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Monddaten aus dem Archiv von Illahun: Chronologie des Mittleren Reiches
Abstract
Last/first sightings of the lunar crescent and new moon epochs between 2000 BC and 2000 AD were calculated using modern up-to-date lunar and solar ephemerides for different locations in Egypt and for Babylon. All results of these calculations are available online.
The lunar data from the archive of Illahun are reanalysed and the uncertainties of the data reduction and possible absolute chronological assessments are discussed. The data can be fit best when a reign length of 30 years is allowed for pharaoh Senwosret III, which is in accordance with the given number for this king in the Turin papyrus. The lunar data do not support a low chronology of the Middle Kingdom. Two temporal assignments are possible in combination with the recorded date of a heliacal rising of Sirius on either IIII Peret 16 or 17 in the surrounding of Memphis. The best fit (82.5% reproduced correctly) can be obtained with an assumed beginning of the day with dawn and year 1 of Senwosret III equalling 1872 BC and year 1 of Amenemhet III in 1842 BC respectively. In this case the correct Sirius date of year 7 Senwosret III in 1866 BC must have been IIII Peret 17 in order to match with the lunar data. The second possible fit (72.5% correct) is obtained with an assumed beginning of the day with sunrise and year 1 of Senwosret III equalling 1883 BC and year 1 of Amenemhet III in 1853 BC respectively. The correct Sirius date would be IIII Peret 16 in 1877 BC.
... Allowing for this yields very slightly later modelled calendar age ranges for the minimum felling date TPQ (compared to Fig. 7B If we compare the PIT minimum felling dates with the calendar date ranges calculated from 14 C and historical reign length information Dee, 2013), or from historicalastronomical information alone (e.g. Huber, 2011;Gautschy, 2011a;2011b;Kitchen, 2000;Hornung et al., 2006), for Senusret III and his successor Amenemhat III, we see that the minimum Fig. 7. A: 14 C-wiggle-match best fit of the dendro sequenced 14 C dates on the PIT-6 sample (Tables 4 and 5) against the IntCal13 14 C calibration curve (Reimer et al., 2013) employing OxCal (Bronk Ramsey, 1995, 2009a e the grey bars for each date illustrate the 1s uncertainties in both the 14 C and calendar timescales. B: the modelled calendar date of the minimum felling date for the last extant tree-ring of the overall PIT chronology (as shown in Fig. 2a). ...
... felling date TPQ ranges for the PIT timbers lie from a little before, to perhaps into, the start of the reign of Senusret III, especially when compared either to the 14 C and reign length chronology of Bronk and most recently Dee (2013), or the higher historical dates of e.g. Huber (2011);Gautschy (2011a;2011b) or Kitchen (2000): Fig. 11. It is important to note that there was no terminal ring in the PIT sequence, thus an unknown number of tree-rings are missing after relative year 1306 e hence the real bark date for the latest trees cut down for this boat could well lie very comfortably into the reign of Senusret III. ...
... 1882e1865 BC for Senusret Year 7 (Gautschy, 2011a: 59 e note typo in her Fig. 3 where "1 Senwosret III" option 1 should be 1872 BC e compare Gautschy, 2011b: 11e18), and a seemingly most plausible solution (despite imperfect data) for an accession date for Senusret III of ca. 1873/1872 BC (Huber, 2011: 211e225), with 1883 BC the next most likely date (Gautschy, 2011a: 59 e note these 1872 BC and 1883 BC dates, options 1 and 2, are instead called options 3 and 4 in Gautschy, 2011b), and both of these dates within a possible range from ca. 1889e1871 BC. A date of accession in this range and likely ca. ...
... Sesostris III on Papyrus Berlin 10003 3 June 1991 BC perfect; (Gautschy 2011:3, Depuydt 1995 . ...
... Sesostris III on Papyrus Berlin 10003 3 June 1991 BC perfect; (Gautschy 2011:3, Depuydt 1995 . ...
The first scientific, astronomy-based chronological table of ancient Egypt, from 2985 B.C.
