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Systematics of Avrainvillea (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta) in the tropical western Atlantic
Abstract
Twenty-one specific and infraspecific taxa of the genus Avrainvillea from the tropical western Atlantic are treated. Six new species (Avrainvillea digitata, A. fenicalii, A. fulva, A. hayi, A. silvana, A. sylvearleae) and seven new intraspecific taxa (A. asarifolia var. olivacea, A. fenicalii f. flabellifolia, A. levis f. translucens, A. longicaulis f. laxa, A. nigricans f. floridana, A. nigricans f. parva, A. nigricans f. spongiosa) are described. Distinguishing features of the eight pre-existing taxa are clarified, and all 21 taxa are illustrated. Observations of numerous field populations and more than 1500 herbarium specimens form the basis for a discussion of ecological adaptations, reproduction and phylogenetic relationships. A cladistic analysis, based on 24 characters, produced three virtually identical cladograms showing several loosely defined groups. Species with cylindrical blade siphons or expanded siphon apices (A. mazei, A. hayi, A. sylvearleae, A. geppii) consistently occurred near the base of the cladogram. The five species with moniliform blade siphons appeared next: A. nigricans followed closely by A. rawsonii and A. digitata, then A. fulva, and, lastly, A. silvana. Those species with a variety of blade siphon shapes (moniliform, tortuous, and/or cylindrical) formed the final group: A. longicaulis followed by A. asarifolia, with a tight terminal clade consisting of A. elliottii, A. fenicalii, and A. levis.
... Later, several authors examined the perplexity of this genus with other genera in different decades to improve the knowledge of this genus with adequate data. (Murray and Boodle, 1889;Howe, 1905;Børgesen, 1909;Gepp and Gepp, 1911;Olsen-Stojkovich, 1985;Littler and Littler, 1992;Silva et al., 1996;N'Yeurt et al., 1996;Wai et al., 2009;Santos and Nunes, 2015) The plant body of the genus Avrainvillea differentiates into rhizoidal holdfast, erect corticated stipe, and flabellate blades (Littler and Littler, 1992;Wai et al., 2009). This genus has morphological similarities with genera Rhipilia, Flabellia, Cladocephalus, and Udotea, leading to indecision on the generic perception. ...
... Later, several authors examined the perplexity of this genus with other genera in different decades to improve the knowledge of this genus with adequate data. (Murray and Boodle, 1889;Howe, 1905;Børgesen, 1909;Gepp and Gepp, 1911;Olsen-Stojkovich, 1985;Littler and Littler, 1992;Silva et al., 1996;N'Yeurt et al., 1996;Wai et al., 2009;Santos and Nunes, 2015) The plant body of the genus Avrainvillea differentiates into rhizoidal holdfast, erect corticated stipe, and flabellate blades (Littler and Littler, 1992;Wai et al., 2009). This genus has morphological similarities with genera Rhipilia, Flabellia, Cladocephalus, and Udotea, leading to indecision on the generic perception. ...
... The herborized specimens have been selected for Scanning Electron Microscope using standard protocols of Carl Zeiss (Model No: Evo 18). Also referred to the remarkable contributions of the genus Avrainvillea by Murray and Boodle (1889), Howe (1905), Gepp and Gepp (1911), Olsen-Stojkovich (1985), Littler and Littler (1992) and Santos and Nunes (2015). Further, consulted the herbarium specimens housed at Central National Herbarium (CAL) and Botanical Survey of India, Industrial Section Indian Museum (BSIS), Kolkata; Madras Herbarium (MH), Coimbatore; National Facility for Marine Algae Herbarium, Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute (NFMAH), Mandapam, Ramanathapuram and the specimens from Digital Herbaria of Paris Museum (P); British Museum (BM); Kew (K) and New York Botanical Garden (NY). ...
The genus Avrainvillea is the siphonous green algae usually found in tropical and subtropical regions. It is represented by 38 taxa worldwide with a high degree of morphological plasticity. In India, it is a less-known genus that encompasses four taxa with insufficient data. Hence, the current attempt is to account for the genus Avrainvillea in India, revealing the existence of six species collected from various maritime states of India. Among them, Avrainvillea visakhapatnamensis, a new and fascinating species reported from the coastline of Andhra Pradesh. The species novelty is distinguished by aggregated or clustered patches, compressed or flattened stipe, tortuous medullary siphon, elongated cordate plugs, central ovate plugs, and amygdaloid sporangium with other known species under this genus. Likewise, A. ridleyi reported for the first time on the Indian coast, and lectotypification is also designated. Further, the particulars furnished on the type details, descriptions, phenology, distribution, and exsiccata of the genus Avrainvillea in India.
... Avrainvillea species are holocarpic, i.e. the thallus dies after the gametes are released. Sexual reproduction has been observed in A. asarifolia Børgesen (Littler & Littler, 1992), A. erecta (Berkeley) A.Gepp & E.S.Gepp (Howe, 1907;Verlaque, 2017), A. mazei G. Murray & Boodle (Young, 1977), A. nigricans Decaisne (Howe, 1907), A. obscura (C.Agardh) J.Agardh (Young, 1977) and A. rawsonii (Dickie) M.Howe (Young, 1977). Vegetative multiplication is also common in Avrainvillea (Olsen-Stojkovic, 1979) and is characterized by a habit in clusters or colonies of several individuals. ...
... Most previous studies of the genus include systematics and morphology (Murray & Boodle, 1889;Howe, 1905Howe, , 1907Børgesen, 1908;Cabrera & Suarez, 2006); they include one global monograph (Olsen-Stojkovich, 1985) and two others focused on the Indo-Pacific (Gepp & Gepp, 1911) and the Western Atlantic (Littler & Littler, 1992). Only two molecular studies are available (Curtis et al., 2008;Wade et al., 2018). ...
... Fragments of the blade, stipe and holdfast preserved in formaldehyde or directly collected on herbarium specimens were observed and measured using an Axio Imager A2 microscope (Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) fitted with a Canon EOS 100D camera (Canon, Tokyo, Japan). Morphoanatomical observations were mainly based on the monographies of Olsen-Stojkovich (1985), Gepp & Gepp (1911) and Littler & Littler (1992), as well as occasional species descriptions available in the literature (e.g. Yamada, 1932;Trono, 1971;Kraft & Olsen-Stojkovich, 1985). ...
Avrainvillea is a green macroalgal genus of the family Dichotomosiphonaceae (order Bryopsidales). Many species have been morphologically described, but few studies have addressed the genetic diversity of this genus. Based on a rich collection of specimens from the tropical Western Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans, we aimed to (1) reassess Avrainvillea species diversity through species delimitation analyses, (2) update their distribution ranges, (3) reconstruct the species phylogenetic relationships, based on a concatenated multilocus matrix (tufA, rbcL and 18S rDNA) and (4) revise their taxonomy and describe new species where necessary. Our species delimitation approach highlighted 23 secondary species hypotheses in our collection, including nine known and currently accepted species, four species complexes (A. amadelpha, A. lacerata, A. erecta-obscura and A. mazei-nigricans), and eight new species for which we provide descriptions: A. laciniata (Papua New Guinea), A. minima and A. pyrochroma (Madagascar), A. mollis and A. kanakiensis (New Caledonia), A. pavonina (Fiji), A. spongiosa (Pacific) and A. corticata (Indo-Pacific). We also propose the resurrection of A. gracillima Børgesen, the reinstatement of Avrainvillea lacerata var. robustior A.Gepp & E.S.Gepp, and the synonymy of A. rotumensis A.D.R.N’Yeurt, D.S.Littler & Littler with A. pacifica A.Gepp & E.S.Gepp. We complemented the taxonomic work by providing a contemporary dichotomous key for morphological identification of all extant species. Our multilocus phylogeny included 25 species of Dichotomosiphonaceae and recovered Avrainvillea as a polyphyletic group, divided into three distinct clades, with Cladocephalus luteofuscus positioned within the group. The species determined using the species delimitation approach were all monophyletic and 19 of them were highly supported. For the first time, this study also provided genetic sequences for A. asarifolia, A. clavatiramea, A. digitata, A. elliottii, A. fulva, A. gracillima, A. geppiorum, A. pacifica and A. obscura.
HIGHLIGHTS
• • Avrainvillea is not monophyletic.
• • Reassessment of Avrainvillea species diversity delimited 23 secondary species hypotheses.
• • Eight new species of Avrainvillea were discovered in the Indo-Pacific.
... Even though Avrainvillea is very similar to the genera Rhipilia, Flabellia and Cladocephalus, it is distinguished from those genera because of the presence of moniliform siphons and the lack of lateral branches (Littler and Littler, 1992). Avrainvillea is also similar to Udotea in the disposition of the siphons, but the thallus of Avrainvillea lacks calcification, unlike Udotea thalli, which are calcified and with siphons that are not moniliform (Murray and Boodle, 1889;Littler and Littler, 1992). ...
... Even though Avrainvillea is very similar to the genera Rhipilia, Flabellia and Cladocephalus, it is distinguished from those genera because of the presence of moniliform siphons and the lack of lateral branches (Littler and Littler, 1992). Avrainvillea is also similar to Udotea in the disposition of the siphons, but the thallus of Avrainvillea lacks calcification, unlike Udotea thalli, which are calcified and with siphons that are not moniliform (Murray and Boodle, 1889;Littler and Littler, 1992). By showing the discrete morphological differences, and anatomically the lack of appendages in the siphons, the species of this genus present a difficult taxonomy. ...
