuçları olabilir. Psikolojik şiddet, “basit” hakaret ve tehditlerle başlasa da fiziksel, ekonomik ve cinsel şiddeti de ortaya çıkarabilir. Dilde başlayan şiddet, kadın cinayetlerine kadar uzanan patolojik bir süreci içinde barındırır. Psikolojik şiddetle mücadele edebilmek için öncelikle bu şiddet türünü anlamak gerekir. O nedenle psikolojik şiddeti farklı araştırmalardan destek alarak örneklerle tanımlamak psikolojik şiddeti anlamak için geniş bir çerçeve çizecektir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı psikolojik şiddeti somutlaştırarak ne olduğunu anlamaktır. Şiddeti psikolojik hale getiren davranışları ve söylemleri detaylandırarak romantik ilişkilerde halihazırda mevcut olan şiddetin fark edilmesini kolaylaştırmak ve psikolojik şiddetle mücadelede yürütülebilecek sosyal hizmet uygulamalarına değinmek bu çalışmanın amacını detaylandırır. Şiddete maruz bırakılan kadınlarla çalışan meslek elemanları için birer uyarı niteliği taşıyan psikolojik şiddet unsurlarının farkında olmak, şiddetle daha erken mücadele edebilmek için önemlidir. Önleyici uygulamaların mümkün kılınması için psikolojik şiddet tanımına dahil edilebilen her eylem ve söylemin farkında olunmalı ve mevcut mevzuat şiddetle mücadele doğrultusunda daha etkin uygulanmalıdır.
ENG
Violence is becoming a phenomenon which scope is expanding day by day. However, when violence is mentioned, although physical violence based on the use of physical force appears in mind, there are different kinds of violence, and psychological violence is only one of these forms of violence. Psychological violence, which is often not noticed and thought to be based on love, is one of the problems caused and shaped by gender. There are also ideas that psychological violence is a form of relationship in the patriarchal social life order, where women are (re)stigmatization as victims and men as perpetrators in line with gender roles. It is difficult to define psychological violence due to the prevalence of harmful relationship styles based on masculine foundations. Psychological violence, which is difficult to detect through observation due to its nature, can have serious consequences. Although psychological violence starts with “simple” insults and threats, it can also reveal physical, economic and sexual violence. Violence that begins in the language includes a pathological process that extends to femicide. To combat psychological violence, it is necessary to understand this type of violence first. Therefore, defining psychological violence with examples with the support of different studies will draw a broad framework for understanding psychological violence. The main purpose of this study is to understand what it is by concretizing psychological violence. By detailing the behaviors and discourses that make violence psychological, it will make it easier to recognize the violence that is already present in romantic relationships and to touch on the social work practices that can be carried out in the fight against psychological violence, detailing the purpose of this study. It is important to be aware of the elements of psychological violence, which serve as a warning for professionals working with women who have been subjected to violence, to be able to combat violence earlier. To enable preventive practices, every action and discourse that can be included in the definition of psychological violence should be aware of and the current legislation should be implemented more effectively in line with the fight against violence.
Domestic violence remains rife in many African societies, South Africa included. Laws on redress of domestic violence are critical in responding to gender-based violence in the light of the fact that women remain the major victims of this scourge. Moreover, with the police being the first point of contact in criminal justice processes, their ability to interpret and apply relevant laws is critical to fostering access to justice for women. The Domestic Violence Act (DVA) is one of the key pieces of legislation addressing domestic violence in South Africa. It is almost 20 years since the promulgation of the DVA by the Parliament of Republic of South Africa. However, the South African Police Services’ (SAPS) compliance in this regard is still wanting. The lack of capacity by the SAPS is a barrier to access to justice for women. Reports from various institutions, both private and public sectors, indicate that capacity building in the form of training and workshops for the SAPS members can bring improvement, if done as per the Training Needs Analysis or Skills Audit. The National Instructions dictate that SAPS must be able to implement the DVA properly and accordingly, any failure by members to do so constitutes a misconduct and punishable offence (suspension or dismissal) in terms of Sect. 18(4)(a) of the DVA. Majority of police stations are still not complying 100% in the implementation of the DVA. This is largely attributable to lack of capacity in the SAPS. To address non-compliance, the Department of Community Safety usually conducts work session activities to equip SAPS members with the appropriate implementation of the DVA. Necessity for capacity building and the mechanisms adopted for capacitation are therefore underscored in this study. With South Africa’s dramatic increase in cases of domestic violence, poorly informed capacity building mechanisms not only amount to wasteful expenditure but undermine access to justice. This chapter proposes Dr. Bengt-Ake Lindval’s four knowledge taxonomy principles (Know-What; Know-how; Know-why; Know-who) as assessment tools to evaluate domestic violence training procedure as successful domestic violence training tool.
