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The Nonprofit Economy

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... Theoretically, government activities can also interact with nonprofits and religions, adding complexity to their relationship. According to government failure theory (Weisbrod, 1977(Weisbrod, , 1991Young, 2000aYoung, , 2000b, nonprofits arise in response to unmet public demands. Therefore, when governments more effectively address these needs, the influence of religious environments on nonprofits may decrease, potentially weakening the connection between religious activities and nonprofits. ...
... Government, as a powerful institution, plays a central role in our social functions and activities, potentially influencing the religion-nonprofit connection. Thus, theories that center on nonprofit-government relationships, particularly government failure theory (Weisbrod, 1977(Weisbrod, , 1991 and interdependence theory (Salamon, 1987(Salamon, , 1995, are also essential to this study. In this section and the next, we will elaborate how these theories and concepts contribute to our understanding of the relationships between religious environments and nonprofits, and help formulate hypotheses for this study. ...
... Government failure theory and interdependence theory both focus on the nonprofit-government relationship to explain the existence of the NPS. Weisbrod's (1977Weisbrod's ( , 1991 government failure theory explains the origin of nonprofits from the lens of economics (Young, 2000a(Young, , 2000b. It contends that the NPS emerges as a response to the failure of governments in satisfying population demands for public services. ...
Article
This study examines the impact of religious environments on the jurisdictional density of nonprofit organizations. It has been argued that religiosity can affect nonprofit activities by promoting prosocial attitudes, collectivism, collaborating and bonding, and business ethics. While prior research has investigated the effects of religiosity on various aspects associated with nonprofit activities, such as volunteering, generosity, nonprofit management, and prosocial attitudes, there remains a dearth of studies exploring the direct relationship between religious environment and the size of nonprofit sectors. Existing research yields mixed results with certain limitations. This research addresses these limitations and finds that a more vibrant religious environment contributes to a higher density of both religious and nonreligious nonprofit organizations. The study also finds that the effect is more pronounced in areas with a higher government presence. This finding is consistent with the prediction of interdependence theory but not government failure theory.
... For some, the nonprofit organizations represent a response to the failure of governments or markets to produce socially desirable but difficult-to-commodify goods such as free education, undeveloped natural spaces, or social cohesion (Anheier, 2014;Salamon, 1987;Weisbrod, 1988). For others, nonprofits are the expression of their founder's personal identity, such as their unique values regarding meaningful work, or their access to information or resources (Frumkin, 2009). ...
... I argue that the key to answering these questions lies in conceptualizing the nonprofit sector as positioned to change the social reality that influences the lived experiences of individuals and that leads to positive social change over time. Nonprofits are unique in this way because they do not suffer the constraints of the profit motive of private organizations, nor do they have the need for widespread public consensus of the public sector in their engagement with social realities (Weisbrod, 1988). Private and public organizations necessarily bound their symbolic realities in ways that limit their potential to achieve positive social change. ...
... Transformative symbolic reality is especially possible in the nonprofit sector precisely because these are organizations that have a mission oriented toward fulfilling otherwise unfulfilled social needs. Nonprofit theory suggests that community organizations are special because they are oriented toward social ends rather than private benefit (Weisbrod, 1988). Similarly, these organizations are often formed as a response to perceived community need and are theorized to innovate at higher rates than other organizations (Bornstein, 2007;Fleishman, 2007;Katre & Salipante, 2012;Smith, 1974). ...
Chapter
What is the nonprofit sector and why does it exist? Collecting the writing of some of the most creative minds in the field of nonprofit studies, this book challenges our traditional understanding of the role and purpose of the nonprofit sector. It reflects on the ways in which new cultural and economic shifts bring existing assumptions into question and offers new conceptualizations of the nonprofit sector that will inform, provoke, and inspire. Nonprofit organization and activity is an enormously important part of social, cultural, and economic life around the world, but our conceptualization of their place in modern society is far from complete. Reimagining Nonprofits provides fresh insights that are necessary for understanding nonprofit organizations and sectors in the 21st century.
... It therefore begins by describing the processes of 'government failure' due to policies which give priority to majority needs and neglect minority needs and then explains how partial privatisation of social services has created an opportunity for original and resistant critical practice with the resources to assist underprivileged populations. The concept of 'government failure' relates to the fact that in some heterogeneous societies, the government concentrates on providing responses to the average citizen's needs, but the character of the service is determined by the needs of the majority population so that the specific needs of religious, ethnic or cultural minorities do not receive appropriate government response (Weisbrod, 1988). Weisbrod's hypothesis of demand heterogeneity argues that it is third-sector organisations that provide a response to populations harmed by government failure, since the price of the service they provide is low and subsidised through government grants and donations and their beneficiaries are consumers who cannot pay the market price (Weisbrod, 1988). ...
... The concept of 'government failure' relates to the fact that in some heterogeneous societies, the government concentrates on providing responses to the average citizen's needs, but the character of the service is determined by the needs of the majority population so that the specific needs of religious, ethnic or cultural minorities do not receive appropriate government response (Weisbrod, 1988). Weisbrod's hypothesis of demand heterogeneity argues that it is third-sector organisations that provide a response to populations harmed by government failure, since the price of the service they provide is low and subsidised through government grants and donations and their beneficiaries are consumers who cannot pay the market price (Weisbrod, 1988). ...
... The above-mentioned finding is important for the social work profession given the prediction that increased numbers of social workers will be absorbed into the non-government sector due to strengthened neoliberal policies, one of its mechanisms being the partial privatisation of welfare services (Gal and Magadlah, 2022). The third sector has the potential to absorb masses of social workers in heterogeneous societies which suffer from government failures (Weisbrod, 1988(Weisbrod, , 1998, societies containing a majority and minority, whose welfare programmes are biased to benefit the hegemonic majority (United Nations Refugee Agency, 2022). In other words, it is estimated that the third sector has the potential to become the main arena for research of critical practice adoption due to its ideological characteristics (Zychlinski Ester, 2010) and its ability to be adapted to the unique contexts in which it operates (Jamal, 2017). ...
Article
The research traces the adoption of critical practices by minority group social workers working in the third sector. A phenomenological approach was employed, drawing data from semi-structured in-depth interviews with social workers from two entities composing the third sector in Arab society in Israel: dozens of volunteers from the religious Zakat committees and a large proportion (the statistics are confidential) of those employed in the secular battered women’s shelters. It was found that critical practice is context-dependent: operatively, management in both entities, religious and secular, provides conditions enabling their employees to adopt critical practices such as: decreasing workloads to a minimum; permitting maximal application of professional discretion; freeing time for direct intervention; encouraging collaborative relations with service users and learning from successes during the interventions. These social workers apply minor, daily but incremental critical practices, selecting underprivileged, excluded target populations, setting intervention goals opposing the oppressors while recognising abused women (giving voice and visibility) and redistributing material resources for the needy, employing intervention methods that see distress as a structural product, standing by their applicants and encouraging change. Structural, oppositional and activist critical practice fits the social work profession when overshadowed by ‘government failure’ in general, especially among minorities.
