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SUSTAINABILITY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:
A TAXONOMY IN THE FIELD OF LITERATURE
SIMONE SARTORI1
FERNANDA LATRÔNICO DA SILVA2
LUCILA MARIA DE SOUZA CAMPOS3
Introduction
The emergence of sustainable development (SD) as a political and social project
of humanity has promoted the orientation of efforts in order to find ways for sustainable
societies (SALAS-ZAPATA et al., 2011). Since then, there has been lot of literature
devoted to the subject, and no doubt a blurring of focus.
A growing interest in sustainability (or SD) and, more recently, the approaches
regarding strategies, cleaner production, pollution control, eco-efficiency, environmental
management, social responsibility, industrial ecology, ethical investments, green economy,
eco-design, reuse, sustainable consumption, zero waste (GLAVI; LUKMAN, 2007),
among many other terms.
The approaches depend on the field of application (engineering, economics, mana-
gement, ecology, etc.), in which each science tends to see only one side of the equation
(CHICHILNISKY, 1996), however they are common, as they turn to sustainability (or
SD). It is no coincidence that the concepts of sustainability and SD are still poorly un-
derstood (DOVERS; HANDMER, 1992), and in many cases, are treated as synonyms.
But not all who research these concepts see them as such.
To Dovers and Handmer (1992) sustainability is the ability of a human system,
natural or mixed, to resist or adapt to endogenous or exogenous change indefinitely, and,
in addition, SD is a way of intentional change and improvement that keeps or increases
this attribute of the system meeting the needs of the population. In a first perspective, SD
is the way to achieve sustainability, that is, sustainability is the ultimate long-term goal.
1 Doctoral student, Department of Production Engineering and Systems, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis,
Brazil.
2 Master’s Degree student, Department of Production Engineering and Systems, Federal University of Santa Catarina,
Florianopolis, Brazil.
3 Associate Professor, Department of Production Engineering and Systems, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis,
Brazil.
Ambiente & Sociedade n São Paulo v. XVII, n. 1 n p. 1-20 n jan.-mar. 2014
2Sartori, Latrônico and Campos
For Elkington (1994), creator of the term Triple Bottom Line, sustainability is the
balance between the three pillars: environmental, economic and social. The expectation
that companies should gradually contribute to sustainability arises from the recognition
that businesses need stable markets, and must have technical, financial and management
skills necessary to enable the transition towards sustainable development (ELKINGTON,
2001). This is, therefore a second perspective, different from the first: SD is the goal to
be achieved and sustainability is the process to achieve SD.
Regardless of the two perspectives, this research turns to sustainability. It is observed
that there is now a variety of research and publications on the subject in order to address
a way of understanding and explaining sustainability, be it as a process or an end goal.
In this sense, it is important to have a clear notion of what is meant by sustainability or
lack thereof (TISDELL, 1988).
The term sustainability is used, but little explained. It is of conceptual in nature,
misunderstood (EKINS et al., 2003). It is a fashion accessory (HASNA, 2010) or common
sense (MOLDAN et al., 2012). There is an inconsistent interpretation and application,
high degree of ambiguity of the concept, including an incomplete understanding of the
problems of poverty, environmental degradation and the role of economic growth (LÉLÉ,
1991; MORI; CHRISTODOULOU, 2012; SLIMANE, 2012). And the situation has not
improved so far, it remains a popular and brilliant slogan (SLIMANE, 2012).
In this context, this study aims to examine the literature on the topic of sustainability
in order to characterize it and set the stage it is in, as well as analyze gaps and challenges
in order to bring contributions for future research.
This article, besides this introduction consists of the sections: ii) Methodological
Procedures; iii) Literature Review; iv) Results; and v) Conclusions.
Methodological Procedures
Based on the goals of the work, we carried out the definition of the criteria for
selecting journals, the collection of articles, the sorting of articles, content analysis and
presentation of results.
For the literature review, we proceeded to search for keywords, them and their
variations being: environmental sustainability, economic sustainability, social sustainability,
indicators, definitions, green, performance mesurement, indices, organization, business, firm,
industry,sustainable development, environment management systems, ISO 14031, measures,
cleaner production and sustainable development.
We selected databases available on the CAPES Journal Portal to compose the
database, selecting those with the potential to collaborate with the research topic in
question, these being: Engineering Village, Elsevier, ISI Science Direct, Scopus and Wiley.
