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Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages

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... The Lur people are seen as the indigenous Muslims within Iran, who have been least influenced by Western cultures 1 . The Bakhtiyarians are a group that speak a variation of the Lur dialect 1,4 . Kurds are ethnically diverse in comparison to Iranian people due to intermarriages with neighboring ethnic groups 1 . ...
... Their languages are described as being closer to a Kurdish relation rather than Persian 1 . Gilaki people are generally found on the Western half of the Caspian southern coastline 4 . Mazandarani people speak a variation of the Caspian dialect as well as Persian 4 . ...
... Gilaki people are generally found on the Western half of the Caspian southern coastline 4 . Mazandarani people speak a variation of the Caspian dialect as well as Persian 4 . Both groups evident were well established subpopulations that predate rise of the Persian Empire 1 . ...
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Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) provides an in depth description of genome variation. In the era of large-scale population genome projects, the assembly of ethnic-specific genomes combined with mapping human reference genomes of underrepresented populations has improved the understanding of human diversity and disease associations. In this study, for the first time, whole genome sequences of two nationals of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) at >27X coverage are reported. The two Emirati individuals were predominantly of Central/South Asian ancestry. An in-house customized pipeline using BWA, Picard followed by the GATK tools to map the raw data from whole genome sequences of both individuals was used. A total of 3,994,521 variants (3,350,574 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and 643,947 indels) were identified for the first individual, the UAE S001 sample. A similar number of variants, 4,031,580 (3,373,501 SNPs and 658,079 indels), were identified for UAE S002. Variants that are associated with diabetes, hypertension, increased cholesterol levels, and obesity were also identified in these individuals. These Whole Genome Sequences has provided a starting point for constructing a UAE reference panel which will lead to improvements in the delivery of precision medicine, quality of life for affected individuals and a reduction in healthcare costs. The information compiled will likely lead to the identification of target genes that could potentially lead to the development of novel therapeutic modalities.
... Azeri or Azerbaijani refers to a language in the Republic of Azerbaijan. Dalby (2015) used the term Azeri to refer to the type of Turkish language spoken in the Azerbaijan provinces (West and East Azerbaijan) of Iran (Dalby, 2015). Although some similarities are found between Modern Standard Turkish and Azeri Turkish, Azeri Turkish has distinct differences from other varieties of Turkish in terms of lexical and phonological attributes (Alaei, 2013). ...
... Azeri or Azerbaijani refers to a language in the Republic of Azerbaijan. Dalby (2015) used the term Azeri to refer to the type of Turkish language spoken in the Azerbaijan provinces (West and East Azerbaijan) of Iran (Dalby, 2015). Although some similarities are found between Modern Standard Turkish and Azeri Turkish, Azeri Turkish has distinct differences from other varieties of Turkish in terms of lexical and phonological attributes (Alaei, 2013). ...
Article
Background: Currently no data exist on the acquisition of speech sounds in Azeri Turkish-speaking children in Iran. This investigation was conducted to describe phonological development in Azeri Turkish-speaking children. Methods: A total of 120 typically developing Azeri Turkish-speaking children within the age range of 3;0 to 4;11 years were recruited. They were asked to name pictures in the Azeri Turkish Speech Test and their productions were analyzed to determine consonant acquisition, Percentage of Consonants Correct (PCC), Percentage of Vowels Correct (PVC), and Whole Word Proximity (WWP) according to sex and age. In addition, PCC values in terms of consonant position in the syllable (syllable-initial and syllable-final), and manner of articulation were calculated. Results: For consonant acquisition, they mastered all consonants except [d, d͡z, t͡s, ʒ, v, ɟ] by 4;11 years of age. PCC values increased with increasing age (H(3)= 67.212, p <0.001). In terms of manner of articulation, PCC showed that nasals were most accurately produced and trill sound least accurate. The effect of sex on PCC values was not significant U (Nmales =60, Nfemales =60)= 1686.5, z = -0.600, p=.54). WWP values were also found to increase in older children H(3)=46.94, p<.001). Similarly, the effect of sex on WWP values was not significant U (Nmales =60, Nfemales =60)= 1782.5, z = -0.09, p=.92). Conclusions: Children acquiring speech sounds in the Azeri Turkish language show some similar tendencies to children acquiring other languages but are also different. Findings of the present research describe phonological development in Azeri Turkish-speaking children, which has not been documented before.