... Even in this real world -a world that is stubborn about change and in which we may never enjoy a fresh startsector distinctions matter in ways that are not simply academic. For one, policy and managerial decisions could be informed by a more sophisticated understanding of nonprofit organizations' place in the modern economy (Weisbrod, 1991). On the consumption side, buyers regularly make choices between products and services that could be produced by different types of organizations, and these decisions potentially have profound consequences in their lives. ...
... Countless others have reflected on or offered more technical definitions of what it means to be nonprofit (e.g., Frumkin, 2002;Hansmann, 1987;Powell, 2020;Salamon, 2015;Steinberg & Powell, 2006;Weisbrod, 1991). We take a decidedly forgiving approach, casting a wide net and not fretting too much about delineating precise sectoral boundaries. ...
Chapter
What is the nonprofit sector and why does it exist? Collecting the writing of some of the most creative minds in the field of nonprofit studies, this book challenges our traditional understanding of the role and purpose of the nonprofit sector. It reflects on the ways in which new cultural and economic shifts bring existing assumptions into question and offers new conceptualizations of the nonprofit sector that will inform, provoke, and inspire. Nonprofit organization and activity is an enormously important part of social, cultural, and economic life around the world, but our conceptualization of their place in modern society is far from complete. Reimagining Nonprofits provides fresh insights that are necessary for understanding nonprofit organizations and sectors in the 21st century.
... They provide direct services to serve vulnerable populations, collaborate with government agencies to deliver public services, experiment with innovative solutions to address social problems, and engage in the policy process to promote social justice (e.g. Brandsen and Pestoff 2006;Frumkin 2009;Salamon 2012;Weisbrod 1988). By definition, one key factor that makes non-profits different is that they are subject to the nondistribution constraint, which prohibits non-profits from distributing profits to private stakeholders such as the executive director and board members (Hansmann 1980). ...
... While the relationship between short-term growth of revenue and expenses has not been extensively examined, we anticipate minimal divergence in their patterns. Theoretical and empirical research has delved into the revenue sources and expense patterns in non-profits (Hughes and Luksetich 2004;Park and Peng 2020;Rothbart and Yoon 2022;Weisbrod 1988;Wilsker and Young 2010). In addition, in governments, the discussions have focused on the influence of political and fiscal institutions on the relationship, particularly through debt financing (Deller et al. 2013;Dye, McGuire, and McMillen 2005;Eslava 2011;Mullins 2004;Shadbegian 1998). ...
... These needs are many in number and highly diverse; examples include needs for specialized goods like adaptive sports equipment both for recreation and competitive pursuits, assistive technology to enable volunteering or participation in the workforce, adaptive bicycles and other means of transport, advocacy for policies that affect veterans, and to connect intersectional or distinct populations such as LGBTQ veterans. Given these and many other needs of the population that remain unmet by government, a vast system of charitable care has emerged to fill these gaps, consistent with the government failure theory of nonprofit emergence into a service market (Weisbrod, 1988). ...
... Indeed, one of the most obvious ways that nonprofits create public value is expanding the capacity of a system, increasing service supply to meet a greater share of demand. Government failure theories of nonprofits' existence suggest that nonprofits enter a service market in response to gaps left by government due to demand heterogeneity (Weisbrod, 1988). This theory, however, is not well-suited to explain veteran-serving nonprofits; ...
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This chapter contributes to the discussion of public value creation by examining the role of nonprofits in public service delivery through the lens of a specific policy context: veteran's services. In this process, we present descriptive data from a sample of 70 nonprofits serving veterans along with qualitative data from in-depth interviews with 13 executive leaders of these organizations. While the chapter is situated in a specific policy context, the case built in our chapter is that nonprofit involvement in service delivery can produce public value in a variety of measurable ways.
... This ownership difference applies even in conditions where there are no differences in the private economic incentives they face, for example, in the form of payment for the work task differing between the public and private sectors. Public organizations, by virtue of their ownership status, are subject to a non-distribution constraint meaning that they cannot legally redistribute profits but instead keep any residuals within the public realm and in this way are, at least nominally, set up to serve the public good (Francois 2000;James and Jilke 2020;Weisbrod 1988). Private companies, in contrast, distribute profits to their owners, including shareholders. ...
... Thus, workers may perceive their efforts as being at risk of expropriation by the organization for private gain. Public organizations, in contrast, are subject to a "non-distribution constraint" (Weisbrod 1988) that involves any residuals from their activities being kept in the public realm rather than being taken out by their owners for private profit. In this way, public organizations are-at least nominally-set up to serve the public good (Francois 2000;James and Jilke 2020). ...
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Full-text available
Understanding differences between working in the public and private sectors is core to public management research. We assess the implications of a theory of public ownership, testing an expectation that work is of higher quality when performed under public ownership status compared to a private company. We conducted two, pre-registered, field experiments with a routine data processing task and workers recruited through an online labor market. Workers were randomly allocated information about the ownership status of a nursing home as either a public organization or private company. Work quality was measured as errors workers made in data entry and correcting pre-existing errors in work materials provided to them. The first experiment showed that fewer workers in the public, compared to the private, nursing home tended to make any data entry errors, but that they did not correct more existing errors. Exploratory analyses showed a greater effect for those aware of the organization’s ownership status. To test this apparent sector attention effect, we conducted a second experiment with a 2-by-2 factorial design randomly allocating workers to a treatment making salient the public or private sector status of the organization, in addition to the initial public or private sector treatment. The results confirmed the effect of public sector status and sector attention in combination; workers who were assigned to a public sector organization rather than a private company and who were made aware of the respective sector status were more likely to perform their work tasks without any errors. We discuss the limits of the findings and their implications including that public organizations could boost the quality of work done by making their sector status more explicit to workers.
... Extant studies consider the role of population heterogeneity as a proxy for demand heterogeneity in shaping governmentnonprofit contracting (e.g., Feiock & Jang, 2009;Garrow, 2014;Lecy & Van Slyke, 2013;Matsunaga et al., 2010). Government failure theory highlights diverse service demand in explaining the existence of nonprofit organizations in market economies (Weisbrod, 1988). 3 According to the theory, nonprofits are established to fill the service gap left by government provision, a gap caused by tension between diverse service needs and a majority voting system. ...
... 3. Given the difficulty in measuring demand heterogeneity, Weisbrod (1988) suggested demand heterogeneity can be proxied by population heterogeneity in terms of income, education, gender, ethnicity, and so on. 4. In addition to contracting out, government under fiscal pressures might cut back on services provided. ...
