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Information technology as daily stressor: pinning down the causes of burnout
Abstract
The research presented in this article aims to identify information technology-related stressors in daily work life that might contribute to burnout. We provide a detailed analysis of techno- and work-stressors, techno- and work-exhaustion, as well as the consequences of and interrelations among these perceptions. Techno-stressors and techno-exhaustion are theorized as antecedents of work-stressors, work-exhaustion, and work-related outcomes, such as job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intention. The proposed model assesses whether using information technology (IT) or other work-stressors cause exhaustion and consequently negative outcomes in terms of low job satisfaction, low organizational commitment, and high turnover intention. The results of an empirical study with 306 employees show that IT usage causes exhaustion because techno-stressors contribute to techno-exhaustion, which in turn influences work-exhaustion significantly. Our results also reveal that work-exhaustion negatively impacts job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intention, whereas techno-exhaustion only indirectly causes these psychological and behavioral responses through work-exhaustion. Finally, post hoc analyses identify that employees who use IT as a supporting tool for their daily work process (such as HR workers) report higher levels of techno-exhaustion than employees for whom IT is the core of their work (IT professionals, such as software developers).
... It is clear that constant connectivity has expanded the boundaries of work across space and time -opening up the opportunity for flexible working, using technology to work outside of normal work hours, on the move, and at home. However, this blurring of boundaries has also been criticised as having a negative impact on work-life balance (WLB) (Maier et al., 2015;Oh and Park, 2016;Turel et al., 2011). ...
... email or social networks, are used for both work and personal communication, therefore the shift from home to work domain may not be as defined and clear cut. Maier et al. (2015) observed that although technology makes it possible to remain constantly connected, it can make it difficult for employees who wish to segment the boundaries between their personal and professional lives which they identified as a key stressor to techno-induced work-home conflict. Blurred boundaries caused by technology such as using mobile devices for work whilst at home has been described as a techno-invasion or intrusion (Gaudioso et al., 2017) in the literature and a general association with this spillover as a negative one (Ahuja et al., 2007;Boswell and Olson-Buchanan, 2007;Jarvis and Pratt, 2006), although Kühnel et al. (2017) try to argue against this line of thinking. ...
... This challenges what we already know about navigating social media and other digital spaces because the literature has led us to think that although the online world creates the ability to multitask it is usually associated with being at a cost of being cognitively effortful and a cause for WLC (Hamilton et al., 2011;Leroy, 2009). It has also been previously said that meeting the demands from several roles at once creates a conflict for users too (Olson-Buchanan and Boswell, 2006) which can lead to negative outcomes on WLB (Maier et al., 2015;Oh and Park, 2016;Turel et al., 2011). ...
Technology has been criticised for blurring boundaries and making them more permeable, which has been previously portrayed as having a negative impact on work-life balance (WLB) and a cause for burnout among employees. With burnout a growing concern for organisations and governments, this thesis uses a boundary theory lens to explore the effects of technology on WLB. To improve understanding in this area, social media practitioners (SMPs) were selected as the sample to study because it could be said they are extensive users of technology and social media. Studying this group as an “extreme case” produces learnings and practices that could be applied to the rest of the social media industry and the digital workforce. Informed by a constructivist grounded theory (CGT) approach, this thesis draws from in-depth interviews with thirty-one UK SMPs and observation of an additional five SMPs, in their place of work, to investigate the role technology plays in managing boundaries between work and non-work and maintaining perceived WLB. Presented in this document are four contributions.
Firstly, this thesis turns its attention to the boundaries in the digital landscape. I introduce the new term digital virtual boundary (DVB) and acknowledge how these differ from their analogue counterpart and what this means for how we manage our boundaries. This research also recognises how Clark’s (2000) “borderland” can assist role demand management and WLB when a user is within a digital virtual space. Secondly, this thesis presents a typology of new digital boundary preference groups that recognise the impact technology has on SMPs boundary preference and management. For each group, characteristics are defined so that one can identify and align themselves with the most suitable group to assist them in their boundary management style. Thirdly, technological strategies and tactics shared by my participants are listed in this thesis as a means of practices that can be adopted by others to aid them in their boundary management and technology use, to avoid burnout and maintain their ideal WLB. Lastly, the unique data collection method for this area of work, although growing in use for boundary theory, is the first time to my knowledge it has been applied to the WLB literature. Unlike its earlier counterpart grounded theory (GT), CGT places priority on the studied phenomenon over the methods of studying it and acknowledges the researcher's role in interpreting data and creating categories.
This research contributes to the WLB literature and boundary theory by providing a better understanding of how employees in digital facing roles manage their boundaries and avoid burnout whilst extensively using technology.
It must be noted that the data presented in this research was collected and analysed in 2019 prior to the outbreak of COVID-19. This had a significant impact not only on the way in which people work and interact with technology, but the national lockdowns have meant the majority of those employed were forced to work from home. This means now more than ever workers have undoubtedly thought about their WLB and how they manage their boundaries. This work could be of significant benefit to individuals learning to align appropriate strategies to their boundary preference.<br/
... On the other hand, employees are often forced by their managers to use new ICTs to perform better (Wang et al., 2008). Hence, employees and organisations encounter technostress, a psychological state of stress imposed by information technology (IT) use or IT use demands (Maier et al., 2015;Fuglseth and Sørebø, 2014). Technostress emerges as one of the major research topics, given its expected adverse consequences for employees, families, and firms (D'Arcy et al., 2014;Tarafdar et al., 2013). ...
... This psychological state accompanies physical and biological manifestations (Riedl, 2012), including increased arousal in employees who use computers for work (Arnetz and Wiholm, 1997). Technostress leads to growth in the strain level, namely work exhaustion (Maier et al., 2015), concentration problems, and sleep problems . Although most psychological research concerning technostress has focused on the effect's technostress on health, the recovery process from stressors is so essential, and it is increasingly grabbing a great deal of attention (van Dam et al., 2020;Steptoe et al., 2000). ...
... After data collection, 491 employees responded with completed instruments for a response rate of 41.9%. This response rate is approved in some studies (Maier et al., 2015;Chandra et al., 2019). We collected samples in the second half of the year 2019. ...
Technology has direct impacts on the survival of the organisation. Its main negative consequence is destructive stress called ‘technostress’. This paper aims to survey the effect of co-worker support on reducing the technostress and need for recovery along with investigating the impact of technostress on work motivation and need for recovery. This paper presents proper solutions to help organisation managers in controlling and reducing the destructive consequences of technostress. This study performs a questionnaire survey, and 491 Iranian engineers contributed to this study. We used SEM to test our hypotheses. Results indicate that technostress has a negative and significant effect on work motivation and positively and considerably affects need for recovery. Also, need for recovery adversely impacts work motivation. However, co-worker support remarkably decreases technostress and need for recovery, and it causes enhancement in employees’ work motivation. Implications for both organisations and employees are discussed.
... One of the functions of smartphones is to provide easy access to social networking sites, while excessive use of social networking sites brings dire psychological outcomes . Exhaustion caused by technological devices is prevalent in users of social networks (Lo, 2019) and information technology (Maier et al., 2015a). Hence, it seems reasonable to test the following hypothesis: ...
... Technostress results in loss of motivation and in job dissatisfaction (Mak et al., 2010;Weil & Rosen, 1997). Kumar et al. (2013) found a negative correlation between organizational commitment and job satisfaction vis-a-vis technostress, and a positive relationship between techno exhaustion and technostress (Maier et al., 2015a). Some researchers have found that that techno exhaustion has severe repercussions, including work exhaustion (Ayyagari et al., 2011;Maier et al., 2015a;Ragu-Nathan et al., 2008). ...
... Kumar et al. (2013) found a negative correlation between organizational commitment and job satisfaction vis-a-vis technostress, and a positive relationship between techno exhaustion and technostress (Maier et al., 2015a). Some researchers have found that that techno exhaustion has severe repercussions, including work exhaustion (Ayyagari et al., 2011;Maier et al., 2015a;Ragu-Nathan et al., 2008). Work exhaustion (or job burnout) negatively affects job satisfaction and organizational commitment (Lee & Ashforth, 1996;Leiter & Schaufeli, 1996;MacKenzie et al., 2001;Moore, 2000). ...
With the fantastic features of smartphones, smartphone addiction is a prevalent phenomenon. However, there is a lack of theory-based understanding of how smartphone addiction affects employees' personal and work lives. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of smartphone addiction in reinforcing techno exhaustion and life invasion and the final effects of these factors on job performance, and this study applied stress-strain- outcome (SSO) as the foundation of the model. 475 responses were obtained from office and service workers in Iran by a survey. Our findings show that smartphone addiction leads to enhancement in job performance, whereas it significantly strengthens life invasion and techno exhaustion, and thereby life invasion and techno exhaustion dramatically reduce job performance. Our findings indicate the two-sided role of direct and indirect effects of smartphone addiction. Implications for both organizations and employees are discussed.
... Therefore, Selzer et al. (2021) propose that digital technologies that mediate the interactions with customers can arouse FLE role ambiguity. The latter occurs when FLEs lack clarity about whether or to which extent they are supposed to deal with technology-related issues rather than with their core tasks (Maier et al., 2015). Technology-induced role ambiguity is considered as a job demand that can instigate technostress-which is defined as an individual's experience of stress when using technology (Ragu-Nathan et al., 2008). ...
... Based on the interviews, it is of high importance to clarify role expectations and responsibilities with regard to technology, particularly when FLEs are confronted with system breakdowns or customer complaints that emerge from the use of digital technology. When FLEs lack clarity about whether and to what extent they should deal with technology-related issues rather than with their core tasks, they perceive technology-induced role ambiguity (Maier et al., 2015). ...
... The latter is defined as the perceived pressure to work faster and longer due to the usage of technologies (Tarafdar et al., 2010). This is "because IT might cause additional unexpected problems or requests that go beyond the daily stable work routine so that the techno-induced workload increases employees' overall workload" (Maier et al., 2015). ...
Digitization in the service sector is rapidly changing business models and the way companies interact with customers. Rather traditional service sectors with a high degree of personal customer contact, including the restaurant industry, have remained reluctant towards technology for a long time. Meanwhile, industry reports show that restaurants of every size increasingly invest in digital solutions.
These solutions range from handheld ordering systems over online reservation platforms to rather advanced table top technologies and order cubes on restaurant tables.
However, to the authors’ knowledge no research has been conducted yet on how these new forms of digital technologies affect attitudes and behaviours of frontline-service employees (FLEs) and, equally important, merchant-customer relationships. Against this backdrop, this research uses a qualitative approach to discover the beliefs and opinions of technology providers, restaurant operators, FLEs and customers on digitization in the restaurant industry. In total, thirty-six in-depth interviews were conducted to achieve a 360-degree view on technology readiness and attitudinal patterns.
Eleven FLEs in restaurants were interviewed about technology-related job demands, job resources, drivers of motivation and their customer-facing behaviours based on Bakker and Demerouti’s job demands–resources (JD-R) model. Interviews with seven restaurant operators and three technology suppliers revealed an additional perspective on specific demands and resources. Additionally, the customers’ perspective was integrated by linking the use of technology interfaces to customer delight, recommend intentions and tipping behaviour by fifteen structured interviews. Oliver and DeSarbo’s expectancy-disconfirmation paradigm is applied to investigate customers’ perceptions of the service performance and to unravel optimal customer-to-employee/customer-to-technology ratios.
Following Straussian coding principles, qualitative data analysis software MAXQDA was utilised to analyse the transcribed interviews. Throughout the analysis, key categories and concepts were identified by open coding, followed by a process of axial and selective coding for all interviewee groups.
Results indicate that a vast majority of FLEs agrees with operators’ and suppliers’ certainty that technology makes them more productive in their work. Managerial commitment towards technology and employee engagement are key job resources that pave the way to increased employee motivation when digital solutions are deployed. Solely system downtime caused by internet breakdown or empty batteries was indicated to cause strain among employees.