The software used to import the publications selected in the databases searched
was EndNote X6®. Upon completion of the search of the 18 keywords on the 6 databa-
ses, 13,928 publications were selected. Among these publications, the repeated articles
were removed, leaving 7,346 publications. Analyzing the alignment of the titles with the
objective of the research, 250 articles remained.
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3Sustainability and sustainable development
These 250 articles were submitted to analysis of the alignment of the abstract and
keywords relating to the research goal, therefore, leaving 141 articles with aligned titles,
abstracts and keywords. And, in the last selection, the bibliographic portfolio for content
analysis totaled 103 articles with total text alignment, freely available in the databases.
Next, we proceeded to read the full content of the articles. They were analyzed
according to (Figure 1): (I) authors and year; (ii) study on foundations or applied studies;
(iii) the dimensions of environmental, economic and social sustainability (ELKINGTON,
1994; SEURING 2013); (iv) individual, global or regional scale (RAMOS; CAEIRO, 2010;
TODOROV; MARINOVA, 2011); and (v) emphasis - in the sense of the purpose of the
article. Concomitant to content analysis, were analyzed gaps raised by the authors, therefore,
presented in the form of challenges in one of the following items. With this purpose, it is
important to mention that the items listed in the Figure mentioned allow for an initial refe-
rence on the topic of sustainability, but do not exhaust the countless possibilities that exist.
Literature Review
Sustainable Development and Sustainability
Emerged in the 1980s, the term SD emerged from the relationship between pre-
serving the planet and meeting human needs (IUCN, 1980). The Brundtland Report
(WCED, 1987) explains the same term simply as development that “meets the needs of
the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs”. This definition is lasting because it is flexible and open to interpretation (PRUGH;
ASSADOURIAN, 2003).
In essence, SD is multi-dimensional, incorporating different aspects of society, se-
eking environmental protection and maintenance of natural capital to achieve economic
prosperity and equity for present and future generations (KELLY et al., 2004).
For other researchers, SD is seen as: the maintenance of essential ecological pro-
cesses, preservation of genetic diversity and sustainable use of species and ecosystems
(TISDELL, 1988); equal opportunities for future generations (CHICHILNISKY, 1996),
a process of change in which the exploitation of resources, the direction of investments,
orientation of technological and institutional change are made according to the future,
considering present needs (HOVE, 2009).
What we now call SD has evolved as an integrating concept, an umbrella under
which a set of inter-related issues can be gathered. This is a variable process of change
that seeks the ultimate goal of sustainability itself. In the same context, sustainability
is the ability of a human, natural or mixed system to resist or adapt to endogenous or
exogenous change indefinitely (DOVERS; HANDMER, 1992), represented as a goal or
end point (HOVE, 2009). Therefore, to achieve sustainability, sustainable development
is required (PRUG; ASSADOURIAN, 2003).
The concept of DS remains contested because of the different positions taken
in relation to what can be considered fair (TODOROV; MARINOVA, 2009). It is so
broad and generally applicable that its vagueness makes it dead and open to conflicting
Ambiente & Sociedade n São Paulo v. XVII, n. 1 n p. 1-20 n jan.-mar. 2014
4Sartori, Latrônico and Campos
interpretations (DOVERS; HANDMER, 1992). It does not explicitly embrace future
thoughts. In turn, almost all published definitions of the concept of SD are based on
principles of sustainability, for example, long-term perspective, fundamental importance
of local conditions, understanding the nonlinear evolution of environmental and human
systems (MOLDAN et al., 2012).
Thus, the term sustainability appeared regarding renewable resources and has been
adopted by the ecological movement. The concept refers to the existence of the ecological
conditions necessary to support human life at a specific level of wellness through future gene-
rations, and this is ecological sustainability and not sustainable development (LÉLÉ, 1991).
According to Ayres (2008), sustainability is a normative concept about how humans
should act in relation to nature, and how they are responsible for each other and future
generations. In this context, it is noted that sustainability is conducive to economic gro-
wth based on social justice and the efficient use of natural resources (LOZANO, 2012).