Article
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This study employs a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis to explore how combinations of demand- and supply-side factors jointly shape the scale of government-nonprofit contracting in social services across 38 Chinese cities. Our analysis reveals a huge disparity by identifying two pathways to large-scale government contracting for “to-have” (well-resourced cities with low service needs but a well-developed nonprofit sector) versus the other two pathways to small-scale government contracting for “to-have-not” (poorly-resourced cities with an underdeveloped nonprofit sector struggling with meeting high service needs). The study contributes to the literature by highlighting how different demand- and supply-side factors can complement each other to form different combinations in shaping the scale of government contracting with new empirical evidence from an authoritarian context. The rise of government-nonprofit contracting in China is more supply-driven, reflecting the government's active role in cultivating the nonprofit sector development. The findings also raise an important policy issue of accessibility and equity in social service provision.
... Scholars have explored the link between a nonprofit's revenue structure and the nature of services it provides (Chang & Tuckman, 1996;Weisbrod, 1988). According to the benefits theory of nonprofit finance (Young, 2006), revenue composition is heavily influenced by the nature of services and benefits offered. ...
Article
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Compared to the extensive literature on the outcomes of revenue diversification in nonprofit organizations, less research has focused on its antecedents. This study investigates the environmental and organizational factors influencing the extent to which nonprofits diversify their revenue sources. Using a panel dataset of 10,214 US arts and cultural nonprofits from 2005 to 2017 (N = 54,877) and employing hierarchical linear modeling, the study finds that nonprofits in counties with higher resource competition and those with larger boards of directors tend to have more diversified revenue portfolios. Conversely, nonprofits in more resourceful counties are less likely to diversify their revenue mixes. These findings advance the nonprofit finance literature and offer insights into how nonprofits can design their revenue strategies under varying conditions.
... In the nonprofit field, demand heterogeneity, government funding, and social capital are regarded as three key factors influencing the formation of NPOs (Putnam, 1993;Salamon, 1995;Weisbrod, 1988). In contrast to this view, institutional analysts contend that the institutional environment shapes the rise of NPOs (DiMaggio & Anheier, 1990;Lipsky & Smith, 1989;Salamon & Anheier, 1998). ...
Article
This study focuses on the prevalence of nonprofit sector support organizations (NSSOs)―a form of nonprofit organization (NPO) devoted to providing services and resources to support grassroots development. Contrary to previous studies that emphasize the importance of institutions in shaping the NPO population through their effect on citizens and nonprofit managers, this study links three institutional pressures―coercive, mimetic, and normative pressures―to the decisions of public agencies to establish NSSOs. This study examines this claim using a newly constructed dataset of NSSOs across 330 Chinese cities between 2012 and 2021 (N=2,385). The results indicate that cities with greater pressure from provincial governments, neighboring cities, and professional associations are more likely to promote the establishment of NSSOs. This study advances the understanding of the impact of institutions on the dynamics of the NPO population by demonstrating their effect on public agencies.
... In addition to the principal-agent problem, nonprofit corporations face two additional economic problems, free riding and achieving scale economies, that for-profit organizations easily overcome by selling shares to investors and sharing profits only with them, and in proportion to their stock purchases [96]. When it comes to "social" goods that for-profits cannot profitably provide, like charity or basic scientific research [53], governments may be better positioned than nonprofits to supply them because they can force taxpayers to fund social goods provision [46,62], and to do so at scale [152]. ...
Article
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In Democracy in America , Alexis de Tocqueville famously described the depth and breadth of voluntary association in the antebellum United States. Recent empirical research shows that de Tocqueville did not exaggerate. Between the founding of the republic in 1788 and the start of their Civil War in 1861, Americans voluntarily chartered over 23,000 business and over 15,000 nonprofit corporations across a wide swathe of activity. Contrary to the “state capacity” view, which holds that the weak state of early American governments rather ironically forced Americans to voluntarily associate to address social ills, the reverse is closer to the truth. In other words, Americans voluntarily associated to keep regulations relatively few and taxes relatively low. Americans today could revitalize their deeply divided republic by reinvigorating voluntarism, the non-mandated unilateral transfer of resources, making it once again the main mechanism for mitigating socioeconomic problems.
... The theories of market and government failure (Hansmann, 1987) suggest that voluntary and nonprofit organizations meet the demand for goods and services that are not adequately supplied by the market or government. On the one hand, government failure theory proposes that the demand for the provision of voluntary organized activities will result from the inability of the political process to satisfy the diversity of needs and preferences, since the government will respond to the demand of the majority (the median voter) and will leave unsatisfied the preferences of small or powerless minorities (Weisbrod, 1988). More generally, this theoretical argument suggests the existence of a relationship between the heterogeneity of preferences in the population (expressed in terms of socioeconomic, ethnic, cultural, or religious diversity) and the demand for voluntary organized activities (James, 1989). ...
... Subsequently, an explanation in terms of the research life cycle was provided by Taylor et al. (2006) and states that early career researchers tend to be more productive until they reach their desired level of career advancement (Morrisey and Cawley, 2008). Theoretical work by Carayol (2006), Lesueur (2012), Gay et al. (2008), Lissoni et al. (2011), Rauber and Ursprung (2008), Weisbrod (2009) emphasize the mechanisms of cooperation among researchers through developments by game theory (Neumann and Morgenstern, 1944) as an explanatory factor for researcher productivity. ...
Article
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The aim of this paper is to analyze the effects of the diffusion of ICTs in general and the internet penetration in particular on scientific production in developing countries. We capture the scientific production by the number of scientific journals papers published and the number of patents filed by residents of these countries. The panel of data collected on 70 developing countries over the period 2000-2016, allowed us to estimate a model by the method of generalized moments in system. The results show that improving the access to internet in countries increases the productivity of researchers. Also, the results suggest that democracy and transparency of administrations increase researchers' productivity, while corruption, conflicts and mining rents reduce it.
... The aim of social impact assessment is, therefore, to ensure that development will maximize benefits and minimize costs. In the traditional view, economic value is generated by the business organization, and social value is the domain of the nongovernmental sector (Weisbrod 1988). Therefore, in their assessments, decision-makers in the regulatory domain or in the business sector often do not consider the difficult to measure costs and benefits of a qualitative nature. ...
... An explicit aim to benefit the community Dees, 1998;Young and Salamon, 2002;Defourny and Nyssens, 2010;Di Zhang and Swanson, 2013 An initiative launched by a group of citizens or civil society organisation Montgomery et al. 2012;Olsom, 2009;Spear, 2006;Nicholls, 2006 A limited profit distribution Monzón, 2006;Monzón and Chaves, 2017;Weisbrod, 1988;Díaz, 1988;Durán and Guadaño, 2002 Participatory governance A high degree of autonomy Sánchez Gil, 1969;Froelich, 1999;Pestoff and Hulgard, 2016 A decision-making power not based on capital ownership Monzón, 2006;Monzón and Chaves, 2017;Pestoff and Hulgard, 2016 A participatory nature, which involves various parties affected by the activity Ebrahim et al., 2014;Austin, 2000;Pestoff, 1998;Pestoff and Hulgard, 2016 ...
