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Economics and Evolution: Bringing Life Back into Economics
... A economia evolucionária é centrada na preocupação com os processos históricos de mudança e desenvolvimento econômico que foram marginalizados pela teoria econômica neoclássica (Veblen, 1898;Hodgson, 1993;Nelson, 1995b;Loasby, 1999). Esta abordagem é sustentada por três princípios-chave do pensamento evolucionário: i) a existência de variação entre espécies ou populações; ii) a hereditariedade ou continuidade, por meio das quais características individuais são passadas a futuras gerações; e iii) o processo de seleção que determina a habilidade de unidades em ser bem sucedidas dentro de um ambiente (Essletzbichler e Rigby, 2007;Hodgson, 1993Hodgson, , 2005Hodgson, , 2008. ...
... A economia evolucionária é centrada na preocupação com os processos históricos de mudança e desenvolvimento econômico que foram marginalizados pela teoria econômica neoclássica (Veblen, 1898;Hodgson, 1993;Nelson, 1995b;Loasby, 1999). Esta abordagem é sustentada por três princípios-chave do pensamento evolucionário: i) a existência de variação entre espécies ou populações; ii) a hereditariedade ou continuidade, por meio das quais características individuais são passadas a futuras gerações; e iii) o processo de seleção que determina a habilidade de unidades em ser bem sucedidas dentro de um ambiente (Essletzbichler e Rigby, 2007;Hodgson, 1993Hodgson, , 2005Hodgson, , 2008. ...
... As firmas mais bem-sucedidas tendem a sobreviver por mais tempo e replicar suas práticas através de rotinas, do mesmo modo que organismos mais aptos a sobreviver em determinados ambientes tendem a sobreviver por mais tempo e replicar suas características através de mecanismos de transmissão genética. Todo este processo é mediado pelo mercado, que age como um mecanismo de seleção importante (Nelson e Winter, 1982;Metcalfe, 1988;Hodgson, 1993). Desta forma, os processos evolucionários envolvem a geração de novidades, tendo como foco a importância da criatividade humana e da inovação ). ...
Esta tese tem como objetivo principal analisar em perspectiva evolucionária os obstáculos e potencialidades que o Sistema Regional de Inovação (SRI) do Estado do Rio de Janeiro possui para estender, criar ou renovar sua trajetória de desenvolvimento. Buscou-se responder as seguintes questões de pesquisa: a partir de que ativos o estado poderia construir novas trajetórias de desenvolvimento? Como o SRI fluminense poderia aproveitar o estoque de conhecimento e os ativos de sua estrutura produtiva neste processo? Quais seriam os obstáculos institucionais para a construção destas novas trajetórias? E partiu-se das seguintes hipóteses: a superespecialização da região em um setor específico limita as possibilidades de transbordamento de conhecimento, direciona acumulação de competências, influencia a criação de estruturas institucionais particulares e impede o desenvolvimento de outros setores potenciais; em sistemas de inovação periféricos é mais viável apostar na renovação da trajetória de desenvolvimento baseada em setores relacionados do que na criação de novas trajetórias de desenvolvimento ancoradas em setores não-relacionados à estrutura produtiva regional; a renovação da trajetória de desenvolvimento de um SRI deve ser acompanhada de adaptações institucionais. Utilizamos como referencial teórico a Geografia Econômica Evolucionária, complementada por contribuições das vertentes Institucional, Relacional e da Economia Política, a fim de fazer uma “contextualização profunda” da evolução da região. Foi feito um estudo de caso em profundidade, conjugando métodos quantitativos (cálculo de indicadores, estatística descritiva e levantamento de dados secundários) e qualitativos (revisão bibliográfica, pesquisa documental, entrevistas semiestruturadas e análise de conteúdo), com intuito de obter uma visão completa e aprofundada do objeto. A pesquisa se dividiu em seis etapas: 1) Definição do problema de pesquisa e seu contexto; 2) Construção do Referencial Teórico; 3) Análise da arquitetura institucional do SRI; 4) Caracterização dos ativos do SRI; 5) Diagnóstico sobre a Estrutura Produtiva Fluminense; e 6) Identificação dos Obstáculos e Desafios do SRI fluminense para construir novas trajetórias de desenvolvimento. Os resultados apontam que a melhor estratégia para o SRI fluminense é renovar sua trajetória de desenvolvimento a partir de ativos existentes e setores relacionados. Para tanto é necessário superar o ambiente institucional hostil; capacitar o Estado para formular e implementar políticas públicas de indução à diversificação regional; ampliar a cooperação entre os atores e estimular o capital social ponte; desenvolver outros tipos de proximidade além da geográfica; e levar em consideração os diferente arranjos institucionais existentes no estado.
... The application of evolutionary ideas from biology to social sciences has a long history (Veblen, 1898) and has regained popularity among economists and innovation scholars at the turn of the twentieth century (Hodgson, 1993;Nelson and Winter, 1982). Evolutionary thinking has found fertile ground also in economic geography and has been widely applied under the EEG framework to study regional innovation and economic growth (Boschma and Frenken, 2006;Boschma and Martin, 2010;Essletzbichler and Rigby, 2007;Martin and Sunley, 2006). ...
... If they favour change, it is along pre-existing technological trajectories (that is adaptation). Adaptation is however by no means synonymous with evolutionary success, neither in biology nor in social sciences (Hodgson, 1993). Adaptation refers to inheritable features of an entity that increases its fitness under a given environment. ...
Different strands of literature have provided important insights into the economic effects of high-skilled migration. Evolutionary economic approaches have provided robust evidence and theories to explain how innovation unfolds in regions. However, with few exceptions they have been silent with regard to the role of migration in this process. This paper, while building on the insights of the above streams of literature, will elaborate a conceptual framework which applies evolutionary economic geography concepts to explore the link between migration, knowledge diffusion and regional diversification. By bringing together all the above arguments, this paper brings evolutionary economic geography (EEG) into an unchartered terrain, one where regional innovation meets migration studies. By engaging in these debates, EEG can prove its interpretative power and provide further insights into the drivers of regional economic dynamics and innovation.
... Research results on both the theoretical and applied levels of analysis, which are more or less correctly considered Schumpeterian (cf. Hodgson 1993). This approach is different from the mainstream of modern modeling of Schumpeterian evolution, and the difference can be seen in the mathematical setting based on the set-theoretical and topological apparatus borrowed from modern general equilibrium theory. ...
... The motivation for using this static framework is based on the fact that Schumpeter's theory was strongly inspired by Walrasian thinking (cf. Hodgson 1993). Moreover, the dynamic version of the static model is introduced by applying a qualitative theory of the dynamical system, where a quasi-semidynamical system is understood as a semigroup of multivalued transformations of a metric space. ...
Relationships between innovations and competition are the main bases of an evolutionary approach to economic development. Innovation is recognized as a major force to achieve success in an intensively competitive environment, and competition is an essential element of the coordination mechanism required for economic changes to be successfully brought about. One of the first who well explore these relationships was Schumpeter. The idea that innovative competition may improve the positions of some groups of economic agents involved in the evolutionary processes is rooted within the neo-Schumpeterian research program. It suggests that the price mechanism typical for the routine behavior of agents should be replaced by a qualitative one to take into account the structural changes of an economy based on innovative and competitive processes as drivers of economic evolution. In this context, the main aim of this paper is to give a new setting of the phenomenon of innovative competition. This problem relates to the classification of different kinds of innovations and diversification among innovators. Moreover, two major concepts of competition are studied: the classical concept in which competition is viewed as a dynamic process and the neoclassical one in which competition is an end state of the evolutionary processes.