... This opens a whole range of possibilities for children from such a background to draw away from masculine figures of the divine. Such potential is particularly evident in the Japanese context, where the word kami is used to name a divine being (Dalby, 2015), which is a genderneutral term and is neither singular nor plural). Moreover, there are feminine Shinto deities (Miller, 2010), which adds to the representability of the feminine. ...
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This research addresses how gods may be gender-typed in children’s drawings. It offers cross-cultural comparisons on four distinct samples of drawings from Japan, Switzerland, Buryatia and Saint Petersburg (Russia). We discuss the challenges that arise when rating gender categories in children’s drawings, especially when drawing on a cross-cultural sample. Then we propose two approaches for the empirical analysis of the data: (1) providing a general description of the utilization of gender categories; (2) considering the data from a qualitative perspective, comparing children’s strategies and cultural references. In the main, while there seems to be cultural differences (as observed between samples), three main sources of normative pressure might exist: androcentrism, same-gender preference, and masculine hegemony. We discuss the observed phenomena in terms of socio-normative influence, cultural and religious references made available, gender traits, and gender transgression.
... There is also Niger-Congo spoken among Bantus and non-Bantus covering Western, Eastern, Central, Southeast and Southern Africa. Khoe or Khoisan is spoken in the deserts of Namibia and Botswana, Austronesian spoken in Madagascar and the Indo-European language family spoken at the tip of the Southern part of the Continent (see Gregersen, 1977& Dalby, 2004. Indeed, that is how much Africa is blessed linguistically (Amfo & Anderson, 2019). ...
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Africa is the most multilingual continent in the world. Although Africa is highly rich with many languages, only a handful of these languages are widely used for inter-ethnic communication. These languages are also used within the African region and spoken by tens of millions of people. In recent times, the call for a much greater emphasis on the cultural and linguistic dimension in all aspects of development, especially the use of our native languages, has become increasingly vocal. This has made African countries aware of the value of their linguistic inheritance. This paper, descriptive in nature, evaluates the concept and value of language policies in some African countries. The paper also makes some suggestions for consideration regarding the positions of local languages as official and/or national languages of the language policies, the language of instruction in schools, media and popular culture.
... The most recent Australian census found almost half of the population originates from a cultural background other than Anglo-Celtic and around 21% speak a language other than English in approximately 300 languages (ABS, 2018). At the start of the twenty-first century, however, 90% of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (ATSI) languages still surviving the arrival of Europeans were considered endangered (AIATSIS, 2020;Dalby, 2015). Whilst in the 2016 census the proportion of people identifying as ATSI had risen to 3.3% (ABS, 2018), many are still facing enormous pressure to lose their traditional cultures and languages to be "successful" in contemporary Australia (Habibis et al., 2016). ...
... The most recent Australian census found almost half of the population originates from a cultural background other than Anglo-Celtic and around 21% speak a language other than English in approximately 300 languages (ABS, 2018). At the start of the twenty-first century, however, 90% of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (ATSI) languages still surviving the arrival of Europeans were considered endangered (AIATSIS, 2020;Dalby, 2015). Whilst in the 2016 census the proportion of people identifying as ATSI had risen to 3.3% (ABS, 2018), many are still facing enormous pressure to lose their traditional cultures and languages to be "successful" in contemporary Australia (Habibis et al., 2016). ...
Research
Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to work with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people (ATSI), it is expected that non-ATSI health-care professionals become culturally aware; however, participants' perceptions of the relative merit of cultural awareness training (CAT) formats is uncertain. Design/methodology/approach-The authors compared undergraduate students' perceptions of an asynchronous online format with onsite delivery formats of CAT using a mixed-method design. Students Authors acknowledge the Aboriginal people of the many traditional lands and language groups of Western Australia where the clinical placements were conducted. They acknowledge particularly the Whadjuk Noongar people as the traditional custodians of this country and its waters and that Murdoch and Edith Cowan Universities stand in Noongar country. Authors pay their respects to Elders' past, present and emerging and also acknowledge their wisdom and advice in their teaching and cultural knowledge activities. Ethics approval: Ethics approval was granted for this study (Project No. 2011/241)
... The most recent Australian census found almost half of the population originates from a cultural background other than Anglo-Celtic and around 21% speak a language other than English in approximately 300 languages (ABS, 2018). At the start of the twenty-first century, however, 90% of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (ATSI) languages still surviving the arrival of Europeans were considered endangered (AIATSIS, 2020;Dalby, 2015). Whilst in the 2016 census the proportion of people identifying as ATSI had risen to 3.3% (ABS, 2018), many are still facing enormous pressure to lose their traditional cultures and languages to be "successful" in contemporary Australia (Habibis et al., 2016). ...