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Purpose This study aims to understand the importance of participatory governance in the identity of social enterprises (SEs). To this end, this paper provides a framework by means of the value co-creation process and by drawing from the service-dominant logic perspective and the stakeholder theory. An explanation is also provided regarding the opportunity to include fundamental issues in defining SE collective identity, such as those related to an organisation’s participatory nature of involving the stakeholders affected by its activities, the exercise of democratic decision-making and its autonomy from the state and market. Design/methodology/approach On the statistical exploitation of a large international data set, the authors approach the conceptualisation of SEs by providing an index to measure their social, economic and governance characteristics, thereby enabling these enterprises to be categorised into different groups. Findings This study found that the inclusion of the governance dimension in the research incorporates the greatest variability between the various models of SE, thereby justifying participatory governance as the raison d’être of the two fundamental schools in SE, namely, Anglo-Saxon and European. Practical implications This research offers a tool to policymakers to be used as a criterion of classification and hierarchical organisation for public procurement. It enables the various organisations to be ordered and takes social and cultural influence into consideration. This tool would be highly useful as a support of social entrepreneurship from the public environment, especially at the local level. Originality/value This study justifies the value of incorporating participatory governance as a distinctive dimension for the definition of categories of SEs. Furthermore, an index to craft taxonomies of SEs is developed based on social, economic and governance indicators, which provides a framework that facilitates the empirical research of the SE.
... Strong leadership (Oeij et al. 2019) and competencies for cooperation and dealing with tensions also play a crucial role, as does voluntarism. (Weisbrod, 1994). Voluntary and open membership is one of the basic principles social economy relies on (Monzón and Chaves 2017). ...
Article
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As current evolutions make the social economy increasingly visible and important, the paper examines the role of networking in social economy initiatives in strengthening their innovativeness capacities, and, thus, increasing their potential for societal transformation. Our analytical framework reflects the different clusters of networking relations within and outside social economy initiatives, as well as the roles of cognitive frames, skills and capacities, governance, activities, and funding under each of these networking clusters. This analysis is then applied in a particular social economy initiative, Cretamo, a consumers’ cooperative operating a grocery store in Thessaloniki, Greece. The results indicate that Cretamo has developed in the central node of an eco-system of same-minded social enterprises in the agro-food sector, offering an alternative niche to the mainstream economic model. This has changed relations both within the initiative and in its networks, while, at the same time, allows for increased innovativeness capacities. Cretamo has not yet the power to challenge the existing mainstream regime. Yet, it offers a valid alternative niche, which, combined with the socio-economic crisis still experienced in Greece and expected to intensify in the future, creates strong potential for societal transformation.
... The Italian hospitals are represented by various organisations: public, private for-profit and private nonprofit and all of them directly or indirectly compete with one another for the provision of services. Nevertheless, all are considered relevant players in the health sector, because the public organisations are not always sufficient (Weisbrod, 1988) and there are strong "information asymmetries" (Hansmann, 1980). In this context, non-profit organisations are important because they are considered a mix of public and private entities (Arrow, 1963). ...
Article
Purpose This paper aims to analyse the roles of relational capital (RC) and knowledge management (KM) during the COVID-19 in Italian public and private hospitals, considering that intangible elements are essential during periods of uncertainty. Design/methodology/approach Authors used a qualitative design in a case study on two Italian hospitals that have different ownership structures, which are located in the epicentre of the pandemic in Lombardy. The study was carried out using the CAOS (“caratteristiche personali”, “ambiente”, “organizzazione” and “start-up”) model (Paoloni, 2021), which allows for comprehending and commenting on RC because of the connections between typical factors that influence an organisation. The model also allows for discussion of the use of a network and how it supports organisations. Findings Findings of the analysis showed that during the management of the COVID-19 health emergency, ownership structure was not a discriminating factor, the created relationships were similar and they were considered in the same way. The relationships were mainly formal (except for contributions by associations or individuals) and temporary. The RC's reactive role in overcoming crises was confirmed, and the findings indicated that this result was possible also, thanks to the KM's role played within the organisation. Originality/value Theoretical implications of the work are that it contributes to the sparse healthcare literature on intellectual capital (IC) and on RC and its relationships with KM. The practical implications are related to the creation of new relationships during the healthcare emergency between hospitals and the central government, which can be considered a useful lesson for the future. The theoretical implications derived from the analysis are generalisable to all organisations regardless of their type and location, as well as the practical implications are applicable to the entire national territory.
... The first point of view considers the relationship under a financial perspective, more specifically, in terms of funding [27,28]. The second point of view focuses on interaction styles [29] while the third point of view focuses on the relationship between the public and third sectors as service providers that are able to develop effective synergies [18,30,31]. Regarding the first perspective, there is a tight dependency of third sector organizations on fund-raising, volunteerism and public subsidies, allowing them to exercise the allocative and integrative function, also defined as the twin-function [26]. ...
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The extent of the effects produced by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on the collaboration between public administrations and the third sector is currently unclear. Undoubtedly, as in any other organizations, social enterprises and non-profit organizations have been severely affected by the spread of COVID-19, especially regarding their relationship with the public sector. Based on an analysis of 563 Italian third sector entities (ETSs) that responded to an online survey launched in March 2020, this study aims to explore the current state and extent of the potential change in the collaboration between organizations belonging to the third sector and the Italian public administration system in response to the COVID-19 emergency. The results have shown that only approximately one-third of the organizations have been asked to jointly contribute with the public sector to contain the negative effects of the pandemic. In other cases, spontaneous support initiatives have been undertaken to manage the crisis. The findings have also revealed that the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the internal operating and functioning mechanisms of the organizations operating in the third sector. The study concludes with a forecast of the potential exacerbation of the difficulties currently faced by the third sector and with the provision of future strategic paths to contain the health, social and economic effects of the pandemic.
... Hansmann (1980Hansmann ( , 1981 theorized that this prohibition increases the likelihood of organizational investments in quality rather than profits. Traditionally, governments have operated under similar constraints and for similar reasons (Rainey 2009), and both government and nonprofits have been widely viewed as solutions to information asymmetries in the marketplace (Nelson and Krashinsky 1973;Smith and Lipsky 1993;Weisbrod 1988). ...