... Is the use of concepts from the theory of biological evolution a matter of metaphor or analogy, or are there ontological commonalities between social and biological evolution (Hodgson 2002(Hodgson , 2003? One of Nelson and Winter's achievements is that they ground their evolutionary theory more firmly in the three core Darwinian principles of variety, inheritance and selection than their predecessors in economics (Hodgson 1993(Hodgson , 2003. At the same time, however, they are reluctant to admit to more than the use of analogy. ...
... auf das postkeynesianische Forschungsprogramm der ökonomischen Heterodoxie konzentrieren, das wesentliche Teile der evolutorischen Innovationsökonomik und der historisch-institutionalistischen Unternehmenstheorie integriert. Nach der Darstellung der paradigmatischen Merkmale werde ich auf die drei zentralen Ansatzpunkte der heterodoxen (Pharma-)Ökonomik eingehen, nämlich der Frage nach der Bedeutung und Finanzierungsweise pharmazeutischer Innovationen und der These, dass die börsenorientierten Pharmaunternehmen vermittels ihrer Strategie der Maximierung (Hodgson 1988(Hodgson , 1993(Hodgson , 2015 (Hollingsworth/Schmitter/Streeck 1994;Hollingsworth/Boyer 1997;Kitschelt et al. 1999 (Chandler 1977(Chandler , 1990(Chandler , 2005Dunn 2011), der evolutorischen Innovationsökonomik (Dosi et al. 1988;Lazonick 1990Lazonick , 1993Lazonick , 2015Storper/Scott 1992;Mazzucato/Dosi 2006) (Hodgson 1988Lawson 1997;Lavoie 2015). (Beckert 1997;Hollingsworth/Boyer 1997;Hodgson 2015;Lavoie 2015). ...
Zusammenfassung In dieser Studie wird die Argumentation der heterodoxen Ökonomik zur Erklärung und politischen Regulierung hochpreisiger Arzneimittelinnovationen in der OECD-Welt als paradigmatische Alternative zur neoklassischen Orthodoxie rekonstruiert. Neue molekularmedizinische Fortschritte der Diagnostik und Therapie ermöglichen einen kurzfristigen und gruppenbezogenen medikamentösen Behandlungsansatz, der klinische Bewertungsstrategien im Sinne der evidenzbasierten Medizin zunehmend unter Druck setzt. Neben Fragen der Refinanzierung von Forschungs-und Entwicklungsausgaben großer pharmazeutischer Unternehmen stehen auch Fragen der zukünftigen öffentlichen Finanzierbarkeit eines gleichen Zugangs aller Staatsbürger zu neuartigen Arzneimitteln im Raum. Die heterodoxe Ökonomik setzt als Debattenbeitrag bei der autonomen Preissetzungsmacht und marktbezogenen Preisführerschaft von Big Pharma an und hinterfragt die neoklassische Sichtweise der Effizienz in Verhandlungsprozesse getragener Markteingangspreise von Arzneimittelinnovationen. Ihre Sichtweise scheint jene Kritik an überzogenen Markteingangspreisen zu rechtfertigen, die oft von Kostenträger vorgetragen wird, dass nämlich die Markteinstiegspreise weniger die Produktions-und Vertriebskosten als solche, sondern vor allem hohe Renditeerwartungen widerspiegeln, die in der börsenorientierten Wachstumsstrategie der Maximierung des Shareholder Value (MSV) ihren Ausdruck finden. Heterodoxe Ökonominnen und Ökonomen plädieren daher für eine robuste demokratische Steuerung der Forschungs-und Entwicklungsausgaben von Big Pharma. Abstract In this study, the argumentation of heterodox economics for the explanation and political
... An established literature in evolutionary economics seeks to address the processes that underly dynamism and change in an economic system, with a special emphasis on a range of innovations being introduced (i.e. variety), as well as the processes by which these outcompete alternative solutions to economic problems, i.e. selection (Witt 1992;Metcalfe 1994;Hodgson 1996). We take inspiration from Frenken, Saviotti, and Trommetter (1999), who discussed the intersection between the concept of variety in industrial activity with that of biology-based niche theory. ...
This paper examines the evolution of niches in creative industries, specifically the music industry. We conceptualise niche evolution as a manifestation of Schumpeterian disruption, and the music scene as a representation of a creative niche. Through mixed methods, we analyse niche evolution in collaboration networks over sixty years. We show that niche evolution exhibits recombination and reinforcement of new ideas, and propose that niche emergence and evolution in the music industry can be categorised as following three different pathways: seed fragmentation networks with early recombination and intermediate-stage reinforcement, often resulting from break-ups of highly influential bands; creative horizontal networks with intermediate-stage recombination and reinforcement, consisting of tightly knit communities with delayed commercial breakthroughs; and artist experimentation networks with late recombination and reinforcement, consisting of small niches of sub-genre innovations. This paper opens up new research directions for niche evolution, which can advance understanding of knowledge-intensive innovation ecosystems in other sectors.
... Esse es forço vai na direção das críticas de que o antigo institucionalismo, oriundo dos escritos de Veblen, não oferece uma abordagem sistemática e viável da teoria econômica. 6 Para Hodgson (1996), tais críticas são equivocadas, pois o autor foi o primeiro cientista social a tentar desenvolver uma teoria de evo lução econômica e institucional com linhas fundamentalmente darwinianas. Entretanto, por apresentarem em suas análises uma tendência maior à descrição do que à sistematização, os antigos institucionalistas não conseguem desen volver juntos um núcleo teórico sistemático. ...
Este artigo tem como objetivo o resgate da teoria dos instintos de Veblen e, consequentemente, sua incorporação para a concepção de uma abordagem institucionalista alternativa para a leitura das instituições e regularidades do sistema econômico das sociedades. Esta abordagem leva em conta os instintos aflorados em um sistema composto por: hábitos de emulação social, instrumentos de poder e um sistema de motivação presente no interior das organizações produtivas. Em seguida, se utiliza deste novo modelo analítico para interpretar o sentido da dinâmica econômica e social estabelecida no período colonial brasileiro, e também seus impactos nas instituições.
... Lastly, as noted in Ridley (2003), "metaphor" is the lifeblood of good science. For instance, an evolutionary approach to the theory of firm often invokes "the biological metaphor of natural selection" (Hodgson, 1993). Metaphorical usage and competence often grounds the "experience" of the strategists for better strategy formulation (Llewelyn, 2003). ...
The purpose of this paper is to exploit the available literature to propose and support the MOST framework of strategic management. A literature review approach is employed which reviews the current states of the strategic management discipline to provide the theoretical bases to support the argument for the applicability and validity of the MOST framework of strategic management. A MOST framework is proposed which illuminates a holistic approach to strategic management, standing on a platform of behavioral theory of firm, social cognitive theory, structural theory, resource-based view (RBV) and advantage theory, theory of organizational learning, attention-based view (ABV), CSR theory, etc. This paper should lead to research on how to advance the field of strategic management, towards a unified structure for strategic management. The seemingly non-empirical limitation is delimited by the comprehensive arguments of the published works and theoretical explanations in supporting the subtle dynamics of the MOST framework. This paper is the first to extend the MOST framework comprehensively, yet in parsimonious manner to put the strategic management reality into systematic and observable manner. The MOST structure is thus a holistic framework that can help the strategists, organizations, profits or nonprofits, to improve their strategic planning, performance management and organizational learning processes, and is a theory within theories, which guides how the organizations go about their strategic issues. While theory is a result of observing the reality, theory also shapes the reality, as the theory formation eventually leads to a dominant structure of thoughts (known as schools of thoughts) which guides and dictates the perceptions and interpretations of the realities.
