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71
International Journal of Environmental Engineering– IJEE
Volume 1 : Issue 4 [ISSN 2374-1724]
Publication Date : 27 December,2014
Salinity Stress on Growth, Nutrients and Carbon Distribution in
Seedlings Parts of Heritiera fomes
Mahmood Hossain, Sanjoy Saha, Mohammad Raqibul Hasan Siddique, Md. Nazmul Hasan
Abstract- Present study was conducted to
evaluate the effect of salinity on survival and
growth of Heretiera fomes Buch.-Ham seedling.
It was also examine the distributional pattern of
nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and
carbon in seedlings parts in relation to salinity.
This experiment was carried out in hydroponic
media for six months. All the seedlings (100%)
found to survive at non saline (0 ppt) to moderate
(10 ppt) saline conditions and lowest (40%)
survival was observed at 35 ppt salinity.
Significant (p<0.05) negative correlations were
observed among salinity and different indicators
of growth (collar diameter, height and oven-dried
biomass increment). Significant (p<0.05)
difference in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium,
sodium, and carbon concentration was observed
for different parts of seedlings at different salinity
levels. Comparatively (p<0.05) highest
concentration of nitrogen (16 to 21 mg/g),
phosphorus (2.9 to 3.7 mg/g), potassium (11 to 26
mg/g) and carbon (44.60 to 46.40%) were found
in leaves. Conversely, significantly (p<0.05)
highest concentration (8 to 48 mg/g) of sodium
was observed in roots followed by stem.
Potassium and carbon concentration in different
parts of seedlings, and nitrogen in leaves and
roots showed significant (p<0.05) negative
correlation with salinity. Similarly, sodium
Mahmood Hossain
Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline
Khulna University
Bangladesh
Sanjoy Saha
Centre for Integrated Studies on the Sundarbans
Khulna University
Bangladesh
Mohammad Raqibul Hasan Siddique
Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline
Khulna University
Bangladesh
Md. Nazmul Hasan
Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline
Khulna University
Bangladesh
concentration in plant parts showed significant
(p<0.05) negative correlation with potassium and
carbon concentration in the respective plant parts.
The findings of this study indicated that survival
and growth of H. fomes seedling were strongly
influenced by salinity. This influence was
reflected through the nutrients and carbon
distributional pattern in seedling parts; and
antagonistic relationship among sodium
concentration; and potassium and carbon
concentration.
Keywords- Growth, Heritiera fomes, Nutrients,
Salinity, Seedling, Survival
I. Introduction
Heritiera fomes (Buch.-Ham.) is a medium
sized to tall large evergreen mangrove tree. This
species has shown narrow distribution in the
world and almost restricted in South Asian
countries of Bangladesh, India, Myanmar,
Thailand, and Peninsular Malaysia (Spalding et
al. 1997). In Bangladesh, this species found to
occur in the Sundarbans, Chakaria-Sundarbans
and other coastal areas (Das and Alam 2001).
This species is quickly disappearing in many
parts of its range due to a number of localized
threats like coastal development, habitat
destruction and removal of mangrove areas, top-
dying disease, reduction of freshwater flow, and
sea level rise (Rahman 1996; Spalding et al.
1997). Heretiera fomes is the most important and
dominant tree species in the Sundarbans. It covers
about 52.7 percent of the forest area and
constitutes about 63.8 percent of the standing
volume (Rahman et al. 1983). However, the co-
dominant species of the Sundarbans are
Excoecaria agallocha, Xylocarpus mekongensis,
X. granatum, Sonneratia apetala, Avicennia spp.
(Iftekhar and Saenger 2008). It is reported that H.
fomes dominated areas are replaced by E.
agallocha and other more salt tolerant species
(Das and Alam 2001). Species composition and
vegetation dynamics of the Sundarbans mangrove
forest of Bangladesh are heterogeneous that
seems to be controlled by hydrology, tidal
inundation and salinity (Pethick 2011). This
change in species composition may be due to the
changed scenario of salinity regime and tidal
inundation (Mahmood et al. 1998; Iftekhar and
Saenger 2008). Salinity is one of the major
parameters that influence productivity,
germination, survival, growth and nutrient
72
International Journal of Environmental Engineering– IJEE
Volume 1 : Issue 4 [ISSN 2374-1724]
Publication Date : 27 December,2014
distribution in plant parts (Rubio Casal et al.