Article
What role does sector play in citizens’ perceptions of products or services in mixed-market settings where governments compete with for-profit and nonprofit vendors, or when governments partner or contract with private-sector providers? Do the public and nonprofit sectors have an advantage over for-profit providers? Using choice-based conjoint analysis with a nationally representative paid consumer panel, we examine the relevance of sector to consumers and compare it other signals of quality; namely, price, third-party certifications, and consumer ratings. Of these, subjects are most sensitive to information from consumer ratings. Regarding sector, we find that subjects generally prefer nonprofit to government providers and government to for-profit providers. Sector is most relevant to consumers in low-information environments when the quality of a product or service is otherwise unclear. We extend theory by proposing four possible mechanisms for the differential value of sector to consumers (process quality, product quality, expertise quality, and moral quality).
... However, governmental resources are already stretched thin with existing obligations. As scholars have noted, nonprofits often emerge to correct governmental failures in public service delivery [45]. While nonprofits secure funds from various sources, local nonprofits often rely on local funding. ...
Article
Bangladesh faces a severe rural to urban migration challenge, which is accentuated by climate change and the Rohingya crisis. These migrants often reside in urban slums and struggle to access public services, which are already short in supply for existing slum dwellers. Given the inadequacy of governmental efforts, nonprofits have assumed responsibility for providing essential services such as housing, healthcare, and education. Would local slum-dwellers in Dhaka be willing to support such nonprofits financially? We deploy an in-person survey experiment with three frames (generic migrants, climate migrants, and religiously persecuted Rohingya migrants) to assess Dhaka slum-dwellers' willingness to support a humanitarian charity that provides healthcare services to migrants. Bangladesh is noted as a climate change hotspot and its government is vocal about the climate issue in international forums. While we expected this to translate into public support for climate migrants, we find respondents are 16% less likely to support climate migrants in relation to the generic migrants. However, consistent with the government's hostility towards Rohin-gya, we find that respondents are 9% less likely to support a charity focused on helping Rohingya migrants. Our results are robust even when we examine subpopulations such as recent arrivals in Dhaka and those who have experienced floods (both of which could be expected to be more sympathetic to climate migrants), as well as those who regularly follow the news (and hence are well informed about the climate and the Rohingya crisis).
... Second, the emergence of board interlock may be influenced by resource dependence on certain sources of revenue (Mizruchi & Stearns, 1994). Studies suggest that nonprofits that heavily rely on donative sources of funding-called donative nonprofits (Chang & Tuckman, 1994;Hansmann, 1986;Weisbrod, 1988)-are different from nonprofits that rely on commercial sources of funding because of their unique funding strategy to procure external resources (Galaskiewicz et al., 2006). Board interlock may be more critical for donative nonprofits because a greater dependence on external sources of capital may lead them to seek access to potential resources by recruiting members who sit on many other boards. ...
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A board interlock creates interorganizational networks where organizations are interconnected via overlapping board of directors. Board interlock is important for nonprofits because of its potential to impact organizational performance through the flow of information, resources, and status. While much is known about the consequences of board interlock, little is known about the mechanisms underlying its antecedents. This study explores three types of predictors of board interlock: organizational, dyadic, and structural characteristics. Inferential network analysis of a 17-year-period panel of nonprofits demonstrates that network relationships are shaped by the existing network structures, such as the tendency for preferential attachment (e.g., a social preference to connect with those who are already well connected) and transitivity (e.g., a social preference to connect with friends of friends). Findings inform nonprofit leaders about how to bridge to a board interlock network by recruiting well-connected board members serving on multiple boards.
... This applies to both users and public regulators as there are limited opportunities for monitoring the quality of this type of service (Evers et al., 1997). Weisbrod (1988) proposed distinguishing between quality indicators that are easy to observe and assess and those that are difficult to observe. Different market participants have different incentives regarding the prioritization of the two forms of quality. ...
Book
This report examines the role of private providers of ECEC services in the five Nordic countries: Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, and Iceland. For each country, we map the ECEC journey from a selective service at the fringes of the welfare state to a universal service at the core of the welfare state. We subsequently analyze the role that non-profit and for-profit providers have played in this development and their position today. We pay special attention to the governing tools used by the Nordic governments to regulate the welfare mix, that is, the division of public, for-profit, and nonprofit providers. https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2831519
... Kendall and Knapp 13 find non distribution of profit and voluntarism as the key attributes which nurtures trust and good will of voluntary organizations in the community. Weisbrod (1977Weisbrod ( , 1988 in his public goods theory argues that the state cannot supply all the public goods in response to the demand in society. Hence voluntary/nonprofit organizations fill the residual demand by means of private production of public goods. ...
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The study highlights the unique role of human values in the voluntary action. The report can be used as educative and empirical case study material by post graduate students, teachers, and voluntary sector professionals
... In economic demand approaches, attention has been drawn to their activation, favoured by the failure of the state and the market to provide collective goods (Weisbrod, 1988), as well as the failure of a contract resulting from information asymmetry (Hansmann, 1987; cf. Ben-Ner and Van Hoomissen, 1991). ...
... From the perspective of national welfare policies, heterogeneous societies-especially those with distinct ethnic minority groups-often provide minority groups with inferior responses to their needs (Banting et al., 2006), forcing them to develop and manage their own services (Weisbrod, 1988(Weisbrod, , 1998. Since the State of Israel became independent, Israeli Palestinians, most of whom are Muslims, have been a designated ethnic minority that is continuously discriminated against and underserved by the state (Cnaan, 1985;Israeli, 2020;Coursen-Neff, 2003;Haidar, 1994;Herzog, 1999;Yiftachel, 1997). ...
... The effects of a policy of charging substantial fees from students and/or the effects of a policy of demand-driven funding depend crucially on accommodating policies in areas such as (the incentives to be included in) funding mechanisms, student support systems, quality assessment, availability of information, and opportunities for new education providers to enter the market for higher education. To give an example: While the demand-driven option offers individuals the greatest amount of choice and leverage in the market for higher education, information asymmetries will make it difficult for consumers and producers to contract on quality (Glaeser and Schleifer 2001;Weisbrod 1988). A strongly demand-driven scheme also runs the risk of forcing culturally important but financially weak programs to close. ...
... Newhouse (1970) postulates that nonprofit hospitals maximize both quantity and quality of services subject to a balanced budget. Conversely, Pauly (1987), Weisbrod (1988) and, more recently, Rosko et al. (2020) believe that organizational differences turn out to be much less important than they might seem. Indeed, if a provider has higher revenues from production or lower labor costs, then more funds become available for other purposes. ...