Often, sustainability is seen at two different levels: weak sustainability or strong
sustainability. Weak sustainability can be interpreted as the extension of economic welfare
(NEUMAYER, 2003), therefore, the economic capital produced by current generations
can compensate for loss of natural capital for future generations (FIORINO, 2011). The-
refore, in weak sustainability it is required that the value of natural capital is preserved, for
example, in the case of non-renewable resources, the extraction should be compensated
by investment in renewable resource substitutes of equal value (eg, wind farms to replace
fossil fuels in electricity generation).
In contrast, strong sustainability is a paradigm of non-substitutability, in which
there are natural systems that cannot be eroded or destroyed without compromising the
interests of future generations (FIORINO, 2011). Therefore, in strong sustainability it is
required that a subset of the total natural capital is preserved in physical terms, so that
their functions remain intact.
If the existence of sustainability depends on their socioeconomic and environmental
relationship, it can be seen as a major subject and addressed in different ways. Ignacy
Sachs (2002), for example, used eight types of sustainability (social, economic, ecological,
spatial, territorial, cultural, national and international policy) to display the dimensions
of what is called eco-development.
In the business, it became more convenient to think of sustainability as a “triple
bottom line”. Environmental sustainability is defined as the dematerialization of econo-
mic activity, since a decrease in material processing can reduce the pressure on natural
systems and expand the provision of environmental services to the economy. Economic
sustainability is the maintenance of natural capital, which is a necessary condition in
order to avoid economic degrowth (BARTELMUS, 2003). And the approach to social
sustainability refers to social homogeneity, fair income and access to goods, services and
employment (LEHTONEN, 2004).
Sustainability is discussed as a state in which three types of interests (or conflicts)
are met (or resolved) simultaneously: (i) the interests of the current generation to improve
their actual life conditions (economic sustainability), (ii) the search for an equalization
of living conditions between rich and poor (social sustainability), and (iii) the interests of
Ambiente & Sociedade n São Paulo v. XVII, n. 1 n p. 1-20 n jan.-mar. 2014
5Sustainability and sustainable development
future generations that are not committed to meeting the needs of the current generation
(environmental sustainability) (HORBACH, 2005).
Within the above context, there is a lack of consensus on the terms SD and
sustainability. This is due to the fact that sustainability is used to describe the processes
and activities (for example, sustainable finance, sustainable business, among others). In
other cases, the activities aim to be sustainable, such as sustainable tourism, sustainable
agriculture or sustainable buildings. Therefore, SD mainly focuses on people and their
well-being (MOLDAN et al., 2012).
Although there are several understandings, sustainability and SD aim to pass on
to future generations a stock of capital that is at least as large as our own generation has
inherited from previous generations (GAUSSIN et al., 2013). Concomitantly, they are
about collective choices and values. Because the values, politics and our understanding
of the Earth and its systems will evolve, and the notions of what is sustainable will never
be static (PRUGH; ASSADOURIAN, 2003).
Results
Characteristics of Sustainability
In order to understand what is being studied and proposed on sustainability, there
are many efforts that present, through studies on foundations or applied studies, objectives
and challenges that seek to answer the concerns of today: how to achieve sustainability.
According to Figure 1 the following key features involve:
i) conceptualizations and discussions on environmental, economic and societal
spheres, environmental change, environmental policies, growth and boun-
daries, economic degrowth, strong or weak sustainability, poverty and living
standards, causes and resource scarcity, planning and communication;
ii) development, use and evaluation of indicators and indices;
iii) cities, regions and countries, the manufacturing sector, economic systems,
industries, universities and scientific academies, supply chain and investment
projects, production systems;
iv) reviews of methodologies, performance evaluation, use of tools, sustainability
models;
v) search for causality between environmental, economic and social dimensions;
vi) long-term perspectives, time series, forecasting, sustainometrics;
vii) identification of challenges.
The numerous discussions and conceptualizations exist due to the plurality of
purpose in characterizing and measuring sustainability. An important step in reducing
this confusion is the acceptance of distinctions in terminology, data and methods (PAR-
RIS; KATES, 2003), which in turn, the real situation may be evaluated by considering
the particular characteristics of each region.
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6Sartori, Latrônico and Campos
In this context, sustainability occurs on several levels: global, regional and local.
What is sustainable at a regional level is not necessarily sustainable nationally. This
discrepancy is due to the geographical transfer mechanisms through the negative con-
sequences of a country or region to other countries or regions (SLIMANE 2012). The
regions do not use the same indicators for the same subject, the data are not uniformly
collected (VAN ZEIJL-ROZEMA et al., 2011). Therefore, decisions may be ineffective
or even counterproductive if not considering the characteristics of each region.