Article
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to work with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people (ATSI), it is expected that non-ATSI health-care professionals become culturally aware; however, participants’ perceptions of the relative merit of cultural awareness training (CAT) formats is uncertain. Design/methodology/approach The authors compared undergraduate students’ perceptions of an asynchronous online format with onsite delivery formats of CAT using a mixed-method design. Students from five successive cohorts ( n = 64) in an undergraduate programme were invited to complete a post-training survey which gathered quantitative and qualitative data. Findings Whilst feedback was positive regarding both formats, the onsite format was preferred qualitatively with several valuable learning outcome themes emerging from the results. These themes included; “perceived benefits of self-evaluation of students’ own culture whilst learning about Aboriginal culture”; “encouraging to be provided with scenarios, examples and exercises to enhance cultural awareness” and “engagement with the interactive facilitator approach”. There were differing views about the benefits of learning the history of oppression which warrant further research. Research limitations/implications Results may be applicable to undergraduate allied health students who participate in clinical immersion placements (CIPs) who participate in Aboriginal CAT. Practical implications Given the changing dynamic in education forced by the COVID-19 pandemic, more resources may need to be directed to improving online training and possibly combining formats in course delivery. Social implications The strength of the study is that the authors achieved a response rate of 100%, thus the results are highly significant for the sample. This sample represents 41.3% of chiropractic students who attended CAT and CIPs at this university over the course of 9 years, thus the results could be generalized to chiropractic students who participated in these types of placements. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to compare student perceptions of different formats of Aboriginal CAT for final year chiropractic undergraduate students in Australia.
... Azeri Turkish is a language that is widely spoken in Iran. The term Azeri was introduced by Dalby (Dalby, 2015) to describe one type of Turkish language spoken in Azerbaijan provinces (West and East) of Iran. Persian and Azeri Turkish have two distinct families. ...
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Due to the lack of appropriate tests for the assessment of speech sounds of Azeri Turkish speaking children, the present study aimed to develop and validate a single word test. A total of 150 typically developing children were recruited in the study (30 children for investigating the name agreement and 120 children to establish construct validity). In the first step, a test with 31 items was developed in terms of suggested criteria in the literature including word frequency, word length, syllabic structure, familiarity, and picturability of words. Then, we asked the expert panel’s opinion for the test items. The value of the content validity ratio for each target word was 1.00 except for one item. To administer the test, we asked the participants to name images. Name agreement of the items was determined through administrating the test. The percentages for the indices of name agreement were 87.68 and 0.17, respectively. The findings of the item-by-item test–retest and inter-rater reliability showed satisfactory values in terms of consonants in the initial and final positions. Also, the value of the internal consistency was calculated to be kr = 0.78 (p < 0.001). The psychometric properties of this scale with 31 items proved that it is appropriate for quantifying the speech sound production in Azeri Turkish typically developing children.
... À l inverse, la cosmologie bouddhiste mahayana, présente au Japon et en Bouriatie, inclut plusieurs déesses (Shaw 2015), ce qui ouvre la porte aux figures féminines pour les représentations de dieu auprès des groupes bouriate et japonais de notre étude. En particulier au Japon, l emploi du mot « kami » pour désigner une divinité est non seulement épicène, mais aussi ni singulier ni pluriel (Dalby 2015), et il existe des divinités shintoïstes féminines (Miller 2010). Dans ce contexte, les sujets japonais sont donc moins soumis à des pressions normatives masculinisantes pour représenter le divin. ...
