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Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of extracts from Conyza bonariensis growing in Yemen

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This study aims to examine the antioxidant and antibacterial activities and phenolic contents of Conyza bonariensis growing in Yemen. The whole plants of C. bonariensis were ultrasonically extracted by ethanol. The antioxidant activity of the extract was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and β-carotene bleaching (BCB). The effectiveness of the extract on the growth inhibition of some indicators of foodborne illness bacteria were investigated by agar well diffusion assay. The total phenols (TP), total flavonoids (TF), total tannins (TT), and total anthocyanins (TA) were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method, aluminium chloride method, Folin and Ciocalteu method, and pH-differential method, respectively. The extract of C. bonariensis possessed TP 144.1 mg/g, TF 143 mg/g, TT 0.99mg/g, and TA 0.97mg 100g, with 94.57% inhibition of DPPH and 92.47% inhibition of BCB, and strong inhibitory effects against tested bacteria, which was approximate to those of peel extract of Punica granatum.
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Pak. J. Pharm. Sci., Vol.28, No.1, January 2015, pp.129-134 129
Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of extracts
from Conyza bonariensis growing in Yemen
Riyadh Abdulmajid Saleh Thabit, Xiang-Rong Cheng, Xue Tang, Jin Sun,
Yong-Hui Shi and Guo-Wei Le1*
State K. Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology,
Jiangnan University, Wuxi, PR China
Abstract: This study aims to examine the antioxidant and antibacterial activities and phenolic contents of Conyza
bonariensis growing in Yemen. The whole plants of C. bonariensis were ultrasonically extracted by ethanol. The
antioxidant activity of the extract was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and β-carotene bleaching
(BCB). The effectiveness of the extract on the growth inhibition of some indicators of foodborne illness bacteria were
investigated by agar well diffusion assay. The total phenols (TP), total flavonoids (TF), total tannins (TT), and total
anthocyanins (TA) were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method, aluminium chloride method, Folin and Ciocalteu
method, and pH-differential method, respectively. The extract of C. bonariensis possessed TP 144.1 mg/g, TF 143 mg/g,
TT 0.99mg/g, and TA 0.97mg 100g, with 94.57% inhibition of DPPH and 92.47% inhibition of BCB, and strong
inhibitory effects against tested bacteria, which was approximate to those of peel extract of Punica granatum.
Keywords: Antioxidant, antibacterial, Conyza bonariensis, Punica granatum, total Phenolic
INTRODUCTION
Recently, various extracts of plants have gained special
interest as sources of natural antioxidant and antibacterial
agents (Madhavi and Salunkhe, 1995). Natural
antioxidants are compounds from plant or animal sources.
Phenolics are regarded as antioxidants and found in
significant quantities in vegetables, fruits, spices and
seeds. They also have roles in food industry and in
chemoprevention of diseases (Noguchi and Niki, 2000).
The oxidation reactions are involved in aging and
progression of several diseases, while antioxidant
molecules may slow down the aging process, disease
progression, and prolong the life span (Gutteridge and
Halliwell, 2010).
Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq is an annual plant spread
widely all over the world, from North America to Europe.
The plant C. bonariensis grows spontaneously in central
Yemen and is used in folk medicine headache, dental
pain, treat rheumatism, cystitis and nephritis (Soheir et
al., 2012). In addition it was approved in medicine as a
hemostatic, possibly an anthelminthic, pungent tonic,
astringent to control bleeding and as a diuretic (Lenfeld et
al., 1986).
This research aims to assess the antioxidant and the
antibacterial activities of Conyza bonariensis growing in
Yemen, and its (TP (TF), (TT) and (TA) compared to
extracts of Punica granatum which is contained high
phenolic contents and possesses strong antioxidant and
the antibacterial activities (Zarei et al., 2010).
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Chemicals and machine
Tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), 2,2-diphenyl-1-
picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ascorbic acid (Vitamin C), Folin-
Ciocalteu reagent, gallic acid, quercetin reagent, β-
carotene, and linoleic acid were from Sigma (USA).
Ethanol, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), aluminium chloride,
potassium acetate, potassium chloride, sodium acetate and
Tween 20 were from Sinopharm chemical regent co. ltd.
Spectrophotometer (Shanghai-Techcomp, UV 2300),
balance (Shanghai-Mettle Toledo, AB 204-N), rotary
evaporator (Shanghai-Biochemical Equipment), water
bath (Shanghai-Hengzi), pH metter (Shanghai-Mettler
Toledo), incubation (Shanghai-Hengzi), and ultrasonic
(Wuxi-Kejie Ultrasonic Electronic Equipment Co. Ltd,
KJ-300) were also used in the study.
Plant materials
The whole plants of C. bonariensis and peels of Punica
granatum (L.) were collected in September 2012 from
Taiz region (Yemen). The identification of plant materials
were carried out by the Agricultural Research Authority
(Taiz).
Preparation of extracts
The plant samples were air-dried in shade, twenty grams
from plant were extracted with 600ml of 90% ethanol in
an ultrasonic device at room temperature. The ethanol
extract was filtered and the residues were re-percolated
for three times and solvent was removed using a rotary
evaporator. Dried extracts were kept refrigerated until
use.
*Corresponding author: e-mail: lgw@jiangnan.edu.cn
Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of extracts from Conyza bonariensis growing in Yemen
Pak. J. Pharm. Sci., Vol.28, No.1, January 2015, pp.129-134
130
Total phenols (TP)
The TP was determined spectrophotometrically according
to the Folin-Ciocalteu’s method (Arnnok et al., 2012).