Studies since 2005 have raised doubts about the Assyrian King List’s (AKL) intention and ability to measure absolute time. If telescoping of time occurred, it would be difficult to detect during periods when royal annals were scant. The best way to detect discontinuity in the AKL is by comparison with contemporary king lists, such as one constructed from 1–2 Kings regnal formulas. If the AKL conflates time, an assessment of the plausibility of historical scenarios resulting from different timeframes allows for discrimination between one timeline or another. Israel and Judah’s interlocking chronological systems make a comparison with the Neo-Assyrian timeline possible but contain 44 more years than the timeline implied by the AKL and Assyrian Eponym Canon. By narrowing the window of time within which a deficit in the Neo-Assyrian canons may have occurred, possible reasons for missing years in the consensus chronology present themselves. This investigation concludes that Assyria sought to maintain the legitimacy of the institution of kingship during a protracted period of unacceptable or anomalous authority. Concerns surrounding the continuity of kingship would have dictated the final form of the Assyrian King List/Assyrian Eponym Canon. Using Divided Kingdom regnal data, a revision of the historical timeline is proposed that aligns archaeological, radiocarbon, biblical, and Assyrian data.
The ancient Egyptians celebrated the wAgj feast, an integral part of the Osirian cult. Data from the Illahun archive evidence that there were two instances of it: a fixed one, which fell on a specific civil date, and a movable one associated with a specific phase of the moon. There is disagreement about the lunar day and month on which the movable feast took place. The aggregation of the Illahun lunar dates into a 'date net' indicates that the disagreement is due both to peculiarities of the datasets of previous studies and to the incorrect numeration of lunar days in Parker's list, which has been the standard for more than 70 years. Analysis of the lists of lunar days from the Ptolemaic Period also reveals the erroneous position of one of the days; when it is set to the proper position, the symmetry of the phases relative to the day of full moon improves. Based on the corrected numeration of lunar days, it is concluded that the movable wAgj in the original list fell on the 17th day of the second month after the emergence of Sopdet (the heliacal rising of Sirius in modern terms). Further research is needed to examine the effect of the proposed correction on the chronology of the Middle Kingdom.
Стародавні єгиптяни відзначали свято wAgj, невід’ємну частину культу Осіріса. Дані з архіву Іллахун свідчать про те, що існувало два його різновиди: фіксоване свято, яке припадало на конкретну цивільну дату, і рухоме, пов’язане з певною фазою Місяця. Існує розбіжність щодо доби та місяця, в які відбувалося рухоме свято. Агрегація місячних дат Іллахуна в “мережу дат” вказує на те, що розбіжність пов’язана як з особливостями наборів даних попередніх досліджень, так і з неправильною нумерацією місячних діб у списку Паркера, яка була стандартом понад 70 років. Аналіз списків місячних діб періоду Птолемеїв також виявляє помилкову позицію однієї з діб; при правильному її положенні покращується симетрія фаз відносно фази повного Місяця. На підставі виправленої нумерації місячних діб зроблено висновок, що рухомий wAgj в оригінальному списку припадав на 17-у добу другого місяця після появи Сопдет (геліакічного сходу Сіріуса за сучасними термінами). Потрібні подальші дослідження, щоб перевірити вплив запропонованої корекції на хронологію Середнього царства.
В епоху пірамід єгиптяни спорудили деякі з найбільш знакових пам’ятників у світі, але їх метод вирівнювання та точні дати будівництва залишаються предметом суперечок. Ця стаття представляє нові археоастрономічні докази, які пояснюють як нібито нерегулярну орієнтацію пірамід Давнього царства, так і пропонують нове вирішення проблеми датування. Аналіз вирівнювання пірамід, побудованих під час 3–6 династій, показує, що вони були орієнтовані не на північ, як передбачається однією з панівних сучасних моделей, а на видатні зірки в північному циркумполярному регіоні. Чітка закономірність виявляється, коли залежне від часу положення цих зірок порівнюється з орієнтацією ряду пірамід, вирівнювання яких відомо. Шаблон пояснює всі наявні азимутальні дані пірамід від Джосера до Унаса та передбачає більш давні дати будівництва цих споруд із похибкою, що не перевищує п’ять років. Підсумовуючи, вік Давнього царства приблизно на два століття старший, ніж традиційно вважається згідно з наявними текстовими реконструкціями єгипетської хронології. Ці результати є сумісними з радіовуглецевими даними, отриманими зі зразків, зібраних у відомих спорудах Давнього царства, таким чином узгоджуючи археологічні дані з археоастрономічними доказами. Єгипетська хронологія служить стандартом для встановлення регіональних хронологій на всьому стародавньому Близькому Сході III тис. до н. е., отже, переглянута хронологія, заснована на представлених тут висновках, вимагає нового погляду на історичні шкали інших цивілізацій, сучасних Стародавньому Єгипту.