... Dalby 1998), is definitely a world language not simply because of the high number of speakers but also because of the high number of users worldwide, i.e. people who might understand it even without being competent speakers. Borderline cases such as Italian (around 60 million speakers according to Dalby 1998) are quite difficult to categorize. Last but not least, Chinese, which is considered an LLD due to the fact that it is spoken largely by native speakers only, represents a market considerably larger in size than, for instance, French, which is considered an LUD. 5 Market size, again, cannot be taken as a safe criterion for 'major-ness' or 'minor-ness' , since reality is rather fluid in this respect and market size cannot be measured exactly. ...
Article
Traditionally, website translation has been considered a process moving from the global to the local, or from the major to the minor, and has largely been termed localization. Yet, the various meanings and interpretations of the term create the need for more specific terms that designate specific types of localization such as the cases where a locally generated website, created in a locale with 'minor' presence on the international market, needs to be provided in a language that is considered 'major' in cyberspace, e.g. websites into English as a lingua franca. In such cases, the website content transfer follows an opposite direction, i.e. from the local to the global. We would like to capitalize on the major-minor metaphor as a methodological tool for cases emerging as a quasi-opposite process to the prevailing conceptualiza-tion of localization, in an attempt to highlight differences which might justify new terminology. It will be argued that the concept of locale from which the term localization stems does not apply when a culturally undefined audience is addressed, and a new term will be proposed.
... Arabic is the language of Semit sub of Hamito-Semit or Afro-Asiatic (Dalby, 2004). This language is included in the classical language of the most widely used in the world than the other classical languages such as Latin, Sanskrit, Hebrew, and others because it is the language of the Qur'an read by millions of Muslims all over the world, which is then used in the writing and discussion of issues that are related to religion. ...
Article
A discussion of Arabic syntax in this study focused on the adjective phrase in a text Preface of Al-Munjidu Dictionary First Printing Works Louis Ma'lu>f Al-Yasu>'i. This study reveals whether in the text there are several types of adjective phrases in the text, how the differences of the adjective phrase is found, and how the functions of the adjective phrases in a sentence, and how to form "declesion" of the adjective phrase in a sentence.
... Simply put, erroneous renditions of collocations ascribed, in addition to other things, to the strategies that translators tend to utilize to handle the issue of translating religious collocations. Dalby ( 1998 ) revealed that Arabic and English languages have various settings and derive from differing language families, whereby the Arabic is organized as an affiliate of the Semitic family of languages, while English is a branch of the Indo-European language family. ...
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This particular study investigates the problems found in the strategies adopted by students in translating certain lexical collocations of the Islamic religious texts. For that purpose, a purposive sample of 41 B.A, English students enrolled in the academic year of 2017-2018 at the Arts College had been selected as participants in this study. Thus, the primary objective of the study is to determine if these Sudanese students faced any problem when translating Islamic religious collocations from Arabic into English. Therefore, the researcher employed the descriptive approach to identify the problems faced by students in using several strategies for translation. As for data collection method, a test, which consisted of specific lexical collocations terms, had been carried out to analyse the obstacles that the students faced when translating Islamic religious collocations terms from Arabic into English. Hence, some main issues that were identified from the findings were reviewed in a wholesome manner and wherever possible, links were made to associate the themes to the literature examined, besides further extending the research scope via comparison with other literature in light of the finding. Finally, some recommendations are given at the end of the research mainly for students to improve their skills in translating Islamic lexical collocations from Arabic into English.
... The succession of the culture of this ethnos is demonstrated in retaining of some elements of spiritual and unspiritual inheritance of Saka tribes. Sakas (translation from Old Persian Sakā, from Classical Greek Σάκαι, Latin Sacae) is the collective name of Iranian languages of nomadic and semi-nomadic tribes in I century BC in ancient sources [16][17][18]. The famous empress of massagets Tomiris, as Herodotus tells about her, was addressed to as "the Sun, Lord of massagets" [19]. ...
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This paper highlights problems of religious identity formation in Kazakhstan. The authors call attention to the genesis of religious tolerance as one of the main factors of the structure of religious identity in Kazakhstan. Pre-Islamic cultural layer in combination with different religious traditions has made the basis of the worldview with some elements of eclecticism and syncretism. Being most viable, Old Turkic religious faiths having joined Islam later created a tolerance basis of a religious worldview. On the whole, religious identity is a symbiosis of spiritual values in a polyconfessional society, where historically, Islam and Christianity played an important role. Religious identity in Kazakhstan is considered from the point of view of different forms of studies. The authors in their research raise the following issues: What is religious identity? What is its origin? What is the role of religious identity during different historical periods? Has its significance changed in the modern society and what are the perspectives in the context of ambivalent relations of a state and religion?.