From a customer’s perspective, the most prevalent finding is that satisfaction and delight with a service supported by technology are likely to turn into the opposite if customer expectations regarding the effectiveness are not fulfilled. Anger about slow service performance leads to a higher risk of negative word-of-mouth and lower loyalty intentions compared to slow service when less technology interfaces are in place.
In sum, this study contributes to organizational frontline research by providing a 360-degree view on outcomes of digitization in the service sector.
... ICT refers to the interaction with various devices (mobile phone, computer, etc.) and programs (e.g., applications) and can be associated with the development of technostress (stress that results from the use of technological devices) (Listopad and Brünner, 2020). Various identified studies demonstrated the relationship between the use of ICT and burnout (Popoola and Oluwole, 2013;Derks and Bakker, 2014;Maier et al., 2015). According to Popoola and Oluwole (2013) as well as Maier et al. (2015), the use of ICT can lead to technostress, which can contribute to techno-exhaustion, which in turn is significantly associated with work exhaustion and burnout. ...
... Various identified studies demonstrated the relationship between the use of ICT and burnout (Popoola and Oluwole, 2013;Derks and Bakker, 2014;Maier et al., 2015). According to Popoola and Oluwole (2013) as well as Maier et al. (2015), the use of ICT can lead to technostress, which can contribute to techno-exhaustion, which in turn is significantly associated with work exhaustion and burnout. Their findings highlight that smartphone use is moderately positively correlated with emotional exhaustion and can prevent professionals from building psychological detachment to work-related issues which is important for relaxation, and which can help professionals to recover from stress (Sonnentag and Fritz, 2007;Sonnentag et al., 2010;De Jonge et al., 2012;Sonnentag, 2018). ...
... Their findings highlight that smartphone use is moderately positively correlated with emotional exhaustion and can prevent professionals from building psychological detachment to work-related issues which is important for relaxation, and which can help professionals to recover from stress (Sonnentag and Fritz, 2007;Sonnentag et al., 2010;De Jonge et al., 2012;Sonnentag, 2018). Another study reports that digitalization and the related technostress can be associated with technology-related work-home conflicts, invasion of privacy, work overload, avoidance of role ambiguity, and job insecurity, thus promoting burnout and stress (Maier et al., 2015). ...
Background: Burnout is a widespread, multifactorial, and mainly psychological phenomenon. The pathogenesis of burnout is commonly described within the bio-psycho-social model of health and disease. Recent literature suggests that the phenomenon of burnout may be broader so that the three dimensions might not reflect the multifaceted and complex nature of the syndrome. Consequently, this review aims to identify the diversity of factors related to burnout, to define overarching categories based on these, and to clarify whether the bio-psycho-social model adequately describes the pathogenesis of burnout—holistically and sufficiently.
Method: Five online databases (PubMed, PubPsych, PsychARTICLES, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, and Google Scholar) were systematically searched using defined search terms to identify relevant studies. The publication date was set between January 1981 and November 2020. Based on the selected literature, we identified factors related to burnout. We aggregated these factors into a comprehensible list and assigned them to overarching categories. Then, we assigned the factors to the dimensions of an extended model of health and disease.
Results: We identified a total of 40 burnout-related factors and 10 overarching categories. Our results show that in addition to biological, psychological, and socio-environmental factors, various factors that can be assigned to a spiritual and work cultural dimension also play an important role in the onset of burnout.
Conclusion: An extended bio-psycho-socio-spirito-cultural model is necessary to describe the pathogenesis of burnout. Therefore, future studies should also focus on spiritual and work cultural factors when investigating burnout. Furthermore, these factors should not be neglected in future developments of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention options.
... The term ICT was used in a range of ways in the dark side literature. Sometimes in a general sense, such as IT used at work (Maier et al., 2015) or the general use of information technologies for work (Gaudioso et al., 2017). A small number of studies went into more detail. ...
... An association between technostress and burnout was clearly indicated in a number of the papers (e.g. Srivastava et al., 2015;Maier et al., 2015;Weinert et al., 2013). E-mail (e.g. ...
... Organisational commitment was measured in 7 (4.7%) of the studies, though continuance commitment (i.e. the extent to which employees feel they need to stay with the organisation) only in one . Organisational commitment represents the employee's sense of emotional attachment to the organisation as well as being willing to put themselves out or expend effort on its behalf (Maier et al., 2015;Stich et al., 2019). The influence of the dark side effects on this construct were found to be negative overall and mediated by: work stress (Stich et al., 2019), work exhaustion (Maier et al., 2015), job tension (Carlson et al., 2017), and work-family conflict (Ferguson et al., 2016). ...
An intensification of digital working driven by Covid-19 has brought into sharp focus both the beneficial nature of digital workplace technologies and their potential dark side. Research has burgeoned in this area in recent years, but an integrated view across fields, technologies, dark side effects and outcomes is lacking. There are potential insights to be gained from compiling and comparing results and theoretical approaches. Following integrative review procedures, 194 studies were analysed to understand unintended negative consequences of a range of workplace technologies across disciplines and methodologies. The results demonstrate that considerable insight has been uncovered regarding certain dark side effects, stress in particular, in relation to e-mail and smartphones. However, a broader view of how they might manifest in relation to employees' holistic digital experience of work beyond certain information and communication technologies (ICTs) is lacking, including a clear picture of objective demands of the technology with which these effects are associated. Much remains to be understood across the full range of dark side effects in relation to the digital workplace including the associations between them and how they relate to cognitive and affective outcomes. The importance of both theoretical rigour and diversity is highlighted.
... The causes of burnout include occupational demands (some jobs, such as police officer, firefighter, airline pilot, etc.), role conflict, role ambiguity, work overload, work underload, responsibility for others, lack of social support, and sexual harassment, emotional load, having a job lacks of prestige or value; overall work-family conflict, information technology (Ahuja, Chudoba, Kacmar, McKnight, & George, 2007;Blanchard et al., 2010;Greenberg, 1999;Maier, Laumer, & Eckhardt, 2015;Oser, Biebel, Pullen, & Harp, 2013;Schaufeli & Buunk, 2003). The causes of burnout were well described by Cordes and Dougherty (1993, p. 628) who categorized them as the job and role characteristics mentioned above; organizational characteristics, such as job context and contingency of rewards and punishments; and, finally, personal characteristics (gender, age, marital status etc.). ...
... Many studies investigated the link between employee burnout and organizational commitment (Cropanzano et al., 2003;Çetin, Basim, & Aydoğan, 2011;Derin & Demirel, 2012;Gemlik et al., 2010;Griffin et al., 2010;Hakanen, Schaufeli, & Ahola, 2008;Jung & Kim, 2012;Kalliath et al., 1998;King & Sethi, 1997;Leiter & Maslach, 1988;Maier et al., 2015;Salehi & Gholtash, 2011;Tan & Akhtar, 1998;Tekin et al., 2014;Wong & Laschinger, 2015). Leiter and Maslach (1988) investigated the link between the three dimensions of burnout and the commitment levels of nurses in a private hospital in the US. ...
... Teachers, particularly those teaching at basic stages, suffer from high levels of stress that worryingly impact their quality of life [26]. Numerous research studies have focused on the harms generated by technostress and how it affects productivity and health [13,27], job satisfaction, the intention to use technology [28], and organizational commitment [29]. However, there is a lack of empirical studies aimed at developing strategies for appropriately managing ICT-induced stress [30]. ...
... Some studies have found significant differences in technostress according to gender, with women showing a greater tendency to perceive technostress [17,44,45]. However, others report the opposite, with technostress scores being higher for men [28,46,47]. Finally, some studies have found no significant gender differences [48,49]. ...
In the last two years, the obligatory use of technologies due to the COVID-19 pandemic has increased the technostress suffered by education professionals. This study investigates the relationships between technostress and perceived organizational support and the influence of certain socio-demographic variables. An online survey was administered to 771 teachers working in different educational stages in various autonomous communities in Spain. Perceived organizational support was found to be significantly correlated with technostress. Women tend to experience more technostress in general and significant gender differences were also found in the dimension of anxiety. The analyzed data also suggest that perceived organizational support is higher in private schools. In urban centers, teachers' technostress increases in higher educational stages, such as secondary education and baccalaureate. Further work is needed to develop school policies that address the needs of teachers and provide support for those at risk of technostress. In addition, there is a need to design coping strategies and prioritize the most at-risk sectors to improve their overall health and well-being.
... Turnover research within the IS field has also explored the distal antecedents of turnover intention, such as job-related factors (e.g., Dinger et al., 2010;Maier et al., 2015;Rutner et al., 2008;Shih et al., 2011;Thatcher et al., 2006;Weinert et al., 2015), individual attributes (e.g., Ahuja et al., 2007;Eckhardt et al., 2016;Joseph et al., 2010a;Joseph et al., 2010b;Oosthuizen et al., 2016;Zaza et al., 2015), and organizational factors (Harden et al., 2018;Lo & Riemenschneider, 2011). ...
... We add control variables for both dependent variables (turnover intention and turnaway intention). IS focused turnover-related studies have traditionally used age, gender, marital status, education, organizational tenure, job type, and industry as control variables (e.g., Ahuja et al., 2007;Igbaria & Siegel, 1992;Maier et al., 2015). We utilize these variables and add affective commitment and job satisfaction as controls since these constructs have a well-established influence on turnover intention and comprise the "basic turnover model of IT" (e.g., Dinger et al., 2015;Eckhardt et al., 2016;Thatcher et al., 2006). ...
... Therefore, the psychological consequences of technostressors are greater perceived stress, greater anxiety and depressive symptoms, psychological distress, and 120 increased feelings of burnout. These results are in line with findings from other occupational groups that confirm the relationship between technostressors and burnout (Khedhaouria et Cucchi, 2019;Maier et al., 2015;Srivastava et al., 2015). ...
... Because of the correlation between technostress and mental health indicators, implementing policies that address risk and protective factors can support legal professionals who may be experiencing technostress. Furthermore, these measures are likely to help alleviate the psychological consequences associated with technostressors, including burnout (Ayyagari et al., 2011;Maier et al., 2015). ...
... Ainsi, les conséquences psychologiques associées aux technostresseurs sont : un stress perçu plus important, des symptômes anxieux et dépressifs plus importants, de la détresse psychologique et un sentiment d'épuisement professionnel accrus. Ces résultats tendent à confirmer les constats réalisés auprès d'autres groupes professionnels appuyant le lien entre les technostresseurs et l'épuisement professionnel (Khedhaouria & Cucchi, 2019;Maier et al., 2015;Srivastava et al., 2015). ...
... En raison de son lien avec les indicateurs de santé mentale, la mise en place de politiques agissant sur les facteurs de risque et les facteurs de protection pourrait soutenir les professionnels qui ressentent du technostress. Par le fait même, ces interventions sont susceptibles d'agir sur les conséquences psychologiques associées aux technostresseurs, notamment l'épuisement professionnel (Ayyagari et al., 2011;Maier et al., 2015). La pandémie de la COVID-19 a drastiquement modifié les habitudes des travailleurs du savoir, y compris les experts du domaine juridique. ...
... A particular type of stress experienced by teleworkers relates to their inability to cope with new ICT requirements in a healthy way, also known as technostress (Tarafdar et al. 2011). Previous studies have found that technostress can cause a variety of negative consequences to workers' personal and professional lives including decreased wellbeing (Fuglseth and Sørebø 2014), increased exhaustion (Maier et al. 2015a), lower job satisfaction, increased risk of job burnout, decreased job engagement (Srivastava et al. 2015), and work withdrawal (Park and Haun 2018). These consequences cost companies a large amount of money (Tu et al. 2005). ...
