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Zur Artengruppe von Epipactis helleborine (Orchidaceae) in Südtirol (Italien)
Abstract
The aggregate of Epipactis helleborine is represented in South Tyrol with four taxa: Epipactis helleborine subsp. helleborine, E. helleborine subsp. orbicularis, E. muelleri, E. leptochila subsp. neglecta. Their morphological characters, phenology and preferred habitats as well as variability and discrimination problematics are elaborated. Maps with UTM-grid 55 km² show their horizontal distribution in South Tyrol and correspondingly the vertical distribution for 100 m altitudinal bands. Currently known population size and occurrence is estimated for these taxa, their degree of endangerment is discussed, and classification according to the preliminary Red List of Southtyrolean Orchids is proposed. The currently known records for three rarer taxa, i.e. for E. helleborine subsp. orbicularis, E. muelleri and E. leptochila subsp. neglecta, are compiled. An identification key for all Southtyrolean Epipactis-taxa incl. E. atrorubens, E. microphylla und E. palustris is presented. First records of E. leptochila subsp. neglecta from North Tyrol, Southern Italy and England are communicated.
With 22 taxa reported from the country so far, Epipactis is the most species-rich orchid genus in Hungary. Many of them are rare, threatened species. To protect endangered species effectively, it is crucial to explore their ecology. Our work aimed to select and examine factors that are influencing the distribution of Epipactis species. Our data collection (2014–2018) was carried out in the Keszthely Hills, in the northeastern part of the Zala Hills and the Southern Bakony Mountains. We assigned ecologically relevant data from databases of local forestries, terrain models and geological maps to each occurrence. We examined the factors that result in the best differentiation between the studied species. At 1,261 localities, a total of 5,223 individuals of 15 taxa were found. We found three factors (tree species composition of the forest, genetic soil type, bedrock type) that significantly influenced the distribution of Epipactis species. Our results can help understand the distribution patterns of these species and allow for more effective, targeted protection of their potential habitats on a regional level.
The group of Epipactis helleborine s.l. includes several subspecies. A new subspecies Epipactis helleborine subsp. moratoria was determined in Slovenia in 2015.
It thrives in mixed wood in a region of Gorica at Raztez. Morphologic and phenomenological comparison confirmed clear differences between E. helleborine subsp. moratoria and E. helleborine subsp. helleborine. The characteristic differences seen in E. helleborine subsp. moratoria are the stem which is more or less bent at the level of the leaf base, the plants are smaller and more slender than E. helleborine, there are also differences in the flowers and the leaves. The ovary in E. moratoria is often in a horizontal position, especially at the time of fruiting, wheras in E. helleborine ovary usually hangs down. All of the wild orchids in Slovenia are protected species and among them it is Epipactis helleborine subsp. moratoria which, up till now is only known at one site.
Results of field work directed to mapping Epipactis-entities in alluvial forest relicts and beech forests
in South Tyrol are reported. Along the Etsch river between Plaus and Auer E. bugacensis has been
detected and confirmed at six new sites. Historical reports of Hausmann about an alluvial forest
Helleborine entity sub E. viridiflora near Bozen as well as a recent finding of E. albensis above Mals
now can be attributed to this species.
A slender entity of the group of Epipactis helleborine with lanceolate leaves and a zigzag-bended
stem growing in pure and mixed beech forests of the Unterland and in a mixed chestnut-site near
Kastelbell preliminarily are attributed to E. helleborine subsp. moratoria Riech. & Zirnsack described
very recently. Further investigations to clear its taxonomic status seem necessary in comparison
to related taxa like E. helleborine subsp. minor and subsp. schubertiorum.
During an excursion in the Val d'Escreins (F) some plants of Epipactis atrorubens were found at 2570 m. Up to now this species was not found growing higher than 2380 m. In Andalusia (Spain) two sites of Epipactis lusitanica were found. The plants matched the description given by Tyteca, but the PH-values of the sites differed from the measurements of Tyteca. After describing deviant columns of Epipactis phyllanthes, Epipactis leptochila and Epipactis muelleri the authors conclude that column morphology is important in classification,but purely using the column morphology in the deteremination of Epipactis species may lead to false conclusions.
CLAESSENS, J. & KLEYNEN, J. -Some thoughts about polymorphy in the genus Epipactis. The genus Epipactis is well known for its polymorphism. ln this paper the authors give examples to illustrate the great plasticity of the genus. ln their view polymorphism is inextricably bound up with most representatives of the genus Epipactis, a fact that should be taken into consideration before describing new «species». Starting from this assumption, the authors come to several conclusions. After having studied many populations of small-leaved E. helleborine, they conclude that those populations represent ecotypes of E. helleborine. ln many cases the normal form of E. helleborine grew nearby. Therefore ail ecotypes should be regarded as subspecies, thus following KLEIN's concept of E. helleborine subsp. orbicularis. After having studied E. leutei for several years, the authors come to the conclusion that there are no significant differences between E. helleborine and E. leutei; therefore E. leutei is regarded as being a synonym of E. helleborine. The morphology o f the column and the mode of pollination are not absolute discriminative characters, since transitional forms can often be found. Deviant forms, like those showing the presence of a viscidium in E. albensis, are discussed, but they are considered to fall within the variability of the species. As a consequence E. mecsekensis is regarded as a synonym of E. albensis, and E. flaminia as a synonym of E. greuteri. E. confusa has always provided much confusion, the cause of which is discussed. Recent Danish research shows that E. phyllanthes and E. confusa are conspecific, the narne E. phyllanthes having priority. Due to an unlucky choice of the type specimen, there has long been much confusion about the true nature of E. leptochila. Nowadays there exists a great number of publications illustrating the polymorphy of this species. The recently described E. komoricensis represents probably one of the many variations of E. leptochila.
Flora der gefürsteten Grafschaft Tirol, des Landes Vorarlberg und des Fürstenthums Liechtenstein
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DALLA TORRE K.W.v. & v.SARNTHEIN L., 1906: Flora der gefürsteten Grafschaft Tirol, des Landes Vorarlberg und des Fürstenthums Liechtenstein, Vol.6: Die Farn-und Blütenpflanzen von Tirol,
Vorarlberg und Liechtenstein, 1.Teil. Innsbruck.
Die Elbe-Stendelwurz, Epipactis albensis Novakova & Rydlo, ein Neufund für Südtirol
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HOFFMANN V., 2004: Die Elbe-Stendelwurz, Epipactis albensis Novakova & Rydlo, ein Neufund für
Südtirol. Jour. Eur. Orch., 36 (2): 555-559.
Nachtrag zur Kenntnis von Epipactis leptochila (GODF.) GODF. Mitt
KÜMPEL H., 1987: Nachtrag zur Kenntnis von Epipactis leptochila (GODF.) GODF. Mitt. Arbeitskr. Heim.
Orch. DDR, 15 (1986): 58.
11: E. helleborine subsp. orbicularis, Lichtenberg, 19. 07
- Abb
Abb. 11: E. helleborine subsp. orbicularis, Lichtenberg,
19. 07. 1997.
Abb. 12: E. helleborine subsp. orbicularis, Völs,
15. 07. 1997.
Il genere Epipactis Zinn (Orchidaceae) in Trentino
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PERAZZA G. & DECARLI PERAZZA M., 2001: Il genere Epipactis Zinn (Orchidaceae) in Trentino. Jour. Eur.
Orch., 33(1): 377-390.