2003; L'opez-Hoffman et al. 2006; Elumalai and
Manikandan 2013).
Increased levels of salinity is primarily
stunted the seedling growth in association of
other environmental factors such as humidity,
temperature, light, tidal inundation. While, plant
growth is directly depends on the availability of
nutrients (Shannon et al. 1994; Hoppe-Speer et al.
2011). Salinity affects nutrient availability to
plants through modification of binding, retention
and transformation of nutrients in the soil and
finally affects the uptake and/or absorption of
nutrients by the root system (Wahome 2001).
Moreover, higher concentration of Na showed
antagonistic relationship to the uptake of the
other nutrients (Cramer et al. 1991; Grattan and
Grieve 1999). There are few studies on salinity
and seedling growth of mangroves at different
areas of the world e.g. Ceriops tagal from
Gujarat and Tamil Nadu of India (Patel et al.
2010a; Sivasankaramoorthy 2012); Avicennia
marina from Gujarat and Tamil Nadu of India
(Patel et al. 2010b; Sivasankaramoorthy 2012)
and Fujian, China (Yan et al. 2007); Rhizophora
mucronata from South Africa (Hoppe-Speer et al.
2011) and Tamil Nadu, India
(Sivasankaramoorthy 2012). Salt tolerance ranges
of different mangrove species were found to vary
significantly and this range of salt tolerance is an
important determinant of plant growth in
mangroves (Nandy Datta et al. 2007). The
influence of salinity on survival, growth and
distribution of different species of the Sundarbans
are not known. The relationships among salinity
and growth; nutrients, carbon and sodium in plant
parts are important to understand the growth
dynamics of mangrove plants and species
composition in the Sundarbans mangrove forest
at different salinity levels. The aims of this study
were to examine the effect of salinity on seedling
survival and growth; and nutrients (N, P, and K),
sodium and carbon distribution in different parts
of H. fomes seedlings in relation to salinity.
II. Materials and methods
A. Seed collection and seedling raising
The mature seeds of H. fomes were collected
during the month of July 2011 from the
Sundarbans mangrove forest of Bangladesh. The
Collected seeds were sorted manually and the
seeds with visible defect were discarded. Seeds
were sown on in a germination bed of coarse sand
layer of 30 cm at non saline condition. This
allowed pulling off the seedlings with their intact
root system for the next experiment.
B. Experiment setup
A total of 96 pet bottles with 9 cm in
diameter and 20 cm in height were taken. Six
month old seedlings were planted in each bottle
with coarse sand. Collar diameter, height and
green biomass of each seedling were measured
and recorded. Some of the seedlings were taken
to the laboratory to calculate the green weight to
oven-dried weight conversion ratio at 80 oC for 4
days. A total of 12 pet bottles with seedlings were
placed in a plastic box (46 cm x 30 cm x 24 cm)
and thus 8 boxes were prepared. In sea water and
thus in mangrove environment NaCl represents
the highest proportion of salts and others are
present only in trace amount. In this study salt
means NaCl. This experiment was carried out in
hydroponic media with Modified Hogland
solution to avoid the complication of Na+ and Cl-
from the original Hogland nutrient solution. Eight
litter of modified Hoagland nutrient solution was
added to each box to get the upto mark of
solution with desired salinity treatments (0, 5, 10,
15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 ppt). Initially the salinity of
the nutrient solution was zero. At the second
week, the salinity of the first treatment was
remained zero and all other treatment were
increased to 1 ppt. At the 3rd week, the salinity of
the first treatment was remained zero and other
treatment were increase to 2 ppt. Salinity of the
solution was increased gradually from 0 to 35 ppt
to the respective treatments following the above
method. Gradual increase of salinity levels was
followed to cope the seedlings with the sudden
shock of increased salinity. The nutrient solution
was replaced weekly and salinity levels were
checked regularly. This experiment was
conducted for six month in a glass house of
Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline of
Khulna University.
C. Survival and growth of seedlings
Number of survived seedlings in each
salinity treatments was counted at the end of the
experiment and survival percentage was
estimated. At the end of the experiment, all the
seedlings were harvested and their collar
diameter, height and green weight were measured
according to salinity treatments. The growth
increment in term of diameter, height and oven-
dried biomass were estimated from the initial and
final values.