Using a six-point calibration curve, the total phenolics
were determined by a comparison of the values obtained
with the calibration curve of gallic acid (fig. 1). The
results were expressed as mg gallic acid equivalents
(gallic acid/g extract).
Total flavonoids (TF)
Flavonoids in the examined plant extracts were
determined spectrophotometrically using aluminium
chloride according to the reported method (Lin and Tang,
2007). Quercetin was used as a standard. The
concentration of flavonoids was in (mg/ml) on the
calibration line and the total flavonoid was expressed as
mg/g of dry extracts (fig. 2).
Total tannins (TT)
The TT were estimated by Folin and Ciocalteu method
(Tamilselvi et al., 2012). Using a five-point calibration
curve, the TT were determined by a comparison of the
values obtained with the calibration curve of gallic acid
(fig. 3), total tannins values are expressed in terms of
gallic acid equivalent (mg/g of dry extracted).
Total anthocyanin (TA)
The TA was determined by the pH-differential method
(Guisti and Wrolstad, 2001). Was calculate the
absorbance (A) of the diluted sample as follows:
A=(A510–A700) pH 1.0 – (A510–A700) pH 4.5.
Calculate anthocyanin pigment concentration as follows:
Monomeric anthocyanin pigment (mg/L) = (A × MW ×
DF × 1000)/(ε × 1), and it was converted to mg of total
anthocyanin content per 100 g sample.
Antioxidant activity of extracts
Determination of antioxidant activity (AA) using DPPH
radical scavenging method
In this assay, the (AA) of plant extracts was evaluated by
measuring the bleaching of the purple-colored ethanolic
solution of DPPH (Burits and Bucar, 2000). The
antioxidant activity of six different concentrations (0.2,
0.1, 0.05, 0.02, 0.01 and 0.005mg/ml) of plant extracts
was measured in terms of hydrogen donating or radical
scavenging ability (Brand et al., 1995). The inhibitory
concentration (IC50) value represented the concentration
of the plant extracts that caused 50% inhibition.
Determination of antioxidant activity using β-Carotene
bleaching (BCB) assay
The (AA) of extracts was evaluated by the β-carotene
according to method (Lu and Foo, 2000). The
measurement was carried out every 30 min intervals.
While TBHQ and Vitamin C. both were at 200 ppm, and
were used as standards.
Microbial strains and media
Shigella dysenteriae CMCC 51302, Escherichia coli
ATCC 25922, Salmonella typhimurium CMCC 50013,
Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 12344 and
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 were provided by
the Microbiology Lab in School of Food Science and
Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R.
China. Each culture was activated by transferring a
loopful into nutrient broth (4 ml) followed by incubation
at 37ºC±1ºC for 16 h. The optical density of each active
culture was adjusted at 615(nm) using fresh broth to give
a standard inoculums of 108 (CFU)/ml.
Determination of antibacterial activity
It was studied by the agar well diffusion method (Smania
et al., 1999). Briefly, Agar media were perforated with 6
mm-diameter holes, aseptically cut and filled with 100 µl
of plant extracts. The extracts were used in the
concentration of 5, 10, and 20 mg/ml from extract of
dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO). Streptomycin and
Penicillin were used as a reference antibacterial, whereas
DMSO was the negative control. The plates were
incubated at 37ºC±1ºC for 21 h and then examined to
verify inhibition. A positive result was defined as
inhibition zone of 9 mm or more around the holes.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Statistical methods were used of three simultaneous
assays to calculate means and standard deviations.
Statistical analysis (SPSS, 16) was applied to the data to
determine differences (P<0.05) performed by ANOVA.
RESULTS
Total phenolics and total flavonoids
The content of polyphenols was 144.1 and 134.4 mg/g in
C. bonariensis and P. granatum, respectively (table 1).
The results indicated significant differences (P0.05)
among extracts, C. bonariensis contained higher phenol
content compared to P. granatum extracts.
Fig. 1: Calibration curve for gallic acid (mg/g of dry
extract)
There were significant differences (P<0.05) as the extract
of C. bonariensis had higher flavonoid content, while the
extract of P. granatum containd less flavonoids
Riyadh Abdulmajid Saleh Thabit et al
Pak. J. Pharm. Sci., Vol.28, No.1, January 2015, pp.129-134 131
Fig. 2: Calibration curve for quercetin (mg/g of dry
extracts.)
Total tannins and total anthocyanins
From the data presented in table 1, it is apparent that the
tannin content of extracts varied significantly (P<0.05).
Tannins were low in P. granatum (0.91 mg/g) and high in
C. bonariensis (0.99 mg/g), which also had the highest
level of total phenolics.
Fig. 3: Calibration curve for gallic acid (mg/g of dry
extracted)
The present study found that there were significant
differences (P<0.05) among study samples. The highest
anthocyanins content was in C. bonariensis
(0.97mg/100g), where the smallest was in P. granatum
(0.63mg/100g).
Antioxidant activity using (DPPH) radical scavenging
Extracts of C. bonariensis and P. granatum inhibited
antioxidant activities of 94.57% and 92.92% scavenging
DPPH, respectively at a concentration of 0.05 mg/ml
(table 2).
Antioxidant activity using β-Carotene bleaching assay
There were no significant differences (P  0.05) among
the study samples (table 2). Results showed that extracts
of C. bonariensis and P. granatum were better inhibitors
of β -carotene bleaching than reference antioxidants like
TBHQ (table 2).
The DPPH radical scavenging IC50 values of extracts
were summarized in table 2. Extracts of C. bonariensis
and P. granatum exhibited strong DPPH radical
scavenging with IC50 values at 4.93 and 4.95 µg/ml,
respectively. Two extracts tested in the DPPH assay had
good antioxidant properties (fig. 4).