Die Geschichte des Alten Ägypten
Das Monumentale Ägypten
Die Geschichte des Alten Reiches
Das Buch stellt alle Könige des Alten Reiches und ihre wichtigsten Monumente vor und geht der Frage nach, ob die Pyramiden neben ihrer Funktion als Königsgräber auch Beziehungen zu Sternkonstellationen aufweisen.
Jeder wichtige Herrscher wird mit seiner Biographie und seinem wichtigsten Bauprojekt vorgestellt: Im Alten Reich war dies die Pyramide, welche als gigantisches Grabmal und Staatssymbol konzipiert wurde. In der 5. Dynastie trat das Sonnenheiligtum gleichberechtigt neben die königliche Pyramide.
Im letzten Teil stellt das Buch alle wichtigen Theorien vor, welche versucht haben, die Probleme des Pyramidenbaus zu lösen.
Das Literarische Ägypten
Die Geschichte des Mittleren Reiches
Das Buch ist der zweite Teil der Serie und behandelt die Geschichte und Kultur des Mittleren Reiches und der zweiten Zwischenzeit. Die Könige dieser Zeit sind heute allgemein wenig bekannt, galten aber im Alten Ägypten als vorbildlich. Der Totentempel des Mentuhotep II. ist für die Entwicklung der Architektur von entscheidender Bedeutung, während der Pyramidenbau neue Wege einschlug.
Der zweite Teil beschäftigt sich mit der Literatur des Alten Ägypten: Die Sprachstufe des Mittleren Reiches gilt als die Hochsprache der Kultur. Das Buch präsentiert einige der wichtigsten literarischen Werke.
Ausgewählte Themen aus dem Alltagsleben der Ägypter bildet den dritten Teil des Buches: Die Kleidung im Alten Ägypten, sowie Frisuren und Schmuck
2. leicht aktualisierte Auflage
https://www.amazon.de/dp/B0BBJKY5TX/
Das Literarische Ägypten. Die Geschichte des Mittleren Reiches Das Buch ist der zweite Teil der Serie und behandelt die Geschichte und Kultur des Mittleren Reiches und der zweiten Zwischenzeit. Die Könige dieser Zeit sind heute allgemein wenig bekannt, galten aber im Alten Ägypten als vorbildlich. Der Totentempel des Mentuhotep II. ist für die Entwicklung der Architektur von entscheidender Bedeutung, während der Pyramidenbau neue Wege einschlug. Der zweite Teil beschäftigt sich mit der Literatur des Alten Ägypten: Die Sprachstufe des Mittleren Reiches gilt als die Hochsprache der Kultur. Das Buch präsentiert einige der wichtigsten literarischen Werke. Ausgewählte Themen aus dem Alltagsleben der Ägypter bildet den dritten Teil des Buches: Die Kleidung im Alten Ägypten, Frisuren und Schmuck Aktualisierte Auflage mit zahlreichen Abbildungen. Band 2 der vierteiligen Geschichtsreihe zum Alten Ägypten.
In this article we explore the papyrus archive from El Lahun using a strictly schematic Egyptian civil calendar and a modern astronomical date for the start of the calendar. This leads to the absolute accession years for three pharaohs of the Egyptian 12 th dynasty. The accession years are compatible with recent radiocarbon dates for dynastic Egypt and are confirmed by all twenty-six moon dates with explicit regnal years, as well as by the Sothic date and an additional incomplete moon date included in the archive. Our investigation also sheds light on periods of co-regency, Egyptian practices of Sirius and moon observations, and the reliability of the Turin king list.