... Cabrera et al. 005 (Dawson, 1962) and A. longicaulis f. laxa D.S. Littler and Littler (Bernecker and Wehrtman, 2009), their blades never have the shape of a kidney, and internally the siphons are very different: A. nigricans Decaisne (Bernecker, 2009, distinctly, the siphons are markedly moniliform); A. rawsonii (Dickie) M. Howe (Bernecker and Wehrtmann, 2009, has a thallus in a knotty and irregular shape that makes its anatomy very distinctive); A.mazei Murray and Boodle (Bernecker and Wehrtmann, 2009, the stipe is unproportionally thick in comparison with its blade, which lacks a kidney shape). Børgesen (1909) defined the heart-shaped blade as diagnostic for this species, which was also confirmed by Littler and Littler (1992) in their monographic treatment of the genus. ...
The Caribbean coast of Costa Rica is an area of significant floristic diversity.
Five new records of the occurrence of marine green algae (Chlorophyta) are
reported for this region, namely, Ulva rotunda, Derbesia vaucheriformis, Avrainvillea asarifolia, Halimeda pumila and Penicillus capitatus f. laxus.
Each taxon is described, and their principal diagnostic characters are
contrasted with those of other members of the genus present in the area of
study.
reported here are new occurrences for the Central American region.
... Morphological identification: Algae were identified following original descriptions to corroborate identifications (Barton, 1891;Guiry & Guiry, 2015;Kajimura, 1987;Lin, Fredericq, & Hommersand, 2004;Littler & Littler, 1992;Taylor, 1955). Photographs of the specimens were taken with a Canon PowerShot SX230 HS. ...
... Distribution recorded in Costa Rica: Playa Chiquita, Punta Cocles, Limón. Littler, 1992 Description: Thallus gregarious and finger-like, dull dark brown-green (Fig. 3A). Interior siphons slightly moniliform (Fig. 3B), 40-60 µm diameter. ...
... We found a large mat of A. digitata extending on the reef, although we did not measured its extension, although it spanned for more than 10 m 2 . In its original description, A. digitata was mentioned to present colonies up to 13 cm thick, and large mats of fronds were typically found at shallow waters, <1 m (Littler & Littler, 1992). Siphonal green algae possess a blade abandonment strategy linked to rapid proliferation processes, allowing these algae to dominate standing stocks in most calm-water reef habitats in the Caribbean (Littler & Littler, 1999). ...
Marine macroalgae are highly diverse and play an important role in marine ecosystems, influencing ecological processes. Recording the algae diversity with precise taxonomic identification is required to understand the marine ecosystems. The biodiversity of macroalgae along the southern Caribbean coast of Costa Rica has been studied by several authors, and the updated checklist includes 396 species of benthic marine algae reported for both Pacific and Caribbean coasts of Costa Rica, from which 287 are recorded from the Caribbean. Eighty percent of the total specimens from the Caribbean coast deposited in botanical collections in Costa Rica were collected at Cahuita National Park, an area where most of the studies have been carried out. This study reports on the addition of five new species and one genus of marine benthic macroalgae to the Caribbean Costa Rican flora, found at the poorly studied reefs of Playa Chiquita (Punta Cocles) and Punta Uva. Sampling was directed, searching for benthic macroalgae at Chiquita beach (SCUBA diving and snorkel) and Punta Uva (snorkel only), during October 2014. Specimens were deposited in the Dr. Luis A. Fournier Origgi Herbarium of the University of Costa Rica (USJ). Most of the new records were Chlorophyta, followed by Rhodophyta and Ochrophyta-Phaeophyceae. We recorded four new genera for the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica: Microdictyon Decaisne, 1841, Rhipidosiphon Montagne, 1842, Predaea G. De Toni, 1936, and Augophyllum S.-M. Lin, S. Fredericq & M.H. Hommersand, 2003. In conclusion, is necessary to continue the detailed taxonomic works in the Caribbean coast, focusing on areas poorly studied, in order to improve our knowledge of the marine flora of Costa Rica.
... Two types of gametangia, terminal or lateral, were described according to the species. The first and the most frequent type, the terminal type, was observed in , 1907;Gepp & Gepp, 1911;Kusel, 1972;Young, 1977;Olsen-Stojkovich, 1985;Littler & Littler, 1992;Cabrera Garcia, 2009Cabrera et al., 2012). In this group, terminal gametangia result from the transformation of one apical branch of a dichotomy, the other branch undergoing two or three more dichotomies. ...
... In general, psammophytic macroalgae such as Avrainvillea spp. do not appear to have the mechanisms for long-distance dispersal such as those shown by hitch-hiking boat foulers, pelagic algae or species with long-lived resistant spores (Littler & Littler, 1992). Only man-made structures that remain for a long time in the same place, such as pontoons, pipelines, drilling and production platforms, seem to be suited to colonisation by Avrainvillea. ...
... The species has been observed all year round (Abbott & Huisman, 2004;Peyton, 2009). Except for A. calathina, which can be heavily grazed, most species of Avrainvillea produce toxic secondary metabolites and appear to be grazer-resistant (Sun et al., 1983;Kraft & Olsen-Stojkovich, 1985;Littler & Littler, 1992). Only highly specialised herbivores Gorshkov (1976Gorshkov ( , 1978Gorshkov ( , 1980. ...
The Indo-Pacific species Avrainvillea amadelpha (Montagne) A. Gepp & E.S. Gepp is reported for the first time from the Mediterranean Sea (Kerkennah Islands, Tunisia). The species is considered as introduced and invasive in the Hawaiian Archipelago. The Mediterranean specimens are studied and the reproductive structures are described and illustrated here for the first time. The possible origins and vectors of this introduction and the risk of propagation of the species in the Mediterranean Sea are discussed.
... However, sometimes staggeringly large numbers of specimens must be examined to assess the full range of variation in potentially important taxonomic characters. For example,Littler and Littler (1992)studied all available herbarium material including types, approximately 1500 specimens, when monographing the green alga Avrainvillea in the tropical western Atlantic. They concluded from this analysis and experimental evidence (see below) that although they have traditionally been important in species recognition, some of the more obvious gross morphological traits (e.g., number of stipes per holdfast, blade thickness and texture) exhibit substantial variation in response to substratum features and other environmental parameters. ...
... Even at the present time insufficient account is taken of the taxonomic, as opposed to the physiological or ecological, significance of transplants and other manipulative field experiments. An exception to this is the study byLittler and Littler (1992)of populations of all western Atlantic species of Avrainvillea in which they were able to demonstrate, for example, that A. levis Howe develops a bulbous holdfast in sand or soft sediment and a conical holdfast when growing on hard substrata. In several other species of Avrainvillea qualitative characters considered of taxonomic importance (e.g., stipe length) were discovered to be unreliable since influenced by light and depth conditions. ...
... Several diatom studies (seeWilliams, 1985;) have used cladistics in order to analyse morphological character sets when revising lower taxonomic groups. In a study byLittler and Littler (1992)of the green alga Avrainvillea (see above), phylogenetic relationships were demonstrated by carrying out a cladistic analysis largely based upon anatomical characters. The analysis distinguished only species groups and highlighted the problems of working with morphologically plastic algae. ...
The algae are a very diverse, unnatural assemblage of seven distinct phylogenetic lineages of oxygen-producing photosynthetic organisms. The number of species presently recognised, about 36 000, is estimated to be about 10% of the true world-wide total. Species-level taxonomy is based explicitly or implicitly on the detection of morphological discontinuities in sets of field-collected or cultured algae. New data on phenotypic variation, breeding compatibility, and molecular analyses are clarifying species concepts. Culture studies have demonstrated that the species concept traditionally applied to many morphologically simple algae is too narrow. Polyploidy, for example, can cause spontaneous changes in the morphology of some clonal cultures of green algal groups. The biological species concept has not been widely examined in algae since relatively few are available as clonal cultures and in the majority of algal classes sexual reproduction is either unknown or rare and unpredictable. It has been tested most frequently in rhodophytes, chlorophytes and diatoms: congruence has been shown to exist in some genera between morphological data and sexual compatibility. Cryptic variation has been demonstrated by the discovery of mating complexes or sibling species within traditional morphospecies. In diatoms, for example, investigations of sexual compatibility indicate that many 'morphospecies' are masking significant variation. Molecular data are assisting in calibrating or testing the limits of morphospecies and may provide the touchstone for the interpretation of other data. In the future the traditional morphological species concept will increasingly operate alongside less formalised concepts involving data from other disciplines. These data will enable larger suites of concordant characters to be used for calibrating species concepts and defining boundaries between species. If cladistic methods are applied more often in future to the study of species-level relationships in the algae then the 'phylogenetic species concept' will be more widely used.
... Even though Avrainvillea is very similar to Rhipilia, Flabellia and Cladocephalus, Avrainvillea is distinguished from these species by presence of moniliform filaments and the lack of lateral branches (Littler and Littler 1992). Avrainvillea is also somewhat similar to Udotea in siphon arrangement but the former is uncalcified where as the latter is calcified without moniliform siphons (Murray andBoodle 1889, Littler andLittler 1992). ...