Fig. 4: DPPH radical scavenging activities of extracts
from C. bonariensis and P. granatum and reference
antioxidants (VC and TBHQ)
Fig. 5: Antioxidant activity of extracts from C.
bonariensis and P. granatum and standard antioxidants in
β-carotene-linoleate bleaching system
The BCB absorbance of C. bonariensis and P. granatum
for 120 min were 0.188 and 0.152, respectively, whereas
they were 0.192 and 0.148 at zero time, respectively (fig.
5).
Fig. 6: Antibacterial activity of extracts: (A) C.
bonariensis on S. aureus, (B) C. bonariensis on S.
typhimurium, and (C) P. granatum on S. aureus, using 5,
10, and 20 mg/ ml of each extract.
Antibacterial activity
Presents antibacterial activities of the two plants tested at
concentrations of 5, 10, and 20 mg/ml (table 3). It showed
that gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus and
Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of extracts from Conyza bonariensis growing in Yemen
Pak. J. Pharm. Sci., Vol.28, No.1, January 2015, pp.129-134
132
Streptococcus) were more susceptible to extracts from C.
bonariensis and P. granatum. S. aureus was the most
sensitive organism to C. bonariensis extracts at 20 mg/ml
than S. pyogenes. Gram negative bacteria were
susceptible to extracts from C. bonariensis than P.
granatum. Extracts of C. bonariensis and P. granatum
were inhibitory for S. typhimurium and S. dysenteriae. E.
coli was more strongly inhibited by extract of C.
bonariensis than that of P. granatum.
Extracts of C. bonariensis appeared to be the most
effective with the zone of inhibition sizes ranging
from14.6 to 19.8 mm at 20 mg/ml, as shown in fig. 6.
DISCUSSION
Polyphenols are some of the most occurring
phytochemicals in plants. Moreover, these phenolic
contribute to quality and nutritional value. Also contribute
to color and sensory characteristics of fruits and
vegetables and also play an important role in providing
protection against in vivo and in vitro oxidation, and have
plant defense mechanisms to counteract reactive oxygen
species (ROS) and prevent damage of micro organisms.
Phenolic compounds are antioxidant working as a free
radicals scavenger (Shahidi and Wanasundara, 2003). The
phenolics and flavonoids are considered as important
indicators of antioxidant capacity.
Some studies indicated of P. granatum extract had phenol
content between 124.43 and 91.2 mg/g (Ahmed, 2012;
Mutahar et al., 2012), respectively. C. bonariensis
extracts were 167.9 mg/g (Durre et al., 2012).
There is a strong correlation between antioxidant activity
and total phenols in table 2. These findings suggest that
total phenols are a good predictor of antioxidant activities.
Investigations reported that phenolic concentrations
varied from 5 to 46% of peel P. granatum extracts (Li et
al., 2006; Negi and Jayaprakasha, 2003). The variability
of total phenolic in this study could be partially attributed
to differences in solvents used for extracting peels,
geographic sources of samples and varieties.
Phenolic contents are affected by plant species, maturity
at harvest, post harvest, soil conditions and growing
conditions (Nasır et al., 2011). The results of the extract
P. granatum were consistent with the previous study,
which the TF in the extract of P. granatum was 59.44
mg/g (Ahmed, 2012).
Tannins are natural polyphenols ubiquitously distributed
in plants, such as vegetables, fruits and seeds (Elías et al.,
2009). Commercially tannins are used in the wine
industry for a multitude of reasons: to stabilize the color
of red wines, ensure palate balance and complexity in
wines, inhibit lacasse in botrytis-infected fruit and to
serve as fining agents to reduce protein concentrations
(Luz et al., 2008). These results of extract P. granatum
were also reported in a previous study (Hakime et al.,
2012). Anthocyanins are responsible for the red and blue
colors in some plants (Concepcion et al., 2003).
There were significant differences (p<0.05) among in the
extracts of C. bonariensis and P. granatum. That was
probably due to the presence of high polyphenolic
content. Also could be related to the presence of hydroxyl
and carbonyl groups (Galati and Brien, 2004; Payet et al.,
2005). And also due to the fact that radical-scavenging
capacity is directly related to the hydrogen donating
ability of compounds (Lucarini et al., 1990). The
antioxidant efficiency of the extracts tested was basically
dependent on their concentrations. The extracts of C.
bonariensis and P. granatum maintained stability and the
strength of antioxidative activities were related to the
Phenolic concentrate.
The antioxidant activity of extracts was also assessed by
the ability to prevent β-Carotene from oxidation by
linoleic acid. The oxidation of linoleic acid generates
peroxyl free radicals due to the abstraction of a hydrogen
from diallylic methylene groups (Kumaran and Joel
Karunakaran, 2006). The BCB antioxidant activities are
stable with time. Extracts of C. bonariensis and P.
granatum exhibited strong BCB activities, possibly due to
Table 1: Total phenols, flavonoids, tannins and anthocyanins in extracts of C.bonariensis and P.granatum (means±SD)
Plant Total phenols
(mg GAE/g)
Flavonoids
(mg quercetin/g)
Tannins
(mg GAE/g)
Anthocyanins
(mg/100g)
C. bonariensis 144.1a±5.32 134.0a±5.87 0.99a ±0.02 0.97a ±0.02
P. granatum 134.4
b
±3.24 79.3
b
±0.36 0.91
b
±0.02 0.63
b
±0.02
Table 2: Antioxidants activity by DPPH scavenging and β-carotene bleaching of C. bonariensis and P. granatum
extracts (means ± S.D)
Extraction DPPH scavenging test β-carotene bleaching test
Inhibition of DPPH (%) (0.05 mg/ml) IC50 (µg/ml) Inhibition of BCB (%) (5 mg/ml)
C. bonariensis 94.57
b
±0.16 4.93
b
±0.15 92.4a±3.15
P. granatum 92.92c±0.10 4.95
b
±0.05 90.77a±0.21
VC 95.01a±0.12 5.21c±0.05 6.37c±3.12
TBHQ 95.12a±0.09 2.14a±0.04 84.60
b
±2.25
Values are means of three independent analyses.