Die Geschichte des Alten Ägypten Teil I Das Monumentale Ägypten: Die Geschichte des Alten Reiches Das Buch stellt alle Könige des Alten Reiches und ihre wichtigsten Monumente vor und geht der Frage nach, ob die Pyramiden neben ihrer Funktion als Königsgräber auch Beziehungen zu Sternkonstellationen aufweisen. Jeder wichtige Herrscher wird mit seiner Biographie und seinem wichtigsten Bauprojekt vorgestellt: Im Alten Reich war dies die Pyramide, welche als gigantisches Grabmal und Staatssymbol konzipiert wurde. In der 5. Dynastie trat das Sonnenheiligtum gleichberechtigt neben die königliche Pyramide. Im letzten Teil stellt das Buch alle wichtigen Theorien vor, welche versucht haben, die Probleme des Pyramidenbaus zu lösen. Das Literarische Ägypten: Die Geschichte des Mittleren Reiches Das Buch ist der zweite Teil der Serie und behandelt die Geschichte und Kultur des Mittleren Reiches und der zweiten Zwischenzeit. Die Könige dieser Zeit sind heute allgemein wenig bekannt, galten aber im Alten Ägypten als vorbildlich. Der Totentempel des Mentuhotep II. ist für die Entwicklung der Architektur von entscheidender Bedeutung, während der Pyramidenbau neue Wege einschlug. Der zweite Teil beschäftigt sich mit der Literatur des Alten Ägypten: Die Sprachstufe des Mittleren Reiches gilt als die Hochsprache der Kultur. Das Buch präsentiert einige der wichtigsten literarischen Werke. Ausgewählte Themen aus dem Alltagsleben der Ägypter bildet den dritten Teil des Buches: Die Kleidung im Alten Ägypten, sowie Frisuren und Schmuck. Zahlreiche Abbildungen und Literaturangaben. https://www.michaelhabicht.info/
Updated edition. https://www.amazon.de/Das-Literarische-%C3%84gypten-Geschichte-Mittleren/dp/3754929259
The recently published Yemeni observing report about SN 1006 from al-Yamani clearly gives AD 1006 Apr (mid-Rajab 396h) as first observation date. Since this is about 1.5 weeks earlier than the otherwise earliest reports (Apr 28 or 30) as discussed so far, we were motivated to investigate an early sighting in more depth. We searched for additional evidences from other areas like East Asia and Europe. We found that the date given by al-Yamani is fully consistent with other evidence, including: (a) SN 1006 "rose several times half an hour after sunset" (al-Yamani), which is correct for the location of Sana in Yemen for the time around Apr 17, but it would not be correct for late Apr or early May; (b) the date (3rd year, 3rd lunar month, 28th day wuzi, Ichidai Yoki) for an observation of a guest star in Japan is inconsistent (there is no day wuzi in that lunar month), but may be dated to Apr 16 by reading wuwu date rather than a wuzi date; (c) there is observational evidence that SN 1006 was observed in East Asia early or mid April; for the second half of April, a bad weather (early monsoon) period is not unlikely -- there is a lack of night reports; (d) the observer in St. Gallen reported to have seen SN 1006 "for three months", which must have ended at the very latest on AD 1006 Jul 10, given his northern location, so that his observations probably started in April. We conclude that the correctly reported details give quite high confidence in the fully self-consistent report of al-Yamani, so that the early discovery date should be considered seriously.
Astronomical chronology is the dating of historical events that are linked to astronomical observation. Its prerequisite is an uninterrupted and precisely known calendar in which the observations are expressed. It rests on an interplay of astronomy and relative chronology which requires more discussion than astronomy does. If relative chronology allows for a large interval for an event, then the periodic repetition of astronomical phenomena will prevent the singling out of a specific year. The astronomically datable events which are studied here refer to lunar and solar eclipses and last and first visibilities of Venus in Mesopotamian sources, and to lunar observations and Sirius risings in Egyptian sources.