... The second techno-stressor is invasion of privacy, which is defined as "the perception that an individual's privacy has been compromised" (Ayyagari et al. 2011, p. 834). In general, ICT are perceived as intrusive, making people concerned about privacy and security alternatives (Maier et al. 2015a). Studies in the teleworking context have analyzed invasion of privacy differently, in relation to individuals' perception of infringement on personal time due to their constant ICT connectivity (Suh and Lee 2017). ...
This paper analyzes teleworkers’ technostress evolution over time, as well as its effects on these individuals’ work-related well-being over time. The proposed research model was tested using a survey-based longitudinal study with individuals that forcibly moved to teleworking in the context of a COVID-19 lockdown at two points in time (T0 and T1). Results indicate that two techno-stressors (work–home conflict and work overload) generated strain in teleworkers, which in turn decreased their satisfaction with telework and perceived job performance. In addition, teleworkers experienced two types of enduring technostress: synchronous effect (i.e., stressors generating strain at T1), and a cumulative reverse causation effect (i.e., strain at T0 has an effect on stressors at T1). These findings contribute to cognition, work, and technology literature by providing a more complete understanding of teleworkers’ technostress and its possible cumulative effects over time. Practical insights for managing technostress when moving to and remaining in teleworking are provided.
... Last but not least, safety risk (PR-SA) accounts for threats to an employee's health (Lu et al. 2005). Prior research refers to the potential of BYOD to increase the stress level of employees (often referred to as BTechnostress^) (Fischer and Riedl 2017;Maier et al. 2015;Niehaves et al. 2012Niehaves et al. , 2013Wakunuma and Stahl 2014;Yun et al. 2012). The aforementioned authors state multiple reasons why BYOD may induce stress including: not being able to switch off from work anymore, blurring boundaries between private and work life, increased pressure to respond quickly, pressure to make decision quicker, etc. ...
... The aforementioned authors state multiple reasons why BYOD may induce stress including: not being able to switch off from work anymore, blurring boundaries between private and work life, increased pressure to respond quickly, pressure to make decision quicker, etc. This may have negative implications for the employee's health, including strain, burnout or other mental disorders (Maier et al. 2015). Subsequently, we propose that: ...
... Techno strains have been shown to respond to recent research by techno-stressors (Tarafdar et al., 2010) which manifest at a behavioral, psychological, or physiological level. Users who feel techno-stressors may have behavioral reactions, such as low job performance (Tarafdar et al., 2010;Tarafdar, Pullins, et al., 2015), or psychological reactions, such as job burnout or burnout (Maier et al., 2015Srivastava et al., 2015). In addition, perceived techno-stressors can cause users to have less organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and satisfaction with IS use (Fuglseth & Sørebø, 2014;Jena, 2015;Tarafdar et al., 2010) and problems with concentration, sleep, identity, and social relations (Salo et al., 2018). ...
The public sector is currently aggressively digitizing by adopting various technologies. The application of technology can have both positive and negative results. The adverse effects of technology need to be studied as a form of mitigation dealing with failures in implementing technology in the workplace. This study aims to analyze the direct and indirect effects of stress caused by technology (technostress) on job performance, both task and contextual, with burnout as mediation. With a quantitative approach that uses primary data, this research data was collected through an online survey. Data collection was carried out purposively in the public sector, namely the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), and 181 eligible samples were obtained. Data analysis used the Structural Equation Modeling Partial Least Square (PLS-SEM) method. The results showed that the techno-stressor positively and significantly affected burnout. Likewise, burnout also has a negative and significant impact on task and contextual performance. The development of techno-stressor on task performance and contextual performance has the opposite direction to the hypothesis. Although the results of the effect on task performance are not significant, the focus of this different hypothesis is a confirmation that stress is not the only effect. Still, if technostress is appropriately managed, it can produce positive results. Furthermore, the influence of the techno-stressor has a negative and significant impact on task performance and contextual performance when it is mediated by burnout. This result shows that the mediating role of burnout greatly determines whether this technological stress will hurt task performance and contextual performance.
... Prior research in various businesses has indicated that technostress can have certain detrimental implications because of the continually evolving ICT and its numerous functions and uses. For example, causing negative feelings in users such as anxiety, mental fatigue, skepticism, and inefficacy (Salanova et al., 2013), reducing users' innovation and productivity directly or indirectly by reducing their satisfaction with ICT use, reducing users' continuous usage intention for various technologies (Maier et al., 2015), and negatively influencing individual job satisfaction and commitment (Jena. 2015). ...
... Ölçek formundaki "İş güvencesi kaygısı" haricindeki tüm alt boyutların iç tutarlılık değerlerinin ise genel olarak .60 ve üzerinde değerler almasından dolayı, yeterli derecede güvenilir olduğu anlaşılmıştır (Özdamar, 2013). Benzer şekilde yabancı alanyazında yer alan çeşitli araştırmalarda söz konusu ölçeğin farklı alt boyutları kullanılarak ölçümler yapılmış ve güvenir olduğu ortaya konulmuştur (Cao, Masood, Luqman ve Ali, 2018;Luqman, Cao, Ali, Masood ve Yu, 2017;Maier, Laumer ve Eckhardt, 2015 (Sheykhjan, 2016, Turel, Cheung, Matt and Trenz, 2016, Ursavaş and Karal, 2009. In this context, one of the psychological problems caused by technology on individuals is technostress (Ayyagari, 2007, Maier, 2014, Salanova, Llorens and Ventura, 2014. ...
... The work-related stress construct is used to be more inclusive of the various stresses encountered within the remote workplace (e.g., technostress; Brod,1984). While some view work-related stress and technostress as arising from different conditions (Ayyagari et al., 2011;Maier et al., 2015), within the context of remote work, the line between being stressed from your job/role and being stressed from the abrupt shift to fully IT-mediated work from home (and hence complete dependence on using IT) is significantly blurred. ...
Interpersonal interactions, such as impromptu face-to-face workplace conversations, facilitate knowledge transfer and spur innovation within individual work roles; however, the move to remote work during the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted these dynamics. This research examines how innovation can be maintained in remote work settings by considering Information Technology (IT) catalysts (a combination of IT mindfulness, IT identity, and IT empowerment) during disruptive events and crises. We also highlight the importance of remote workers’ mental health and coping as precursors for IT catalysts to stimulate innovative work behaviors. Our paper contributes to information systems (IS) theory by establishing remote workers’ mental health and coping as distal factors of innovation and precursors to IT catalysts. In addition, we extend IS theory by establishing the relationships among the IT catalyst factors as well as their impact on innovative work behaviors. Our research provides insights for organizations interested in sustaining innovation, especially during crises or other stress-inducing events or conditions.
... In discussing this matter, the literature has largely relied on five conditions that create technostress, referred to as "technostress creators": techno-complexity, techno-invasion, technoinsecurity, techno-overload, and techno-uncertainty (Ragu-Nathan et al., 2008). These conditions are linked to various psychological and behavioural outcomes, such as satisfaction, exhaustion, commitment, and productivity (Tarafdar et al., 2007(Tarafdar et al., , 2011Maier et al., 2014;Maier, Laumer, Eckhardt, 2015;Pirkkalainen & Salo, 2016;Califf et al., 2020;Grummeck-Braamt et al., 2021). 1 Technostress creators and outcomes have been empirically investigated in a wide range of workrelated settings, such as sales technologies (Tarafdar, Pullins, et al., 2015), telework (Suh & Lee, 2017), enterprise social media (Chen & Wei, 2019), and healthcare (Califf et al., 2020). In addition, a growing body of research has begun to link technostress to private domains, such as social media usage (Maier, Laumer, Weinert, et al., 2015;Tarafdar et al., 2020;Salo et al., 2022), in-vehicle dashboards (Nastjuk & Kolbe, 2015), and smartphones (Lee et al., 2014). ...
The expansion of technostress research in the organisational and private IS usage contexts has generated substantial theoretical and empirical insights into the relationship between technostress creators and psychological and behavioural outcomes. However, we observe empirical inconsistencies in terms of effect sizes and conceptual inconsistencies regarding the aggregated and disaggregated treatment of technostress creators. Against this background, we argue that a fine-grained estimation and comparison of effect size strengths of technostress creators on outcomes can provide clarity on these essential matters. Using the Hunter and Schmidt method, we integrated and synthesised empirical data from 102 articles, encompassing 113 independent studies with a total of 49,955 observations. Our analysis offers four important contributions to the technostress literature. First, it confirms that technostress is meaningful in terms of its detrimental impact on both psychological and behavioural outcomes. Second, the results provide accurate effect size estimates for technostress creators on different outcomes in organisational and private usage contexts. Third, the results reveal that psychological outcomes are more immediate than behavioural outcomes. Fourth, the findings suggest that in certain contexts, a disaggregated account of technostress creators can reveal meaningful empirical information.
... Considering the measurement tools developed to determine technostress levels, Tarafdar et al. (2007) addressed technostress as stress induced by work-related technostressors and suggested five categories; technological overload of works, technological invasion, technological complexity, technological distrust and technological uncertainty, technological insecurity. Non-work related technostressors for older people are addressed as stress induced by insufficiencies and difficulties in learning the matters such as using smartphones, using social media, checking and answering to incoming messages, displaying or sharing videos and pictures, communicating through smartphones or social media, and using mobile applications (Jena, 2015;Maier et al., 2015;Sahin & Coklar, 2009). Nimrod (2018), on the other hand, developed the first measurement tool based solely on the older population in order to measure the level of stress caused by the use of Information and Communication Technologies in both work and non-work related fields. ...
In this study, it was aimed to bring the scale with proven psychometric qualities to Turkish culture by testing the validity and reliability of the Technostress Scale developed by Nimrod to measure the stress caused by the use of information and communication technology (ICT) in older adults. After the scale was translated into Turkish, it was distributed to 551 participants in total selected by convenience sampling method, aged 60 and over. For the content validity of the scale, expert opinion was consulted. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was applied to determine the factor structure of the scale, and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was applied to test the accuracy of the determined factor structure, and the internal consistency coefficient was calculated for its reliability. As a result of the EFA, it was found that the percentage of the total explained variance was .67 and that the items were grouped under five factors. According to the results of the first and second order CFA, it was found that the Turkish version of the scale showed an acceptable factorial validity. Moreover, the reliability study indicated that Cronbach’s Alpha internal consistency of the scale was .78 and it was found that correlations changed between r = .28–.56. The results of the analysis indicated that the Turkish version of the Technostress Scale is a valid and reliable instrument that can be used to assess the stress levels of older onliners using ICT.
... Prior research in various businesses has indicated that technostress can have certain detrimental implications because of the continually evolving ICT and its numerous functions and uses. For example, causing negative feelings in users such as anxiety, mental fatigue, skepticism, and inefcacy (Salanova et al., 2013), reducing users' innovation and productivity directly or indirectly by reducing their satisfaction with ICT use, reducing users' continuous usage intention for various technologies (Maier et al., 2015), and negatively inuencing individual job satisfaction and commitment (Jena, 2015). Technology-related stress has also been demonstrated to hurt teachers' feelings and intentions to use ICT in the classroom. ...
Teachers' Information and Communication Technology (ICT) literacy skills in employing teaching-learning modalities opened new avenues for making the teaching and learning process more dynamic and engaging. This study developed a model of TPACK, School Culture, and ICT Literacy Skills on Technostress of Science Teachers in secondary schools of Bukidnon Divisions in the School Year 2021-2022. The study examined teachers' best predictors of technostress, resulting in the development of a structural equation model (SEM). Descriptive, correlational, and causalcomparative designs were utilized, employing adapted survey questionnaires as instruments to obtain information from the 320 participants. Mean, Pearson Product Moment Correlation, Multiple Regression, and SEM were the statistical tools used. The results show that the level of science teachers' technostress, TPACK, and school culture was high and moderate in ICT literacy skills. Moreover, there was a positive and signicant relationship between the science teachers' TPACK, school culture, and ICT skills with their technostress. The ICT skills and school culture were predictors of science teachers' technostress. Finally, the best t model of science teachers' technostress is best predicted by ICT skills and TPACK. Hence, the model suggests the following: ICT Skills and TPACK inuence teachers' technostress; the collaborative inuence of teachers on ICT Literacy Skills and TPACK leads to less technostress; teachers' high level in TPACK with their basic level in ICT are inuential factors in their technostress, and less technostress when there is basic ICT Skills and high TPACK levels with regards to doing the new modality of teaching and learning.