D. Nutrients (N, P and K), sodium and carbon
in seedling parts
Subsamples (100 g) of seedling parts (leaf,
bark, stem and root) were randomly collected
from the harvested seedlings of each treatment
and oven-dried at 80 oC for 4 days. The oven-
dried samples were processed and acid digested
according to Allen (1989) to measure nitrogen,
phosphorus, potassium and sodium in the
respective parts. Nitrogen and phosphorus in the
sample extract were measured according to
73
International Journal of Environmental Engineering– IJEE
Volume 1 : Issue 4 [ISSN 2374-1724]
Publication Date : 27 December,2014
Baethgen and Alley (1989) and Olsen and
Sommers (1982), respectively. Potassium and
sodium in the sample extract were measured by
Flame photometer (PFP7, Jenway LTD,
England). Carbon concentrations in samples were
measured according to Allen (1989).
E. Statistical analysis
The survival percentage values of each
salinity treatments were transformed to arcsine
and comparison among the treatments was
performed by one-way Analysis of Variance
followed by Duncan Multiple Range Test.
Moreover, correlation among the survival of
seedlings and salinity treatments was also
conducted by using SAS statistical software.
Diameter, height and oven-dried biomass
increment in different salinity treatments were
compared by one-way Analysis of Variance
followed by Duncan Multiple Range Test; and
correlation among the salinity treatment and the
growth parameters were evaluated by using SAS
statistical software. Nitrogen, phosphorus,
potassium, sodium and carbon concentration in
different parts of seedlings at different salinity
treatments were compared by Two-way Analysis
of Variance followed by Duncan Multiple Range
Test. Relationships among salinity and nitrogen,
phosphorus, potassium, sodium and carbon were
evaluated through correlation analysis.
Irrespectively, correlation among sodium;
nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and carbon
were conducted using SAS statistical software.
III. Results
A. Survival and growth of seedlings
All the seedlings (100%) found to survive at
non saline condition (0 ppt) to moderate (10 ppt)
saline condition. The survival of seedling showed
significant (p<0.05) strong negative correlation
(r=-0.97) with salinity and lowest (40%) survival
was reported at salinity of 35 ppt. Similar
(p>0.05) increment of collar diameter (5.87 - 5.19
mm) was observed at 0 ppt to 15 ppt salinity.
While, similar (p>0.05) increment in height (5.33
- 5.18 cm) and oven-dried biomass (9.86 - 9.96 g)
was found at 0 ppt to 5 ppt salinity.
Comparatively (p<0.05) lower diameter (2.43
mm), height (1.2 cm) and biomass (1.47 g)
increment were observed at the highest salinity of
35 ppt. However, collar diameter, height and
oven-dried biomass increment showed significant
(p<0.05) strong negative correlation with salinity
(Fig. 1).
A
B
C
D
Fig. 1: Effect of salinity levels on seedlings of Heritiera fomes
A) Survival of seedling B) Collar diameter increment C)
Height increment D) Oven-dried biomass increment. Similar
alphabet along the line are not significantly (p>0.05) different
B. Nutrients (N, P and K), sodium and carbon
in seedling parts
Significant difference in nitrogen (F=26.78,
p=0.0001), phosphorus (F=2079.00, p=0.0001),
potassium (F=194.15, p=0.0001), sodium
(F=98.56, p=0.0001), and carbon (F=166.30,
p=0.0001) concentration was observed for
different parts of H. fomes seedlings with
different salinity levels. Comparatively (p<0.05)
A
A
A
B
B
C
C
D
r = - 0.97; p<0.05
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Survival (%)
Salinity (ppt)
A
A
A
A
B
BC
BC
C
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Diameter (mm)
Salinity (ppt)
r = -0.95; p<0.05
A
AB
BC
C
D
D
D
D
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Height (cm)
Salinity (ppt)
r=-0.94; p<0.05
A
A
AB
ABC
BCD
BCD
CD
D
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Oven-dr ied biomass (g)
Salinity (ppt)
r = -0.97; p<0.05
74
International Journal of Environmental Engineering– IJEE
Volume 1 : Issue 4 [ISSN 2374-1724]
Publication Date : 27 December,2014
highest concentration of nitrogen (16 to 21 mg/g)
was observed in leaves followed by roots (11 to
16 mg/g) at 0 ppt to 15 ppt salinity. Highest
concentration (2.9 to 3.7 mg/g) of phosphorus
was observed in leaves followed by stem and
roots at different salinity. Comparatively (p<0.05)
highest concentration (11 to 26 mg/g) of
potassium was observed in leaves followed by
stem and lowest (2 to 10 mg/g) was detected in
roots. Comparatively (p<0.05) higher
concentration of carbon was measured in leaves
(44.60 to 46.40%) followed by bark and lowest
(38.32 to 41.69%) was detected in roots.