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A healthcare provider faces two decision problems. On the one hand, it chooses its organizational form: a hospital can be a for‐profit institution providing compensated care only, or it can be a nonprofit organization whose mission is enhancing access to care for uninsured, low‐income patients. On the other hand, the provider chooses which health professionals to hire, without observing their heterogeneous skills and their pro‐social motivation. These decisions are related because an increase in the percentage of revenues, that the nonprofit hospital sacrifices for charity care, might enhance the motivation of its workers and induce some of them to donate their labor, that is, to volunteer. Accordingly, this article analyzes the provider's optimal screening contracts, which are contingent on workers' ability and satisfy limited liability, and relates them to the optimal choice of its mission‐orientation. The results provide a new rationale for: the emergence of different organizational forms for hospitals, such as for‐profits and nonprofits, which complement public hospitals in the provision of health care, the heterogeneity in the degree of charity care chosen by different nonprofit hospitals.
... The effect of institutional characteristics on career outcomes is not limited to academic careers but extends to nonacademic career outcomes as well (Jackson & Michelson, 2015). The distinct career outcomes among PhDs based on their institutional characteristics, are believed to be associated with available resources and social status which vary substantially by college and university (Weisbrod, 2009). ...
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Focusing on census data of U.S. doctoral recipients during the last 10 years, we examined PhD production and undergraduate origins with a particular emphasis on institutional selectivity. Specifically, this study had three overarching goals: (1) examining STEM PhD production with an emphasis on the selectivity of doctoral programs; (2) examining the selectivity of undergraduate origins among STEM PhDs from highly selective doctoral programs; and (3) examining whether the patterns of STEM PhD production and undergraduate origins differ by race/ethnicity. This study found significantly different patterns in PhD production overall versus PhDs from top 10 doctoral programs and in the selectivity of undergraduate institutions that produce the number of PhDs overall versus PhDs from the top 10 doctoral programs. We further found that PhD production across varied selectivity of doctoral program and its association with the undergraduate origins differ significantly across different racial/ethnic groups. Implications for policy, programs, and future research are discussed.
... 4 To explore NGO failure, we need to understand why NGOs emerge in the first place. Weisbrod (1988) suggested that service delivery NGOs (nonprofits) arise due to the twin failures of both markets and governments. Information asymmetries between the buyer and the seller cause market failures. ...
Article
An extensive literature identifies conditions under which markets and states work efficiently and effectively towards their stated missions. When these conditions are violated, these institutions are deemed to show some level of failure. In contrast to the study of market and government failures, scholars have tended to focus on non-governmental organizations’ (NGOs) successes instead of failures. This is probably because they view NGOs as virtuous actors, guided by principled beliefs rather than instrumental concerns, not susceptible to agency conflicts, accountable to the communities they serve, and working cooperatively with each other. A growing literature questions this “virtue narrative.” When virtue conditions are violated, NGOs could exhibit different levels of failure. In synthesizing this literature, we offer an analytic typology of NGO failures: agency failure, NGOization failure, representation failure, and cooperation failure. Finally, given NGOs’ important role in public policy, we outline institutional innovations to address these failures.
... However, sector commitment, the dedication of an individual in continuing a career within a specific sector of employment, has received increased attention among public and nonprofit researchers as a means of understanding and engendering retention (see Walk et al. 2019 for a summary of this research). Sector commitment is an extension of Weisbrod's (1988) theory of managerial sorting, which posits individuals will opt for opportunities within the sector whose incentives match their preferences, and conceives that individuals will stay in a sector that aligns with these preferences. Research on sector commitment has examined the role of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards, and findings imply that rewards and commitment have a complex relationship with recruitment and retention of employees (e.g., Chetkovich, 2003;Johnson & Ng, 2016;Lee & Wilkins, 2011;LeRoux & Feeney, 2013;Ng & Johnson, 2019). ...
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Evidence about millennial work motivations and the increasing importance of compensation questions the durability of the donative labor hypothesis in explaining nonprofit sector commitment. Nonprofit graduate education offers an employment pipeline into the sector, but what if the importance of compensation is partly driven by the financial burden accrued from education? Could it be that financial burden contributes to choices about work and commitment to the nonprofit sector? Using longitudinal data of nonprofit education alumni, we inquire about their sector commitment in light of the financial burden from their degree. Findings of this exploratory study offer a starting point for future research into how nonprofit education alumni view career opportunities in the nonprofit sector.
... planteó un tercer tipo de bienes, distinto de los públicos y privados, a los cuales denominó "bienes de club", que se pueden producir en asociaciones (clubes), para el grupo de miembros asociados. Weisbrod (1988), considera a las ONG como productoras privadas de bienes públicos. Fama y Jensen (1983), llaman la atención sobre los subsidios que reciben como forma de financiamiento y, consecuentemente, por su capacidad de proporcionar servicios públicos o cuasi-públicos a un costo menor que el sector privado, lo que desde su punto de vista constituye una distorsión del mercado (dumping). ...
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La Economía Social y Solidaria está institucionalizada en la Constitución de la República del Ecuador, sin embargo a través de las políticas públicas no logra cristalizarse este proyecto, lo que requiere de volver al impulso inicial de la Economía Social y Solidaria, es decir ser una alternativa desde el movimiento y la práctica social.
... Ironically, changing opportunities for women at this time had a surprising impact on some segments of the nonprofit sector. As more women left volunteering in favor of the workplace, nonprofits had to adjust to the challenge of finding sufficient volunteers or workers in certain job categories, such as Catholic institutions that relied on falling numbers of religious volunteers and nuns to provide educational and social services (Weisbrod, 1988, cited in Hammack, 2002. ...
Chapter
The nonprofit sector has a rich history in the public sector arena, one that has often alternated between partnership and opposition. This chapter explores the role of women and gender within the nonprofit sector through a historical, present-day, and future lens. The chapter begins by summarizing and analyzing the contributions of women and gender in civil society voluntary outlets through the evolution of the modern day nonprofit sector. The chapter then moves to examine the current status for women in nonprofit administration and leadership. The discussion concludes with a focus on five pressing challenges that impact evolving workplace dynamics related to gender and the changing needs of the nonprofit sector. The implications reflect broader discussions of social equity, ethics, and diversity inclusion and representation – which are also intertwined with equitable service provision and mission fulfillment.
... They are now commonly used by institutions supporting NGOs in developing countries for effective project management and accountability (Roberts, Jones III & Fröhling, 2005). 1 They are also intended to shape these organizations' structure: even the way NGOs communicate with the public and other stakeholders by reports, newsletters, webpages, and position papers are subject to these managerial techniques. Managerialism in NGOs was disseminated globally, including the US (Eikenberry & Kluver, 2004;Salamon, 1997;Weisbrod, 1988), the UK , Austria (Maier & Meyer, 2011), the global South , global governance , and EU governance (European Commission, 2011). ...