The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals envisage that by 2030, all forms of violence against women in both the private and public sector will have been eliminated. At the African Union level, both Agenda 2063 and the Agenda for Children 2040 envisage similar goals. These goals cannot be attained without understanding the forms of violence women experience as states need to know what it is that they are eliminating. Therefore, this chapter discusses the various expressions of violence against women in Africa. It conceptualises freedom from violence as a human right with corresponding obligations including the duty to protect and punish those responsible for violence. Punishment is administered through the criminal justice system; thus, the chapter positions criminal justice within the broader framework of a multi-sectoral approach to elimination of violence against women. The chapter concludes by raising questions about the future of access to justice for women in Africa.
Domestic violence causes a variety of adverse consequences for physical and mental health. While this kind of violence is also highly prevalent at other times, preliminary evidence suggests that it may be of particular relevance in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Provisional studies and reports point to possible changes in prevalence figures and the extent of injuries inflicted. In Germany, recent statistics indicate that while there is an actual decline in prevalence, this decline contrasts starkly with the severity of the injuries observed. The data currently available are still not very reliable. The apparent decline in the number of cases should therefore be regarded with extreme caution. It is safe to assume a high number of unreported cases and an attendant increase in the figures over time. Irrespectively of this, prevention of domestic violence and care for those affected must of course also be assured in a pandemic. Both adaptation to the exceptional circumstances and a stepping-up of information on the relevant help services are of crucial significance.
Using a mixed-methods design, the present study examined intimate partner surveillance among a diverse sample of intimate partner abuse (IPA) survivors ( n = 246), including women of Mexican ( n = 83), Korean ( n = 50), Vietnamese ( n = 49), and European descent ( n = 64). Most survivors (57%) described surveillance in either survey or interview; inductive thematic analysis revealed seven forms of surveillance. Finally, two-step cluster analysis identified two patterns of victimization most clearly differentiated by surveillance, but ethnic group differences in rates and patterns of abuse did not emerge. Implications for both clinicians and researchers are discussed.
Hate crimes are notoriously under-reported, and the present research explores possible etiological factors for this phenomenon in a national Canadian sample. Controlling for demographic and offence characteristics, the research shows that victims who had prior experiences with police discrimination were significantly less likely to report hate crimes to police compared to victims of non-hate-based crimes. Additionally, victims experienced hate crimes in a more intersectional way than is typically reflected in police reports, as victims tended to interpret the offence as targeting multiple overlapping identities rather than a solitary hate motivation. These findings reflect the unique nature of hate-motivated offences, whose victims may find it futile to report bias-motivated offences to a police force whom they believe is itself biased. These results suggest possible opportunities to improve reporting of offences and relations between police and marginalized communities.
The situation of women abused by a male partner, sometimes labeled as an IPV survivor is explored in this chapter. This abuse can take many forms including physical and sexual violence, as well as threats of violence and psychological or emotional abuse. A brief history of how the research on battered women has developed is followed by a summary of research findings about how these relationships develop and the typical patterns seen once the violence is well established. Motivations of battering men include aggressive personalities as well as responses to stress. The battered woman responds to the increasing levels of violence and abuse in many ways. She has physical injuries and illnesses as well as emotional trauma often associated with PTSD. She is often depressed, and may feel hopeless about her situation. She is likely to take action to protect herself or to try to prevent future violence. She may try to leave but often returns at least once before finally leaving for good. She seeks help from family and friends as well as more formal help givers, but may not be given the help she needs. She may turn to the police or other legal assistance as well. A number of case histories from our files are included to demonstrate some of the findings from the research.
This article investigates women's experiences of intimate partner violence (IPV) in relation to psychological, economic, physical and sexual violence. It does so based on qualitative findings from 63 semi-structured interviews with women victim/survivors of IPV from across Northern Ireland. The article presents key findings from these interviews and compares them with the quantitative findings from a recent pan-European Union (EU) study on violence against women (VAW). The findings reveal the myriad experiences of psychological, economic, physical and sexual violence endured by women in IPV relationships many of which have been overlooked in existing research and by the pan-EU study. The implications of these findings for research and policy are then discussed.