Conversely, significantly (p<0.05) highest
concentration (8 to 48 mg/g) of sodium was
observed in roots followed by stem and lowest
concentration (2 to 13 mg/g) was measured in
leaves (Fig. 2, Table 1). Potassium and carbon
concentration in different parts of seedlings, and
nitrogen in leaves and roots showed significant
(p<0.05) negative correlation with salinity. But,
phosphorus concentration in leaves, stems, and
roots showed not significant (p<0.05) correlation
with salinity (Table 2). Similarly, sodium
concentration in plant parts showed significant
(p<0.05) negative correlation with potassium and
carbon concentration in the respective plant parts.
While, not significant (p>0.05) correlation was
observed for phosphorus concentration in leaves
and roots (Table 3).
A
B
C
D
E
Fig. 2: Effect of salinity levels on seedling parts of Heritiera
fomes A) Nitrogen concentration B) Phosphorus concentration
C) Potassium concentration D) Sodium concentration E)
Carbon concentration
Table 1: Anova result (F-value and p-value) of nitrogen,
phosphorus, potassium, sodium and carbon in different parts
of Heretiera fomes seedlings
Leaf
Bark
Stem
Root
Nitrogen
F=1.72
p=0.1755
F=24.07
p=0.0001
F=1.84
p=0.1477
F=14.19
p=0.0001
Phosphorus
F=4.83
p=0.0044
F=17.34
p=0.0001
F=7.63
p=0.0004
F=26.85
p=0.0001
Potassium
F=23.66
p=0.0001
F=38.26
p=0.0001
F=3.44
p=0.0193
F=380.29
p=0.0001
Sodium
F=254.72
p=0.0001
F=13.83
p=0.0001
F=31.07
p=0.0001
F=44.67
p=0.0001
Carbon
F=2.91
p=0.0364
F=2.96
p=0.034
F=4.43
p=0.0065
F=14.76
p=0.0001
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Nitrogen conc entration (mg/g)
Salinity (ppt)
Leaf
Bark
Stem
Root
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Phospho rus concentra tion (mg/g)
Salinity (ppt)
Leaf
Bark
Stem
Root
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Pota ssium concen tration (mg/g)
Salinity (ppt)
Leaf
Bark
Stem
Root
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Sodium conc entration (mg/g)
Salinity (ppt)
Leaf
Bark
Stem
Root
35
37
39
41
43
45
47
49
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Carbo n concentrat ion (%)
Salinity (ppt)
Leaf
Bark
Stem
Root
75
International Journal of Environmental Engineering– IJEE
Volume 1 : Issue 4 [ISSN 2374-1724]
Publication Date : 27 December,2014
Table 2: Correlation among salinity level and nitrogen,
phosphorus, potassium, sodium and carbon in different parts
of seedlings
Leaf
Bark
Stem
Root
Nitrogen
-0.91
0.93
0.92
-0.94
Phosphorus
-0.17*
0.82
0.62*
0.53*
Potassium
-0.99
-0.81
-0.94
-0.93
Sodium
0.98
0.88
0.89
0.98
Carbon
-0.97
-0.97
-0.97
-0.97
* Values are not significant at 95% level
Table 3: Correlation among sodium; and nitrogen,
phosphorus, potassium, sodium and carbon in different parts
of seedlings
Leaf
Bark
Stem
Root
Nitrogen
0.95
0.73
0.78
-0.94
Phosphorus
0.06*
0.90
0.85
0.65*
Potassium
-0.96
-0.93
-0.81
-0.95
Carbon
-0.91
-0.93
-0.90
-0.98
* Values are not significant at 95% level
IV. Discussion
Survival and growth of mangrove seedling
depends on salinity levels and the range of salt
tolerance is species specific (Gilles et al. 2001;
Nandy Datta et al. 2007). Mangrove seedling
involves most of the energy for their growth at
the lower saline condition. Conversely, the
majority energy found to engage for survival at
the higher salinity (L´opez-Hoffman 2006). This
could be the reason to observe comparatively
higher survival and growth of H. fomes seedlings
at lower salinity. Similar observation was
reported with Ceriops australis and C. decandra
at Australia (Ball 2002); A. germinans at
Venezuela (Lopez-Hoffman 2007). Growth of
some true mangrove species (A. marina, Ceriops
spp., Rhizophora spp.) found to increase at
moderate salinity (Yan et al. 2007; Patel et al.