... Even though Avrainvillea is very similar to Rhipilia, Flabellia and Cladocephalus, Avrainvillea is distinguished from these species by presence of moniliform filaments and the lack of lateral branches (Littler and Littler 1992). Avrainvillea is also somewhat similar to Udotea in siphon arrangement but the former is uncalcified where as the latter is calcified without moniliform siphons (Murray andBoodle 1889, Littler andLittler 1992). The plants of Avrainvillea lacerata Harvey ex J. Agardh grow gregarious or solitary without bulbous holdfast bearing several new blades at the base. ...
... These filaments of the blade are slightly moniliform to cylindrical and strongly constricted above the dichotomies in A. lacerata as well as in A. erecta. Littler and Littler (1992) described the sporic reproduction of this genus both in the field and dried specimens. However, there were no reproductive structures of these species in the present study. ...
The plants in the genus Avrainvillea Decaisne (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta) collected from the
Rakhine Coastal Region of Myanmar from 1976 to 2007, were identified as A. lacerata Harvey
ex. J. Agardh and A. erecta (Berkely) A. Gepp et E.S. Gepp, mainly based on the external and
internal morphologies of the vegetative structures. The distribution ranges of these species along
both the Coastal Reagions of Myanmar and those of the world were presented including
potential uses of each collected taxon.
... The genus Rhipilia was subsequently revived by Gepp & Gepp (1911) with three species: R. tomentosa, R. tenaculosa A. Gepp & E.S. Gepp, and R. orientalis A. Gepp & E.S. Gepp. Rhipilia is morphologically distinguished from Avrainvillea by the presence of lateral branches terminating in tenacula that attach to adjacent siphons (Littler & Littler 1992), and both are distinguished from Udotea due to the absence of calcification and by the absence of lateral tenacular attachments in the siphons (Millar & Kraft 2001). ...
... Representatives of the order Bryopsidales are common in tropical and subtropical marine habitats where they form an important component of the flora (Verbruggen et al. 2009), and the genus Avrainvillea and Rhipilia are well represented in these environments. Several studies have demonstrated how diverse these genera are in the Atlantic (Joly et al. 1965, Joly & Sazima 1971, Littler & Littler 1992, Cabrera & Suárez 2003, Martínez-Cabrera Daranas 2005 and Pacific Oceans (Gilbert 1978, N'Yeurt et al. 1996, N'Yeurt & Keats 1997, Millar & Kraft 2001, Verbruggen & Schils 2012. For the western Atlantic, three species of Rhipilia and 15 species of Avrainvillea have been described (Wynne 2011). ...
... To perform infrageneric taxonomic classification, aspects of the external and internal morphology of vegetative and reproductive structures were observed (like the habit, the structure of the thallus, the shape of the appressorium, and the stipe and the blade, the shape, the diameter, the presence and type of branching siphons, and the type and form of the tenacula), Species were identified using taxonomic works commonly used in marine phycology to genres studied (Joly et al. 1965, Joly & Sazima 1971, Gilbert 1978, Littler & Littler 1992, 2000, Millar & Kraft 2001, Cabrera & Suárez 2003. ...
The coast of Bahia is the most extensive coastline in Brazil. There is great diversity in its coastal environments and these are considered to be a priority area for floristic surveys. Although representative species of the Avrainvillea and Rhipilia (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta) genera are common in tropical and temperate marine habitats where they form an important component of the flora, most studies of their diversity in Bahia are of a floristic nature. The biology and ecology of these genera are still poorly understood and, for this reason, many taxa may have been incorrectly identified. This study aimed to perform a taxonomic analysis of Avrainvilleaand Rhipiliagenera from the coast of Bahia State, Brazil. Specimens used for the study were from samples collected between 1964 and 2013, deposited in the main Brazilian Herbaria, to which visits and/or loan requests were made. Five infrageneric taxa, distributed in both genera, were identified as Avrainvillea (3) and Rhipilia (2). Identification keys, descriptions, and comparisons to related taxa are showed.
... La diferencia de la f. floridana con respecto las otras formas de A. nigricans, estriba en el mayor grosor laminar, apariencia cuneada, transición atenuada en la porción laminar del talo y la ausencia de zonación (Littler & Littler, 1992); también, que sus sifones laminares corticales y medulares son de tamaño uniforme y ligeramente corticados mientras que en la f. nigricans la zonación es evidente y los márgenes son reniformes o truncados con apariencia traslúcida del fronde por su delgadez, los sifones son fuertemente moniliformes. ...
... Ahora bien, también se puede comparar con otras especies del género, cuya apariencia externa es algo semejante, según diagnosis de Olsen-Stojkovich (1985), Littler & Littler (1992) y Cabrera y Suárez (2003), (Tabla 1): la fronda tiene forma cuneada en la base también en A. mazei, A. fulva y A. elliotti; pero esta última tiene zonación evidente. Los sifones de A. mazei no son moniliformes, que es un carácter común a todas las formas de A. nigricans. ...
Se adiciona Avrainvillea nigricans f. floridana Littler & Littler, 1992, a la flora ficológica de Cuba, los especímenes
fueron colectados en Playa Guardalavaca y Jardines de la Reina, al NE y SE de Cuba, respectivamente. Esta forma
ha sido registrada para Martinica en Antillas Menores, Bahamas y Florida, asociada a pastos marinos o en
arrecifes.
... La confección de la lista sistemática, sinonimias y nombres mal aplicados, así como su distribución mundial (Fig. 1), se fundamentan en los datos obtenidos en Taylor, 1960;Kraft y Olsen-Stojkovich, 1985;Olsen-Stojkovich, 1985;Silva et al. 1987;Ganesan, 1989;Norris y Olsen, 1991;Afonso Carrillo et al., 1992;Littler y Littler, 1992;González-González et al., 1996;Silva et al., 1996;N'Yeurt et al., 1996a;N'Yeurt et al., 1996b;Hodgson y McDermid, 2000;Littler y Littler, 2000;Coppejans et al., 2001;Leliaert et al., 2001;Ortega et al., 2001;Costa et al., 2002;Ballantine y Aponte, 2003;Schils, 2003;Schils y Coppejans, 2003 a,b;Suárez, 2005;Wynne, 2005 Se realizó el análisis de agrupamiento, para la comparación de las zonas de distribución y las especies (abreviaturas en Tabla 1), utilizando el coeficiente de similitud de Sørensen (1948). ...
... . El primer grupo de especies A, está formado por: A. asarifolia f. olivacea,A. canariensis, A. cyathiformis, A. digitata, A. elliottii, A. fenicalii, A. fenicalii f. flabellifolia, A. fulva, A. geppiorum, A. hayi, A. longicaulis f. laxa, A. levis, A. levis f. translucens, A. nigricans f. floridana, A. nigricans f. parva, A. nigricans f. spongiosa, este grupo tiene valores altos de constancia y fidelidad en el agrupamiento I, en el resto de los grupos no están representados; esto indica que es un grupo exclusivo del Atlántico Tropical y Subtropical, lo que es comprensible si se analiza que quince de ellas, fueron descritas en la región porLittler y Littler (1992). ...
RESUMEN Del género Avrainvillea se han descrito a nivel mundial veintiocho especies y 8 formas. En el tratamiento de los sinónimos, veintiuno han sido aceptados, uno se considera una mala aplicación y dos se consideran excluidos del género. La aplicación del índice de similitud de Sørensen en las subregiones biogeográficas donde se distribuyen las especies, permiten considerar al Atlántico Tropical y Subtropical y al el Indo-Pacífico como áreas de endemismo con dieciséis y cuatro entidades, respectivamente. El Pacífico Sur con solo una especie endémica, es el menos diverso. Las especies A. calathina y A. rotumensis pueden ser consideradas como especies relícticas y A. canariensis como neoendémica. ABSTRACT At a world level, twenty eight species and 8 forms of the genus Avrainvillea have been described. In the issue of synonyms, twenty one have been accepted, one is considered a wrong application and two are excluded from the genus. The applications of Sørensen´s similarity index in biogeography subregions, where species are distributed, allow to consider Tropical and Subtropical Atlantic and the Indo Pacific as areas of endemism with sixteen and four species respectively. The South Pacific that shows only one endemic species is the less diverse. Species A. calathina and A. rotumensis may be considered relict species and A. canariensis may be considered a neoendemic species. Dentro de las clorofíceas, el género Avrainvillea es uno de los taxa más complejos en su determinación. La versatilidad en cuanto a su forma ha sido el motivo fundamental de que las entidades conocidas tengan sinonimia extensa, recogida en varias revisiones. Por este motivo se presenta aquí la lista mundial, constituida por 28 especies y 8 formas, la sinonimia aceptada, así como los nombres mal aplicados; aunque no se hacen aportaciones a la sistemática del género, sí se resumen una buena parte de toda la información existente en las principales revisiones. Por la ausencia de estructuras calcificadas, no existe confirmación de registros fósiles, como otros representantes del Orden Bryopsidales e. g Halimeda, sin embargo, se sugiere que la existencia del género Avrainvillea, data desde la formación del Mar de Tethys (Hillis-Colinvaux, 1986). Las preferencias ecológicas del género por manglares, seibadales, arrecifes, playas arenosas e intermareal rocosos, enmarcan su distribución en el Océano Mundial en la zona Holotropical según la definición de Morrone (2002). Por otro lado, desde el punto de vista fitogeográfico Lüning (1990), reconoce siete regiones en el Océano Mundial. Por lo tanto, debido a la distribución del género, para el análisis se toman solo las cuatro subregiones tropicales. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS La confección de la lista sistemática, sinonimias y nombres mal aplicados, así como su distribución mundial (Fig. 1), se fundamentan en los datos obtenidos en Taylor
... Marine green algae, also known as green seaweeds, are among the most important primary producers in tropical benthic ecosystems of the world's oceans, but they also provide shelter, nursery grounds, and food sources for marine organisms. Some calcareous species contribute to the formation of sand on the beaches, and consolidate and avoid erosion of the bottom (Fukunaga 2008;Lee 2008;Beidenger et al. 2013). Green algae can be useful bioindicators of PAH pollution (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) (Calva and Torres 2008) and, some species produce algal blooms related to the increase in concentration of nutrients (Cano-Malla et al. 2007). ...