... Studies have shown that the introduction and presence of such technologies can create or foster workplace norms that are linked to unrealistic performance expectation and increased mental overload [12]. Along these lines, a plethora of studies have documented that any new technology can amplify work pace and is associated with increasing worker stress, overload, and burnout [13][14][15]. Finally, research has shown that the introduction of advanced technologies, including those that use forms of artificial intelligence, are often perceived as a threat to employees' jobs and can negatively impact well-being [16]. ...
Research studying the intersection of occupational safety and health (OSH) and direct reading and sensor technologies (DRST) is sparse, with a specific lack of research available that has empirically considered ways that DRST may impact worker well-being. In this paper, the authors examine how organizations could utilize core elements of their health and safety management system (HSMS) to coordinate and execute DRST in the workplace to support worker well-being. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) researchers developed a 39-item questionnaire targeting OSH professionals to understand attitudes toward DRST and the current and intended uses of DRST at their place of employment. Eighty-eight OSH professionals completed the questionnaire between August and December 2021. Descriptive results of the study sample are provided but the focus of the study applies the open-ended responses to two questions, which was deductively analyzed. Descriptive results show that reliability and validity of data was a top concern while the open-ended qualitative feedback revealed three primary themes: (1) acceptability and trust in technology; (2) ease of use; and (3) support and guidelines. Results provide an opening to use core HSMS elements (i.e., management commitment and leadership, communication and coordination, and employee involvement) during DRST integration to demonstrate support for workers during times of ambiguity and change.
... Users with higher privacy concerns hence spend time and effort to review a privacy policy and learn how to employ more restrictive privacy settings to protect their contents posted on social media (Lin and Liu, 2012). All such anxieties and effort investments can add to user discomfort and wasted time and consequently cause them to have a stronger intention to switch to another social media platform (Maier et al., 2015). Thus, it is hypothesize that: ...
Purpose
The adoption of social media has been extensively discussed. However, to explain the adoption of traditional social media, considering the benefits and risks accumulated from the experiences of social media use, the extent literature is limited. Thus, this paper investigated the act of traditional social media users’ switching behavior from a dynamic perspective and the level of information privacy concerns and social media privacy to measure the risks and benefit accumulated from this dynamic process.
Design/methodology/approach
This study of Facebook and Twitter users, who are regarded as representative of traditional social media, are selected as research targets surveyed and were required to answer a specially designed questionnaire in order to determine their general feeling on social media platforms they currently use. As a part of this process, quota sampling was used to collect different samples based on gender and age. In this paper, t -test, one-way ANOVA and multiple comparisons were used for the statistical analysis, conducted through SPSS.
Findings
Information privacy concerns and social media dependency affect the adoption of social media. Secondly, social media dependency is a more salient determinant for social media adoption. Therefore, social media firms should pay more attention to enhancing user dependency of social media by increasing user involvement of social media.
Originality/value
This study intends to conduct a research design that provides an overall and holistic understanding of user usage experience. To do this, it investigates the intensity of switching behavior through the level of dependency and the level of information privacy concern that users inevitably exhibit through the use of social media over long time.
... The constant evolution of technologies creates challenging job conditions that require demanding physical, cognitive and social responses, which have the potential to create stress in workers (Ragu-Nathan et al., 2008;Wang et al., 2008). Different theories and models on work stress have been applied to the study of technostress (Ayyagari et al., 2011;Effiyanti & Sagala, 2018;Korukonda, 2005;Maier et al., 2015;Ragu-Nathan et al., 2008;Salanova et al., 2013;Salazar-Concha et al., 2021;Shu et al., 2011;Tacy, 2016;Tarafdar et al., 2007;Weinert et al., 2013) and have reported the negative implications and consequences for workers' health and well-being, arising from an individual's inability to establish coping strategies to reduce these demands and provide positive stress responses (Tarafdar et al., 2019); physical ailments and health risks (Brillhart, 2004;Saganuwan et al., 2015); antisocial behavior (Kasuga et al., 2004); emotional exhaustion, role conflict, and role overload (Tarafdar et al., 2007;Wang et al., 2008); feeling exhausted by the use of ICT (Ayyagari et al., 2011); mental overload (Owusu-Ansah et al., 2016); negative feelings due to the ubiquitous nature of mobile technology (Hung et al., 2015), or a blurring of the boundaries between work and home (Walz, 2012). In addition, not being able to adapt to ICT in the workplace creates: negative feelings in workers such as fear of losing their jobs (Bradley, 2000;Owusu-Ansah et al., 2016), fear of becoming obsolete (Salanova et al., 2013); or increased workloads because of the sense of urgency that forces people to work faster (Ragu-Nathan et al., 2008). ...
The purpose of this study was to adapt and validate the Spanish version of the Technostress Creators Scale (TCS). The scale was administered to 1.047 Chilean professionals. The internal structure of the scale was tested by conducting exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. The average variance extracted (AVE) and the Fornell–Larcker criterion were used to examine convergent and discriminant validity, respectively. To investigate concurrent validity, we focused on the relation between the TCS scale and role stress, which is a distinct, albeit conceptually related construct. Our findings supported a five-factor model consisting of 23 items distributed in five factors: techno-overload, techno-invasion, technocomplexity, techno-insecurity and techno-uncertainty. The Spanish version of the TCS had a high level of internal consistency, which was similar to the original scale. Appropriate evidence of concurrent validity was also shown. In addition, we conducted an international comparison of the research results with other relevant adaptations of the instrument reported in different cultural contexts. The results confirmed that the Spanish translation of the TCS is a suitable instrument for measuring technostress and can contribute to an empirical examination of this phenomenon in Spanish-speaking countries.
... 315). Earlier work examining technological insecurity showed negative effects on employee innovation (Chandra, Shirish, & Srivastava, 2019), employee engagement (Srivastava, Chandra, & Shirish, 2015), and employee retention (Maier, Laumer, & Eckhardt, 2015). ...
The new digital age introduces a continuous stream of technological innovations. Yet, little is known about how these technological innovations influence workplace behavior. Drawing on the stressor-strain model, this study examined the possibility that emotional exhaustion would explain the effect of technological insecurity on individual performance. This study further posited that leader-member exchange would interact with technological insecurity to influence emotional exhaustion and, through it, individual performance. This study found that technological insecurity negatively associates with individual performance. Results also indicated that emotional exhaustion carries the negative consequences of technological insecurity. This study further found that the effects of technological insecurity attenuate at high levels of leader-member exchange. Finally, this study discussed implications for theory and practices as well as offered future research directions.
... other people know more about IT) (Tarafdar et al. 2007;Fischer and Riedl 2017). Strains and negative outcomes include poor work productivity, task performance, job dissatisfaction, decreased organisational commitment, turnover, and burnout (Califf et al. 2020;Maier, Laumer, and Eckhardt 2015a;Pawlowski et al. 2007;Pirkkalainen et al. 2019;Ragu-Nathan et al. 2008;Srivastava et al. 2015;Tams et al. 2018;Tarafdar et al. 2007). ...
Early adolescents are accustomed to using information technology (IT) for different purposes as a part of their everyday life. While IT use can provide many benefits, it can also include negative experiences, such as feelings of stress (i.e. technostress). Considering that young IT users’ technostress perspectives have remained limited in the literature, this paper attempts to contrast their experiences with aspects from earlier research. A qualitative content analysis of semi-structured interviews with 31 primary and secondary school students reveals that early adolescents have encountered stressful IT use experiences that vary based on the degree of stress. The experiences relate to different dimensions of IT use, namely 1) online social (media) behaviour, 2) notification-driven behaviour, 3) social distancing and online education behaviour, and 4) gameplay and other aspects of IT use behaviour. Common denominators for these experiences include the attention or time required by IT use and coming across unwanted content or communications. In addition to reporting negative feelings and emotions, the participants mentioned physical strains, including headache and exhaustion. Although early adolescents can face experiences that can be contrasted with similar stressors and strains as adults, the distinct characteristics of their IT use should be considered in future research.
... This study showed that in such working modalities, increased flexibility, and control over communications were associated with higher engagement and lower exhaustion, while frequent interruptions were linked with exhaustion. An impact of techno-stressors (i.e., overload induced by technology, invasion of privacy, etc.) on exhaustion has also been highlighted (Maier et al., 2015). Moreover, at a between-person level, a longitudinal study conducted in 2018 highlighted the link between perceived pressure to be attainable through technologies at work (i.e., workplace telepressure) and higher levels of physical and cognitive exhaustion (Santuzzi & Barber, 2018). ...
In line with the recent literature, the aim of this article is to adopt a psychological approach to understand how technology is
subjectively perceived and experienced at work, where the use of technology is seldom an individual choice, as well as its effects on
employee’s well-being. This study aims to adopt a person-centered approach to create clusters of technology appraisal, explain such
clusters’ membership through sociodemographics, and use these clusters to predict work-related well-being outcomes. In a sample
of 692 Swiss working adults (Mage = 39.56, SD = 12.45, 60% female) active in both private and public sectors, this study first
analyzed clusters of technology appraisal taking into account perceived usefulness, ease to use, and limitation of autonomy using
a TwoStep cluster analysis. Then, these clusters’ membership was predicted by sociodemographic and individual characteristics
(i.e., age, sex, education level, and generalized self-efficacy) using a multinomial logistic regression. Finally, differences in burnout,
work engagement, and job boredom between clusters were examined using analyses of variance. Three different clusters of
technology appraisal were found: The Tech-Enthusiasts, the Tech-Ambivalents, and the Tech-Detractors. Age, sex, educational
level, and self-efficacy predicted clusters’ membership. Differences in burnout and work engagement were found between the
clusters. No difference was found in boredom between the clusters. These findings highlight the importance of developing
relevant and inclusive interventions to promote well-being and equality at work.
... These negative perceptions cause employees to evaluate whether to continue working for this organization and lead to a deliberate willingness to turn away from the organization. Employees may only avoid these perceptions if they quit their job (Maier et al., 2015). Based on that, we hypothesize: H2: Perceived techno-stressors lead to low job performance. ...
Organizations invest lots of effort and costs in reducing technostress, as it harms their employees’ well-being and reduces their work performance. Therefore, it is imperative to mitigate technostress. We suppose each individual has a unique digital mindset, a malleable factor describing their specific ways of thinking and awareness, which guides how to react to techno-stressors. We build on the transactional model of stress and survey 151 employees to test the role of the digital mindset. Our results show that individuals with a strong digital mindset respond less strongly to techno-stressors with reduced job performance, reduced job satisfaction, and increased turnover intention. We contribute to research by carving out how individuals react to techno-stressors in line with their digital mindset, reflecting that digital mindset might buffer that techno-stressors have adverse impacts on individuals and organizations.
... Past research finds positive links between positive work challenges, worker engagement, and job satisfaction [24,86], while also finding negative links between challenge stressors, and job searches and intentions to quit [8,14,79]. With respect to technostress, threat technostressors are positively associated with turnover intentions and low job satisfaction in the general work context [60,86] and with a negative psychological response for nurses [12]. Such conditions are highly likely to lead to greater intentions to leave the organization. ...