Riyadh Abdulmajid Saleh Thabit et al
Pak. J. Pharm. Sci., Vol.28, No.1, January 2015, pp.129-134 133
their oil components, such as tocopherols, phytosterols,
and phenolic compounds. The synthetic antioxidant
TBHQ had a stronger antioxidant activity when compared
to VC (fig. 5).
Confirmed the scientific literature on the importance of
antibacterial activity of the extracts, which are designed to
provide extended shelf life safety food microbial. In this
study the antibacterial activity of two plant extracts was
assessed by diffusion method agar well. All extracts
tested showed antibacterial abilities against S. aureus, S.
pyogenes, S. dysenteriae and S. typhimurium.
The results may support the use of C. bonariensis and P.
granatum in traditional medicines.
Gram negative bacteria were more resistant than gram-
positive bacteria, which were also reported by (Ahmad
and Beg, 2001). The resistance towards antibacterial
substances by gram-negative bacteria were related to the
lipopolysaccharides in their cell wall (Gao et al., 1999;
Alzoreky and Nakahara, 2003). The results of the present
study are encouraging as extracts of C. bonariensis
showed significant antibacterial activity against many
enteric pathogens tested.
CONCLUSION
This study showed that the two plants used in traditional
medicine in Yemen have antioxidant and antibacterial
activities. The types and contents of bioactive components
varied among different plants. The characterization of the
active components of those plants may lead to full
utilization of these plants by the local folks.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The study was supported by the 12th Five-Year Plan for
Science and Technology Development (No.2012BAD
33B05), Chinese Nature Science Foundation (21403601
and 31201805), Fundamental Research Funds for the
Central Universities (JUSRP111A36, JUSRP1052), and
Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu
Higher Education Institutions.
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... As termos buscados, bem como suas combinações por meio dos operadores booleanos "AND" e "OR" estão descritos na Quadro 1 juntamente com os resultados e o número de estudos selecionados. Araujo et al., 2013;Bukhari et al., 2013;Thabit et al., 2015;Schechtel et al., 2019). ...
... A ação antioxidante da C. bonariensis tem sido foco de estudos devido à sua rica composição em fenólicos e flavonoides, que são um indicativo para bons resultados antioxidantes (Thabit et al., 2015). Os extratos etanólico, hidroalcoólico e metanólico mostraram efeitos promissores (Thabit et al., 2015;Potbhare et al., 2019;Schechtel et al., 2019), e as frações de acetato de etila e butanol, por serem ricos em fenólicos, demonstraram ótima atividade antioxidante (Favila, 2006 Schechtel et al. (2019) apontam para a utilização tradicional da C. bonariensis na alimentação, sendo comum a preparação de saladas cruas e também como molho para salada devido à sua rica composição. ...
... A ação antioxidante da C. bonariensis tem sido foco de estudos devido à sua rica composição em fenólicos e flavonoides, que são um indicativo para bons resultados antioxidantes (Thabit et al., 2015). Os extratos etanólico, hidroalcoólico e metanólico mostraram efeitos promissores (Thabit et al., 2015;Potbhare et al., 2019;Schechtel et al., 2019), e as frações de acetato de etila e butanol, por serem ricos em fenólicos, demonstraram ótima atividade antioxidante (Favila, 2006 Schechtel et al. (2019) apontam para a utilização tradicional da C. bonariensis na alimentação, sendo comum a preparação de saladas cruas e também como molho para salada devido à sua rica composição. Ademais, Bukhari et al. (2013) citam em seu estudo a preparação de refrigerantes a partir da infusão das pétalas da planta. ...
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Nos últimos anos, o aumento da busca por alternativas medicinais e nutricionais para introdução no campo da saúde das pessoas ocasionou a utilização de plantas no cotidiano da população. Consequentemente, diversas pesquisas almejavam avaliar o potencial uso de tais plantas e seus benefícios para a saúde. Portanto, o objetivo do estudo é realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre a potencial utilização medicinal e nutricional de três espécies presentes na região Sul do Brasil, sendo elas Rumex crispus, Conyza bonariensis e Taraxacum officinale. Foram realizadas pesquisas nas bases de dados PubMed, EMBASE, Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde (BVS) e Repositório digital da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, utilizando os descritores anteriormente selecionados das plataformas MeSh e DeCs. As buscas foram realizadas no período de dezembro de 2020. O critério de inclusão utilizado englobava artigos dos últimos 20 anos, porém foram excluídas revisões de literatura. Após as buscas foram selecionados 27 artigos para compor a revisão de literatura. As plantas são ricas em diferentes fitoquímicos, que garantem às espécies diferentes usos em potencial, como antioxidantes, anti-inflamatórios, anti-diabéticos, antimicrobianos e anticancerígenos. Além disso, seus usos na alimentação são abrangentes, sendo encontrados em saladas, molhos, geleias ou chás. A maioria das plantas apresentou atividade citotóxica contra células tumorais, porém a toxicidade contra células saudáveis não foi observada pelos estudos. Portanto, observa-se o potencial medicinal e nutricional das espécies analisadas, sendo necessários mais estudos para a sua elucidação na prática clínica.