Most governments are engaged to sustainability, but for a better policy develop-
ment it is interesting to know the causality between the pillars of sustainability. A first
plausible mechanism is that environmental performance leads to changes in financial
performance. Or, the direction of causality can be reversed: profitable companies can afford
to invest in environmental performance. But improving the environmental performance
of a company can lead to economic improvement, and not necessarily an increase in cost
(AMBEC; LANOIE, 2008). The causal patterns between the pillars of sustainability are
quite sensitive to the characteristics of countries that are grouped, suggesting to avoid
generalizations across heterogeneous countries (HOSSEINI; KANEKO, 2011).
Expanded readings on social sustainability indicate the need to rely less on objective
data and evidence to encourage changes in human perspectives on environmental issues.
This is not a call to abandon environmental science, but a suggestion for its practitioners to
work alongside social scientists in order to explore how residents interpret and incorporate
concerns of the places in which they live and the world around them (VALLANCE et al.,
2011). As the debate on sustainability becomes more widespread and socially complex,
more is being appropriated by different social forces that start to define the meaning that
best expresses their values and interests (LIMA, 2003).
Aggeri et al. (2005) indicate that the sudden and massive involvement of large
companies in the sustainability discourse raises some contradictory debates: it is a new
discourse to speak of things that companies were already doing previously in social and
environmental protection; companies always exercised their responsibility towards society;
and, finally, the positioning of companies is a mechanical response to a number of external
pressures (new social and environmental regulations, criticizing from the civil society, etc.).
Martinet and Reynaud (2004) contribute to understanding the role that organiza-
tions can play in society. According to the authors, companies would shift between two
extremes: one financial and one sustainable. The financial extreme encourages a short-
-term horizon, standardizing growth models, which seeks the control and submission to
formal procedures. Now the sustainable extreme, opposing the financial end, aims at the
long term, the development of internal abilities, the concern with the social management
of employees and the concern with the ecological impact given the activities of the orga-
nization. Thus, thinking strategically and making decisions means stopping to aim only for
economic return and seeking to incorporate other dimensions, because the development
process is not constant or stable over time and space (GUIMARÃES; FEICHAS, 2009).
Despite the many debates associated with sustainability, many studies turn to the
operationalization by means of indicators and indices. To conceptualize phenomena and
highlight trends, indicators and sustainability indices simplify and quantify. Given this
Ambiente & Sociedade n São Paulo v. XVII, n. 1 n p. 1-20 n jan.-mar. 2014
7Sustainability and sustainable development
function, they must be developed for specific proposals, that is, that adequately represents
the sustainability of a region (SICHE et al., 2008).
FIGURE 1 – Characteristics and approaches to the topic of Sustaibability
Ambiente & Sociedade n São Paulo v. XVII, n. 1 n p. 1-20 n jan.-mar. 2014
8Sartori, Latrônico and Campos
Briefly, it is possible to note the trajectory of studies around sustainability according
to the emphasis given in Table 1. Until the early 1990s, SD was a part of development
studies, environmental, urban and regional planning, human impact on the use of land
resources (renewable and finite), environmental changes (TOLBA, 1984; TISDELL,
1988; STEDMAN; HILL, 1992; REDCLIFT, 1992; SOLOW, 1993; AYRES, 1996). This
is due to the support of international agencies such as the United Nations Conference
on Environment in 1972, the Brundtland Commission with the Brundtland Report in
1987, the Montreal Protocol in 1989.
Academic initiatives gain strength with debates about what is SD and sustainability
(LÉLÉ, 1991; MITCHAM, 1995; MEBRATU, 1998; PARRIS; KATES 2003). Concomi-
tantly, sustainability is characterized by dimensions (KAIVO-OJA, 1999; FOXON et al,
1999; LEHTONEN, 2004; DEMPSEY, 2011).
In the business world, sustainability was introduced by the concept of sustainable
management, specifically in how companies produce their products and services, maintain
and improve human and natural resources, according to the approach by authors Isaksson
and Steimle (2009), Fauzi et al. (2010), Gaussin et al. (2013), Porter and Derry (2012),
Urban and Govender (2012), among others.