... En economía, la distribución de los recursos está en la base de la construcción de la teoría evolutiva de Darwin y la teoría matemática de juegos ha sido un espacio de encuentro entre la teoría evolutiva y esa disciplina. Sin embargo, recientemente se ha desarrollado un área denominada economía evolucionista que se plantea problemas importantes sobre la aplicabilidad de los principios evolutivos a los sistemas económicos (Hernández, 2011;Hodgson, 1993). Ninguna de estas disciplinas conductuales carece de teoría; más bien cuentan con un conjunto amplio de teorías que no están integradas y que requieren de una teoría de nivel superior que ofrezca las bases para entender fenómenos diversos que responden a mecanismos muy relacionados que actúan en niveles diferentes, pero que comparten una organización que refleja la unidad y estrecha relación que observamos en el universo. ...
Los principios de selección han mostrado su aplicabilidad y muestran una sorprendente capacidad analítica y predictiva de los fenómenos en múltiples niveles. En psicología, Donald Campbell aplicó el concepto de selección natural al aprendizaje (1974), y en forma similar Skinner (1981) argumentó tres niveles de selección: biológica, operante y cultural,
enfatizando la capacidad de la teoría evolutiva de alcanzar múltiples niveles explicativos.
Otros psicólogos como James (1890/1981) y Piaget (1979), han buscado incorporar la teoría de la evolución en la comprensión de la mente y la conducta, con variados grados de éxito y aceptación de sus comunidades académicas. En economía, la distribución de los recursos está en la base de la construcción de la teoría evolutiva de Darwin y la teoría matemática de juegos ha sido un espacio de encuentro entre la teoría evolutiva y esa
disciplina. Sin embargo, recientemente se ha desarrollado un área denominada economía
evolucionista que se plantea problemas importantes sobre la aplicabilidad de los principios evolutivos a los sistemas económicos (Hernández, 2011; Hodgson, 1993). Ninguna de estas disciplinas conductuales carece de teoría; más bien cuentan con un conjunto amplio de teorías que no están integradas y que requieren de una teoría de nivel superior que ofrezca
las bases para entender fenómenos diversos que responden a mecanismos muy relacionados que actúan en niveles diferentes, pero que comparten una organización
que refleja la unidad y estrecha relación que observamos en el universo. Esa teoría es la teoría de la evolución propuesta por Charles Darwin y que se ha constituido en la más revolucionaria de las visiones sobre nuestro mundo, con la capacidad de dar sentido integrativo a la biología, la psicología y, en general, a las ciencias del comportamiento.
... The theory of institutions, and their evolution, is the main point investigated by Veblen, and it is studied in a great deal of historical, sociological and economic literature (see e.g., Edgell, 1975;2001;Hodgson, 1994;Sanderson, 1994). Interpretative literature often relates the change of institutions to the discipline of the "material means of life," which in the context of the "modern" machine era assumes the particular form of "machine discipline" (see e.g., Harris, 1953;Mayberry, 1969, Spengler, 1972Walker, 1977;Stabile, 1987Stabile, , 1988Rutherford, 1984Rutherford, , 1992Waller, 1988;Tilman, 1999;recently Patsouras, 2004). 1 This line of interpretation is distinguished by at least two aspects: a) it always subordinates popular discontent to machine discipline, b) it overstates its effect of machine discipline in the process of institutional evolution. ...
The present work sets out to re-read Veblen on the nature and effect of popular opinion in the process of institutional evolution. We mainly want to show – contrary to much of the interpretative literature – that machine discipline is just one way, and not even the main one, that Veblen uses to explain how popular discontent is generated, and that the economic grounds underlying the process of modification of institutions can work only if it is free from any counteracting force and modification therefore does not necessarily derive from machine discipline. In these terms the technocratic reading of the role of the population in the process of institutional change is only partially convincing. In order to achieve this general goal we will show how and where Veblen actually deals with the question of popular discontent in his works and what role it plays.
... And if culture is a human product, it seems reasonable to apply the above-paraphrased maxim and analyse it in Darwin's evolutionary theory. There have been several attempts to do that so far, including prominent economists ( (Hayek, 1983), (Veblen, 1994), (Hodgson, 1996) (Boulding, 1981)). They were commonly convinced that culture matters and that it is a product of evolution, similar to a biological evolution but with some peculiarities. ...
The paper's main objectives are threefold: Firstly, it is to sketch the Darwinian approach to culture as the powerful human-environmental adaptation, which goes far beyond any biological adaptation and facilitates the development and expansion of our specie. This part of the paper will outline what is a culture in the Darwinian approach, what cultural variants are, and how they are transmitted between people and generations. Secondly,
to draw attention to, not so rare, byproducts of culture, which are maladaptive cultural variants. Maladaptations are well recognised in biology and are also widely discussed among anthropologists. They know the mechanism of their emergence and the causes of their sustainability. Cultural maladaptations in economics are rarely discussed. It seems to be at least two reasons for their neglecting in economics: They are misdefined. Even evolutionary oriented economists usually apply a mental shortcut, considering a welfare or utility function to reflect the fitness function. However, in the evolutionary approach, welfare has only a loose connection with fitness. They are also interpreted in terms of the so-called "big-mistake hypothesis", which assumes that most of our declines from classical rationality are due to the maladjustment of our stone-age cognitive system to the modern world. Respectively the third objective of the paper is to propose how the contemporary economics and public policy may benefit from the anthropologists', Darwinian analysis of culture and especially cultural maladaptations, based on
two examples, one purely economic (hedge funds strategies imitations) and one socioeconomic, i.e. the impact of the "tribal instinct" on the immigration policy.
... Birçok iktisatçının bireysel motivasyonları ve tercihleri verdikleri şekilde geri aldıkları söylenmektedir. Bunun temel nedeninin "İnsan kişiliğinin ve motivasyonunun temeli, diğer kişiler ile sosyal ilişkilere göre şekillenmektedir" şeklinde aktarılmaktadır (Hodgson, 1993). ...
ÖZET Bu araştırmada Instagram'da algılanan sürü davranışının, markaya olan davranışsal bağlılığın ve beğeniyi ifade etmeye yönelik tutumun satın alma niyeti üzerindeki etkisi incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu kapsamda, kolayda örnekleme yöntemiyle Instagram'da bir markayı takip eden ve Instagram aracılığıyla alışveriş gerçekleştiren 612 Instagram kullanıcısına ulaşılmıştır. Araştırmada; frekans analizi, tanımlayıcı istatistikler, normallik testi, açımlayıcı (keşfedici) faktör analizi, güvenilirlik analizi, anova analizi ve regresyon analizi yapılmıştır. Verilerin normal dağıldığı, ölçeklerin güvenilir ve geçerli olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Analiz sonucunda; algılanan sürü davranışı, markaya olan davranışsal bağlılık ve beğeniyi ifade etmeye yönelik tutumun satın alma niyetindeki değişimin %44,8'ini pozitif yönlü etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Aynı zamanda algılanan sürü davranışı ve markaya olan davranışsal bağlılığın, beğeniyi ifade etmeye yönelik tutum üzerinde anlamlı ve pozitif bir etkisinin olduğu ortaya konmuştur. ABSTRACT In this study, the effect of perceived herd behavior, behavioral commitment to the brand, and attitude to express liking on Instagram was tried to be examined. In this context, 612 Instagram users were reached with the easy sampling method, following a brand on Instagram and making purchases via Instagram. In the research; frequency analysis, descriptive statistics, normality test, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, anova analysis and regression analysis were performed. It was determined that the data were distributed normally and the scales were reliable and valid. As a result of the analysis; It was determined that perceived herd behavior, behavioral loyalty to the brand, and attitude to express liking positively affected 44.8% of the change in purchase intention. At the same time, it was revealed that perceived herd behavior and behavioral loyalty to the brand had a significant and positive effect on the attitude towards expressing liking.