The date of the Late Bronze Age Minoan eruption of the Thera volcano has provoked much debate among archaeologists, not least in a recent issue of Antiquity (‘Bronze Age catastrophe and modern controversy: dating the Santorini eruption’, March 2014). Here, the authors respond to those recent contributions, citing evidence that closes the gap between the conclusions offered by previous typological, stratigraphic and radiometric dating techniques. They reject the need to choose between alternative approaches to the problem and make a case for the synchronisation of eastern Mediterranean and Egyptian chronologies with agreement on a ‘high’ date in the late seventeenth century BC for the Thera eruption.
We present two Arabic texts of historic observations of supernova SN 1006 from Yemen as reported by al-Yamānī and Ibn al-Daybac (14th to 16th century AD). An English translation of the report by the latter was given before (Stephenson & Green 2002), but the original Arabic text was not yet published. In addition, we present for the first time the earlier report, also from Yemen, namely by al-Yamānī in its original Arabic and with our English translation. It is quite obvious that the report by Ibn al-Daybac is based on the report by al-Yamānī(or a common source), but the earlier report by al-Yamānī is more detailed and in better (Arabic) language. We discuss in detail the dating of these observations. The most striking difference to other reports about SN 1006 is the apparent early discovery in Yemen in the evening of 15th of Rajab of the year 396h (i.e. AD 1006 April 17±2 on the Julian calendar), as reported by both al-Yamānī and Ibn al-Daybac, i.e. ∼1.5 weeks earlier than the otherwise earliest known reports. We also briefly discuss other information from the Yemeni reports on brightness, light curve, duration of visibility, location, stationarity, and color. (© 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Given that the cause for the strong increase in 14C in AD 774/5 in Japanese
and German trees is still a matter of debate (e.g. short Gamma-Ray Burst or
solar super-flare), we have searched in Arabic chronicles for reports about
unusual transient celestial events. In the {\em History of al-Tabari we found
two (almost identical) reports about such an event. The group around caliph
al-Mansur observed a transient event while on the way from Baghdad to Mecca on
AD 775 Aug 29 - Sep 1 (Julian calendar), most probably during the morning
twilight of AD 775 Aug 29. A celestial object kawkab was seen to fall or set
inqadda, and its trace atharuhu was seen for at least tens of minutes (up to
70-90 min) during morning twilight. The reports use the Arabic words kawkab and
athar(uhu), which were also used in the known Arabic reports about supernovae
SN 1006 and 1054, so that one might consider an interpretation as a nova-like
event. The kawkab (celestial object) was observed only during the morning
twilight at a brightness of probably between about -3 and 0 mag. Such a
brightness and time-scale would be expected for optical kilonovae (at 3 to 9
kpc) in the context of short Gamma-Ray Bursts. There are no similar reports
from eastern Asia for this time. However, the short reports are fully
consistent with a bolide: The word kawkab can be used for meteor, the verb
inqadda normally means "falling down", the word atharuhu can mean "its trace".
We therefore prefer the interpretation as bolide. We discuss in detail how to
convert the Muslim calendar date to a date in the Julian calendar using first
the calculated Islamic calendar and then considering the time when the crescent
new moon could be visible at the given location.
The aim of the present paper is to establish a lower boundary condition of a possible successful sighting of the lunar crescent based on Babylonian predictions and observations. This means that all Egyptian chronological options showing deviations in positive direction with visibilities below this boundary condition will be dismissed as impossible. Although a theoretical limit of 10° for the visibility criterion, i.e. a minimum lagtime between sunset and moonset of 40 minutes, is mentioned in text TU 11, the Babylonian Astronomical Normal Star Almanacs contain several predictions for first or last visibility with values smaller than 10° and the Astronomical Diaries a few such observations. Thus, a value of 10° for the lagtime is an inappropriate lower boundary condition which cannot be used as knock-out criterion for Egyptian chronological options based on lunar data.
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