Psikolojik şiddet genellikle isim takma, aşağılama, küçümseme, bağırma, tehdit etme, kıskançlık, sosyal olarak yalıtma, duygusal ve/veya fiziksel olarak uzaklaşma gibi sözel ve duygusal istismar davranışlarını içeren bir şiddet türüdür. Bu araştırmanın amacı Kadına Psikolojik Kötü Muamele Envanteri (KMPKME; Tolman, 1989) ile Psikolojik İstismar Profili’nin (PİP; Sackett ve Saunders, 1999) Türkçe formunun psikometrik özelliklerinin sınanmasıdır. Bu doğrultuda iki çalışma yürütülmüştür. Birinci çalışmaya web üzerinden 293 kadın, ikinci çalışmaya ise sığınma evine başvuran 23 kadın katılmıştır. Türkçe’ye uyarlama çalışmasının bulgularına göre, KPKME’nin hükmetme, yalıtma ve duygusal/ sözel şiddet olmak üzere üç faktöre sahip olduğu, PİP’in kıskançlıkla kontrol etme, yok sayma, kişilik özellikleriyle alay etme ve davranışlarını eleştirme olmak üzere dört faktöre sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Çalışma 1’de yapı geçerliği kapsamında KPKME ve PİP’in toplam puan ve faktörlerinin kendi içlerindeki ve birbirleriyle olan ilişki incelenerek önemli kanıtlar elde edilmiştir. Son olarak, KPKME ve PİP’in ve faktörlerinin anksiyete, depresyon, olumsuz benlik, somatizasyon ve hostilite ile anlamlı ilişkilere sahip olduğu bulunmuştur. Sığınma evi örneklemiyle yapılan Çalışma 2, her iki ölçeğin ayırt edici geçerliğine ilişkin destekler sunmuştur. İç tutarlık güvenirlik katsayıları Çalışma 1 için .81 ile .96 arasında değişirken, Çalışma 2 için .83 ile .96 arasında değişmektedir. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışmada KPKME ve PİP Türkçe formlarının, kadına yönelik psikolojik şiddetin ölçümünde geçerli ve güvenilir ölçekler olduklarına yönelik güçlü destekler elde edilmiştir.
We developed and validated the Reasons for Disagreement in Romantic Relationships Scale (RDRRS). We conducted act nomination (Study 1), investigated the items’ component structure in a sample of newlywed couples (Study 2), and compared responses in the newlywed year to responses three years later (Study 3). First, we identified 82 reasons for disagreement. Second, 214 participants (107 couples) reported how frequently they disagreed about each issue in the past six months. The RDRRS contains 30 items organized into Inadequate Attention/Affection, Jealousy/Infidelity, Chores/Responsibilities, Sex, Control/Dominance, and Future Plans/Money. Finally, we re-assessed 138 participants three years later. The associations between disagreement and relationship satisfaction decreased over time. We recommend the RDRRS for assessing reasons for disagreement in romantic relationships.
Research demonstrates that child-to-parent violence (CPV), an under researched form of family violence, is associated with intimate partner violence (IPV). The aim of this article is to critically explore the influence of the Duluth model of IPV on the overarching conceptual frameworks used to explain CPV. Although gender socialization could indeed be a factor implicated in CPV, the prefixed assumptions of the Duluth model about gender as the ultimate etiological factor, have shaped and dominated the discourses of CPV resulting in devaluation of a range of other factors pertinent for understanding this type of violence. It has been established that violence, and more specifically family violence, is a highly complex phenomenon that has history and continuity; as such contextual, multi-modal explanations are favored (Asen & Fonagy, 2017). This article discusses the tenets of the theory and consequently, its influence on discourses around etiology and maintenance of this narrative. Future recommendations include ecological, lifespan approaches based upon tailored, evidence-based interventions.
This paper presents findings from the International Dating Violence study regarding the prevalence of physical assault, sexual coercion, and suicidal ideation among university students and explores the relationships between suicidal ideation and dating violence. Nearly 16,000 university students from 22 sites in 21 countries were recruited through convenience sampling. The results showed that although there were large differences between countries, the lowest rates of dating violence were still quite high. Male and female students were remarkably similar in the proportion of those who physically assaulted a partner or reported being a victim of sexual coercion. Correlation analysis revealed that perpetrators and victims of physical assault had an increased rate of suicidal ideation. Depression accounted for the relationship between dating violence and suicidal ideation. This study highlights a need for the development of universal screening and targeted services for violence, depression, and suicide prevention.
Much has been written about intimate violence and American Indians, but little empirical data are available. This study investigated the prevalence and characteristics of intimate violence among 104 members of a Southwestern American Indian tribe. A semistructured psychiatric interview and a measure of intimate violence were administered to 104 tribal community members from an overall study sample of 582. Both men and women reported high rates of lifetime (91%) and recent (31%) intimate violence; much of this behavior was interactive. However, female victims were more likely to require medical attention because of sustained injuries and to have their children involved with the violence than were male victims. For women in this study, forced sex was the only incident significantly associated with lifetime affective disorders and lifetime posttraumatic stress disorder. In this Southwestern American Indian community, intimate violence appears to be another variable in an environmental context that includes alcoholism, other psychiatric disorders, and traumatic events.