... Moreover, we expanded our reach to 3 widely spoken languages worldwide (Spanish, Polish, and Arabic). [26][27][28] In the absence of patient-centered VTE risk assessment instruments, we aim to create and validate patient-completed versions of the CRS in these 3 languages. ...
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Targeted prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism (VTE) using the Caprini risk score (CRS) is effective reducing postoperative VTE. Despite its availability as preventive strategy, risk scoring remains underutilized. Critics to the CRS contend the time it takes to complete, and its limitation to English language. Aim is to create and validate patient-completed CRS tools for Spanish, Arabic, and Polish speakers. We translated the first patient-completed CRS to Spanish, Arabic, and Polish. We conducted a pilot study followed by the validation study. Using PASS version 11, we determined that a sample size of 37 achieved a power of 80%, to detect a difference of 0.1 between the null hypothesis correlation of 0.5 and the alternative hypothesis correlation of 0.7 using a 2-sided hypothesis test, significance level of .05. We tabulated and categorized scores using SPSS version 23 to estimate κ, linear correlation, and Bland Altman test. κ value >0.8 was defined as "almost perfect agreement." From 129 recruited patients, 50 (39%) spoke Spanish, 40 (31%) spoke Arabic, and 39 (30%) spoke Polish; average age 51 (16.69) years, 58 (45%) were men, with less than college education (67%). Mean (standard deviation) CRS was 5 (3.90), the majority (63%) above moderate VTE risk. We report excellent agreement comparing physician and patient results (κ = 0.93) and high correlation 0.97 ( P < .01) for the overall score. Bland Altman did not show trend for extreme values. We created and validated the first Spanish, Arabic, and Polish versions of the patient-completed CRS, with excellent correlation and agreement when compared to CRS-trained physician-completed form. Based on these results, the physician needs to calculate the body mass index. Completing the form was not time-consuming.
... In brief, this section can be summarized by referring to Dalby's (2006) statement which says that "whenever Islam is the religion, Arabic must be the language of religious education and traditional culture" (Pp.27-28). However, over this great geographical range, it has split into dialects that are different to be mutually understandable. ...
Thesis
This study focuses on investigating Gricean Theory of Conversational Implicature and its application to Arabic language. Semi-structured interviews with fifteen participants who speak the Yemeni dialect were recorded for the purpose of investigating such a theory. There were four Ph.D. candidates, four M.A. candidates and seven B.A. candidates. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, translated and interpreted. Both a qualitative and a quantitative approach was adopted and each analysis was divided into four sections. The first one dealt with flouting/exploiting the maxims. The second one was concerned with violating the maxims. The third one with coping with/negotiating the clash between maxims, and the final focused on opting out (of the CP and its maxims). The findings revealed that Gricean Theory of Conversational Implicature can be applied to Arabic language, particularly the Yemeni dialect. Key words: Gricean Theory of Conversational Implicature; Cooperative Principle; maxims of speech; Arabic language
... All of the four modern Celtic languages-Welsh, Breton (Brythonic), Irish Gaelic, and Scottish Gaelic (Goedelic)-are under threat of extinction. Centuries of political and social pressures from the English and French have contributed to their decline, both in status and usage (Dalby, 1998). Such pressure has led to the near-obliteration of Manx and Cornish. ...
... Het Zweeds is – net als het Nederlands – een pluricentrische taal. Het is niet alleen de officiële taal van Zweden, maar ook een van de officiële talen van Finland (Dalby, 1998, p. 598). Ongeveer 300.000 ...
... The Europa YearBook 2000 was the source for this information. The breakdown of the languages into groups/families was based onDalby's (1998) Dictionary of Languages. The language groups and the nations included in each group are as follows: a.) Uralic and Baltic: The Uralic language family includes the Balto-Finnic languages: Estonian and Finnish, and Hungarian. ...