... Phycological material were determined using Taylor (1960,1962), Littler and Littler (1990, 2000), Schneider and Searles (1991) and, Dawes and Mathieson (2008). Reference specimens were deposited at herbarium ENCB. ...
In spite of it is baseline importance for comparative studies with the past and present data, an updated list of marine green algal taxa for the Biosphere Reserve of Sian Ka’an is not yet available. The aim of this paper is to present an updated list of marine green algal taxa for the Sian Ka’an Reserve based on literature and collections made by the authors in 17 localities during 2011-2012. Fifty-five taxa are new records for the study area and thus the list has increased to 129. Additionally five taxa are reported for the first time to Quintana Roo, and 11 to Mexican Atlantic coast. These results contribute to the knowledge of green seaweed diversity and also support the relevance of the Sian Ka’an Reserve as a high priority area for conservation due to their high level of algal biodiversity.
... The myriad of algal habitats have not been intensively investigated in terms of coverage. Historical treatments in the past 75 years are limited to mostly ecologcial works and more limited floras and monographs (e.g., Jensen 1985;Littler et al. 1985Littler et al. , 1986Littler et al. , 1988Littler et al. , 1991Littler and Littler 1990a, 1990b, 1991, 1992, 2000, 2004Lapointe et al. 1992Lapointe et al. , 2004. Bahamian specimens and distributional records were also used to produce field guides such as Littler et al. (1989) and Littler and Littler (2000). ...
... Historical treatments in the past 75 years are limited to mostly ecologcial works and more limited floras and monographs (e.g., Jensen 1985;Littler et al. 1985Littler et al. , 1986Littler et al. , 1988Littler et al. , 1991Littler and Littler 1990a, 1990b, 1991, 1992, 2000, 2004Lapointe et al. 1992Lapointe et al. , 2004. Bahamian specimens and distributional records were also used to produce field guides such as Littler et al. (1989) and Littler and Littler (2000). Consequently, the present work adds a floristic dimension to a unique Bahamian ecosystem. ...
This is the first description of macroalgae documented from a stromatolite reef complex. Because of the sediment stress conditions that promote the development of stromatolites in this open marine environment, macroalgae are generally limited in species diversity and are sparse except for the crustose coralline alga Neogoniolithon strictum, which forms the elevated reef crest behind which the sediments and stromatolites accumulate. At the 10 sites sampled, a total of 22 species were encountered, 10 Rhodophyta, 9 Chlorophyta, 2 Phaeophyta and 1 Cyanobacteria.
... La estructuración de la especie se compone de tres elementos básicos: rizoides, estipes y láminas (Olsen-Stojkovich, 1985). Para el presente estudio no se toman en cuenta los rizoides, considerados crípticos por no emerger del sustrato (Littler y Littler, 1992). ...
RESUMEN El género Avrainvillea Decaisne se considera un estabilizador de los fondos marinos, en áreas con sedimentos tanta orgánicos como carbonados. Por ser un contribuidor en biomasa, incapaz de ser consumido completamente por sus defensas químicas, su consumo está relegado a los mesoherbívoros, en su mayoría invertebrados. El presente estudio se realizó en la estación de muestreo Júcaro, ubicada en la bahía de Nuevitas. Como unidad de muestreo se empleó un marco de 20 cm de lado, y como muestra 30 montículos de Avrainvillea asarifolia Børgesen; las muestras se tomaron en agosto y diciembre de 2004, con previa remoción de las algas epífitas en mayo y septiembre. Se distinguen tres parámetros en el experimento: época (lluvia y seca), porción del talo (estipe, lámina) y manipulación (tratamiento y control). El análisis de los datos se realizó por vía paramétrica y no paramétrica. Se identificaron 8 Rhodophyta, 2 Ochrophyta y 4 Chlorophyta. El género Lejolisia y la especie L. exposita C. W. Schneider & Searles son nuevos registros para Cuba. Se determinaron 15 entidades de invertebrados, con predominio de los crustáceos peracáridos. Avrainvillea asarifolia es activamente consumida y la porción laminar es preferida a los estipes. Los mayores niveles de cobertura y diversidad de epífitas se presentaron en los estipes en ambas épocas, y las diferencias entre tratamiento y control no resultan evidentes. ABSTRACT The genus Avrainvillea Decaisne is regarded as a stabilizer of sea bottoms, whether in areas with organic deposits or carbonated deposits. Avrainvillea is a contributor of biomass that cannot be completely consumed by its chemical defence, and so its consumption is left for mesograzers, most of them invertebrates. This study was undertaken at the sampling station Júcaro located in the Bay of Nuevitas. The sampling frame was made up by a 20 cm. sided frame, and the sample consisted of 30 mounds of Avrainvillea asarifolia Børgesen. Samples were taken during August and December, 2004. There was a previous removal of epiphytes in May and September. There are three different parameters in the experiment: time (rainy season and dry season), thallus region (stipe and blade) and manipulation (treatment and control). Data analysis was parametrically and non parametrically made. Eight species of Rhodophyta, 2 Ochrophyta and 4 Chlorophyta were identified. The genus Lejolisia and the species L. exposita C. W. Schneider & Searles are new records for Cuba. Fifteen taxonomic groups of invertebrates were determined, being predominant peracarid crustaceans. Avrainvillea asarifolia is actively consumed, and blades are preferred to stipes. Most coverage levels and the highest diversity of epiphytes were observed in stipes during the rainy and the dry season. Differences between the treatments and the controls were not evident.
... Vegetative reproduction by below-ground rhizomes (or stolons) is well recognized as an important attribute for growth and persistence of both macroalgae and seagrasses on a range of scales from ramets to meadows (Stockman et al., 1967;Tomlinson, 1974;Friedmann & Roth, 1977;Hillis-Colinvaux, 1988;Littler & Littler, 1990, 1992Williams, 1990;Fourqurean & Rutten, 2004;Littler et al., 2005). Littler & Littler (1990) reported on the existence of a translucent and delicate but macroscopic subterranean rhizomatous system used for lateral vegetative reproduction in Udotea spp.; however, their observations seem to be restricted to 'false' Udotea spp. ...
Udotea geppiorum is reported to form meadows in deep-water, soft sediment habitats in the Main Hawaiian Islands. The identification of the species, initially published as U. argentea in the archipelago, is revised and confirmed based on morphological assessment and comparative DNA sequencing with western Pacific specimens. Udotea geppiorum is fully corticated and newly shown to display discrete concentric segments arranged in a “tongue and groove” manner, which are connected by medullary siphons running along the entire segment interface. Udotea geppiorum is phylogenetically nested among a cluster of Udotea spp. recently circumscribed within Udotea sensu stricto . This cluster of species is separate from the remainder of the family Udoteaceae, which includes several genera and Udotea spp. sensu lato that lack or exhibit incomplete cortication. Based on field observations conducted in O‘ahu and Maui, U. geppiorum can be found from 20 m to >90 m depth with a peak in abundance at mesophotic depths of 60-85 m, where it forms extensive meadows that support associated diversity.
... co se verificó con Wynne (2017) y Guiry y Guiry (2018). La forma y tamaño de las estructuras reproductivas fueron descritas de acuerdo con Howe (1907), Kusel (1972), Hillis-Colinvaux (1980), Littler y Littler (1992), Graham y Wilcox (2000) Talo erguido, no calcificado, gregario, color verde oscuro a pardo, 10.5-12.3 cm de alto, adherido al sustrato por una masa rizoidal, estipe no diferenciado; lámina con proyecciones digitiformes, consistencia esponjosa ( Fig. 2A); sifones ligeramente moniliformes, 40-50 μm de diámetro, ramificados dicotómicamente, ápices redondeados (Figs. ...
Antecedentes y Objetivos:
A pesar de la importancia ecológica de las especies del Orden Bryopsidales en los ecosistemas tropicales marinos, se conoce poco sobre los aspectos reproductivos de las especies que se desarrollan en el Caribe mexicano. El estudio de las estructuras de reproducción aporta elementos útiles al entendimiento del ciclo de vida, taxonomía y filogenia. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir e ilustrar las estructuras reproductoras de Avrainvillea digitata, A. nigricans f. floridana y Halimeda incrassata.