This study examines how the use of algorithmic control within gig economy platforms relates to the well-being and behavior of workers. Specifically, we explore how two different forms of algorithmic control—gatekeeping and guiding—correspond with (positive) challenge technostressors and (negative) threat technostressors experienced by Uber drivers. We also examine the moderating impact of algorithmic control transparency on these relationships, as well as the outcomes of technostressors in terms of continuance intentions and workaround use. Based on a survey of 621 U.S.-based Uber drivers, we find that gatekeeping and guiding algorithmic control positively relate to both challenge and threat technostressors. The study bridges the literature on control and technostress by conceptualizing algorithmic control as a condition that puts workers under stress. This stress is found to contribute to important behavioral consequences pertaining to both continuance intentions and workaround use. Findings from our work suggest that gig economy organizations can use algorithmic control to enhance challenge technostressors for their workers, thereby contributing to the cultivation of a more committed workforce. Furthermore, we find evidence disputing the assumption that algorithmic control transparency can mitigate the negative effects of threat technostressors.
... Future research should also consider positive responses. Also, despite the fact that we measured the exhaustion regarding IS usage (see the Online Supplemental Appendix, Table A 8) and that technology and work exhaustion are distinct constructs [50], the overall user exhaustion might also be influenced by the nature of the work or the repeated tasks. ...
Information technology (IT) interruptions are IT-based events that capture users’ attention and interfere with other activities. This study focuses on repeated IT interruption and task performance. We draw on dual-process theory and suggest that users may get used to repeated IT interruption, known as habituation, or may become hypersensitive, known as sensitization. We validate the research model based on data from a laboratory experiment with 100 subjects by using a multivariate latent growth model (LGM). With subjective and objective measurement techniques, we show how users respond to repeated IT interruption with physiological arousal, psychological exhaustion, and behavioral task performance. Our results indicate that user responses follow different patterns over time, revealing time-dependent effects of arousal and exhaustion on task performance. We contribute to literature by providing evidence that repeated IT interruption results in unique habituation and sensitization user response patterns compared to a single IT interruption.
... Teknostres; bilgisayar teknolojisini doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak öğrenirken veya kullanırken, psikolojik ve duygusal sebeplerle bilgisayar teknolojisini daha ileri düzeyde öğrenmesini veya kullanmasını engelleyen bireyin hoşnutsuzluğunun, korkusunun, sıkıntısının ve kaygısının bir yansımasıdır (Doğrular, 2019). İş ortamlarında yaşanan stres teknostres ile ilişkili olup, bu durum kişilerde iş tükenmişliğine ve tekno tükenmişliğe neden olmakta, bunun temelinde ise BİT konusundaki yetersizlikler yatmaktadır (Maier, Laumer & Eckhardt, 2015). ...
Öğretmenlerin işlerini olumlu yönde etkilemesi beklenen teknolojinin, teknostres gibi olumsuz etkileri görülebilir. Teknostres ise öğretmenlerin meslek tükenmişliklerine etkileyebilir. Yapılan
bu çalışma ile öğretmenlerin teknostres ve mesleki tükenmişlik düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda 2020-2021 akademik yılında, Batı Karadeniz Bölgesi’nde yer alan bir ilde 190 öğretmenden nicel veriler toplanmıştır. Nicel verilerin toplanmasında iki adet ölçek kullanılmıştır. Bunlardan “Teknostres Ölçeği” 28 madde ve 5 faktörden, “Tükenmişlik Ölçeği” ise 10 madde ve tek faktörden oluşmaktadır. Elde edilen veriler ile öğretmenlerin teknostres ve mesleki tükenmişlik düzeyi arasındaki ilişki araştırılmıştır.
Öğretmenlerin teknostres ve mesleki tükenmişlik düzeyleri ile cinsiyet, okul kademesi ve mesleki kıdem değişkenleri arasındaki farklar araştırılmıştır. Elde edilen verilerin analizi neticesinde, öğretmenlerin teknostres düzeylerinin orta düzey, mesleki tükenmişlik düzeylerinin ise tehlike sinyali düzeyinde olduğu görülmüştür. Cinsiyet değişkenine göre, kadın öğretmenlerin teknostres düzeyleri erkek öğretmenlerin teknostres düzeylerinden daha yüksek bulunmuştur.
Öğretmenlerin mesleki tükenmişlik düzeyleri ile cinsiyet değişkeni arasında anlamlı bir farka rastlanmamıştır. Öğretmenlerin teknostres ve mesleki tükenmişlik düzeyleri ile okul kademesi ve mesleki kıdem değişkenleri arasında anlamlı bir farka rastlanmamıştır. Öğretmenlerin teknostres ve mesleki tükenmişlik düzeyleri arasında pozitif yönlü orta düzey bir ilişki olduğu, teknostresin mesleki tükenmişliğin yaklaşık %28’ini açıkladığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
... Unexpectedly, our results reveal that techno-uncertainty has a negative impact on online teaching exhaustion. Based on previous technostress studies, we expected technouncertainty to have a positive impact on work exhaustion (Maier et al., 2015a). A possible explanation of this unexpected result can be conceived from the perspective of technostress appraisal (Choi et al., 2011). ...
Purpose
Amid the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, higher education institutions (HEI) all over the world have transitioned to online teaching. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of technostress and negative emotional dissonance on online teaching exhaustion and teaching staff productivity.
Design/methodology/approach
Survey methodology was used to collect data from faculty members in Jordanian universities. A total of 217 responses were analyzed to test the research model.
Findings
The research findings reveal that technostress creators have various impact on online teaching exhaustion and teaching staff productivity. Negative emotional dissonance has positive impact on both online teaching exhaustion and teaching staff productivity. Further, online teaching exhaustion is negatively associated with teaching staff productivity.
Research limitations/implications
This research extends prior literature on technostress by examining the phenomenon in abnormal conditions (during a crisis). It further integrates technostress theory with emotional dissonance theory to better understand the impact of technostress creators on individual teaching staff productivity while catering for the interactional nature of teaching which is captured through emotional dissonance theory.
Practical implications
The research offers valuable insights for HEI and policymakers on how to support teaching staff and identifies strategies that should facilitate a smooth delivery of online education.
Originality/value
Unlike prior research that have examined technostress under normal operational conditions, this research examines the impact of technostress during a crisis. This study shows that technostress creators vary in their impact. Moreover, this study integrates technostress theory with emotional dissonance theory. While technostress theory captures the impact of technostress creators on individual teaching staff productivity, emotional dissonance theory captures the dynamic nature of the teaching process that involves interactions among teachers and students.
... In einer anderen Studie verminderte die spezifische IKT-Anforderung Telepressure das Wohlbefinden von Beschäftigten, mediiert über mentales Abschalten (Pfaffinger et al., 2020). Erhöhtes Arbeitspensum aufgrund der Nutzung von IKT erhöht das gesamte Arbeitspensum von Beschäftigten und führt zu Techno-Erschöpfung (Maier, Laumer & Eckhardt, 2015). Ayyagari et al. (2011) fanden, dass das Arbeitspensum und die durch IKT erzeugte Rollenambiguität die stärksten Stressoren und somit Prädiktoren für Beanspruchung sind. ...
Aufgrund der Anforderungen, die Informations- und Kommuni-kationstechnologien (IKT) an Beschäftigte stellen, können diese Schwierigkeiten haben, sich mental von der Arbeit während arbeitsfreier Zeit zu distanzieren. Dadurch kann wiederum ein erhöhter Erholungsbedarf entstehen, welcher ein Frühwarnindikator für langfristige Gesundheitsbeschwerden und Krankheitstage ist. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht den Einfluss von IKT-Anforderungen auf den Erholungsbedarf sowie die moderierende und mediierende Rolle von mentalem Abschalten am Wochenende. Auf Grundlage des Stressor-Detachment Modells von Sonnentag und Fritz (2015) wird angenommen, dass das IKT-Arbeitspensum den Erholungsbedarf verstärkt und dass mentales Abschalten den Zusammenhang zwischen IKT-Arbeitspensum und Erholungsbedarf moderiert sowie mediiert. An einer anfallenden Stichprobe von N = 110 Beschäftigten aus Deutschland wurden Querschnittsdaten über einen Online-Fragebogen erhoben. Die Ergebnisse der hierarchischen Regressionsanalyse bestätigen den unerwünschten Effekt von IKT-Arbeitspensum auf den Erholungsbedarf. Die Ergebnisse der Mediationsanalyse zeigen zudem, dass mentales Abschalten den Effekt von IKT-Arbeitspensum auf Erholungsbedarf mediiert. Allerdings unterstützen die Ergebnisse der Moderationsanalyse nicht den moderierenden Effekt. Interventionsmaßnahmen zur Verringerung des Erholungsbedarfs, indem die IKT-Anforderungen reduziert (z. B. durch Kommunikationsmaßnahmen) und mentales Abschalten erleichtert werden (z. B. durch die Segmentation von Arbeit und Zuhause), werden abgeleitet. Zukünftige Forschung sollte das Zusammenspiel der Variablen in einer Längsschnittstudie untersuchen und dabei zusätzliche IKT-Anforderungen in Augenschein nehmen.
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... Future studies may identify and test such demographic variables as boundary conditions. Additional factors namely individuals' technology readiness (Parasuraman, 2000), ICT use frequency, ICT control over work related technology use (Day et al., 2012;Maier et al., 2015), and technology self-efficacy (Shu et al., 2011) may also be examined as boundary conditions in relation to the impacts of technostress. Similarly, future research may examine the role of various mindfulness interventions to establish their effectiveness in helping employees manage the time and workload challenges faced by them. ...
Purpose
This paper aims to highlight the positive and negative effects of technostressors on employee attitudes using psychological need satisfaction as an explanatory mechanism and mindfulness as an individual resource, thereby developing an integrative conceptual model.
Design/methodology/approach
A narrative literature review was performed in the technostress, job demands-resources and mindfulness literature to develop the propositions of the integrative conceptual model.
Findings
This paper posits psychological need satisfaction as a mediator in the process by which technostressors impact important employee outcomes. It also proposes mindfulness as a personal resource that helps alleviate technostressor induced burnout and foster work engagement.
Research limitations/implications
The proposed integrative conceptual framework provides some useful directions for future empirical research on this topic of growing importance.
Practical implications
Based on the findings of this paper, managers can devise and implement a technostressor-specific mitigation strategy to cope with information and communication technology–induced work demands. They can also introduce mindfulness-based programs to support positive outcomes when technostressors are present.
Originality/value
This paper is the first to theoretically delineate specific characteristics of technostressors as challenge and hindrance demands and makes interdisciplinary contributions by extending the role of psychological mechanisms such as psychological need satisfaction and personal resources such as mindfulness in work-related technology use research.
... Since that time, IS researchers have primarily used work exhaustion as a proxy for burnout and have confirmed the link between work exhaustion and turnover intention (e.g. Ahuja et al., 2007;Armstrong et al., 2018;Ford et al., 2013;Maier et al., 2015;Shih et al., 2011). Interestingly, a few studies have found a nonsignificant relationship between work exhaustion and job mobility both at the organizational level/turnover intention (e.g. ...
Purpose
The purpose of this empirical study is to explore the drivers and effects of a multidimensional conceptualization of burnout for information technology (IT) personnel using the job demands-resources framework.
Design/methodology/approach
Using survey data from 247 IT professionals, the authors analyzed our model using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), a composite-based method.
Findings
The authors find that job demands and job resources differently influence the dimensions of burnout, and the burnout dimensions influenced turnover intention (leave the organization) and turnaway intention (leave the field) except for cynicism, which did not affect turnover intention. The authors’ findings suggest that managers and human resource professionals may want to look beyond managing work exhaustion and consider focusing on the professional efficacy dimension of burnout to keep their IT professionals from leaving the organization and the IT industry.
Originality/value
This study highlights the need for researchers in the information systems field to rethink using exhaustion as a proxy for the burnout construct as focusing on work exhaustion does not tell the full story for IT professionals. Additionally, the findings indicate that job-related burnout affects not only IT professional's turnover intention but also turnaway intention. Last, psychosocial mentoring did not directly influence any of the burnout components but indirectly influenced all three components.