... Çünkü endüstriyel değişime ve evrime kaynaklık eden her türlü bilgi, bu kurumlara gömülü bir biçimde bulunan rutinler ve yayılma süreçleri aracılığıyla üretilmekte, depolanmakta ve taşınmaktadır. Bu yüzden evrimsel ekonomik teoriye göre bölgesel ve endüstriyel değişim büyük bir ölçüde kurumlar aracılığıyla olmaktadır (Hodgson, 1993;Frenken ve Boschma, 2007;Kaygalak, 2020). Öte yandan kurumsal yapıya bağlı olan bölgesel endüstriyel değişim ve evrim birden bire katastrofik bir şekilde olmaz. ...
Bu çalışma Uşak tekstil geri dönüşüm kümesi örneğinden hareketle evrimsel ekonomik coğrafya perspektifiyle bölgesel ve endüstriyel çatallanmayı ve dönüşümü incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Yalnızca teknolojik ve sektörel benzerliği göz önüne alan ilişkili bağlantısallığa dayalı evrimsel çözümlemeyi eleştirmektedir. Sanayi kümelerini birer sosyo-kültürel sistem olarak kabul eden çalışma, evrime kaynaklık eden oto katalitik etkilerin ve süreçlerin yine kümelerin kendine içkin kurumlarla bağlantılı olduğunu savunmakta ve ileri sürmektedir. Bu bağlamda Uşak’ta endüstriyel evrimi tarihsel bir perspektifle ele alan çalışma, güncel kurumsal altyapının ve yeni politik network bağlantılarının bölgesel ekonomik evrim sürecinde nasıl yeni gelişme patikaları yarattığını ortaya koymaya çalışmaktadır. Çalışma, endüstriyel kümelerin evrimiyle ilgili literatüre sosyo-kültürel ve politik ağların rolünden kaynaklanan vurguyla katkı sunmaktadır. Kurumsal etkileri sosyo-politik ilişkilerin somutlaşmış bir sonucu olarak ele alan çalışma, değişik mekânsal ölçeklerden kaynaklanan bölgesel politik ağların ve ilişkilerin güncel endüstriyel çatallanmadaki rolü ve önemine değinmektedir.
... The difference can be seen in the mathematical setting based on the set-theoretical and topological apparatus which is borrowed from general equilibrium theory. The motivation for using the general equilibrium framework in our paper is clear -Schumpeter's vision on economic evolution was strongly inspired by Walrasian thinking (Hodgson 1993;Andersen 2009). However, it should be emphasized that the central idea of general equilibrium has been only a starting point for Schumpeter's study on economic development which runs far beyond equilibrium schemata (Malawski 2013;Malawski 2005Malawski , 2008Malawski and Woerter 2006;Ciałowicz and Malawski 2011;Lipieta and Malawski 2016). ...
Supporting ecological innovations and economic activities which lead to environmental protection is one of an important challenge to decision makers. The above is related to the problem of specification of mechanisms resulting in introducing ecological innovations to the economy. The original vision of the economic evolution determined by innovation was firstly presented by Joseph Schumpeter who identified essential innovative changes as well as indicated different mechanisms governing the economic evolution. The aim of the paper is to suggest a cohesive topological approach maintained in the stream of Schumpeter’s thought, to study changes in the economy, which result in the elimination of at least one harmful commodity or technology from the market, by incorporating Hurwicz apparatus in a suitably modified competitive economy. Qualitative properties of mechanisms which can occur within the economic evolution are also analyzed.
... This implies that leading modes of governance and administration are established based on the rationales of institutional diversity, which initiates specific practices with significant outcomes. In this sense, institutional diversity is regarded as a carrier whose function is derived from the dynamics and interactions of institutions, which in turn act on the construction of institutions to form a certain order [20][21][22][23]. In this way, the notion of institutional diversity can be proposed as a means to understand the diverse institutions present in responding to COVID-19 and can be applied extensively in the field of public health emergency management. ...
Four-quadrant modeling may offer some constructive insights into the institutional diversity of the emergency responses to COVID-19. This study utilized a typological method to investigate institutional arrangements and the emergency management of epidemic responses in China. The task environment for emergencies was divided into four categories. Targeted policies were assigned to explicit task environments by placing them in one of the four quadrants: public health procedures, medical operation standards, supervisory and regulatory measures, and norms and instructions. Institutional diversity resulted when the very loci of decision-making carried a dominant or subordinate role, providing a hierarchical system for relating the institutional processes needed to address the challenges of institutional fragments.
... In this regard, ever since his Economics and Institutions: A Manifesto for a Modern Institutional Economics (Hodgson 1988), if not earlier, Hodgson's main publications have touched upon several of the discipline's methodological and epistemological foundations. These works include Darwin's conjecture: The search for general principles of social and economic evolution (Hodgson 2010), How Economics Forgot History (Hodgson 2001), and Economics and Evolution: Bringing Life Back into Economics (Hodgson 1993a). ...
Hodgson is a scholar who has reflected a lifetime on the role, meaning and importance of institutions in and for the economy. In turn, he has also created 'Institutions'. The time seems ripe to celebrate his work. In this review essay we will first attempt to summarize the chapters of Institutions and Evolution of Capitalism. Essays in Honour of Geoffrey M. Hodgson, as well as to emphasize how the contributions to the book are situated in the vast horizon of Hodgson's thinking and/or how contributors engage with it. We will then hazard a few conclusive reflections drawing inspiration from Hodgson's remarks in the final chapter, where he links the problematic economic conceptions of man to rule-following behavior, as well as the problem of moral, legal and political obligation, and discusses the future of Institutional studies across disciplinary barriers.
... (How do the games we want to play affect the design of the playing field and vice versa.) In fact, Institutional Economics is often referred to as 'evolutionary', though this seems to mean everything from a general belief in equilibrating forces [314,[381][382][383] to detailed consideration of evolutionary metaphors [98,[245][246][247][248][249]. Because it stresses the importance of autonomous social institutions, this literature is certainly potentially sympathetic to formal evolutionary models, though it appears not to have used them to any great extent in the past. ...
This paper proposes some requirements for the successful application of evolutionary algorithms in economic modelling. It describes a mechanism of social evolution analogous to biological evolution, and complementary to the process of 'rational' action proposed in economic theory. It uses ideas from a number of disciplines to illustrate the possibilities and difficulties of constructing models of social evolution. It concludes that a synthesis of these techniques may provide a coherent and powerful approach to the study of social processes.
... By turning the world up-side down and assuming an unrealistic situation of zero transaction costs, Coase attempted to show how essential it is to recognise the role played by transaction costs in creating institutions that make up the economic system. 71 69 Ostrom et al. (1994) p. 45 70 Hodgson (1993) p. 9 71 Coase (1988) pp. [13][14]158 Also, to conclude that the only kind of rational behaviour is wealth-maximising is a very narrow description of human activities and motivations. ...