Métodos:
Fueron recolectados talos fértiles de cuatro localidades en la Reserva de la Biosfera de Sian Ka´an, Quintana Roo, México. Se realizaron descripciones de su morfología y anatomía, así como de la estructura y tamaño de sus estructuras reproductivas.
Resultados clave:
En Avrainvillea digitata los esporangios son claviformes mientras que en A. nigricans f. floridana son elipsoidales. En ambas especies de Avrainviella las estructuras se desarrollan como proyecciones del ápice de los sifones de la porción apical del talo. En Halimeda incrassata el gametóforo surge del utrículo terciario y sostiene de ocho a 10 gametangios piriformes.
Conclusiones:
Este trabajo representa la primera descripción morfológica de las estructuras de reproducción de Avrainvillea digitata, A. nigricans f. floridana y Halimeda incrassata del Caribe mexicano.
... 33 The genus Avrainvillea Decaisne, 1842, belonging to family Dichotomosiphonaceae and order 34 Bryopsidales, currently comprises 30 species (Guiry and Guiry, 2018). This tropical and subtropical 35 genus monographed by Olsen-Stojkovich (1985) and Littler and Littler (1992), is characterized by 36 uncalcified erect thalli generally divided in three parts: (1) a basal rhizoidal mass (= holdfast) 37 anchored to rock or, more often, immersed in soft substrata; (2) an upright corticated stalk (= stipe); ...
Mesophotic green algal meadows of Avrainvillea canariensis are firstly reported for Madeira island. This represents a northern expansion of the species by nearly 500 km turning the species a Macaronesian endemism. The meadows of A. canariensis were found in a sandy bottom in the South coast of the island of Madeira, inside the Marine Park of Cabo Girão, covering an estimated area of 50 m2 at a depth range 25–30 m. The collected specimens reached about 12 cm in height and were found clustered, forming distinct patches. Since this type of subtidal surveys in soft bottoms are scant in Madeira, we cannot evaluate whether this is a recent colonization. Yet, this new record can be another clear sign of climate change effects in the madeiran benthic communities, a process previously documented in the Macaronesia region with the arrival and subsequent settlement of other warm water marine species.
... De los 64 géneros registrados actualmente, 26 coinciden y solamente dos, Bryopsis y Neomeris no aparecieron en el 2001. Este incremento en el número de géneros y especies también puede deberse a que se realizó un mayor esfuerzo de muestreo, y a que se han dilucidado problemas taxonómicos de algunos grupos de macroalgas marinas que han dado lugar a un mayor número de géneros y de especies, como son los casos de los complejos Polysiphonia (Kim & Lee, 1999), Dictyota (Hörnig et al. 1992a(Hörnig et al. , 1992b(Hörnig et al. , 1993, Udotea, Anadyomene, Avrainvillea (Littler & Littler, 1990, 1991, 1992 y Laurencia (Sentíes & Fujii, 2002). ...
An inventory of the macrophytobenthos from soft bottoms of the northern coast of the Matanzas province, Cuba, is presented. A total of 163 species was obtained: 77 red algae (Rhodophyta), 12 brown algae (Phaeophyta), 70 green algae (Chlorophyta) and 4 seagrasses (Magnoliophyta). In comparison with a phycological survey carried out in 1989, 114 species are new records for the studied area. The largest number of species was registered in sites with more exchange of oceanic waters, while sites affected by the industrial and urban development, or with a limited exchange with the ocean, presented the smallest values.
... Within its natural range, members of the genus Avrainvillea have been found at mesophotic depths in Mauritius (A. amadelpha) at 90 m (Gepp and Gepp 1911) and on a Bahamian seamount (A. levis) at 125 m (Littler and Littler 1992). Despite its high abundance around west and south O'ahu, Avrainvillea sp. has not yet been found in the nearby ' Au'au Channel (located between the islands of Lāna'i and Maui), which contains extensive MCEs, and its competitive impact on dominant native mesophotic macroalgae, such as Halimeda kanaloana meadows in this region is unknown. ...
... Within its natural range, members of the genus Avrainvillea have been found at mesophotic depths in Mauritius (A. amadelpha) at 90 m (Gepp and Gepp 1911) and on a Bahamian seamount (A. levis) at 125 m (Littler and Littler 1992). Despite its high abundance around west and south O'ahu, Avrainvillea sp. has not yet been found in the nearby ' Au'au Channel (located between the islands of Lāna'i and Maui), which contains extensive MCEs, and its competitive impact on dominant native mesophotic macroalgae, such as Halimeda kanaloana meadows in this region is unknown. ...
... Within its natural range, members of the genus Avrainvillea have been found at mesophotic depths in Mauritius (A. amadelpha) at 90 m (Gepp and Gepp 1911) and on a Bahamian seamount (A. levis) at 125 m (Littler and Littler 1992). Despite its high abundance around west and south O'ahu, Avrainvillea sp. has not yet been found in the nearby ' Au'au Channel (located between the islands of Lāna'i and Maui), which contains extensive MCEs, and its competitive impact on dominant native mesophotic macroalgae, such as Halimeda kanaloana meadows in this region is unknown. ...
Picture a coral reef — most people will probably imagine brightly coloured corals, fish and other animals swimming in well-lit shallow waters. In fact, the coral reefs that live close to the surface of the sea — the ones that we can swim, snorkel, or dive near and see from space — are only a small portion of the complete coral reef ecosystem. Light-dependent corals can live in much deeper water (up to a depth of 150 m in clear waters). The shallow coral reefs from the surface of the sea to 30–40 m below are more like the tip of an iceberg; they are the more visible part of an extensive coral ecosystem that reaches into depths far beyond where most people visit. These intermediate depth reefs, known as mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs), are the subject of this report. Although MCEs are widespread and diverse, they remain largely unexplored in most parts of the world, and there is little awareness of their importance among policy makers and resource managers. As a result, MCEs are for the most part not considered in conservation planning, marine zoning and other marine policy and management frameworks. The goal of this report is to raise awareness in policy makers and resource managers by providing an accessible summary on MCEs, including a discussion of the ecosystem services they provide, the threats they face, and the gaps in our understanding.
... Within its natural range, members of the genus Avrainvillea have been found at mesophotic depths in Mauritius (A. amadelpha) at 90 m (Gepp and Gepp 1911) and on a Bahamian seamount (A. levis) at 125 m (Littler and Littler 1992). Despite its high abundance around west and south O'ahu, Avrainvillea sp. has not yet been found in the nearby ' Au'au Channel (located between the islands of Lāna'i and Maui), which contains extensive MCEs, and its competitive impact on dominant native mesophotic macroalgae, such as Halimeda kanaloana meadows in this region is unknown. ...
... Within its natural range, members of the genus Avrainvillea have been found at mesophotic depths in Mauritius (A. amadelpha) at 90 m (Gepp and Gepp 1911) and on a Bahamian seamount (A. levis) at 125 m (Littler and Littler 1992). Despite its high abundance around west and south O'ahu, Avrainvillea sp. has not yet been found in the nearby ' Au'au Channel (located between the islands of Lāna'i and Maui), which contains extensive MCEs, and its competitive impact on dominant native mesophotic macroalgae, such as Halimeda kanaloana meadows in this region is unknown. ...
Studies of the MCEs off La Parguera on the southwest coast of
Puerto Rico have been focused along the insular slope, located
approximately 10 km offshore (Figure 1). This area is located
within the La Parguera Natural Reserve, an area under nominal
management by the Puerto Rico Department of Natural and
Environmental Resources (Schärer-Umpierre et al. 2014). The
insular platform extending to the slope has an average depth
of 20 m and supports an extensive development of coral reefs,
seagrass beds and mangrove forests. The entire shelf and the shelf
edge have karst topography (Morelock et al. 1977). The shelf
break occurs at 20–35 m in depth and supports a barrier reef with
spur and groove formations through which sand is transported
over the shelf edge (Morelock et al. 1977). Deep buttresses are
common between 45 and 65 m in depth, and a prominent
terrace occurs at approximately 80–90 m. Below 90 m, a steep
wall drops precipitously to 160 m (Sherman et al. 2010).
... Within its natural range, members of the genus Avrainvillea have been found at mesophotic depths in Mauritius (A. amadelpha) at 90 m (Gepp and Gepp 1911) and on a Bahamian seamount (A. levis) at 125 m (Littler and Littler 1992). Despite its high abundance around west and south O'ahu, Avrainvillea sp. has not yet been found in the nearby ' Au'au Channel (located between the islands of Lāna'i and Maui), which contains extensive MCEs, and its competitive impact on dominant native mesophotic macroalgae, such as Halimeda kanaloana meadows in this region is unknown. ...
Picture a coral reef — most people will probably imagine
brightly coloured corals, fish and other animals swimming in
well-lit shallow waters. In fact, the coral reefs that live close to
the surface of the sea — the ones that we can swim, snorkel,
or dive near and see from space — are only a small portion
of the complete coral reef ecosystem. Light-dependent corals
can live in much deeper water (up to a depth of 150 m in clear
waters). The shallow coral reefs from the surface of the sea
to 30–40 m below are more like the tip of an iceberg; they
are the more visible part of an extensive coral ecosystem
that reaches into depths far beyond where most people visit.