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One of the controversial issues in morphophonological studies is Phonologically-Conditioned Suppletion. Using a cognitive approach, the present study shows the existence of this phenomenon in Azerbaijani. Under Langacker’s (1987) Rule/List Fallacy, the lexicon contains unpredictable as well as predictable information. This paves the way for a better explanation of the lexicalization of phonological processes. Following Langacker’s Rule/List Fallacy and Bybee’s (2001) early morphologization (or lexicalization) of phonological processes, the authors believe that the lexicalization of such processes has occurred in Azerbaijani. Those processes are not productive anymore and they only exist as residues in the lexicon. In some cases, those residues are suppletive forms and the choice between them depends on the phonological context. The authors’ analysis is different from the other researchers’ generative analyses in which they have tried to explain such cases in terms of phonological processes. Nesset’s (2008) cognitive model is used to demonstrate the representations and relations between the allomorphs. This model is based on Langacker’s (1987) ideas and to date, it is one of the few “cognitive phonology” models in cognitive and usage-based linguistics. Wherever not referenced, the data in this paper is gathered by recording Azerbaijani speakers.
Article
This study focuses on the influence of listeners’ native language on their judgement of the overall speech quality of normally hearing (NH) and hearing-impaired (HI) children. Studies have shown that listeners’ native language influences their judgements on linguistic aspects of a foreign language. Since judging speech quality does in principle not require any knowledge of the language, the question arose if the native language influences listeners’ judgements. For this purpose, the overall speech quality of seven-year-old Dutch speaking children (n = 21) with an acoustic hearing aid (HA), a cochlear implant (CI) and normal hearing (NH) was judged by four listener groups (native speakers of Italian, German, French and Dutch). Listeners completed a comparative judgement task in which stimuli were presented in pairs. For each pair, they selected the better sounding stimulus. This procedure ultimately led to a ranking of the stimuli according to their speech quality. The ranking showed that NH children had a significantly higher speech quality than HI children. Interestingly, there was no significant effect of language background. Both native and non-native listeners perceived a significant difference in speech quality. Also, within the group of HI children, all listener groups preferred the speech of CI children when comparing them to HA children. These results indicated that the differences were purely speech related since the non-native listeners had no linguistic knowledge of Dutch. Considering that all listeners perceived a similar qualitative difference, we conclude that there was no transfer of native language in this type of judgement.
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The Hanse played not only a prominent economical role in the North Atlantic but the Germans also consistently influenced the culture of the people with whom they interacted and traded. Their presence led to a sort of cultural colonialism in Northern Europe, which, among others things, substantially shaped the Scandinavian languages. For several reasons, the Icelandic language was not influenced in the same way as the other Scandinavian languages; yet, one can find some traces of German in administrative language dating back to the Middle Ages. Furthermore, ‘cultural colonization’ by the Germans also certainly took place through the Reformation in Iceland. It was the German merchants who took the first seeds of the new faith with them to Iceland and marked their ‘conquest’ by building a Lutheran church. In this way, the merchants – like colonialists – claimed a space on foreign ground for themselves, where language played a very central role.
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Tanakh, Yeni Ahit ve Kur’ân-ı Kerîm Semitik dillerde yazılmış olmalarına rağmen sadece Semitik halklar tarafından okunmakla kalmamış neredeyse bütün dünyada bu metinlere inanan pek çok kişi olmuştur. Semitik metinlerde tinsel varlıkların insanların hayatlarına, insanların da tinsel varlıkların hayatlarına müdahale edebildikleri anlatılmaktadır. İnsanların algı ve tutumları, inanmakta oldukları kutsal metinlerin anlatımları doğrultusunda şekillenir. Bu bağlamda insanlar sağlıklarının, refahlarının, başarılı veya başarısız olmalarının metinlerde anlatılan tinsel varlıklar tarafından etkilenebilir olduğuna inanmaktadırlar. Semitik metinlerde anlatılan tinsel varlıklar, genel olarak iyilik, güzellik ve yardımseverlik kavramlarıyla özdeşleştirilen melekler ile kötülük, uğursuzluk ve zarar verme ile özdeşleştirilen cinler olarak ikiye ayrılmıştır. Ancak bazı metinlerde düşmüş meleklerden de bahsedilmektedir. Semitik metinlerde, tinsel varlıkların yaratıldıkları, kendi iradeleri doğrultusunda davranış sergilemekle birlikte her dilediklerini gerçekleştiremedikleri, ölümlü ve sonlu olup yargılanarak cezalandırılabildikleri veya ödüllendirilebildikleri anlatılmaktadır. Dolayısıyla Semitik metinlerdeki tinsel varlıklar hiçbir zaman tanrı karakteri kazanamamışlardır.