... 15 The whole plant contains curative constituents having potent antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties owing to the high amounts of flavonoids, phenolic acids, alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins and volatile oils. 16,17 Recently the aqueous methanolic extract of Conyza bonariensis (L.) has been shown to impart hypoglycemic effect in alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats after 14 days of treatment. 18 This study was conducted to examine the in vitro properties of different extracts of Conyza bonariensis (L.) and the in vivo ability of ...
... A previous study reported that the ethanolic extract of Conyza bonariensis has maximum antioxidant activity due to its high total phenolic contents. 17 As the exact amount of phenolic and flavonoid contents in the plant extracts cannot be revealed through the colorimetric assays. 27 High-profile liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed in this study to quantify the exact amount of phenolic and flavonoid contents in the plant extracts ( Table 2). ...
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This study was conducted to assess the possible antidiabetic potential of Conyza bonariensis by employing in vitro as well as in vivo assessments. The dried plant material was extracted in methanol, ethanol, and water. The in vitro results showed that the ethanolic extract (EthCb) was found to have higher antioxidant and antidiabetic potential as compared with the aqueous (AqCb) and methanolic extracts (MthCb) so it was further evaluated in the in vivo trial using a diabetic rat model. Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by administering 5% sucrose in drinking water and a cafeteria diet for 8 weeks, followed by nicotinamide and streptozotocin administration. Subsequently, the diabetic rats were divided into 4 groups (n = 8 each): Positive control (no treatment), standard control (Metformin @ 10 mg/kg bw), treatment 1 (C. bonariensis ethanolic extract @ 200 mg/kg bw), and treatment 2 (C. bonariensis ethanolic extract @ 400 mg/kg bw). In addition, there was a negative control group of 8 rats without diabetes induction or treatment. After 21 days of treatment, blood samples were collected from all rats. The serum was evaluated through different means for glucose level, lipid profile, oxidative stress, carbohydrate metabolic enzymes and thyroid hormones. ANOVA was used to evaluate the data statistically. Total oxidant status (TOS) and the serum glucose levels of the streptozotocin-treated rats were reduced significantly (P ⩽ .05) in Conyza bonariensis treated group. Whereas total antioxidant capacity (TAC) along with enzymes like paraoxonase and arylesterase were increased in Conyza bonariensis treated group. The antihyperlipidemic activity was also observed in Conyza bonariensis treated group Interestingly the subnormal levels of T3 and T4 which were observed in the PC group were also normalized in both treatment groups. This study demonstrated the antidiabetic as well as antioxidant activity of different extracts of Conyza bonariensis.
... Las hojas frescas se utilizan en cataplasmas para desinfectar y curar heridas (Amat, 1983;Lahitte et al., 1998;Hurrell et al., 2011;Alonso et Desmarchelier, 2015). Estudios farmacológicos demostraron acción antimicótica, antibacterial, fitotóxica y antioxidante en ensayos in vitro en la especie (Luján et Pérez Corral, 2008;Manzano Santana et al., 2011;Shah et al., 2013;Thabit et al., 2015;Mussin et al., 2017). Por otro lado, ensayos in vivo en animales mostraron acción antiinflamatoria, hepatoprotectora, espasmolítica y espasmogénica en intestino delgado y citotóxica en carcinoma de piel (Manzano Santana et al., 2011;Bukhari et al., 2013;Saleem et al., 2014Saleem et al., , 2015. ...
... En pruebas fitoquímicas en C. bonariensis se han identificado numerosos compuestos, como aceites esenciales, fenoles, flavonoides, quinonas, antocianinas, saponinas, glicósidos y taninos, siendo algunos de ellos los responsables de la actividad biológica de la especie (Maia et al., 2002;Manzano Santana et al., 2011;Zahoor et al., 2010;Saleem et al., 2014Saleem et al., , 2015Alonso et Desmarchelier, 2015;Thabit et al., 2015). Por otra parte, mediante pruebas histoquímicas, se han detectado aceites esenciales en el epitelio de los espacios secretores de los tallos de C. bonariensis (Arambarri et al., 2013). ...
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Conyza bonariensis, una especie medicinal e importante maleza nativa de Argentina, está representada por las variedades C. bonariensis var. bonariensis y C. bonariensis var. angustifolia. El objetivo del trabajo es comparar morfológica y anatómicamente los vástagos de ambas variedades en su etapa adulta, con el fin de contribuir a su identificación. Se analizaron ejemplares en estado vegetativo y reproductivo recolectados de poblaciones naturales. Los vástagos fueron divididos en tres zonas, superior, media e inferior, para caracterizar su morfoanatomía por medio de técnicas convencionales para microscopía óptica y electrónica de barrido. Entre las características halladas con valor diagnóstico se describen el tamaño, forma y margen de las hojas, tipo de indumento, densidad de tricomas y de estomas, forma de las células del clorénquima en los tallos y tipo de mesófilo. Muchas de estas características no fueron constantes entre las distintas zonas del vástago analizado, particularmente en el vástago vegetativo. Estos resultados indican que existen caracteres morfoanatómicos cuali- y cuantitativos que permiten la identificación taxonómica de C. bonariensis a nivel infraespecífico, los cuales, a su vez, pueden variar según el tipo y zona del vástago adulto analizado.
... Moreover, data regarding such extracts obtained from CC lacks in international databases. At the time of writing, only four articles refer to the polyphenols from CC [11][12][13]. Some only quantify the total amount of flavonoids, polyphenols, and tannins and measure the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the extracts. ...