How institutional change comes about and its underlying factors are research questions at the heart of Economic History. Within this and other disciplines there is also a concurrent debate on how property rights institutions affect management and exploitation of natural resources. In this study these two great research issues have been brought down to the local setting in order to capture the processes of continuity and change in property rights institutions governing water resources in two sub-Sahara African communities. The aim is to increase empirical knowledge about existing property structures in this region. This is achieved through a reconstruction of how property rights institutions have developed and an identification of the motives determining their development. Property rights theory is scrutinised in search of an analytical framework to guide the empirical investigation and assist in explaining the findings. In the study, economic issues are considered part of a larger social context and the investigation is focused on the formal as well as the informal institutional structure. The position has been imperative for the analysis of the African farmers’ relentless strategies of investigating in social networks to attain economic security.
... Indeed, economic theory is a large family 12 with a major group constituted by various types of neoclassical economics, and other minority approaches, like the neo-Marxian and, (relatively) more recently, evolutionary and cognitive economics (Dopfer, 2005;England, 1994;Foster, 1997;Foster & Metcalf, 2001;Gigerenzer, 2008;Gigerenzer & Selten, 2001;Hodgson, 1993Hodgson, , 2000Kirman, 2011;Loasby, 1991;Witt, 1993). Neoclassical economics approaches share three common views (Landreth & Colander, 2001;Screpanti & Zamagni, 2005;Zamagni, 1993): one is methodological individualism (Udehn, 2002), according to which the basic unit of analysis is the independent individual; another one is the theory of utility-value, according to which the source of value is a good's utility (and scarcity) and capital is a productive factor perfectly and fully substitutable with labour; and the third is individuals' selfishness, according to which individuals pursue their own goals and interests, regardless of others' needs, goals and desires 13 . ...
Sociology and other social sciences have employed network analysis earlier than management and organization sciences, and much earlier than economics, which has been the last one to systematically adopt it. Nevertheless, the development of network economics during last 15 years has been massive, alongside three main research streams: strategic formation network modeling, (mostly descriptive) analysis of real economic networks, and optimization methods of economic networks. The main reason why this enthusiastic and rapidly diffused interest of economists came so late is that the most essential network properties, like externalities, endogenous change processes, and nonlinear propagation processes, definitely prevent the possibility to build a general – and indeed even partial – competitive equilibrium theory. For this paradigm has dominated economics in the last century, this incompatibility operated as a hard brake, and presented network analysis as an inappropriate epistemology. Further, being intrinsically (and often, until recent times, also radically) structuralist, social network analysis was also antithetic to radical methodological individualism, which was – and still is – economics dominant methodology. Though culturally and scientifically influenced by economists in some fields, like finance, banking and industry studies, scholars in management and organization sciences were free from “neoclassical economics chains”, and therefore more ready and open to adopt the methodology and epistemology of social network analysis. The main and early field through which its methods were channeled was the sociology of organizations, and in particular group structure and communication, because this is a research area largely overlapped between sociology and management studies. Currently, network analysis is becoming more and more diffused within management and organization sciences. Mostly descriptive until 15 years ago, all the fields of social network analysis have a great opportunity of enriching and developing its methods of investigation through statistical network modeling, which offers the possibility to develop, respectively, network formation and network dynamics models. They are a good compromise between the much more powerful agent-based simulation models and the usually descriptive (or poorly analytical) methods.
... ://evrimagaci.org/evrim-mekanizmalari-7-genetiksuruklenme-108, (06.02.2019). Browne, J., (2008), Türlerin Kökeni (Charles Darwin), (Çev: O. Düz), İstanbul: Versus Kitap. Campbell, N. & Reece, J. B., (2010), Biyoloji, (Çev: E. Gündüz, A. Demirsoy & İ. Türkan) Ankara: Palme Yayıncılık.Hodgson, G. M., (1993), The Mecca of AlfredMarshall, The Economic Journal, 103 (417): 406-415.Hodgson, G. M., (1998), Evolutionary and Competence -Based Theories of the Firm, Journal of Economic Studies, 25 (1): 25-56.Hodgson, G. M., (2002), Darwinism in Economics: From Analogy to Ontology, Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 12: 259-281. Hodgson, G. M., (2011 ...
Bu çalışmanın amacı evrimsel biyoloji ve ekonomi arasında çeşitli analojiler kurarak iktisadi problemleri çok fazla girilmeyen bir bakış açısı ile açıklamaya çalışmaktır. Bernard Mandeville (1988 [1714]) Adam Smith’in düşüncelerini de etkileyen “Arıların Masalı” adlı çalışmasında toplum hayatını ve ekonomiyi arı kovanı ve toplum hayatı arasında analoji kurarak analiz etmiştir. Bu çalışmada ise iktisadi problemler, insan toplumu ile karınca kolonisi arasında kurulan analojiler yardımıyla analiz edilmektedir. Karınca kolonilerindeki “kendiliğinden düzen” ve “sosyal organizasyon” incelenmekte ayrıca insan toplumu ile benzerlikleri tartışılmaktadır. Sonuç olarak karıncaların bireyden sosyal organizasyonlara doğru evriminin, insan toplumu ve iktisadi olaylar hakkında da fikirler sağladığı görülmektedir.
... Evolutionary economics finds its roots in a biologist analogy, whereby economic systems behave like biological ones. As a result, numerous evolutionary economists and evolutionary economic geographers have imported Darwinian principles to their fields of study (Boschma and Martin 2010;Hodgson 1993Hodgson , 2009Hodgson , 2010Nelson and Winter 1982). The principles of variation, selection and retention are a key part of Darwinian approaches. ...
In this theoretical paper, we focus on one of the recent findings that have been produced in the last decades in biology, namely epigenetics, weighing how it can help evolutionary economics to gain a better description of economic phenomena. The interest of our conceptual contribution lies in understanding how firms and territories adapt to their respective environments in contexts of high velocity. We discuss the Epigenetic Economic Dynamics approach in the light of other methodological frameworks that have emerged in the field of evolutionary economic geography, such as developmental systems theory, evolutionary developmental biology, and the concept of resilience. We aim to introduce this concept in the field of evolutionary economics and evolutionary economic geography, and illustrate how it can also complement existing approaches, concepts and theories being used in such scientific discipline.
Terms such as system crash, collapse of chaos and complexity can help one understand change, also in biological, socio-economic and technical systems. These terms need, however, explanation for fruitful dialogue on design of sustainable systems. We start this paper on Grass Based (GB) systems, therefore, dwelling on these terms and notions as review for the insiders and to help interested ‘outsiders’. We also stress the need to use additional and/or new paradigms for understanding of the nature of nature. However, we show that many such ‘new’ paradigms were known for long time around the globe among philosophers and common men, giving reason to include quotes and examples from other cultures and eras. In the past few centuries, those paradigms have become hidden, perhaps, under impressive but short-term successes of more linear paradigms. Therefore, we list hang-ups on paradigms of those past few centuries. We then outline what is meant by ‘GB systems’, which exist in multiple forms/‘scapes’. Coping with such variation is perhaps the most central aspect of complexity. To help cope with this variation, the different (GB) systems can be arranged on spatial, temporal, and other scales in such a way that the arrangements form logical sequences (evolutions) of stable states and transitions of Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS). Together with other ways to handle complexity, we give examples of such arrangements to illustrate how one can (re-)imagine, (re-)cognize and manage initial chaotic behaviors and eventual ‘collapse’ of chaos into design and/or emergence of new systems. Then, we list known system behaviors, such as predator–prey cycles, adaptive cycles, lock-in, specialization and even tendency to higher (or lower) entropy. All this is needed to understand changes in management of evolving GB into multi-scapes. Integration of disciplines and paradigms indicates that a win-win is likely to be exception rather than rule. With the rules given in this paper, one can reset teaching, research, rural development, and policy agendas in GB-systems and other areas of life.