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This paper narrates a fascinating story of the interface between religious language and Java's society. Various registers of religious language are used to identied who they are. Generally, can be said that social context plays an important role in constructing the patterns of language use in the religious context.
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Over the last 25 years several Antwerp studies have focussed on tense and lax vowels in syllable final position in Dutch. This contribution provides an overview of the main findings. Research on the intuitive syllabification by subjects with and without reading experience revealed that the mental image of vowels in syllable final position is - among others - influenced by the knowledge of the orthographic system, especially the hyphenation rules (De Schutter & Collier, 1986; Gillis & De Schutter, 1996; Gillis & Sandra, 2000). Subsequent listening tasks raised the question if the national variety of the listeners influences perception as well (Kloots, 2008). This intuition was explored in several follow-up studies. Globally speaking, Flemish and Dutch listeners use the same transcription strategies (Coussé & Gillis, 2006). However, especially unstressed, tense vowels in open syllables are quite often categorized differently. Whereas Flemish listeners almost exclusively hear lax vowels in this position, Dutch listeners seem to perceive a clear (phonemic) boundary between tense and lax vowels (Coussé et al., 2004; Kloots et al., 2006). The position of this boundary appears to be influenced by vowel duration. That is, the vowels that were categorized as 'tense' by the Dutch listeners have a significantly longer duration than their 'lax' counterparts (Kloots et al., 2010).
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The Teaching of English as a second/foreign language is a very thought-provoking, but gratifying exercise. Teachers of English as a second/foreign language encounter several problems while carrying out their profession. This paper argues that teaching English as a second language at the National University of Lesotho (NUL) is a very challenging activity due to several factor. These range from large classes to the level of students admitted at NUL. The paper purports that the students admitted at NUL seem to be unprepared with the content, concepts, and skills they are taught, due to their poor background knowledge from high school. The paper therefore proposes that the English Language curriculum of Lesotho high schools be subject to review by staff members of the Department of English at the NUL, who have a better idea of what they expect of the students from high school. The paper argues that the goal of an English teacher is to excite the students about learning, speaking, reading, writing, and comprehending English.
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This monograph describes the language planning situation in Algeria. It uses a historical perspective to understand the processes involved in language change, language policies and language-in-education practices of the polity. The monograph is divided into six parts. The first one presents a background on the country and the people to show its geographical and ethnic diversity on which linguistic plurality is grounded. The second part deals with the evolution of the economic situation—from centralised economic nationalism to market economy—and its repercussion on the issues mentioned above. The third part examines the language profile of Algeria and the diachronic evolution that led to it. Language policy and planning, described in the fourth part, considers, first, the unilingual demand of the nationalist period (in favour of Arabisation), then, the new language policy which promotes multilingualism within a democratising structure. The fifth part examines planned language spread and use via language-in-education, the milieu and the media in its first section, and unplanned developments in its second section. The final part of the monograph focuses on future prospects against the background of past practices and Algeria's new language policy. It argues that Arabisation led to crises and that recent policy decisions may produce changes that are more in tune with the country's linguistic situation.
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Faced with the influx of asylum seekers without reliable identification, some European countries have started to resort to the analysis of spoken texts produced by the applicants to trace their true origins. This has triggered a hot debate among politicians, non-governmental organizations and academics. Ethical and scientific considerations are the two main poles of the debate. On the scientific front, the question is whether it is possible to determine the asylum seekers' origin from the analysis of the spoken texts. The present paper, probably the first purely scientific contribution to the debate, has an affirmative answer with respect to asylum seekers from anglophone Africa. It argues that the identification of the region and even the country of origin of the subject, is possible, from phonetic/phonological, sociolinguistic, socio-cultural and other clues. The paper contends that, while one of the clues, especially the linguistic, may be sufficient, a combination of several provides a higher degree of reliability.
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