Employees want to be able to telework and organisations want to provide the ideal environment to make it a success story. While some teleworkers experience telework success, that is, are satisfied and perform well, others do not. To understand the drivers of successful and unsuccessful telework, we used a mixed methods approach, taking a stress‐theoretic and configurational perspective. In Study 1, we conducted a quantitative analysis of data collected in a survey of 375 teleworkers to identify configurations of information and communication technology (ICT), work and family related challenge and hindrance stressors that lead to high and low telework success. In Study 2, we analysed qualitative data collected in interviews with 52 teleworkers to shed light on the interplay among ICT, work and family related challenge and hindrance stressors in the configurations that lead to high and low telework success. We contribute to telework research by showing that high and low telework success results from configurations of ICT, work and family related challenge and hindrance stressors. We extend the literature by showing that teleworkers benefit from challenge stressors only when they do not experience hindrance stressors. Methodologically, we provide a blueprint for an innovative approach using deductive fsQCA to refine, extend and delimit theory.
The spread of remote working exponentially increased in recent years. Since remote working is by definition ICT-enabled, it seems important to identify which organizational and ICT-related factors may influence employees’ attitudes towards remote working and remote productivity.With this aim, we integrated the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology model (UTAUT) with technostress literature, using Job demands-resources model (JD-R) as main conceptual framework.Therefore, we proposed and tested a model of remote working acceptance in which predictors are operationalized in terms of techno-job demands (namely techno-complexity, techno-invasion and techno-overload) and techno-job resources (namely technical support and remote leadership support), to explore their distinctive influence on attitude towards remote working and, in turn, on remote working-enabled productivity.Data from 836 remote workers from different organizations were collected and analyzed through structural equation modeling.Results supported empirically the proposed model: both techno-job demands and techno-job resources affected attitude towards remote working which completely mediated the effect of the predictors on remote working-enabled productivity. Practical and theoretical contributions, along with limitations and future research direction, are presented and discussed.KeywordsRemote workingTechnostressRemote productivityJD-R Model
During the COVID-19 pandemic, several countries have eliminated face-to-face classes in all schools, requiring all teachers to deliver classes remotely. In this regard, the wide spread of information and communication technology (ICT) products and services in the educational sector became a burden for several teachers. This article aims to study the impact of online teaching, and how technological stress might vary between male and female teachers and to what extent it alters their family lives and their way of living. The case of Lebanon has been examined and analyzed using 379 participants in various schools randomly distributed throughout the country, who participated in a survey on how COVID-19 affected their technostress levels. The findings showed that married women were more prone to technological stress and that their family life and lifestyle were strongly affected. In particular, young women with few years of experience were more likely to experience technostress problems. We also found no differences related to educational levels. In addition, the inclusion of different degrees of computer self-efficacy has shown an impact on the development of technostress among individuals.
Purpose
During the past few years, social media has faced the challenge of maintaining its user base. Reports show that the social media giants such as Facebook and Twitter experienced a decline in their users. Taking WhatsApp's recent change of its terms of use as the case of this study and using the push-pull-mooring model and a configurational perspective, this study aims to identify pathways for switching intentions.
Design/methodology/approach
Data were collected from 624 WhatsApp users recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk and analyzed using fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA).
Findings
The findings identify seven configurations for high switching intentions and four configurations for low intentions to switch. Firm reputation and critical mass increase intention to switch, while low firm reputation and absence of attractive alternatives hinder switching.
Research limitations/implications
This study extends extant literature on social media migration by identifying configurations that result in high and low switching intention among messaging applications.
Practical implications
The study identifies factors the technology service providers should consider to attract new users and retain existing users.
Originality/value
This study complements the extant literature on switching intention that explains the phenomenon based on a net-effect approach by offering an alternative view that focuses on the existence of multiple pathways to social media switching. It further advances the authors’ understanding of the relevant importance of switching factors.
Technostress is an undesired consequence of information and communication technology (ICT) use and might negatively affect teachers. However, there is a lack of empirical research exploring the influences of technostress creators on teachers' ICT use. This study aims to bridge this gap by exploring the structural relationship among five technostress creators (ie, techno‐complexity, techno‐overload, techno‐invasion, techno‐insecurity, and techno‐uncertainty), teachers' attitudes toward ICT, and their ICT adoption intentions. The research model was developed based on existing literature and tested using structural equation modelling. Data were collected from 289 teachers from six public elementary and secondary schools in China. The results indicate that: (a) teachers' attitude toward ICT has a significant positive effect on their ICT adoption intentions; (b) techno‐insecurity and techno‐complexity have significant negative effects on teachers' attitude toward ICT and ICT adoption intentions, respectively; (c) techno‐invasion and techno‐overload have significant positive effects on teachers' attitude toward ICT and their ICT adoption intentions, respectively; (d) techno‐uncertainty has a significant positive effect on both teachers' attitude toward ICT and their ICT adoption intentions; (e) compared to younger teachers, the attitude of teachers aged 45 and above toward ICT are more negatively affected by techno‐insecurity. Implications for the management of technostress creators are discussed.
Practitioner notes
What is already known about this topic Technostress negatively influences teachers' acceptance and adoption intention of ICT.
The influences of specific technostress creators may differ.
There is a lack of empirical research exploring the exact influences of technostress creators on teachers' ICT use.
What the paper adds Techno‐insecurity and techno‐complexity negatively affect teachers' attitudes toward ICT and ICT adoption intentions, respectively.
Techno‐invasion and techno‐overload positively affect teachers' attitudes toward ICT and their ICT adoption intentions, respectively.
Techno‐uncertainty significantly positively affects teachers' attitudes toward ICT and ICT adoption intentions.
The attitude of teachers aged 45 and above toward ICT is more negatively affected by techno‐insecurity.
Implications for practice and/or policy Schools should provide adequate end‐user training, a friendly technical help desk, and teacher‐oriented psychological counselling programs concerning technostress to mitigate teachers' techno‐complexity and techno‐insecurity.
School administrators should take measures, such as providing timely upgrades and continuous maintenance services, to ensure the reliability and accessibility of technologies.
It is necessary for school ICT support staff to guide teachers, especially teachers aged 45 and above, to take positive coping strategies, such as venting, seeking social support and engaging in technical training, to deal with techno‐insecurity.
The article draws on the concept of digital disconnection in unpacking the motives, strategies, and perceived obstacles to effective management of risks associated with digital connectedness among journalists, particularly as these relate to optimisation of work and safeguarding well-being to avoid stress and burnout. Semi-structured interviews with British journalists reveal that their approach to digital connection is ambivalent. They consider the efficient access to information and ease of communication enabled by digital technologies both a resource in work as well as contributing to impaired mental health and job performance. Given the latter, journalists report applying a range of, primarily temporary, disconnection strategies to manage work and well-being. These patterns are similar to those observed among other knowledge workers. However, the study also points to several drivers and obstacles to digital disconnection that seem specific to the industry. These drivers include work in hostile social media environments and embeddedness of smartphones in daily work routines. Role conception, overidentification with work, and the lack of understanding and support from peers and employers regarding the need to disconnect have been identified as common obstacles to managing risks from digital connectedness.
Context: Organizational studies show that well-being contributes to various work outcomes, including creativity, performance, and productivity. However, the multidimensional well-being of software developers is still an underresearched topic due to the limited focus, demography, methodology, theory, and results of software engineering studies. Objective: This paper encourages more advanced quantitative studies on the well-being of professional software developers by reviewing the present literature on the topic and providing a theoretical model based on the systematically reviewed empirical studies. Method: A systematic literature review was adopted to review 31 quantitative survey studies published between 2000 and 2021, while the analytical part of the grounded theory literature review was used to construct the theoretical model. Results: 10,652 professional software developers from at least 830 companies, 588 teams/projects, and 34 countries constitute the total sample. The studies were mostly published in IT-related journals between 2015 and 2019, mainly by American and German authors. Cross-sectional designs, SEM and regression techniques, and original measures were mostly used to study various constructs and indicators of well-being. The quality is good to very good. Conclusion: The well-being of software developers emerged as a meta-construct of hedonic, eudaimonic, and multidimensional well-being predicted by different individual and organizational factors and impacting the health of software developers and their organizations. The review confirmed the need for more advanced quantitative studies of software developers' well-being.
The COVID-19 pandemic led to an abrupt change from in-person to online teaching in higher education, resulting in increased use of information and communication technology (ICT) and students’ stress and uncertainty. Integrating theories of human motivation, stress, and humane work design, we investigated whether different types of action regulation hindrances (ARH) pertaining to human (ICT competence deficit), technology (technical problems), interaction (coordination difficulties), and task aspects (work overload) related to technostress (H1). Furthermore, we examined if this relationship was mediated by satisfaction of the basic human needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness (H2). Our analysis of causes and mechanisms of technostress is based on cross-sectional survey data (self-report) from 205 psychology students attending an organizational psychology class that was switched from an in-person to an online format due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Structural equation modeling revealed that different types of ARH (i.e., ICT competence deficits, technical problems, coordination difficulties, work overload) positively predicted technostress (ß = .17 to ß = .42, p < .05). The effects were (partially) mediated by satisfaction of the need for autonomy (ß = .11 to ß = .15, p < .05), for all ARH except technical problems (ß = .01, p = .86). We discuss implications for online course planning, technostress prevention as well as potential interventions beyond pandemic times.
Digital technology that complements the personal interactions between customers and frontline employees (FLEs) has the potential to enhance service delivery in full-service restaurants. However, the usage of digital technology and the interrelated change of role requirements pose additional demands on FLEs. This qualitative study is based on twenty-six semi-structured interviews with FLEs, restaurant managers, and technology providers to achieve a holistic view of the impact digital technology has on FLEs, their well-being and job performance. Data analysis software MAXQDA was utilized to analyze the transcribed interviews through open, axial, and selective coding techniques. The findings indicate that FLEs predominantly agree with restaurant managers’ and providers’ certainty that technology makes them more productive. However, unreliable or unintuitive systems as well as technology-induced role overload can evoke technostress and thus impair FLEs’ well-being and job performance. Accordingly, restaurant managers need to effectively manage technology-induced job demands to fully leverage the enhancing potential of digital technology.
Identifying the precursors of turnover has been the subject of examination for the past four decades. IT professionals are a critical group of employees in the current knowledge-driven economy, and as such, they experience unique job stressors. This chapter explores recent research on the organizational stressors that influence IT turnover intentions. The goal is to provide insights on how organizations can begin to stem burnout, turnover intentions, and eventual turnover while improving work-related wellbeing. A revised model of work-related wellbeing is also presented in this chapter. Another objective is to discuss current issues in the IT domain and provide new research directions. New research for the IT turnover literature will provide information to scholars and practitioners on how they might improve and alleviate the impact of turnover on organizations.
Social media have become part of millions of users’ everyday life, leading to the proliferation of the daily stressors associated with them, particularly social media-induced overloads. Therefore, understanding the individual characteristics that enable users to resist such stress factors and ultimately buffer negative follow-up effects, such as exhaustion and discontinuance behavior, is important for researchers and practitioners. Grounded in psychological resilience theory, we examine if a user’s resilience (one’s ability to bounce back) has the power to mitigate the effects of this critical chain of influence by inhibiting the stressors. Structural equation modelling on survey data from 194 social network users confirms that resilience decreases perceived information and social overload. We also find that self-efficacy is a protective factor leading to resilience. Therein, this short paper raises awareness on resilience’s function as a shield against the adverse effects of social media and provides a comprehensive outlook for future research.