Socio-technical systems respond to external pressures by going through transitions. When the socio-technical system involves various coalitions or groups, i.e. the non-economic entities, theories with a broad focus can better explain the transitions. In this paper, the author selected evolutionary economics, neo-institutionalism, and economic sociology to explain the coalition dynamics. The selected socio-technical system, Indian agriculture, relies on public innovation and interacts closely with society. We need to observe these dynamics in the situations where they occur; therefore, a case study method is appropriate. As part of case selection, selected two Indian states to provide the required analytic and heuristic perspectives. The findings indicated that the government’s interventionist approach had no mediating policy systems. With its coalitions and embeddedness influenced the innovation selection logic, system’s transition, and pathways. It provided short-term benefits in social conscience schemes despite innovations cumulating as stable designs. Besides, the system remains in a constant state of a struggle in coming to terms with external pressures.
This conversation between Geoffrey M. Hodgson and Paolo Silvestri touches on the main themes of Hodgson's 2021 book on Liberal Solidarity. In the book Hodgson uses insights from institutional and evolutionary economics. Here he explains the differences between solidaristic liberalism and the ideas of Milton Friedman, Friedrich Hayek, Ludwig Mises, Ayn Rand and others. He argues that the mainstream assumption of utility maximization can have deleterious policy consequences. With consequentialism, duty and virtue are downplayed. A developmental view of liberty is contrasted with the Hayek-Friedman definition of liberty as simply the absence of constraint. Economic inequality is identified as a major problem. The roles of markets and the state are also discussed, as well as the possibilities for democracy and the pressing problem of climate change.
The present paper attempt at comparing two opposite accounts, developed to explain the same phenomenon, the rise of fascism and socialism in Europe in the 1930s, namely, Karl Polanyi’s The Great Transformation, and Friedrich A. Hayek’s The Road of Serfdom, in reference to the notion of the “unintended consequences.” The idea of unintended consequences, postulates, as an answer to the problem of “order” that even though the actions of individual human beings are carried out on their intentions, they will have some consequences that were not intended by any of these individuals, is taken as a reference point because both Polanyi and Hayek use this idea as an important ingredient of their social theories. However, it is argued in the paper firstly that the idea of unintended consequences cannot fulfil its promise, namely to explain the social order, especially in Hayek’s case. In Hayek, it remains essentially a mere abstraction and reduces to a functional argument based on the “representative individual” whereas in Polanyi it was conceived in terms of interactions between individuals who belong to different sections of the society, and thus it is helpful in presenting the institutional strains and contradictions of capitalism on a more concrete level. But, secondly, it is argued that it is not the differences in the use of the idea of unintended consequences per se but the difference between the respective visions of these two thinkers, concerning human beings and freedom, which actually constitutes the essential, unbridgeable gap between their social theories.
The research starts with review of the evolution of the concept of welfare. The model of economic growth and social welfare of the European Union continuously adapts to social and economic changes of contemporary European society. As a result of the financial and economic crisis and its impact on the EU's economy, including economic contraction and rising unemployment, European Commission has launched the Strategy "Europe 2020". The study will focus on the analysis of the strategy "Europe 2020" as a tool for economic growth and welfare.
Modern evolutionary economics has come a long way from its beginnings in the writings of a few economists in the 1970s and 1980s. To a considerable extent, its evolution has been the result of the findings of empirical research, much but not all of it motivated by an explicit or implicit evolutionary perspective, which has fed back to modify and enrich the way evolutionary economists view the way modern economies work. This article focuses on developments that have broadened and sharpened the evolutionary perspective on the capabilities and behavior of firms, the processes and institutions involved in technological progress, and competition and dynamics in industries where technological opportunities are expanding. In the course of these developments, the conception of what it means to propose that a dynamic process is evolutionary has evolved. The article considers, as well, where evolutionary economics might be going from where it is now.
Przedsiębiorstwa zaliczane do sektora małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw (MSP) prowadzą zwykle działalność gospodarczą na rynkach, na których występuje duże zróżnicowanie w strukturze potrzeb konsumentów. To właśnie ta populacja wpisuje się doskonale w nisze rynkowe i bez większych proble-mów potrafi dostosowywać się do zmieniających się warunków rynkowych, ale także lub przede wszystkim potrzeb konsumentów. Odmiennie kształ-tuje się pozycja przedsiębiorstw dużych działających najczęściej na rynkach o zasięgu ogólnopolskim czy międzynarodowym oferując tym samym swoim klientom dużą liczbę takich samych lub podobnych produktów (towarów, usług). Należy podkreślić, że podmioty zaliczane do sektora MSP często pro-wadzą działalność z pokolenia na pokolenie, zatem są określane mianem firm rodzinnych. Możliwość ponoszenia przez ten sektor nakładów inwestycyjnych czy marketingowych, a także wysokości oferowanych przez nie wynagrodzeń dla pracowników jest dużo niższa aniżeli podmiotów dużych. Dlatego pomi-mo ich znacznej przewagi ilościowej (w Polsce funkcjonuje ponad 99% pod-miotów zaliczanych do sektora MSP) ich pozycja ekonomiczna jest znacznie słabsza, szczególnie w okresach dekoniunktury. W literaturze występują różne definicje mikro, małych i średnich przedsię-biorstw. Najbardziej ogólną, która wyróżnia dwie podstawowe grupy definicji, to ujęcie ilościowe oraz jakościowe. Do pierwszej grupy zaliczamy definicje oparte na kryteriach ilościowych, np.: liczba pracowników, wartość rocznych przychodów czy posiadanego majątku. Do drugiej natomiast definicje opar-te na kryteriach jakościowych, np.: niezależność finansowa, udział w rynku, struktura organizacyjna. Te pierwsze są zdecydowanie bardziej rozpowszech
This theoretical article reviews the model describing processes in social systems based on the analysis of their resource base. Application of the system theory can help to explain why some systems are aimed at prevention of type I errors, while other seek to decrease quantity of type II errors. Such differences are manifested in investment of resources either into deep interaction or into wide coverage. Some examples of such strategies in economic, market and production systems are provided in the article. The article introduces some provisions of the system theory in the context of the resource flows. The main indicators that are considered in this article are the characteristics of the sources of the exchanging flows of resources. Their relative frequency and quality are investigated, on the basis of which the most effective strategy of the system is derived, as a mechanism for redistributing resources. The rigor of the system's strategy depends on the magnitude of the difference in characteristics. It is explained how exactly it influences the exchange processes, that in reality systems do not interact simultaneously, and one of the opposite resource flows is always delayed. It is shown how the system strategy depends on the risks linked with interactions. Also, there are grounds for the need to accumulate resources, including in the situation of their surplus. The model helps also explain shift of economic centers throughout history. Additionally, there is an analogy between systems strategies and the competitive strategies described by M. Porter, and outsourcing versus integration.
This paper seeks to develop the core concepts of a model of urban evolution. It proceeds in four major sections. First we review prior adumbrations of an evolutionary model in urban theory, noting their potential and their limitations. Second, we turn to the general sociocultural evolution literature to draw inspiration for a fresh and more complete application of evolutionary theory to the study of urban life. Third, building upon this background, we outline the main elements of our proposed model, with special attention to elaborating the value of its key conceptual innovation, the "formeme." Last, we conclude with a discussion of what types of research commitments the overall approach does or does not imply, and point toward the more formal elaboration of the model that we undertake in "Towards a Model of Urban Evolution II" and "Towards a Model of Urban Evolution III." This paper is part of the Urban Genome Project, about which more information can be found here. 2
This paper addresses the issues of general theorizing and historical specificity in the ‘Keynes versus the Classics’ dispute and puts forward two main arguments. First, the current macroeconomic orthodoxy wins the ‘relative’ generality contest because it implies that institutions influence outcomes, such as the natural rate of unemployment, in contrast with Keynes’s ‘internalist’ approach, which neglects historical specificity. Secondly, mainstream macro is not truly general in an ‘absolute’ sense since it only makes sense under very special real-world institutional conditions.