... For the obtained values, the comparison with the standard is statistically significant (p = 0.0161). Thabit at al. [12] indicated that the ethanolic extract obtained from the whole plant (Conyza bonariensis) has good antioxidant and antimicrobial potential. Although the species are related, the obtained results are different from the literature; the solvent used in this case was ethanol, which has a better extractability for some lipophilic compounds (aglycons, volatiles, etc.) than water-our chosen solvent. ...
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Conyza canadensis is a plant widely used in traditional medicine in Morocco for the treatment of varied health challenges. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no scientific study justifying the traditional use of Conyza extract as an anxiolytic and antidepressant agent. Moreover, data regarding the polyphenolic fraction is limited. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the chemical composition of an aqueous extract obtained from the aerial parts of Conyza, its antioxidant potential, and the anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects of the sample (100 and 200 mg/kg body weight (bw)) in the scopolamine (Sco) (0.7 mg/kg bw) rat model. To achieve this purpose, a variety of antioxidant tests (including free radical-scavenging activity and lipoxygenase-inhibitory potential assays) and behavioral procedures, such as the elevated plus-maze and forced swimming tests, were performed. The results demonstrated that the aqueous extract of Conyza canadensis is rich in catechins and flavonoids which possess good antioxidant activity. Additionally, concentrations of 100 and 200 mg/kg of the extract exhibited significant anxiolytic and antidepressant-like profiles following scopolamine treatment. Therefore, we propose that the use of Conyza canadensis could be a new pharmacological target for the amelioration of major depression.
... µg/mL, indicating a more potent antioxidant capacity than the ascorbic acid control (IC50 5.21±0.05 µg/mL) (Thabit et al. 2015). Due to its close taxonomic relationship with C. bonariensis, E. sumatrensis is hypothesized to possess antioxidant potential. ...
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Puspa VR, Zumaidar, Nurdin, Fitmawati. 2024. Phytochemical, antioxidant, and in-silico studies of Erigeron sumatrensis from Gayo Highlands as a potential inhibitor of type-2 diabetes mellitus. Biodiversitas 25: 3179-3192. Erigeron sumatrensis Retz., a wild medicinal herb, was determined qualitatively and quantitatively for its leaf extract's phytochemical constituents and antioxidant capacity and to conduct computational studies. Secondary metabolites identified included flavonoids, phenolics, terpenoids, steroids, and alkaloids. The methanol fraction exhibited the greatest TPC (5945.45 mg GAE/g). Antioxidant activity, as determined by the ABTS assay, indicated a significant radical scavenging activity in the methanol fraction of E. sumatrensis leaves, with an IC50 value of 57.67 ?g/mL. In silico molecular docking revealed that cucurbitacin b, 25-desacetoxy-?-sitosterol, and ?-amyrin exhibited potential as ?-glucosidase inhibitors (PDB ID: 2QMJ). The same compounds demonstrated inhibitory properties against ?-amylase (PDB ID: 2QV4), with acarbose as a positive control with a binding energy of -7.8 kcal/mol. The ADMET profiles indicated compliance with Lipinski's rule of five for all compounds, suggesting their suitability as an orally administered drug. Based on these findings, E. sumatrensis has excellent potential as a source of raw materials for antidiabetic drug formulation, so it needs to be further investigated for pharmaceutical applications.
... Some of these plants have been previously studied, with different solvents, parts and sometimes using different strains and different methodological approachs. [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] Although, there are some reports concerning antimicrobial activities of some of the plants tested (Table 9), the main difficulties in comparing previous studies, lies in the fact that the criteria, method and end-points used for reporting the activity are very diverse. As can be seen in the table in the case of Gossypium barbadense, the minimum concentration used in the study by Ikobi et al. 32 and regarded to represent antibacterial activity, is considered in our study to be too high (10 folds increase compared to the maximum dose we utilized), and regarded as not having activity. ...
... The results of the antibacterial activity obtained showed that the extracts were more active against Gram positive bacteria (S. aureus) but less active against Gram negative bacteria (E. coli), since previous studies showed that polar solvent extracts (ethanol, ethyl acetate, and acetone) posed higher biological activities [39,40]. These could ideally be as a result of some secondary metabolites (like phenols) presence in the extracts which crossed or damaged the bacterial cell membrane, since Gram positive bacteria lacks outer membrane which aids easy penetration of the hydrophobic molecules, unlike Gram negative bacteria which bear cell wall acting as a barrier to stop the hydrophobic molecules to diffused into the cell [41,42]. ...
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Bacterial resistance to the availably used antibiotics cause one of the greatest significant global health problems on both developed and developing countries due to factors such as inadequate sanitation, poor hygiene and overcrowded living conditions [1, 2]. With an escalating number of antibiotics resistance to high levels, the current study focused on scientific ideological search for an alternative to antibiotics by synergistic approach between Mondai whytei (MW) and Physalis peruviana (PP) that may be easily available, and provides efficient and cheap alternatives to antibiotics [3, 4]. The roots of Mondai whytei and the leaves of Physalis peruviana were shade-dried and ground into a fine powder which were then cold macerated with 70% ethanol for 48 h. Phytochemical screening of the ethanolic extract was conducted for the different types of phytochemicals. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) was determined against the two selected pathogens; S. aureus and E. coli with Chloramphenicol and Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) used as the Positive and Negative controls respectively. A synergistic antibacterial interaction between Mondai whytei and Physalis peruviana extracts using Fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICI). The results of the two ethanolic extracts of Mondai whytei and Physalis peruviana revealed that Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phenols were found to be present. Cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, anthraquinnones and steroids were present only in ethanolic extract of Physalis peruviana leaves. But the present of anthraquinones in Physalis peruviana leaf extracts is being reported for the first time. The observed phytochemicals also showed an inhibitory activity on S. aureus and E. coli with MIC of 100 mg/mL and 0.5 mg/mL. However, synergistic extract had the lowest MIC comparable to that of the reference standard at p <0.05. The FICI were between 0.5 and 1.0. Therefore, MW:PP (1:1) gave an interesting better antibacterial activity against the two selected pathogens.