These intermediate depth reefs, known as mesophotic coral
ecosystems (MCEs), are the subject of this report.
Although MCEs are widespread and diverse, they remain
largely unexplored in most parts of the world, and there is
little awareness of their importance among policy makers
and resource managers. As a result, MCEs are for the most
part not considered in conservation planning, marine zoning
and other marine policy and management frameworks.
The goal of this report is to raise awareness in policy
makers and resource managers by providing an accessible
summary on MCEs, including a discussion of the ecosystem
services they provide, the threats they face, and the gaps in
our understanding.
... Within its natural range, members of the genus Avrainvillea have been found at mesophotic depths in Mauritius (A. amadelpha) at 90 m (Gepp and Gepp 1911) and on a Bahamian seamount (A. levis) at 125 m (Littler and Littler 1992). Despite its high abundance around west and south O'ahu, Avrainvillea sp. has not yet been found in the nearby ' Au'au Channel (located between the islands of Lāna'i and Maui), which contains extensive MCEs, and its competitive impact on dominant native mesophotic macroalgae, such as Halimeda kanaloana meadows in this region is unknown. ...
... Within its natural range, members of the genus Avrainvillea have been found at mesophotic depths in Mauritius (A. amadelpha) at 90 m (Gepp and Gepp 1911) and on a Bahamian seamount (A. levis) at 125 m (Littler and Littler 1992). Despite its high abundance around west and south O'ahu, Avrainvillea sp. has not yet been found in the nearby ' Au'au Channel (located between the islands of Lāna'i and Maui), which contains extensive MCEs, and its competitive impact on dominant native mesophotic macroalgae, such as Halimeda kanaloana meadows in this region is unknown. ...
... Within its natural range, members of the genus Avrainvillea have been found at mesophotic depths in Mauritius (A. amadelpha) at 90 m (Gepp and Gepp 1911) and on a Bahamian seamount (A. levis) at 125 m (Littler and Littler 1992). Despite its high abundance around west and south O'ahu, Avrainvillea sp. has not yet been found in the nearby ' Au'au Channel (located between the islands of Lāna'i and Maui), which contains extensive MCEs, and its competitive impact on dominant native mesophotic macroalgae, such as Halimeda kanaloana meadows in this region is unknown. ...
... Within its natural range, members of the genus Avrainvillea have been found at mesophotic depths in Mauritius (A. amadelpha) at 90 m (Gepp and Gepp 1911) and on a Bahamian seamount (A. levis) at 125 m (Littler and Littler 1992). Despite its high abundance around west and south O'ahu, Avrainvillea sp. has not yet been found in the nearby ' Au'au Channel (located between the islands of Lāna'i and Maui), which contains extensive MCEs, and its competitive impact on dominant native mesophotic macroalgae, such as Halimeda kanaloana meadows in this region is unknown. ...
... Conversely, the thalli of extant multiaxial bryopsidalean green algae, the interiors of which comprise dense networks of thin interwoven siphons, are broadly similar. For many taxa within this group, the siphons have conspicuously inflated terminations (e.g., Halimeda, Codium), but others have siphons with a simpler form and such is the case for Avrainvillea (see Littler and Littler, 1992), the siphons of which are roughly comparable to the filaments of W. gyges in terms of both general form and width (20-60 vs. 13-25 μm). The oldest likely multiaxial bryopsidaleans are specimens of Dimorphosiphon from the mid-Ordovician (reviewed in Boyd, 2007). ...
A comprehensive restudy of all material assigned in previous reports to the noncalcified macroalgal genus Bosworthia Walcott from the Burgess Shale Formation (Cambrian Stage 5) of western Canada and the slightly older Kaili Formation of South China, together with investigation of previously unpublished material, indicates important morphological differences between the two species heretofore included within the genus. On the basis of these differences, B. gyges is removed from the genus and assigned to Walcottophycus gen. nov. Most specimens previously assigned to Bosworthia from the Cambrian of China, including those assigned to B. simulans Walcott, are transferred to W. gyges, and it is concluded that Bosworthia remains unknown in China. Morphological details for this material when evaluated in the context of molecular clock studies and other fossil macroalgae indicate that B. simulans may belong to the extant red algal subclass Rhodymeniophycidae (Florideophyceae) and indicate that W. gyges may be an early form of bryopsidalean alga within the Chlorophyta.
... En cuanto a especialistas extranjeros debemos mencionar a , que en su obra incluye todas las especies consignadas para Cuba; contribuyeron también con sus adiciones , y en sus trabajos con ejemplares cubanos en sus estudios sobre la flora del Caribe, podemos citar a Littler y Littler (1990Littler ( , 1991Littler ( , 1992. ...
RESUMEN En este trabajo, se hace un breve recorrido por el estudio de las macroalgas marinas en Cuba. Se hace la revision de las colecciones y la bibliografía sobre ellas y se elabora una lista de todas las especies de Rhodophyta, Phaeophyta y Chlorophyta consignadas. Como resultado, en la lista tenemos que se relacionan para la plataforma de Cuba 483 especies de macroalgas, de las cuales 255 son rodofíceas, 68 feofíceas y 160 clorofíceas. Palabras claves: lista de especies; macroalgas marinas; ASW, Cuba ABSTRACT This checklist starts with a brief history of studies on Cuban seaweeds. The checklist is based on collections and references and results in a complete list: 483 seaweed species, viz. 255 Rhodophyta, 68 Phaeophyta and 160 Chlorophyta.
... Recientemente, Clifton & Clifton (1999) aportaron información muy valiosa sobre el estado reproductivo sexual para miembros de esta familia, sin embargo, el género Avrainvillea no fue tratado. Littler & Littler (1992) refieren la presencia de estructuras reproductivas claviformes en Avrainvillea asarifolia Børg., y que éstas son muy semejantes a las halladas en Avrainvillea asarifolia f. olivacea Littler & Littler, aunque no presentan ilustraciones. Littler & Littler (2000) solamente muestran un talo con reborde blanquecino, como indicador de la presencia de estructuras reproductoras. ...
Se ofrecen por vez primera las características de estructuras fértiles en Avrainvillea asarifolia Børg. Los talos esporangiales presentan una
tonalidad verde oscurecida, a diferencia de los vegetativos con coloración más pálida. Se observaron esporangióforos maduros unidos a filamentos vegetativos mediante un segmento calloso. Las esporas variables en número, se presentaron muy agregadas hacia los ápices de los
esporangióforos. Las esporas tienen un diámetro de 220 a 300 mm.
Palabras clave: Avrainvillea, esporangióforos, esporangios, esporas
ABSTRACT
Characteristics of fertile structures in Avrainvillea asarifolia Børg. are disclosed for the first time. Sporangiophore-bearing thalli show a dark
green color unlike vegetative ones, which show a pale green color. Fertile sporangiophores were observed attached to vegetative filaments by
a callose plug. Spores, in variable numbers, were observed. They are more numerous toward the apex of the sporangiophore. Spores have a
diameter from 220 to 300 mm.
Key words: Avrainvillea, sporangiophore, sporangia, spores
... De los 64 géneros registrados actualmente, 26 coinciden y solamente dos, Bryopsis y Neomeris no aparecieron en el 2001. Este incremento en el número de géneros y especies también puede deberse a que se realizó un mayor esfuerzo de muestreo, y a que se han dilucidado problemas taxonómicos de algunos grupos de macroalgas marinas que han dado lugar a un mayor número de géneros y de especies, como son los casos de los complejos Polysiphonia (Kim & Lee, 1999), Dictyota (Hörnig et al. 1992a(Hörnig et al. , 1992b(Hörnig et al. , 1993, Udotea, Anadyomene, Avrainvillea (Littler & Littler, 1990, 1991, 1992 y Laurencia (Sentíes & Fujii, 2002). ...
... De los 64 géneros registrados actualmente , 26 coinciden y solamente dos, Bryopsis y Neomeris no aparecieron en el 2001. Este incremento en el número de géneros y especies también puede deberse a que se realizó un mayor esfuerzo de muestreo, y a que se han dilucidado problemas taxonómicos de algunos grupos de macroalgas marinas que han dado lugar a un mayor número de géneros y de especies, como son los casos de los complejos Polysiphonia (Kim & Lee, 1999), Dictyota (Hörnig et al. 1992a, 1992b, 1993), Udotea, Anadyomene, Avrainvillea (Littler & Littler, 1990, 1991, 1992) y Laurencia (Sentíes & Fujii, 2002). El análisis de agrupamiento sugiere que los sitios de menor estabilidad ambiental son los de la Bahía de Cárdenas (1, 1A, 2), así como los sitios 11 y 13, que aparecieron en grupos diferentes en los muestreos de secas y lluvias. ...
An inventory of the macrophytobenthos from soft bottoms of the northern coast of the Matanzas province, Cuba,
is presented. A total of 163 species was obtained: 77 red algae (Rhodophyta), 12 brown algae (Phaeophyta), 70
green algae (Chlorophyta) and 4 seagrasses (Magnoliophyta). In comparison with a phycological survey carried
out in 1989, 114 species are new records for the studied area. The largest number of species was registered in
sites with more exchange of oceanic waters, while sites affected by the industrial and urban development, or
with a limited exchange with the ocean, presented the smallest values.