Modelling the Structure and Dynamics of Science Using Books
Ginda, Michael, Andrea Scharnhorst, and Katy Börner. 2015. "Modelling Science". In Theories of Informetrics: A Festschrift in Honor of Blaise Cronin, edited by Cassidy Sugimoto. De Gruyter Saur.
Abstract:
Descriptive, analytical models of science are commonly used to calculate indicators and metrics, to identify trends, or to detect emerging areas of research. Predictive models of science use computational algorithms to simulate different future states—such as the future success of a researcher, the impact of different funding strategies, or changes caused by policy alterations. This chapter reviews computational models that aim to capture the inner workings of science. It starts with a general introduction of computational models of science. It then discusses challenges and opportunities that arise when attempting a bibliometric analysis of science models that were developed in different areas of science. Next, it introduces a novel bibliographic-bibliometric approach to delineating a set of relevant books, Word Cat subject headings, and Library of Congress Classification Codes that capture existing models of science. The resulting topic maps show the co-evolution of books, associated library classification systems, and subject headings related to scholarly works on models of science.
See here for the datasets and figures: https://cns.iu.edu//2015-ModSci.html
There is an embarrassing polarization of opinions about the status of economics as an academic discipline, as reflected in epithets such as the Dismal Science and the Queen of the Social Sciences. This collection brings together some of the leading figures in the methodology and philosophy of economics to provide a thoughtful and balanced overview of the current state of debate about the nature and limits of economic knowledge. Authors with partly rival and partly complementary perspectives examine how abstract models work and how they might connect with the real world, they look at the special nature of the facts about the economy, and they direct attention towards the academic institutions themselves and how they shape economic research. These issues are thus analysed from the point of view of methodology, semantics, ontology, rhetoric, sociology, and economics of science.
This study identifies the practical and philosophical difficulties associated with testing strategic management and organization theories. Working from a critical realist perspective, we affirm the importance of falsification and verification efforts for progress in theory development. We advocate a four-step approach for advancing theory testing that prioritizes identifying and testing for the presence and effects of hypothesized causal mechanisms, rather than solely focusing on correlational methods to jointly test the set of effects composing a theoretical system. Going beyond prior critical realist writings, we provide practical guidance for deploying established research methods to test management theories.
Supporting eco-innovations and economic eco-activities is one of a very important challenge to decision makers. The above is related to the problem of specification of mechanisms resulting in introducing eco-innovations.
The original vision of the economic evolution determined by innovation was firstly presented by Joseph Schumpeter who identified essential innovative changes as well as indicated different mechanisms governing the economic evolution.
The aim of the paper is to suggest a cohesive topological approach maintained in the stream of Schumpeter’s thought, to study changes in the economy, which result in the elimination of at least one harmful commodity or technology from the market, by incorporating Hurwicz apparatus in a suitably modified competitive economy.
Qualitative properties of mechanisms which can occur within the economic evolution are also analyzed.
JEL: D41, D50, O31
Il paradosso delle scienze della memoria (storia, paleografia, archivistica, biologia evolutiva, neuroscienze, semiotica…) consiste nel fatto che esse, per loro costituzione, devono restare immemori delle proprie origini, ovvero delle condizioni di possibilità e dello sfondo di senso che ne hanno consentito l’avvento. Se la scienza della memoria potesse ricordare l’evento che l’ha prodotta, allora questo evento farebbe parte della scienza stessa, come suo risultato, e non potremmo più dire che stia a monte di essa; se però l’evento che ha generato la scienza della memoria fosse tutt’altra cosa rispetto a questa scienza, allora non potremo mai sostenere che quest’ultima abbia potuto interrogare seriamente i propri presupposti, risultando quindi – i n ultima analisi – infondata e infondabile. Questo paradosso, insieme al fatto che (in qualche modo anch’esso paradossale) possiamo sempre ricordarcene e avvalercene criticamente, illustra come dietro la memoria di cui la conoscenza si nutre (la memoria dissezionabile scientificamente e infinitamente riproducibile, perché intesa come testo, supporto di tracce o stratificazione di segni nei quali il ricordo sarebbe iscritto), debba esservi anche un’altra memoria. Una memoria che non consiste in una capacità di agire della traccia, e che tuttavia è efficace proprio in quanto immemorabile è l’azione del segno scritto; che richiama proprio in quanto innominabile è il chiamare come funzione della traccia. Questo secondo tipo di memoria non è più fondamentale o più arcaico del primo, perché non conos ce alcuno originario sfondo di ricordi che possa rammentarci una sua ipotetica priorità; è una memoria che non si conserva né si accumula in ragione della permanenza dei supporti; non conosce debiti, perché vive i suoi obblighi come estemporaneo ri-conoscimento che avviene anche sempre però come travisamento. Accadendo inavvertitamente nella caducità dell’istante, ovvero nella possibilità aperta di un’infinita, e infinitamente produttiva, modulazione obliosa dell’eternità. Questo dossier nasce per cercare di tematizzare la memoria come ricaduta inconsapevole, e tuttavia sapiente, prodotta dallo sforzo di arricchirsi senza conservare, di sapere senza trattenere, di governare il cambiamento senza per questo illudersi di aver fissato una regola che ne consenta la riproduzione identica. Modul iamo questo tema seguendo l’intreccio di tre grandi motivi: il primo, di natura semiotica, approfondisce il rapporto che sussiste tra ricordo e segno, e si giova della collaborazione con la scuola di dottorato dell’Università degli Studi di Bologna, con il prestigioso contributo offerto a Chora dai suoi studiosi illustri così come dai suoi esponenti più giovani. Il secondo motivo, storico-filosofico e teoretico, è a sua volta articolato in due direzioni diverse: da una
parte approfondisce il ruolo che la memoria ha via via assunto durante il corso della storia delle idee – fino a documentarne gli esiti più recenti attraverso la maturazione dei grandi progetti sistematici dedicati alla linguistica universale e alle arti della memoria; per altro verso, questa sezione interroga il ricordo come sfondo impensato – e tuttavia concretamente agito - di ogni storia dei ricordi, ovvero come scrittura narrante che intende ricamare sempre nuovamente, in una trama di storie e di figure, il senso del proprio narrare. Il terzo motivo, di argomento cognitivo e biologico, approfondisce invece – e mette in discussione - il ruolo della memoria come facoltà mentale, come risultato di un percorso evolutivo, come dispositivo formale di trascrizione neuronale, ovvero come strumento per la fissazione e il recupero dell’informazione all’interno di supporti oggettivi quali il cervello e il DNA. Quest’ultimo sviluppo della nostra ricerca assolve un compito che, dal punto di vista delle opportunità filosofiche che esso suggerisce, risulta ironico e perciò potenzialmente autocritico: la filosofia aiuta a ricostruire il senso transeunte sottostante alla storia della scienza, ma interrogare lo sfondo filosofico che è implicito alle tesi del sapere scientifico serve anche a ricordarci, con un gesto filosoficamente necessario, che neanche la memoria filosofica può render salva la verità che ha prodotto. Per questo motivo - una volta interrogata la provenienza delle tracce dei saperi che la filosofia dichiara di pot er custodire - le stesse tracce del sapere filosofico dovranno esaurire, o travisare, la propria intenzione significativa, tramontando nell’oblio. Fondando quindi involontariamente una nuova scienza oggettiva del ricordo, una nuova errabonda narrazione destinata allo scacco di un significato irripetibile.