Provides a nontechnical introduction to the partial least squares (PLS) approach. As a logical base for comparison, the PLS approach for structural path estimation is contrasted to the covariance-based approach. In so doing, a set of considerations are then provided with the goal of helping the reader understand the conditions under which it might be reasonable or even more appropriate to employ this technique. This chapter builds up from various simple 2 latent variable models to a more complex one. The formal PLS model is provided along with a discussion of the properties of its estimates. An empirical example is provided as a basis for highlighting the various analytic considerations when using PLS and the set of tests that one can employ is assessing the validity of a PLS-based model. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
In this article, we attempt to distinguish between the properties of moderator and mediator variables at a number of levels. First, we seek to make theorists and researchers aware of the importance of not using the terms moderator and mediator interchangeably by carefully elaborating, both conceptually and strategically, the many ways in which moderators and mediators differ. We then go beyond this largely pedagogical function and delineate the conceptual and strategic implications of making use of such distinctions with regard to a wide range of phenomena, including control and stress, attitudes, and personality traits. We also provide a specific compendium of analytic procedures appropriate for making the most effective use of the moderator and mediator distinction, both separately and in terms of a broader causal system that includes both moderators and mediators. (46 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
This paper presents a current, accessible, and overarching view of work system theory. WST is the core of an integrated body of theory that emerged from a long-term research project to develop a systems analysis and design method for business professionals called the work system method (WSM). After discussing WST's basic premises and its two central frameworks, this paper summarizes the relationship between WST and WSM. It shows how experience with early versions of WSM led to three extensions of WST that addressed limitations-in-use in one of the central frameworks in WST. After comparisons with related theories, this paper closes with an evaluation of progress to date, new directions for research related to WST, and implications for the IS discipline. The two appendices summarize the long term research from which WST emerged and use a positioning map to show how WST is related to other topics in the IS discipline.
This study assessed the extent to which a recently developed measure of burnout extended the concept of burnout as developed among human service providers to people in other occupations. The study replicated a factor structure derived from a study of aircraft maintenance workers, computer programmers, and administrators with staff in various occupations across two health care settings: a tertiary care hospital (N=3,312) and a residential mental health facility (N=417). Within the larger setting the analysis replicated the factor structure with four occupational groups: clerical/maintenance workers, technical personnel, nurses, and managers. The study found support for the validity of the scale through its consistency with the issues that participants raised in an open-ended questionnaire. Conceptual issues in burnout theory and suggestions for further research are presented.
The core objective of this study is to understand individuals IS usage by going beyond the traditional subjective self-reported and objective system-log measures to unveil the delicate process through which users interact with IS. In this study, we conducted a laboratory experiment to capture users’ eye movement and, more importantly, applied a novel methodology that uses the Gaussian mixture model (GMM) to analyze the gathered physiological data. We also examine how performance pressure and prior usage experience of the investigative system affect IS usage patterns. Our results suggest that experienced and pressured users demonstrate more efficient and focused usage patterns than inexperienced and non-pressured ones, respectively. Our findings constitute an important advancement in the IS use literature. The proposed statistical approach for analyzing eye-movement data is a critical methodological contribution to the emerging research that uses eye-tracking technology for investigation.
The aim of the present study is to test the moderating role of levels of self-efficacy specificity (i.e., generalized and computer self-efficacy) in the Job Demand-Control (JD-C) Model, and its effects on burnout (i.e., exhaustion and cynicism). Previous research on Karasek's model failed to corroborate the demand control interaction effect on different strain variables. In order to refine and extend the JD-C model, we propose a specific measure for job demands (i.e., quantitative overload) as well as for job control (i.e. method and time control). Furthermore, research on self-efficacy beliefs shows that the more specific the self-efficacy beliefs, the more predictive they are. In the current study, two levels of self-efficacy beliefs are introduced as moderators (i.e., generalized and computer self-efficacy). Based on data collected from 405 workers using information technology in their jobs, the expected Job Demand Control Interaction effect was found in both burnout dimensions (i.e., exhaustion and cynicism) as predicted by the JD-C model. In addition, the more specific level of self-efficacy (i.e., computer self-efficacy) moderated the relationship between job demands and control and levels of burnout dimensions as expected. Limitations of the study and its practical implications are discussed.
So far, the large majority of studies on burnout in the international literature have employed the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). In this paper we criticize the MBI on a number of points and present a new tool for the measurement of burnout: the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI). The CBI consists of three scales measuring personal burnout, work-related burnout, and client-related burnout, for use in different domains. On the basis of an ongoing prospective study of burnout in employees in the human service sector, the PUMA study (Project on Burnout, Motivation and Job Satisfaction; N=1914 at baseline), we analysed the validity and reliability of the CBI. All three scales were found to have very high internal reliability, and non-response rates were small. The scales differentiated well between occupational groups in the human service sector, and the expected pattern with regard to correlations with other measures of fatigue and psychological well-being was found. Furthermore, the three scales predicted future sickness absence, sleep problems, use of pain-killers, and intention to quit. Analyses of changes over time showed that substantial proportions of the employees changed with regard to burnout levels. It is concluded that the analyses indicate very satisfactory reliability and validity for the CBI instrument. The CBI is being used in a number of countries and translations into eight languages are available.
Critically examines research over the past 10-12 yrs concerning factors related to turnover and absenteeism in work situations. On a general level, overall job satisfaction was consistently and inversely related to turnover. In an effort to break down the global concept of job satisfaction, various factors in the work situation were analyzed as they related to withdrawal behavior. 4 categories of factors, each representing 1 "level" in the organization, were utilized: organization-wide factors, immediate work environment factors, job-related factors, and personal factors. Several variables in each of the 4 categories were found to be related fairly consistently to 1 or both forms of withdrawal. An attempt is made to put the diverse findings into a conceptual framework centering around the role of met expectations. Methodological considerations and future research needs are also discussed. (83 ref.)
"This paper advocates a validational process utilizing a matrix of intercorrelations among tests representing at least two traits, each measured by at least two methods. Measures of the same trait should correlate higher with each other than they do with measures of different traits involving separate methods. Ideally, these validity values should also be higher than the correlations among different traits measure by the same method." Examples from the literature are described as well as problems in the application of the technique. 36 refs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)
Compared 3 approaches to the prediction of turnover in a sample of National Guard members. Assessments of components of M. Fishbein's (1967) behavioral intention model, job satisfaction, and L. Porter's (1974) organizational commitment model, combining elements of both satisfaction and intention, were obtained. All 3 models predicted enlistment behaviors during the 6 mo following attitude assessments with a high degree of accuracy. Based on a sample of 252 Guard members with an enlistment base rate of 50%, Fishbein's behavioral intention model had a multiple correlation of .65, job satisfaction had a multiple correlation of .55, and organizational commitment had a correlation of .58 with actual enlistment behavior. Implications for organizational retention and attitude–behavior relations are discussed. (27 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Despite considerable interest in the study of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction, our understanding of these phenomena has not advanced at a pace commensurate with research efforts. It is argued that a major reason for this lack of progress is the implicit conception of causality accepted by most psychologists. It is called the policy of “correlation without explanation.” The present approach to the topic of job attitudes emphasizes a more conceptual approach to the problem. Using Rand's theory of emotions as a starting point, the concepts of satisfaction, dissatisfaction, value, emotion, and appraisal, and their interrelationships are discussed. The present theory of job satisfaction is contrasted with previous theories. Data illustrating an approach to satisfaction based on the present theory are given. Other issues discussed are: value hierarchies; the dynamic character of values; overall job satisfaction; the Herzberg two-factor theory; the measurement of satisfaction and values; and rational vs. irrational values.
Despite the positive impact of information and communication technology (ICT) on an individual, organizational, and societal level (e.g., increased access to information, as well as enhanced performance and productivity), both scientific research and anecdotal evidence indicate that human-machine interaction, both in a private and organizational context, may lead to notable stress perceptions in users. This type of stress is referred to as technostress. A review of the literature shows that most studies used questionnaires to investigate the nature, antecedents, and consequences of technostress. Despite the value of the vast amount of questionnaire-based technostress research, we draw upon a different conceptual perspective, namely neurobiology. Specifically, we report on a laboratory experiment in which we investigated the effects of system breakdown on changes in users’ levels of cortisol, which is a major stress hormone in humans. The results of our study show that cortisol levels increase significantly as a consequence of system breakdown in a human-computer interaction task. In demonstrating this effect, our study has major implications for ICT research, development, management, and health policy. We confirm the value of a category of research heretofore largely neglected in ICT-related disciplines (particularly in business and information systems engineering, BISE, as well as information systems research, ISR), and argue that future research investigating human-machine interactions should consider the neurobiological perspective as a valuable complement to traditional concepts.
Burnout is a prolonged response to chronic emotional and interpersonal stressors on the job, and is defined by the three dimensions of exhaustion, cynicism, and inefficacy. The past 25 years of research has established the complexity of the construct, and places the individual stress experience within a larger organizational context of people's relation to their work. Recently, the work on burnout has expanded internationally and has led to new conceptual models. The focus on engagement, the positive antithesis of burnout, promises to yield new perspectives on interventions to alleviate burnout. The social focus of burnout, the solid research basis concerning the syndrome, and its specific ties to the work domain make a distinct and valuable contribution to people's health and well-being.
This paper presents and tests a conceptual model linking perceptions of the internal work environment and external markets to information technology (IT) worker turnover. The model focuses on organizational commitment (OC) as the primary predictor of turnover intention. We suggest that OC mediates perceptions of the workplace and external environment on turnover intention. Specifically, we hypothesize that OC mediates the influence of (1) job satisfaction, (2) perceived job characteristics, (3) perceived competitiveness of pay, and (4) perceived job alternatives on turnover intention. Also, perceived job alternatives are modeled as having a direct effect on turnover intention. Analysis provides moderate empirical support for the research model. OC and perceived job alternatives demonstrated distinct effects on turnover intention. In addition, OC mediated the influence of job satisfaction, perceived job characteristics, and perceived competitiveness of pay on turnover intention. Findings suggest that through cultivating positive beliefs about the job and attitudes toward the employer, managers may counter the influence of external markets on IT workers' turnover intention.
Organizational use of information and communications technologies (ICT) is increasingly resulting in negative cognitions in individuals, such as information overload and interruptions. Recent literature has encapsulated these cognitions in the concept of technostress, which is stress caused by an inability to cope with the demands of organizational computer usage. Given the critical role of the user in organizational information processing and accomplishing application-enabled workflows, understanding how these cognitions affect users' satisfaction with ICT and their performance in ICT-mediated tasks is an important step in appropriating benefits from current computing environments. The objective of this paper is to (1) understand the negative effects of technostress on the extent to which end users perceive the applications they use to be satisfactory and can utilize them to improve their performance at work and (2) identify mechanisms that can mitigate these effects. Specifically, we draw from the end-user computing and technostress literature to develop and validate a model that analyzes the effects of factors that create technostress on the individual's satisfaction with, and task performance using, ICT. The model also examines how user involvement in ICT development and support mechanisms for innovation can be used to weaken technostress-creating factors and their outcomes. The results, based on survey data analysis from 233 ICT users from two organizations, show that factors that create technostress reduce the satisfaction of individuals with the ICT they use and the extent to which they can utilize ICT for productivity and innovation in their tasks. Mechanisms that facilitate involvement of users, and encourage them to take risks, learn, explore new ideas, and experiment in the context of ICT use, diminish the factors that create technostress and increase satisfaction with the ICT they use. These mechanisms also have a positive effect on users' appropriation of ICT for productivity and innovation in their tasks. The paper contributes to emerging literature on negative outcomes of ICT use by (1) highlighting the influence of technostress on users' satisfaction and performance (i.e., productivity and innovation in ICT-mediated tasks) with ICT, (2) extending the literature on technostress, which has so far looked largely at the general behavioral and psychological domains, to include the domain of end-user computing, and (3) demonstrating the importance of user involvement and innovation support mechanisms in reducing technostress-creating conditions and their ICT use—related outcomes.