The relative rates of sexual versus asexual reproduction influence the partitioning of genetic diversity within and among populations. During range expansions, asexual reproduction often facilitates colonization and establishment. The arrival of the green alga Avrainvillea lacerata has caused shifts in habitat structure and community assemblages since its discovery in 1981 offshore of Oʻahu, Hawai‘i. Field observations suggest this species is spreading via vegetative reproduction. To characterize the reproductive system of A. lacerata in Hawai‘i, we developed seven microsatellite loci and genotyped 321 blades collected between 2018 and 2023 from three intertidal sites at Maunalua Bay and ʻEwa Beach. We observed one to four alleles at multiple loci, suggesting A. lacerata is tetraploid. Each site was characterized by high genotypic richness ( R > 0.8). However, clonal rates were also high, suggesting the vegetative spread of A. lacerata plays a significant role. The importance of clonal reproduction for the persistence of A. lacerata in Hawai‘i is consistent with the ecological data collected for this species and observations of other abundant macroalgal invaders in Hawai‘i and other regions of the world. These data demonstrate the necessity for implementing appropriate population genetic methods and provide insights into the biology of this alga that will contribute to future studies on effective management strategies incorporating its reproductive system. This study represents one of the few that investigate green algal population genetic patterns and contributes to our understanding of algal reproductive system evolution.
Se adicionan cuatro especies del género Avrainvillea Decaisne a la flora ficológica marina de Cuba: A. elliottii A. Gepp & E. Gepp 1911A. hayi Littler & Littler 1992, A. nigricans F. parva Littler & Littler 1992 y A. nigricans F. spongiosa Littler & Littler 1992. Las especies fueron colectadas en diferentes zonas de la plataforma de Cuba
New records of subtidal benthic marine algae from the State of Veracruz, the southern Gulf of Mexico, are presented, which include 7 species and 2 forms. The material was collected from 6 sampling forays at 4 locations between October 2013 and September 2017. The collection sites included the “Ana Elena” and “Riva Palacio” shipwrecks and some poorly explored reefs in the State of Veracruz, Mexico. The morphological characteristics of Hypoglossum simulans, Halymenia hancockii, Dictyota humifusa, Caulerpa sertularioides f. longiseta, Avrainvillea levis f. translucens, Udotea caribaea, U. dixonii, U. unistratea, and Anadyomene saldanhae are described. Information about the habitats and geographic distributions of these taxa is provided.
A second species in the siphonous green algal genus Avrainvillea was recently discovered off the island of O‘ahu in the Main Hawaiian Islands. Specimens were collected from Honolulu Harbor, including its entrance channel, and near Ke‘ehi Harbor. These locations are both in Mālama Bay on O‘ahu’s south shore in or adjacent to urbanized estuaries, respectively. In situ observations, morphological and molecular assessments were conducted to examine the alga’s habit and distribution, as well as to assess its putative species identification.
The alga occurred in sand as single individuals or in clusters of several individuals at both sites, and near or within seagrass beds ( Halophiladecipiens ) and algal meadows composed of the green alga Halimedakanaloana and an unidentified Udotea species at the Ke‘ehi Harbor site. All analyses supported both populations as representative of the same taxa, reported until further investigation in the broad Pacific as Avrainvilleacf.erecta based on morphological and molecular analyses. This record of a second Avrainvillea species in Hawai'i is of particular concern considering that an alga recognized as A.amadelpha , first observed in 1981 from two locales on O‘ahu’s south shore, has become invasive in Hawai‘i’s intertidal to mesophotic environments.
This work deals with calcareous algae and microencrusters (incertae sedis) from the upper part of the El Abra Formation, which crops out at the W Valles–San Luis Potosí Platform. Two assemblages of calcareous algae are recognized: one composed of rivulariacean-type cyanobacteria such as Cayeuxia kurdistanensis Elliott and Garwoodia sp. as well as the dasycladalean species Clypeina sp., Neomeris cretacea Steinmann, Salpingoporella hasi Conrad, Radoičić and Rey, Trinocladus cf. T. divnae Radoičić; the bryopsidales Boueina pygmaea Pia, Halimeda cf. H. elliotti Conard and Rioult, and the microencrusters Lithocodium aggregatum Elliot and Thaumatoporella parvovesiculifera (Raineri), and the other assemblage consisting of the gymnocodacean algae Permocalculus irenae Elliott and P. budaensis Johnson. The first assemblage is associated with the benthic foraminifera Pseudolituonella reicheli Marie, Hemicyclammina sigali Maync, Daxia cenomana Cuvillier and Szakall, Merlingina cretacea Hamoui and Saint Marc, is dated as mid-late Cenomanian on the basis of the stratigraphic distribution of the foraminifera, and suggests an oligotropic environment within the euphotic zone on the open marine platform. Over this is documented a succession consisting of a community with abundant gymnocodacean algae and a decrease in the benthic foraminifera which could be related to increased nutrient availability in mesotrophic conditions. The shallowwater association composed of the studied microfossils is typical of the Tethys Realm.
The macro algal community was sampled at fifteen sites in the Cayos Cochinos Archipelago, Honduras. The results include 38 species of Chlorophyta, 12 species of Phaeophyta, 58 species of Rhodophyta, 5 species of Cyanophyta and 4 species of Spermatophyta. Coralline algae were only incidentally noted. All of the species collected have been reported for other areas of the Caribbean with the exception of the questionable Flahaultia and possibly a new species of Botryocladia and Rhodymenia.
Se colectaron, durante 1991-1993, algas marinas bentónicas en 135 sitios a lo largo de las costas de la península de Yucatán, México. Se encontraron 24 taxa, comprendidos en seis géneros con 23 especies de la familia Udoteaceae (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta). Los géneros Halimeda y Udotea con 18 y 13 taxa, fueron los más representados en cuanto a número de especies, seguido por Avrainvillea con siete y Penicillus con seis taxa. Las especies más comunes en la península fueron: Halimeda incrassata (Ellis) Lamouroux. Penicillus pyriformis A. et E.S. Gepp. Udotea flabellum (Ellis et Solander) Howe, Halimeda monile (J. Ellis et Solander) J. V. Lamouroux. Penicillus capitatus Lamarck Halimeda opuntia
(Linnaeus) Larnouroux y Rhipocephalus phoenix (Ellis eI Solander) Kutzing f. longifolius A. Gepp et E. Gepp. La mayor riqueza de especies se encontró en Quintana Roo, disminuyendo hasta mas del 50% en las costas de Yucatán y Campeche. Este comportamiento se asoció a la gran diversidad de ambientes que ofrece la costa de Quintana Roo. Estos resultados soportan 10 señalado por otros autores, aI considerar a la punta más aI norte de Quintana Roo como una barrera biogeografica entre el Caribe y el Golfo de Mexico.
The strategy of blade abandonment and simultaneous rapid proliferation (via protoplasmic translocation) is unique to siphonaceous macroalgae owing to their lack of restrictive crosswalls. Siphonalean green algae often dominate the standing stocks and productivity of Caribbean mangrove island environs and are also abundant in virtually all calm-water reef habitats. The experimental organism Avrainvillea longicaulis is particularly abundant in the study sites west of Carrie Bow Cay and Curlew Cay, Belize. The recycling of protoplasm out of older epiphytically impaired blades of A. longicaulis, and simultaneous formation of apical siphon extensions elsewhere, leads to rapid proliferation of new blades--hypothetically, at relatively low energy cost to the plant. The rapidity of siphon extension occurs at least an order of magnitude faster than that possible by photosynthetic production alone, resulting in fully formed proliferations within 3 d. At the same time, the older epiphytized blades become empty, first at the tips, then progressively toward the holdfast, appearing translucent-brown and flaccid within 3 d, followed by senescence. We hypothesize that A. longicaulis rapidly responds to epiphyte colonization/impairment by reallocating protoplasm for new growth through protoplasmic streaming. The alternative hypothesis, that the herbivorous crab Thersandrus compressus might beneficially control epiphytes on A. longicaulis, was falsified by its strong negative effects (i.e., decreased growth and increased host mortality). The hypothesis that allelopathic secondary chemicals may play an antifouling role also was not supported by our experiments; i.e., the consistently vigorous growth rates of the five dominant epiphyte species attached to A. longicaulis were not significantly less than populations of the same species attached to carbonate rock. All of the manipulative results (i.e., experimental induction of blade abandonment followed by new proliferation), as well as the populational survey findings (i.e., greater proliferation by epiphytized plants) and physiological data (i.e., photosynthetic inhibition by epiphytes), support the blade abandonment/proliferation hypothesis, thereby documenting an effective epiphyte-control strategy.
An updated checklist of the benthic marine algae (seaweeds) of Barbados, Lesser Antilles, is presented, with a total of 308 taxa, consisting of 168 taxa of red algae (Rhodophyta), 49 taxa of brown algae (Ochrophyta), and 91 taxa of green algae (Chlorophyta). Current nomenclature is provided. Obsolete names and taxonomic synonyms are indicated in brackets. The classification is based on contemporary systems increasingly derived from the results of molecular phylogenies. The following eight taxa are newly reported for Barbados: Polysiphonia foetidissima, Hypnea valentiae, Gracilaria cylindrica, Gracilaria intermedia, Sargassum buxifolium, Cladophora laetevirens, Avrainvillea mazei, and Avrainvillea nigricans f. spongiosa.