Resumen Internet puede ser enfocada desde tres perspectivas principales: (i) la científica, (ii) la tecnológica y (iii) la social. Con cada una de ellas tiene relación la Economía, principalmente como Ciencia Aplicada y en cuanto aplicación de la Ciencia. Así, se trata de una relación multivariada, que se estudia aquí en el contexto de la complejidad, tanto estructural como dinámica. Es una relación surcada por la historicidad. Dentro de la perspectiva científica sobre Internet, cabe distinguir tres grandes grupos de Ciencias conectadas con la Red: a) las "Ciencias de Internet", b) las disciplinas que, a partir del uso de la Red como instrumento para su desarrollo, están enfocadas hacia nuevos objetivos, y c) las disciplinas que se ocupan de las propiedades emergentes procedentes de Internet, tales como datos debidos al uso de la Red de redes. La Economía, en cuanto que Ciencia, tiene un papel claro en la segunda de las opciones, pero también está presente en la tercera de las posibilidades. Vista Internet en cuanto Tecnología, entonces la Economía tiene también un cometido en varias direcciones, como son la epistemológica, la metodológica y la axiológica. Así, desde un punto de vista epistemológico, la racionalidad científica y la racionalidad tecnológica conectan a través de la mediación de la racionalidad económica. En cuanto a la faceta metodológica, los objetivos buscados, el quehacer tecnológico para conseguirlos y los resultados obtenidos tienen relación con la Economía. Respecto de los valores económicos, cabe reconocer que tienen también un papel en la plataforma tecnológica de la Red. Finalmente, cuando la perspectiva mira hacia la dimensión social de Internet, la Economía tiene ciertamente también un papel en cuanto que Ciencia Social, que es complementario a su cometido como Ciencia de lo Artificial.
Issue Paper 4, A framework for assessing environmental and social impacts of disasters: Ensuring effective mitigation after the Fundão Dam failure, presents a systematic approach, which would facilitate the collection and analysis of key data and information required to carry out an impact assessment and to evaluate the effectiveness of mitigation programmes.
Available from https://www.iucn.org/papers-and-briefs/rio-doce-panel-issue-paper-4-en (English) and https://www.iucn.org/pt/papers-and-briefs/rio-doce-panel-issue-paper-4-pt (Portuguese)
This paper provides a compact overview of the interpretations of the “primitive entities” constituting the social fabric of economic systems according to different social science traditions. In our view, it is possible to reconstruct two meta-narratives on the origins of the theoretical primitives which are at the roots of different social sciences approaches. The first narrative argues that ‘once upon a time’ there were individuals with well-structured and coherent preferences and with adequate cognitive algorithms which allowed them to take systematically rationally consistent decisions. At the beginning of history, they met and, conditional on the technologies available, undertook mutually beneficial exchanges or, when this was not possible due to technological non-convexities, trading difficulties or problems of contract enforcement, built organizations. In the alternative tale, at the beginning of history, there were immediately factors of socialization like families and social norms, which shaped desires, representations and, possibly, cognitive abilities of the agents. In this perspective, non-exchange mechanisms of interactions (authority, violence and persuasion) which establish the adaptation of agents to specific social roles appear in the explanation from the start. Here ‘institutions’ are the primitives, while ‘preferences’ and the very idea of ‘rationality’ are derived entities. Which of the two meta-narrative is chosen bears far-reaching implications for the interpretation of institutions and organizations and their transformations.
Innovation contributes to corporate competitiveness, economic performance, and environmental sustainability. In the Internet era, innovation intelligence is transferred across borders and languages at an unprecedented rate, yet the ability to benefit from it seems to become more divergent among different corporations and countries. How much an organization can benefit from innovation largely depends on how well innovation is managed in it. Thus, there is a discernible increase in interest in the study of innovation management. This handbook provides a comprehensive guide to this subject.
The handbook introduces the basic framework of innovation and innovation management. It also presents innovation management from the perspectives of strategy, organization, resource, as well as institution and culture. The book's comprehensive coverage on all areas of innovation management makes this a very useful reference for anyone interested in the subject.
Timber sourcing is shifting from extraction from natural forests to forms of cultivation that are increasingly agricultural in nature. This book takes a multidisciplinary approach to examine the socio-political, biophysical and discursive dimensions of this divergence of wood production from forests. This analysis challenges the historical integration of wood production and forest ecosystem management exemplified by the institutions of forestry with their inherent wood/forest connection. This has significant implications for how wood and forest socio-ecological systems confront change and challenge ideas about how to achieve sustainability.
Historically, the institutions of stewardship forestry were founded on ideals of sustainable systems in long-term equilibrium. However, these occur within rapidly evolving social and technological contexts that constantly challenge the maintenance of any equilibrium. This creates considerable tension within wood and forest socio-ecological systems and their institutions and governance. Moving beyond adaptation to transformation, however, requires a willingness to consider post-forestry conditions, such as integration of emerging wood cultivation systems into agricultural and landscape approaches, and increasing management of extensive forest ecosystems for non-wood values in the absence of wood production. This book includes four case studies: a global modelling of shifts in wood production and three national case studies (Australia, Indonesia and New Zealand), each analysing shifts in resilience in wood and forest socio-ecological systems using a different disciplinary approach.
This book will be of interest to advanced students, researchers and professionals in forestry, land use, conservation, rural studies and geography.
‘Intellectual support-bargaining’ is support-bargaining for the assembly of support around ideas and theories that are likely to advance the interests of their formulators. Adoption of a support convention increases the dependence of a society on ideas. Theories function as frames of reference, directing attention to certain phenomena and promoting interpretations sympathetic to the interests of the theorists. Theory formation has been institutionalised in universities as the pursuit of truth. Procedures to reduce the impact of non-truth interests have been adopted most prominently in the natural sciences, where the relative stability of the phenomena makes them amenable to such procedures. The theory of support-bargaining provides a frame of reference by which the phenomenon of theory-making itself can be recognised and explained. It provides a ‘frame of frames’.
Support-bargaining arises from the need of all individuals for the support of those around them. It leads to the formation of groups and the identification of group interests. High cohesion is necessary to the effectiveness of groups, most readily achieved when a group is under external threat. Individuals and groups identify their interests by reference to their situation. Humans use their sense of symmetry to determine what will ‘fit’ their situation. Situation-related interest causes societies to evolve from situation to situation. In a threatening situation, individuals will recognise that their individual interest is inseparable from that of the group. This can give rise to rigid groups, with the extreme cohesion necessary to violent action. Groups organise, with hierarchies and budgets, to increase their effectiveness.
A key component of evolutionary models in economics and organizational research, the notion of organizational selection is rarely the object of inquiry. It generally suggests instead a neutral and unquestioned process, a mechanism explaining organizational success and survival. In this chapter, we explore the variation of selection; we problematize the notion of selection and do an exercise in conceptual genealogy. We differentiate between three patterns of firm selection: Darwinian, strategic, and institutional and define the associated “embedded rationalities” that buttress those different selection patterns. We illustrate how selection differed and evolved through time by exploring two empirical cases – France and the United States. Building upon our empirical exploration, we stress some important contributions for three theories familiar to strategy scholars – resource-based view, population ecology, and institutional theory. We also point to some consequences for empirical research and suggest new directions for future work on the dynamics of organizational action.
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