... Conyza species have been investigated for antioxidant activity in previous studies 41,68,74 . Extracts from C. bonariensis showed antioxidant activities in DPPH, ferric and tripyridyltriazine complex models 41,45,59,67,71 . Conyza Canadensis extracts showed antioxidant and antioxidant activities which were attributed to conyzanol 67,73,74,95 . ...
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The genus Conyza (Asteraceae) comprises about 50 species and found in the tropical and warm regions. Extracts from Conyza species have numerous pharmacological applications. The aim of this study was review the chemical composition and biological activity of Conyza species. Extracts from the plants have antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antiplasmodial, analgesic, antiviral, allelopathic and insecticidal activities. The constituents of essential oils from Conyza species include limonene and β
... Conyza bonariensis is mainly an annual herbaceous weed overwinters as a rosette, and windy spreads by producing large numbers of seeds. C. bonariensis has only restricted usages, though it is cultivated as a medicinal plant in some portions of the ecosphere, possibly for the distinguished antimicrobial properties (Thabit et al., 2015). Conyza canadensis was stated to be copper (Cu) moderate metal accumulator (Boojar and Tavakkoli 2011), zinc (Zn) accumulator (Yang et al, 2014) and arsenic (As), Zn, cadmium (Cd) and Cu accumulator (Vukojević et al., 2016). ...
Article
The present study aimed to compare the ability of Conyza bonariensis and Amaranthus viridis to accumulate macronutrients: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium (NPK) and trace elements (TEs) in their underground and aboveground tissues from the soils in the mining areas. The plant parts and their soils were collected from three sites (El-Gedida mining ore site (S1), accommodation of mining workers (S2) and Harra Oasis (S3)) at Bahariya Oasis, as the Libyan part of the Western Desert in Egypt. In C. bonariensis, photosynthetic pigments and flavo-noids showed a significant increase at S1 at which the shoots accumulated high amounts of TE(s) whereas, the same photosynthetic pigment fractions showed a significant increase in S3 at which the shoots accumulated the least amounts of TE(s) for A. viridis. For A. viridis flavonoids showed a significant increase at S1 (higher accumulation of TEs in shoots). C. bonariensis accumulated the higher concentrations of macronutrients in tissues than A. viridis. The translocation factors of both species varied among the TEs as well as among the different studied sites. This indicates that C. bonariensis plants tolerated toxic TE(s) stress present in the mining area which enhances the hypothesis that this plant could be used as a successful tool for phytoremediation of toxic TE(s) in polluted areas.
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Background and objectives: Microbial infections have made significant contributions to the global health burden, particularly in developing countries with lagging economies. Challenges arising from the evolution of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria have led to the search for novel antimicrobial agents, especially those derived from medicinal plants. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate crude extracts and essential oils from C. bonariensis collected from the Mbeya region of Tanzania. Methods: Initial experimental activities involved preparation of crude extracts and essential oil, which were then, tested for antimicrobial activity against selected test organisms (Staphlococcus aureus (ATCC29213), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC6051), Escherichia coli (ATCC8736), Salmonella typhi (ATCC6539), and Candida albicans (DSM1665)) by using the disc diffusion method. On the other hand, the chemical composition profiling of ethyl acetate and essential oils was performed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results: The crude extracts and essential oil of C. bonariensis leaves from Tanzania demonstrated to have antibacterial and antifungal activity. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of leaves ethyl acetate crude extract was 25 mg/mL > MIC > 12.5 mg/mL for tested organisms, with the exception of C. albicans, where the MIC was 50 mg/mL > MIC > 25 mg/mL. Similary, for all tested organisms, the MIC of leaves essential oils was :1 > MIC > l:2, except S. typhi, where the MIC was 2:1 > MIC > 1:1. On the other hand, 2,4-di-tert-butyl phenol in leaves crude extracts had the highest percentage composition of peak area (41%); whereas, in essential of, 2,4-Di-tert-butyl phenol had the highest percentage composition (38.8%). Conclusions: The present findings have demonstrated antimicrobial potential of ethyl acetate crude extract and essential oil of C. bonariensis leaves from Tanzania, and validate the wide use of the plant by local communities, particularly the local community of Mbeya region in Tanzania.