Chapter
This chapter focuses on the aspects which are considered to be connecting participation and proliferation of NGOs into global governance. There exists a historical and social process related to the emergence of new governance. When the bureaucratic hierarchies and the centralized state dissolved, neoliberal economic reforms aimed to reconfigure governance. Neoliberal reforms and social democratic governments often turned to the NGOs to revive a third-sector vis-à-vis the state and the market both in the developed and developing states. Many governments and governmental agencies developed civil society building and NGO support policies. New-Marxist and realist approaches assessed civil society and participation discourses often in terms of an instrumentalist standpoint. They argue that civil society discourse served, thus was instrumental, to the interests of capitalist logic or a class, or to the interests of powerful states. A decentered approach draws on governmentality and differs from instrumental criticisms. It does not discard the observations of other critical research. Rather, it locates civil society discourse within the interplay of governmental rationalities and technologies of power. The main argument of a decentered approach is civil society discourse is connected to political rationalities and technologies of power that make the state possible.
... They are now commonly used by institutions supporting NGOs in developing countries for effective project management and accountability (Roberts, Jones III & Fröhling, 2005). 1 They are also intended to shape these organizations' structure: even the way NGOs communicate with the public and other stakeholders by reports, newsletters, webpages, and position papers are subject to these managerial techniques. Managerialism in NGOs was disseminated globally, including the US (Eikenberry & Kluver, 2004;Salamon, 1997;Weisbrod, 1988), the UK , Austria (Maier & Meyer, 2011), the global South , global governance , and EU governance (European Commission, 2011). ...
Chapter
This chapter claims that contemporary civil society is an effect of discursive practices and speech acts. Involving CSOs to governance settings can be understood as performative practices. These practices, speech acts, and performative actions are contextualized within scientific theories and the new governance reforms. When scholars and practitioners talk about civil society, they do not use an objective meaning of civil society existing independently of their perceptions or beliefs. Nor can they create a meaning of civil society only by merely pointing out some organizations and say, “These are civil society organizations.” In contrast to objective (natural) and purely subjective meanings of civil society, interpretive theories claim that any concept of civil society does not have a meaning outside of the discursive practice or discursive field within which it is situated and mobilized. Civil society discourse entails social scientific theories and is embedded in political programs, which define and constitute a distinct understanding of civil society and organizational forms and subjectivities.
... They are now commonly used by institutions supporting NGOs in developing countries for effective project management and accountability (Roberts, Jones III & Fröhling, 2005). 1 They are also intended to shape these organizations' structure: even the way NGOs communicate with the public and other stakeholders by reports, newsletters, webpages, and position papers are subject to these managerial techniques. Managerialism in NGOs was disseminated globally, including the US (Eikenberry & Kluver, 2004;Salamon, 1997;Weisbrod, 1988), the UK , Austria (Maier & Meyer, 2011), the global South , global governance , and EU governance (European Commission, 2011). ...
Chapter
This chapter focuses on how Foucault’s governmentality can be applied to the analysis of civil society. Governmentality provides us with a bottom-up and a genealogical approach to the analysis of civil society. It differs from rational-choice, new institutional, and system theories of governance. Government is a form of power that differs from sovereign and disciplinary forms of power. Contemporary civil society discourse is a governmental technology because international agencies, states, international organizations, and other non-state actors draw on civil society to govern states, whether developed or emerging states and of their populations. Civil society as a governmental technology draws on scientific theories such as social capital and new institutionalism.
Chapter
This chapter provides an overview on nonprofit healthcare organizations, focusing on theoretical frameworks, empirical evidence, and policy impacts. Nonprofit entities prioritize community welfare, benefiting from tax-exempt status and adhering to stringent regulatory and accreditation standards. Ownership conversions between nonprofit and for-profit statuses impact operational priorities and care quality. The changes in reimbursement policies have significantly influenced these organizations, enhancing care quality and financial stability. Recent transparency measures and charity care requirements further ensure accountability. The findings underscore the vital role of nonprofit healthcare providers in delivering high-quality, accessible care and inform future research considerations.
Chapter
What is the nonprofit sector and why does it exist? Collecting the writing of some of the most creative minds in the field of nonprofit studies, this book challenges our traditional understanding of the role and purpose of the nonprofit sector. It reflects on the ways in which new cultural and economic shifts bring existing assumptions into question and offers new conceptualizations of the nonprofit sector that will inform, provoke, and inspire. Nonprofit organization and activity is an enormously important part of social, cultural, and economic life around the world, but our conceptualization of their place in modern society is far from complete. Reimagining Nonprofits provides fresh insights that are necessary for understanding nonprofit organizations and sectors in the 21st century.
Chapter
What is the nonprofit sector and why does it exist? Collecting the writing of some of the most creative minds in the field of nonprofit studies, this book challenges our traditional understanding of the role and purpose of the nonprofit sector. It reflects on the ways in which new cultural and economic shifts bring existing assumptions into question and offers new conceptualizations of the nonprofit sector that will inform, provoke, and inspire. Nonprofit organization and activity is an enormously important part of social, cultural, and economic life around the world, but our conceptualization of their place in modern society is far from complete. Reimagining Nonprofits provides fresh insights that are necessary for understanding nonprofit organizations and sectors in the 21st century.
Chapter
What is the nonprofit sector and why does it exist? Collecting the writing of some of the most creative minds in the field of nonprofit studies, this book challenges our traditional understanding of the role and purpose of the nonprofit sector. It reflects on the ways in which new cultural and economic shifts bring existing assumptions into question and offers new conceptualizations of the nonprofit sector that will inform, provoke, and inspire. Nonprofit organization and activity is an enormously important part of social, cultural, and economic life around the world, but our conceptualization of their place in modern society is far from complete. Reimagining Nonprofits provides fresh insights that are necessary for understanding nonprofit organizations and sectors in the 21st century.
Article
The number of nonprofits, including charter schools and museums, seeking funding for capital projects through bond markets has surged in recent decades. Despite this, nonprofit borrowers experience difficulty in securing strong credit ratings compared to municipal borrowers, resulting in higher borrowing costs (Calabrese & Ely, 2016). This study investigates the impact of nonprofit financial condition on bond credit ratings. This is accomplished by constructing a novel dataset of nonprofit credit ratings linked to bond issuance data reported in the IRS Form 990 schedule K. Ordered probit regression with the Heckman selection correction reveal that nonprofits’ tendency towards financial leanness contributes to low bond crediting ratings. Specifically, minimized profits, operating revenue, and cash flows, combined with over-dependence on donations and program revenue lead to weaker credit ratings. This result challenges the conventional wisdom of maintaining financially lean nonprofits by demonstrating that it has a negative impact on credit ratings which increases borrowing costs, thereby inhibiting the ability of nonprofits to expand programs and scale up their mission impact.
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Drivers and factors of social service outsourcing to non-profits are identified and discussed. A key point of the discussion of the choice between for-profits and non-profits as outsourcing partners is whether the quality of the service is observable and verifiable by third parties. In the case of unobservable/ unverifiable quality, market incentives could be misaligned with social welfare, and non-profits gain an advantage over for-profits. Cross-country analysis reveals factors explaining variations in non-profit outsourcing. All else equal, more outsourcing is observed among nations with efficient public sector governance and strong civil society. A theory is presented to compare cost, quality and social welfare between contracting-out to for-profits and non-profits. Theory findings and predictions are illustrated by the case of outsourcing of long-term care to for-profits and non-profits, using recent evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic.