Another moment of this trajectory is the need for a quantitative assessment of
sustainability (EPSTEIN; ROY, 2001; LINTON; YEOMANS, 2002; CABEZAS; FATH,
2002; TODOROV; MARINOVA, 2011). In this context, evolution has brought many
forms of sustainability assessment, such as: indicators and indices (TYTECA, 1999; HUE-
TINGA; REIJNDERSB, 2004; MOLDAN et al., 2012; HAK et al., 2012; DAHL, 2012;
Singh et al., 2012), environmental tools (HOLLAND, 2003; GAUSSIN et al., 2013),
frameworks for organizational analysis (BITHAS; CHRISTOFAKIS, 2006; AMBEC;
LANOIE, 2008; ISAKSSON; STEIMLE, 2009).
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9Sustainability and sustainable development
For the reasons above, sustainability has gradual steps in the process of unders-
tanding and positioning the subject, but there are not necessarily boundaries between
one approach and another. Moreover, the trajectory can observe many challenges to be
overcome. Thus, the first step is to recognize them and develop ways to try to solve them
(HUESEMANN, 2004).
What are the challenges of sustainability?
Many are the problems that hinder progress towards sustainability and sustainable
development. The challenges are often related to the following criteria (REID et al., 2010):
(i) the need for global coordination; (ii) relevance to decision makers; and (iii) leverage.
Overcoming these initial challenges collaborates with forecasts of future environmental
conditions and their consequences for people.
After analyzing the content of the articles, there are several challenges to sustai-
nability:
1. Implementing environmental protection standards;
2. Capturing the external impacts of activities beyond the local level;
3. Recognizing social sustainability;
4. Human development;
5. Eradication of poverty;
6. Balanced production and consumption;
7. Promotion of education;
8. Development and maintenance of environmental resources;
9. Efficiency in resource allocation;
10. Cooperation among stakeholders, governments and the civil society;
11. Publicly available sustainability methodologies and indicators;
12. Use of complementary indicators on assessments;
13. Use holistic approaches;
14. Indicators for measuring the consumption of resources;
15. Population awareness;
16. Using a standard benchmark between countries;
17. Reconciling local objectives with the overall objectives;
18. Applied research that bring practical results;
19. Balance between the pillars of sustainability;
20. Dynamic sustainability indicators;
21. Pointers directed toward business and local systems;
22. Public participation in planning;
23. Participation of science and technology.
There has been little analysis of sustainable applications and what kind of results
can be expected. But there seems to be a consensus on the challenges of sustainability:
integrating economy, environment and society, as well as institutional issues; considering
Ambiente & Sociedade n São Paulo v. XVII, n. 1 n p. 1-20 n jan.-mar. 2014
10 Sartori, Latrônico and Campos
the consequences of the actions of the present in the future; awareness and involvement
of society.
In terms of development, it does not mean that society should reach a certain
specific state or follow a particular path. On the contrary, the important thing are the
factors that influence the evolution of society, so that it maintains characteristics that are
considered desirable to the current and future well-being (SILVA NETO; BASSO, 2010).
Conclusions
Sustainability has been defined from a long historical process, as well as the awa-
reness of environmental problems, economic crises and social inequalities. Because it is
a complex and ongoing concept, different approaches that attempt to understand and
explain sustainability arise. In this context, this study analyzed the sustainability theme,
mapping significant works on the subject, characterizing and identifying challenges.
Sustainability is characterized as a principle applicable to systems. Open systems,
to interact with society and nature, involving industrial systems (transportation, manu-
facturing, energy etc.), social systems (urbanization, mobility, communication, etc.) and
natural systems (soil, air, water and biotic systems etc.), including flows of information,
goods, materials, waste. That is, sustainability involves an interaction with dynamic sys-
tems that are constantly changing and require proactive measures.
In this research, few works that meet pro-activity were found, amongst them:
analysis of the dynamic behavior in complex and ecological systems (CABEZAS; FATH,
2002); use of forecasting in sustainability (LINTON; YEOMANS, 2002); development
of strategies for sustainability (MARSHALL; BROWN, 2003; MOORE; MANRING,
2009); green engineering projects (ANASTAS, 2003); environmental requirements
(SÃO-JOSÉ et al., 2007); education for sustainability (STABLES, 2009).