The increasing volume of e-mail and other technologically enabled communications are widely regarded as a growing source of stress in people's lives. Yet research also suggests that new media afford people additional flexibility and control by enabling them to communicate from anywhere at any time. Using a combination of quantitative and qualitative data, this paper builds theory that unravels this apparent contradiction. As the literature would predict, we found that the more time people spent handling e-mail, the greater was their sense of being overloaded, and the more e-mail they processed, the greater their perceived ability to cope. Contrary to assumptions of prior studies, we found no evidence that time spent working mediates e-mail-related overload. Instead, e-mail's material properties entwined with social norms and interpretations in a way that led informants to single out e-mail as a cultural symbol of the overload they experience in their lives. Moreover, by serving as a symbol, e-mail distracted people from recognizing other sources of overload in their work lives. Our study deepens our understanding of the impact of communication technologies on people's lives and helps untangle those technologies' seemingly contradictory influences.
The lack of an agreed upon definition of information system is one of many obstacles troubling the academic information systems discipline. After listing a number of definitions of IS, this paper defines information system as a special case of work system as defined in Alter (1999a). This definition has many desirable characteristics: It is easy to understand; differentiates IS from IT; covers totally manual, partially automated, and totally automated information systems; links to a life cycle model that generates many insights about development and implementation problems; provides a simple guideline that helps in interpreting common IS/IT jargon; and has other useful implications related to IS concepts, IS terminology, and the analysis and design of information systems. The paper presents the proposed IS definition and evaluates the definition in terms of simplicity, clarity, scope, systematic power, explanatory power, validity, reliability, and fruitfulness. An Appendix summarizes previously published concepts and two frameworks that flow from the proposed definition and are useful for appreciating many points in the evaluation section.
The information technology professional is regularly expected to work with colleagues in both IT and other areas of the organization. During these interactions, the IT employee is expected to conform to occupational or organizational norms regarding the display of emotion. How do these display norms affect the IT professional? This study examines an IT professional’s emotional dissonance, the conflict between norms of emotional display and an employee’s felt emotion. Emotional dissonance is studied as a factor of IT professionals’ work exhaustion, job satisfaction, and turnover intention, modeled as an extension to the work of Moore (2000a). The results indicate emotional dissonance predicts work exhaustion better than do perceived workload, role conflict, or role ambiguity, constructs which have long been associated with work exhaustion. Job satisfaction is influenced directly by role ambiguity and work exhaustion. In turn, job satisfaction influences employee turnover intention. We discuss implications of these findings for both IT management and future research.
With the proliferation and ubiquity of information and communication technologies (ICTs), it is becoming imperative for individuals to constantly engage with these technologies in order to get work accomplished. Academic literature, popular press, and anecdotal evidence suggest that ICTs are responsible for increased stress levels in individuals (known as technostress). However, despite the influence of stress on health costs and productivity, it is not very clear which characteristics of ICTs create stress. We draw from IS and stress research to build and test a model of technostress. The person-environment fit model is used as a theoretical lens. The research model proposes that certain technology characteristics-like usability (usefulness, complexity, and reliability), intrusiveness (presenteeism, anonymity), and dynamism (pace of change)-are related to stressors (work overload, role ambiguity, invasion of privacy, work-home conflict, and job insecurity). Field data from 661 working professionals was obtained and analyzed. The results clearly suggest the prevalence of technostress and the hypotheses from the model are generally supported. Work overload and role ambiguity are found to be the two most dominant stressors, whereas intrusive technology characteristics are found to be the dominant predictors of stressors. The results open up new avenues for research by highlighting the incidence of technostress in organizations and possible interventions to alleviate it.
We develop and test a theoretical model to investigate the assimilation of enterprise systems in the post-implementation stage within organizations. Specifically, this model explains how top management mediates the impact of external institutional pressures on the degree of usage of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. The hypotheses were tested using survey data from companies that have already implemented ERP systems. Results from partial least squares analyses suggest that mimetic pressures positively affect top management beliefs, which then positively affects top management participation in the ERP assimilation process. In turn, top management participation is confirmed to positively affect the degree of ERP usage. Results also suggest that coercive pressures positively affect top management participation without the mediation of top management beliefs. Surprisingly, we do not find support for our hypothesis that top management participation mediates the effect of normative pressures on ERP usage, but instead we find that normative pressures directly affect ERP usage. Our findings highlight the important role of top management in mediating the effect of institutional pressures on IT assimilation. We confirm that institutional pressures, which are known to be important for IT adoption and implementation, also contribute to post-implementation assimilation when the integration processes are prolonged and outcomes are dynamic and uncertain.
The lack of consumer confidence in information privacy has been identified as a major problem hampering the growth of e-commerce. Despite the importance of understanding the nature of online consumers' concerns for information privacy, this topic has received little attention in the information systems community. To fill the gap in the literature, this article focuses on three distinct, yet closely related, issues. First, drawing on social contract theory, we offer a theoretical framework on the dimensionality of Internet users' information privacy concerns (IUIPC). Second, we attempt to operationalize the multidimensional notion of IUIPC using a second-order construct, and we develop a scale for it. Third, we propose and test a causal model on the relationship between IUIPC and behavioral intention toward releasing personal information at the request of a marketer. We conducted two separate field surveys and collected data from 742 household respondents in one-on-one, face-to-face interviews. The results of this study indicate that the second-order IUIPC factor, which consists of three first-order dimensions--namely, collection, control, and awareness--exhibited desirable psychometric properties in the context of online privacy. In addition, we found that the causal model centering on IUIPC fits the data satisfactorily and explains a large amount of variance in behavioral intention, suggesting that the proposed model will serve as a useful tool for analyzing online consumers' reactions to various privacy threats on the Internet.
The research reported in this paper studies the phenomenon of technostress, that is, stress experienced by end users of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), and examines its influence on their Job satisfaction, commitment to the organization, and intention to stay. Drawing from the Transaction-Based Model of stress and prior research on the effects of ICTs on end users, we first conceptually build a nomological net for technostress to understand the influence of technostress on three variables relating to end users of ICTs:Job satisfaction, and organizational and continuance commitment. Because there are no prior instruments to measure constructs related to technostress, we develop and empirically validate two second order constructs: technostress creators (i.e., factors that create stress from the use of ICTs) and technostress inhibitors (i.e., organizational mechanisms that reduce stress from the use of ICTs). We test our conceptual model using data from the responses of 608 end users of ICTs from multiple organizations to a survey questionnaire. Our results, based on structural equation modeling (SEM), show that technostress creators decrease job satisfaction, leading to decreased organizational and continuance commitment, while Technostress inhibitors increase job satisfaction and organizational and continuance commitment. We also find that age, gender, education, and computer confidence influence technostress. The implications of these results and future research directions are discussed.
Advances in causal modeling techniques have made it possible for researchers to simultaneously examine theory and measures. However, researchers must use these new techniques appropriately. In addition to dealing with the methodological concerns associated with more traditional methods of analysis, researchers using causal modeling approaches must understand their underlying assumptions and limitations.
The statistical tests used in the analysis of structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error are examined. A drawback of the commonly applied chi square test, in addition to the known problems related to sample size and power, is that it may indicate an increasing correspondence between the hypothesized model and the observed data as both the measurement properties and the relationship between constructs decline. Further, and contrary to common assertion, the risk of making a Type II error can be substantial even when the sample size is large. Moreover, the present testing methods are unable to assess a model's explanatory power. To overcome these problems, the authors develop and apply a testing system based on measures of shared variance within the structural model, measurement model, and overall model.
This research examines the sources and consequences of stress when using online social networks (OSN). In a first step, the five OSN-induced stressors invasion, pattern, complexity, uncertainty, and disclosure are identified. In a second step, the Model of Continuous OSN Usage is developed in order to examine the influence of these five stressors. Therefore, the model is based on the Model of Adoption of Technology in Households and the Post-Acceptance Model. Results of an empirical analysis with 154 OSNs users reveal that 57 per cent of satisfaction and 64 per cent of continuous usage intention can be explained within the Model of Continuous OSN Usage. Notably, the five stressors have a higher strength of effect on satisfactions than the three attitudinal beliefs hedonic, utilitarian, and social outcomes altogether. In summary, the results offer a theoretical foundation for recent practical observations that OSNs are a source and symbol of stress.
This paper examines the decisive roles of strain and addiction in post-acceptance behavior of social networking sites' users. Therefore, we focus in a first step on the formation of discontinuous usage intentions by theorizing strain, addiction, and satisfaction as direct influencing factor that causes and/or inhibits them. In a second step, the influence of these variables on the intention-behavior relation is focused. We theorize that addiction as well as the ratio between satisfaction and strain moderate whether users transfer discontinuous usage intentions into non-usage behavior. To validate the subsequent research model we propose a longitudinal research setting and present initial results, whereupon satisfaction and strain - but not addiction - causes discontinuous usage intentions. We discuss our expected contributions by revealing that satisfaction, strain, and addiction influence whether a technology is used continuously; however, their influence on intentions and actual behaviors differs. © (2013) by the AIS/ICIS Administrative Office All rights reserved.
Despite the positive impact of information and communication technology (ICT) on an individual, organizational, and societal level (e.g., increased access to information, as well as enhanced performance and productivity), both scientific research and anecdotal evidence indicate that human-machine interaction, both in a private and organizational context, may lead to notable stress perceptions in users. This type of stress is referred to as technostress. A review of the literature shows that most studies used questionnaires to investigate the nature, antecedents, and consequences of technostress. Despite the value of the vast amount of questionnaire-based technostress research, we draw upon a different conceptual perspective, namely neurobiology. Specifically, we report on a laboratory experiment in which we investigated the effects of system breakdown on changes in users’ levels of cortisol, which is a major stress hormone in humans. The results of our study show that cortisol levels increase significantly as a consequence of system breakdown in a human-computer interaction task. In demonstrating this effect, our study has major implications for ICT research, development, management, and health policy. We confirm the value of a category of research heretofore largely neglected in ICT-related disciplines (particularly in business and information systems engineering, BISE, as well as information systems research, ISR), and argue that future research investigating human-machine interactions should consider the neurobiological perspective as a valuable complement to traditional concepts.
Interest in the problem of method biases has a long history in the behavioral sciences. Despite this, a comprehensive summary of the potential sources of method biases and how to control for them does not exist. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to examine the extent to which method biases influence behavioral research results, identify potential sources of method biases, discuss the cognitive processes through which method biases influence responses to measures, evaluate the many different procedural and statistical techniques that can be used to control method biases, and provide recommendations for how to select appropriate procedural and statistical remedies for different types of research settings.
This work reports further theoretical development of Lee and Mitchell's (1994) unfolding model of voluntary turnover, which describes different psychological paths that people take when quitting organizations. Ambiguities in the model were identified, and hypotheses aimed at resolving these ambiguities were tested on a sample of 229 former employees from the "Big 6" public accounting firms. The results provide a theoretical and quantitative extension of an earlier qualitative assessment of the unfolding model. Implications are discussed.
Das Problem der InformationsüberflutungDas vieldiskutierte und nach wie vor ungelöste Problem der Informationsüberflutung wird durch technologische Innovationen, wie zum Beispiel Social Media, oder auch zunehmende Regulationsbestimmungen, wie insbesondere Dokumentationsanforderungen, verstärkt und zieht negative Konsequenzen für Organisationen und Individuen nach sich. So wird für das Jahr 2015 ein weltweites Gesamtinformationsvolumen von nahezu acht Zettabyte1 Zettabyte = 1 Milliarde Terabytes. prognostiziert, was gegenüber dem Jahr 2011 einen Anstieg um 400 Prozent bedeuten würde. Der Großteil dieses Informationsvolumens liegt in unstrukturierter Form, beispielsweise in E-Mails, auf Webseiten, auf Social-Media-Plattformen oder in Textdokumenten, vor (Beath et al. 2012).Für den Umgang mit der Bereitstellung und Verwaltung solcher überwiegend unstrukturierter Informationsbestände im betrieblichen Kontext hat sich der Begriff des Enterprise-Content-Managements (ECM) etabliert (Grahlmann ...