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The present report is a comparative investigation of two Conyza species growing wild in Egypt namely, Conyza dioscoridis (L.) Desf. and Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist. It comprises a genetic and chemical characterization of the plants, as well as an evaluation of their biological activities. The DNA fingerprints of the two species were established based on a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure using ten decamer primers. Further characterization of the plants was performed via determination of pharmacopoeial constants, phytochemical screening and estimation of phenolic content (total phenolics, tannins and flavonoids). The ethanol (70%) extracts of C. dioscoridis (EECD) and C. bonariensis (EECB) were subjected to acute toxicity study to determine their LD50; the anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities were then evaluated. Screening for potential cytotoxicity was carried out both by Brine Shrimp Lethality Test and Sulphorodamine-B assay on three human cell lines viz., breast carcinoma (MCF7), colorectal carcinoma (HCT116) and cervical carcinoma (HELA) cell lines. The DNA profiling revealed a similarity index of 88.89% between the investigated species. The variability observed among the pharmacopoeial constants constitute a valuable differential criterion; the total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash and crude fiber values obtained for C. bonariensis exceeded (17, 5, 10 and 3.5%, respectively) those for C. dioscoridis; meanwhile, the moisture content was higher (10%) in the latter. The phytochemical screening of EECD and EECB revealed the presence of flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids and tannins in both species. Estimation of phenolic contents (total phenolics, tannins and flavonoids expressed as gallic acid, tannic acid and rutin equivalents, respectively) showed that EECD contains higher amounts of all these constituents when compared to EECB (1.17 vs. 0.96 mg/g, total phenolics; 2.43 vs. 1.83 mg/g, tannins and 0.62 vs. 0.29 mg/g, flavonoids). EECD and EECB were found to be safe (LD50 upto 0.5g/kg). Throughout evaluation of the antimicrobial activity against a set of microbial strains and potential cytotoxicity against MCF7, EECD appeared more efficient (MIC: 200-400 μg/ml and IC50: 2.97 μg/ml, respectively); meanwhile, the effect of EECB was more significant on HCT116 and HELA (IC50: 21 and 5.4 μg/ml, respectively). Results of in-vivo assessment of the anti-inflammatory activity showed that the inhibitory effect of EECD was more prominent than that of EECB (74.20% vs. 59.0%). However, the effect of the extracts was inversed in the Brine Shrimp Lethality test (30% vs. 40% lethality, respectively).
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The essential oil of black cumin seeds, Nigella sativa L., was tested for a possible antioxidant activity. A rapid evaluation for antioxidants, using two TLC screening methods, showed that thymoquinone and the components carvacrol, t-anethole and 4-terpineol demonstrated respectable radical scavenging property. These four constituents and the essential oil possessed variable antioxidant activity when tested in the diphenylpicrylhydracyl assay for non-specific hydrogen atom or electron donating activity. They were also effective ·OH radical scavenging agents in the assay for non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation in liposomes and the deoxyribose degradation assay.
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Flavonoids are major class of natural antioxidant compounds, distributed to a great extent in fruits and vegetables. The present study forms a comparative evaluation for testing their free radical scavenging activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) as a free radical. The study confirms the requirement of hydroxyl group substitutions and their location in the flavonoid nucleus as major determinants to predict the hydrogen donating activity of flavonoids so that they can act as chain breaking free radical scavengers.
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This study was aimed to determine the contents of both total phenolics and anthocyanin mainly in the pericarp part of hot chilli pepper, considerably attributing for an enzymatic browning effect. The extraction conditions for total phenolics and anthocyanin in the sample were separately investigated. Total phenolic compounds were extracted with a solvent ratio of methanol: 0.05% (v/v) aqueous HCl (90/10, v/v) prior to determination by Folin-Ciocalteu method. While anthocyanin was extracted with 2% (v/v) HCl in methanol and then cleaned up using C 18 solid-phase extraction prior to analysis by HPLC-PDA. Both of the optimum extraction conditions and their determination procedures were also applied for other kinds of the chilli pepper samples. From the results, the contents of anthocyanin and total phenolics in these samples were ranged of 0.796-4.70 mg CGE kg -1 and 0.782-4.52 g GAE kg -1 fresh weight, respectively. Their contents of the dried ground samples were also determined and found to be in the range of 62.9-70.3 mg CGE kg -1 and 81.8-90.2 g GAE kg -1 dry weight, respectively. It is generally noted that the contents of total phenolics in the hot chilli peppers were relatively higher (about 10 3-folds) than those of anthocyanin.
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The plant Indigofera aspalathoides is popularly known as Sivanar vembu in Tamil belongs to the family fabaceae. The stem is traditionally used for various skin disorders and cancer. In the traditional medicinal system, the leaves, flowers and tender shoot are said to be cooling and demulcent, they are used in the form of decoction for leprosy and cancer affections. Qualitative and quantitative Phytocomponents test were screened in Indigofera aspalathoides. The total content of some important phytochemical constituents like phenols, tannins of Indigofera aspalathoides by studied using spectrophotometric methods. The results showed that the plant is rich in phenols (47.38±1.532) compare than Tannins (34.59±1.788).
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Flavonoids, including isoflavones, are natural components in our diet and, with the burgeoning interest in alternative medicine, are increasingly being ingested by the general population. Plant phenolics, which form moieties on flavonoid rings, such as gallic acid, are also widely consumed. Several beneficial properties have been attributed to these dietary compounds, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticarcinogenic effects. Flavonoid preparations are marketed as herbal medicines or dietary supplements for a variety of alleged nontoxic therapeutic effects. However, they have yet to pass controlled clinical trials for efficacy, and their potential for toxicity is an understudied field of research. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding potential dietary flavonoid/phenolic-induced toxicity concerns, including their pro-oxidant activity, mitochondrial toxicity (potential apoptosis-inducing properties), and interactions with drug-metabolizing enzymes. Their chemopreventive activity in animal in vivo experiments may result from their ability to inhibit phase I and induce phase II carcinogen metabolizing enzymes that initiate carcinogenesis. They also inhibit the promotion stage of carcinogenesis by inhibiting oxygen radical-forming enzymes or enzymes that contribute to DNA synthesis or act as ATP mimics and inhibit protein kinases that contribute to proliferative signal transduction. Finally, they may prevent tumor development by inducing tumor cell apoptosis by inhibiting DNA topoisomerase II and p53 downregulation or by causing mitochondrial toxicity, which initiates mitochondrial apoptosis. While most flavonoids/phenolics are considered safe, flavonoid/phenolic therapy or chemopreventive use needs to be assessed as there have been reports of toxic flavonoid–drug interactions, liver failure, contact dermatitis, hemolytic anemia, and estrogenic-related concerns such as male reproductive health and breast cancer associated with dietary flavonoid/phenolic consumption or exposures.