We conclude that the field of sustainability is emerging, characterized by a wide
variety of subjects from different areas and with different frameworks. However, with a
high and increasing number of papers published on the subject, many are the challenges for
future works: the need for applied research that bring practical results; finding a balance
at the Triple Bottom Line; indices and/or indicators to assess long-term sustainability;
goal alignment with the identified indicators.
For the purposes of this study, one should take into account the established de-
limitations: articles restricted to the CAPES Portal database; the keywords used in the
search of publications; and the fact that only works of the type article were considered.
As suggestions for future studies, we highlight the possibility of deepening the analysis,
including the use of clusters to analyze work in common.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank The National Council for Scientific and Technological De-
velopment (CNPq) for financial support, as well as the anonymous reviewers for their
comments and suggestions.
Ambiente & Sociedade n São Paulo v. XVII, n. 1 n p. 1-20 n jan.-mar. 2014
11Sustainability and sustainable development
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Submitted on: 03/09/2012
Accepted on: 24/09/2013
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-44220003491
SUSTAINABILITY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:
A TAXONOMY IN THE FIELD OF LITERATURE
SIMONE SARTORI
FERNANDA LATRÔNICO DA SILVA
LUCILA MARIA DE SOUZA CAMPOS
Resumo: O termo sustentabilidade é muito discutido, existindo uma variedade de pesquisas
sobre o assunto. Sem uma definição única, há um conjunto de pesquisas e estudos que
consideram os termos sustentabilidade e desenvolvimento sustentável como sinônimos e
há outro conjunto que não. A presente pesquisa selecionou 103 artigos relevantes, em um
período de 28 anos, com o objetivo de analisar o tema sustentabilidade, caracterizando
o estágio em que se encontra, lacunas e desafios para futuras contribuições. Os assuntos
abordados são diversos, como discussões nas esferas ambientais, econômicas e sociais,
crescimento e limites, padrões de vida, uso de recursos, indicadores e índices, ferramentas,
modelos de sustentabilidade; muitos são os debates e conceituações sobre o tema, mas sua
aplicabilidade é rara. Entretanto, há um consenso sobre os desafios da sustentabilidade:
integrar economia, ambiente, sociedade e as questões institucionais, considerar as conse-
quências das ações do presente no futuro, conscientização e envolvimento da sociedade.
Palavras-chaves: Triple Línea de base; Revisión de la Literatura; Sostenibilidad; Desarrollo
sostenible.
Abstract: The term sustainability is often discussed and there is a variety of research on
the theme. Without unique definition, there are series of research and studies that consider
the terms sustainability and sustainable development as synonymous and there are others
which don’t. This study selected 103 relevant articles within a period of 28 years, with
the aim of analyzing the sustainability theme, characterizing the stage it is, the gaps and
challenges for future contributions. The issues discussed are diverse, as discussions on the
environmental, economic and social dimensions, growth and limits, living standards, use of
resources, indicators and indices, tools, models of sustainability; there are many concepts
and debates about sustainability, but its applicability is rare. However, there is a consensus
on sustainability challenges: integrating economics, environment, society and institutional
issues, considering the consequences of the actions of this in the future, awareness and
involvement of society.
Keywords: Triple Bottom Line; Literature Review; Sustainability; Sustainable Development.
Resumen: Hay una variedad de investigaciones sobre el tema sustentabilidad. No existe una
definición única, hay un conjunto de investigaciones y estudios que tengan en cuenta la
sustentabilidad y el desarrollo sustentable términos indistintamente y no hay otro conjunto.
Este estudio seleccionó 103 artículos pertinentes el período de 28 años con el objetivo de
analizar el tema sustentabilidad, caracterización de la etapa en la que es y desafíos para las
contribuciones futuras. Los temas tratados son diversos, como debates sobre crecimiento
y límites, dimensiones ambiental, económico y social, nivel de vida, uso de los recursos,
indicadores e índices, modelos de sustentabilidad. Hay muchos conceptos y debates sobre
el tema, pero su aplicabilidad es raro. Sin embargo, existe un consenso sobre los desafíos
de sustentabilidad: la integración economía, ambiente, sociedad y las cuestiones institucio-
nales, considerar las consecuencias de las acciones de este en el futuro, la sensibilización
y participación de la sociedad.
Palabra clave: Triple Línea de base; Revisión de la Literatura; Sostenibilidad; Desarrollo
sostenible.