2010a; Hoppe-Speer 2011). Heretiera fomes
being a non-exclusive mangrove species may
have the characteristics of affecting growth even
at low saline condition. Higher salinity (>15 ppt)
negatively influence the growth of mangrove
seedlings (Smith 1992) through limiting the water
uptake (Clough 1984), causing low leaf
intercellular CO2 concentrations (Andrews and
Muller 1985), decreased photosynthetic rates
(Pezeshki et al. 1990; Sobrado 1999).
Plant uptake nutrients from soil and
translocate to leaves, and synthesized food
thereafter is distributed to different parts.
Nutrients are effective for different physiological
function (such as respiration, transpiration and
photosynthesis) and normal growth or
metabolism of plants (Jones et al. 1991;
Marschner 1995). Nutrients concentration not
only varies from species to species but also varied
among the plant parts and stages of growth (Jones
et al. 19991; Mahmood et al. 2006). Nitrogen,
phosphorus and potassium are more abundant in
physiologically active and photosynthetic tissue
like leaves (Marschner 1995). This could be the
reason to observe comparatively higher
concentration of N, P and K concentration in
leaves compared to other parts of seedlings.
High salinity affects plant growth due to
sodium toxicities, nutrient deficiencies or
combination of these (Khan et al. 2000). Salinity,
in general, does not show much of interaction
with nitrogen and phosphorus concentration in
seedling parts of H. fomes. Level of salinity does
not affect necessarily the overall uptake of
nitrogen by plants which may continue to
accumulate nitrogen in the presence of excess
salts despite a reduction in yield of dry mass
(Silveira et al. 2001, Wahid et al. 2004). A recent
study indicated that nitrogen uptake in mangrove
seedlings is not inhibitory by salinity (Kao et al.
2001). The final impact of salinity on the
concentration of phosphorus in plants depends
heavily on plant species, phase of ontogenesis,
and level of salinity (Grattan and Grieve 1999).
In most cases, excess of salts in soil solution
leads to a reduction in phosphorus concentration
in the tissues of plants, but the results of some
studies show that salinity may increase but that
does not affect the uptake and accumulation of
phosphorus (Sonneveld and de Kreij 1999; Kaya
et al. 2001). The antagonistic relationship among
sodium and potassium of this study suggested
that sodium inhibited the uptake of potassium.
Moreover, it is well documented that high
concentrations of Na showed antagonistic
relationship with uptake of N, P and K and the
extent of this relationship found to vary with
species and plant parts (Cramer et al. 1991,
Grattan and Grieve 1999). Salinity reduces the
net photosynthesis (Pezeshki et al. 1990; Sobrado
1999) and results in lower sequestration of carbon
in plant parts. Similarly, the negative correlation
values (Tables 2-3) indicate the antagonistic
relationship for salinity and carbon; and sodium
and carbon in plant parts. The findings of this
study indicate that salinity is an important factor
of regulating the survival and growth of H. fomes
seedlings. It also demonstrates the impact of
salinity on nutrient distributional pattern in
different parts of H. fomes seedlings. Significant
increase in sodium concentration and decrease in
potassium and carbon concentration in seedling
parts may inhabit the growth of seedling at higher
saline condition.
76
International Journal of Environmental Engineering– IJEE
Volume 1 : Issue 4 [ISSN 2374-1724]
Publication Date : 27 December,2014
Acknowledgement
We are thankful to United States Department
of Agriculture (USDA) for their financial
support; Ministry of Education and University
Grants Commission, Bangladesh for their
monitoring and smoothing the project activities.
We also acknowledge the Sundarbans East Forest
Division, and Forestry and Wood Technology
Discipline, Khulna University for the logistic
support.
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