The Udoteaceae are ubiquitous and ecologically important in tropical marine ecosystems. Apart from primary producers, calcified representatives contribute to the construction and sedimentation of reefs. In this study, we present the taxonomictreatment of Udoteaceae from Bahia coast. Based on collected material and on material deposited in the main Brazilian herbaria, 10 taxa, distributed in three genera, were recognized: Boodleopsis(B. pusilla), Penicillus(P. capitatus, including three forms), and Udotea (4 species, 2 varieties, and 2 forms). Identification keys for the taxa are presented, along with descriptions, illustrations, comparisons with related taxa, and distribution maps for species in Bahia. Additional key words:biodiversity, calcareous algae, morphology, Northeast Brazil, taxonomy.
Taylor's (1960) floristic treatment of the benthic marine algae of the tropical and subtropical western Atlantic and Wynne's (2011) "checklist: third revision" serve as benchmarks in a review of changes made in the past half-century period. There has been a great increase in the number of recognized taxa of red, brown and green algae at all taxonomic ranks: from 758 to 1,393 species, an increase of 84%; from 231 to 406 genera, an increase of 75%; and from 63 to 106 families, an increase of 68%. In regard to recognized infraspecific taxa, the increase was less dramatic, from 140 to 185, thus a 32% change in the 50-year period. This review addresses the question: What factors were responsible for this proliferation of taxa that are now recognized in this domain of the tropical and subtropical western Atlantic? The answer is that many reasons contributed to these changes. Foremost among these causes have been the advances in gene-sequencing technologies. Revised phylogenetic relationships have led to many genera being divided into more than one genus, as well as new families and orders being delineated. Numerous examples of cryptic species have been discovered by gene-sequence and DNA-bar coding studies. This trend is depicted by case studies. Examples of genera being divided are Galaxaura, Liagora and Laurencia. Tricleocarpa and Dichotomaria have been segregated from Galaxaura. Trichogloeopsis, Ganonema, Izziella, Yamadaella, and Titanophycus have been segregated from Liagora. Chondrophycus, Osmundea, Palisada, and Yuzurura have been segregated from Laurencia. Examples are given of other genera present in this region of the western Atlantic that have been split up. Many genera have increased in terms of the number of species now assigned to them. Taylor's (1960) treatment recognized only two species in Hypoglossum, whereas Wynne's (2011) checklist contained a total of 9 species of Hypoglossum. Taylor's account included only two species of Botryocladia, but this number had grown to 15 in Wynne's checklist. Examples of new genera and species occurring in the region of the western Atlantic are given, and examples of taxa being newly reported for this domain are provided. An increase in the number of phycologists in Latin and South America, exploration of previously unexplored regions, and the increasing use of SCUBA for collecting and at greater depths have all contributed to the increase in the number of algal taxa that are now recognized as occurring in the tropical and subtropical western Atlantic.
A giant form of Anadyomene, most similar to Anadyomene pavonina (J. Agardh) Wille, a rare and diminutive alga endemic to Florida, appeared as up to 10 m long net‐like strands covering 10%–80% of a 0.5 km region of the 25–50 m deep Belizean outer reef slope where none had been present up to 12 months earlier. This new species, described herein as Anadyomene gigantodictyon Littler et D. S. Littler, is characterized by a unistratose blade or cluster of blades formed by the polychotomous branching of uniseriate veins, with the interstices, or spaces between the veins, completely or partially filled with cells that are smaller than those of the veins, with cylindrical to ovate cells. The cells at mid‐blade are 1.7–2.0 mm in length and 0.2–0.3 mm diameter; interstitial cells are parallel and not juxtaposed. All cells are joined in one plane and form species‐specific, fan‐shaped patterns with secondary interstitial cells loosely or tightly woven.
A taxonomic survey of marine and estuarine benthic green algae has been conducted at Lord Howe Island, the site of the world’s southernmost (at 31.5˚S) consolidated coral reef. Thirty-two genera and 71 species are described from habitats ranging from upper intertidal to 20–30-m depths. Sixteen of the species are based on Lord Howe types, and 11 are described as new. Twelve species are currently known only from the Island. Particularly well represented in the flora are the genera Enteromorpha (six species, one variety), Chaetomorpha (four species), Cladophora (13 species),Codium (five species), Caulerpa (seven species, two varieties) and Bryopsis (three species). The island is further distinctive in having two representatives of some relatively obscure genera (Cladophoropsis, Rhipiliopsis, Pseudochlorodesmis) and in being the highest-latitude collecting locality for several species. Affinities of the Lord Howe flora are primarily tropical Indo-Pacific, with very few elements otherwise restricted to southern Australia and New Zealand.
Details of reproductive structures in Avrainvillea elliottii A. Gepp et E. S. Gepp, A. longicaulisf. laxa D. S. Littler et M. M. Littler and A. digitata Littler et Little rare described for first time in Cuban water. Plentiful herbarium samples of Avrainvillea and recently collected material are checked. 41 Epiphyte taxa were recorded: 23 Rhodopyta, 4 Ochrophyta and 14 Chlorophyta. Avrainvillea levis Howe evidenced had growing on its blades or the ends of its stipes specimens of its own specie. Rhizoid the attachment structure in the epiphyte thallus of A.levis has the shape of a disc. The stipe showed the largest number of epiphyte species. Seven marine algae species: Rhodogorgon ramosissima N. Norris et Bucher, Botryocladia spinulifera W. R. Taylor etI. A. Abbott, Ceratodictyon scoparium (Mont. etMillardet) R.E. Norris, Ulva rigida C. Agardh, Caulerpa prolifera f. obovata (J. Agardh) Weber Bosse, H. monile f. robusta (Børgesen) Collins et Herv., and Udotea cyathiformis var. cyathiformis f. infundibulum (J. Agardh) D.S Littler et M.M Littler, are added to the flora of Cuba.
Distinguishing features of the 8 pre-existing taxa are clarified, and all 21 taxa are illustrated. Although phylogenetic analysis suggests that Udotea in the tropical W Atlantic comprises 5 evolutionary groups, the differences are not substantial enough to warrant formal subdivision into segregate genera. -from Authors
S ummary
Data are presented which show that the photosynthetic and respiratory characteristics of the giant‐celled alga Chaetomorpha darwinii are those of a shade plant (denned physiologically in terms of rates of photosynthesis at light and inorganic carbon source saturation, and the irradiance required to saturate photosynthesis and to compensate respiration by photosynthesis). This is in agreement with previous suggestions that giant‐celled algae have the characteristics of ‘shade plants’, while small‐celled macroalgae can be either ‘sun plants’ or ‘shade plants’. A comparison of giant‐celled algae with small‐celled macro‐algae in terms of ecological strategies has been made, using previously published data on Enteromorpha intestinalis, Chaetomorpha linum (‘fugitive’small‐celled), Chaetomorpha darwinii, Hydrodictyon africanum (‘stressed’ giant‐celled), Cham corallina (‘canopy‐dominant’/‘stressed’ giant celled) and Laminaria digitata (‘canopy‐dominant’ small celled), as well as new data on net and mass spectrometric measurements of O 2 exchange in L. digitata. It is suggested that the ability of giant‐celled algae to compete as ‘canopy dominants’ may be related to cytoplasmic streaming in the ‘absence of many (or any) plasmodesmatal barriers to diffusion providing an efficient means of long‐distance transport in a differentiated plant, as an alternative to phloem‐type translocation in small‐celled ‘canopy dominants’. The significance of the giant‐celled habit in ‘stressed’ macroalgae is not clear, although the absence of giant‐celled algae from the ‘fugitive’ category may be related to their limited capacity for rapid growth relative to small‐celled algae.
A new brominated diphenylmethane derivative, avrainvilleol, has been isolated from the green alga Avrainvillea longicaulis, and its structure determined by chemical and spectral methods. Avrainvilleol was toxic toward reef fishes at 10 μg/ml levels, showed antibacterial activity and at 800 ppm induced significant feeding deterrence in the tropical damselfish Pomacentrus coeruleus.
Three new species of Anadyomene are described. Anadyomene lacerata has pinnately branched veins and a unique lacerated margin formed by elongated vein cells. Anadyomene linkiana consists of a perforate blade arising by polychotomous branching from a distinct stripe, and A. howei has an eperforate, delicate blade of polychotomously branched cells and a smooth margin of elongated vein cells. Distinguishing features of the five previously described species are clarified, and all eight taxa are illustrated. Observations in the field and from more than 400 herbarium specimens form the basis for a discussion of Indo-Pacific affinities, ecological adaptations, cell division, reproduction, and ordinal status.
A phylogenetic analysis based on 17 equally weighted characters produced a cladistic gradation, indicating that Anadyomene is a monophyletic genus. The most basal species (A. saldanhae, A. linkiana, A. howei, A. menziesii) show only polychotomous branching. In contrast, the distal group (A. pavonina, A. stellata, A. rhizoidifera, A. lacerata) have pinnate interstitial cells along the veins in addition to polychotomous branching at the vein apices.