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During the pandemic, the non-profit sector has seen both a significant increase in the volunteer movement and the exacerbation of existing problems due to the imposed restrictions, most notably related to the financing of non-profit organisations’ activities and fundraising. The paper aims to assess the social efficiency of the non-profit sector with respect to the management of financial resources. Methodologically, the research relies on the resource dependence theory. The assessment uses the calculation of the Weisbrod publicness index. Traditionally, this index employs data from individual organisations, as there are no comparable data for the entire sector. The study, for the first time, attempts to conduct a comprehensive assessment based on data on socially oriented non-profit organisations (SONPOs) collected by Rosstat. To test the approach, the author considers the results of the financial activities of SONPOs located in the regions of the Northwestern Federal District for 2017–2019. The findings indicate that in Pskov oblast, Nenets Autonomous Okrug, and the Komi Republic, the SONPOs’ sector relies almost solely on self-financing; in the Republic of Karelia, Arkhangelsk and Vologda oblasts donor funding prevails; other regions enjoy a balance between revenues from the production of public and private goods. Keeping such a balance appears to be the optimal model for the sector’s functioning, since it testifies SONPOs’ ability to manage their resources.
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Цель: статья посвящена вопросам организационно-методического обеспечения экономического анализа и оценки результативности и эффективности хозяйствования религиозных организаций. Обсуждение: для пользователей информации крайне важна ее аналитичность, поэтому для оценки результатов хозяйственной деятельности религиозных организаций необходимо разработать определенный механизм (алгоритм) их анализа, перечень показателей, их нормативные критерии (область допустимых значений), что позволит сформировать объективное мнение об обеспеченности достаточности финансирования, рациональности расходования средств и ресурсов и принять на основании этой информации обоснованные экономические решения. Проводя экономический анализ деятельности религиозной организации, нельзя ограничиваться только экономическими показателями оценки результативности и эффективности, так как эти субъекты оказывают, в первую очередь, общественно-духовную функцию, и именно эта сторона их деятельности имеет первостепенное значение. Таким образом, при рассмотрении религиозных организаций необходимо рассматривать и социальную (общественную) эффективность, что является относительно новой категорией анализа. Результаты: авторы дают развернутый обзор научных подходов к оценке результативности и эффективности некоммерческих организаций, к которым относятся религиозные организации. В статье разработана и обоснована адаптированная модель маржинального анализа, учитывающая нюансы хозяйственной деятельности религиозных организаций, представлен круг показателей социальной эффективности, раскрыта их сущность применительно к религиозным организациям.
Conference Paper
In 2006, the Open University Awarding Body, Faculty of Health & Social Care and the Vocational Qualifications Assessment Centre began exploratory discussions with health and social care (HSC) employers regarding the creation of a flexible programme of vocational and academic development which would seek to bridge the FE-HE divide, embed learning in the workplace rather than the classroom and facilitate progression in this field of practice. The product of these discussions was the ‘Integrated Vocational Route’ (IVR). The IVR is designed to meet the needs of support staff directly involved in the provision of health and/or social care who have higher career aspirations and employers seeking to develop those non-professional care workers in their organisation whom they believe have the greatest potential to progress to more senior roles. The original programme integrates a Level 3 HSC (Adults) National Vocational Qualification (NVQ) within the OU K101 ‘An Introduction to Health and Social Care’ module (offering 60 credits at NQF Level 4). Successful completion of the IVR will therefore provide both a ‘Certificate of Health and Social Care’ (60 credits at NQF Level 4) and a full NVQ Level 3 HSC Adults award. HSC employer consultation and briefings in twelve UK towns and cities helped shape the IVR model and four organisations (Newcastle City Council, Northumberland, Tyne & Wear NHS Trust, Salisbury Foundation NHS Trust and Social Work Information & Interpretation Services [SWIIS] Foster Care Scotland) have been particularly influential in determining IVR design and models of delivery. One such model enables both the IVR tutor and assessor roles to be undertaken by staff within a partner organisation and tutorials to be held in the workplace. Most of the IVR learning and support materials are available online and a bespoke, user-friendly electronic portfolio has been created for the integrated NVQ. By simultaneously developing and assessing academic skills, knowledge and competence related to care practice, the IVR offers better preparation for progression to qualifying routes such as nursing and social work and scope for credit transfer. A second IVR integrating a full Level 3 HSC Children and Young People (CYP) NVQ within the K101 module was offered for the first time in 2009. The IVR is currently being redeveloped to accommodate the new vocational Diploma qualifications which replace Level 3 NVQs from 2011.
Article
Nonprofit organizations are important actors in local communities, providing services to vulnerable populations and acting as stewards for charitable contributions from other members of the population. An important question is whether nonprofits spend or receive additional revenues in response to changes in the populations they serve. Because immigrant populations both receive and contribute to nonprofit resources, changes in immigrant numbers should be reflected in changing financial behavior of local nonprofits. Using data from the National Center for Charitable Statistics and the American Community Survey, we study whether nonprofit financial transactions change in response to changes in the local immigration population, the nature of the change, and the degree to which these changes vary by nonprofit type. Findings suggest that nonprofit financial behavior changes with growth and decline in immigrant populations underscoring the importance of nonprofits as service providers and contribute to an understanding of how organizations respond to external forces.
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El objetivo de este artículo es profundizar en el estudio del crowdfunding y el rol que realiza en el ámbito de las entidades y proyectos sociales, desde una triple perspectiva. Primero, valorando su papel como instrumento de captación de fondos generador de independencia financiera y avance en su autonomía político-social. Segundo, como elemento cohesionador de la sociedad y ampliación de la democracia participativa. Tercero, en el logro de mejoras de bienestar social —movimientos Pareto Superiores—. La metodología de trabajo ha sido el análisis Big Data de las plataformas representativas del crowdfunding social en el Estado Español, migranodearena.org y goteo.org, en la modalidad de donación y recompensa respectivamente, desde su fecha de creación hasta diciembre del 2016.
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This study examines the relationship between community ethnic-racial diversity and contributions to donor-advised funds (DAFs) held by community foundations. Unlike general contributions, DAFs allow donors to retain advisory control over their fund distribution based on individual preferences. In contrast to prior research that generally finds that diversity dampens private provision of public goods, we show that greater ethnic-racial diversity is significantly associated with higher levels of contributions to DAFs at community foundations but not with general contributions. The findings contribute to the literature on diversity and public goods provision and have practical implications for the policy role of private philanthropy.
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