The Impact of Information Technology on Islamic Behaviour

Abstract

Globally, information and communication technology (ICT) has undoubtedly become the central drive for the evolution of a modern society. The Muslim world, like the rest of the world participates in the evolution. Such changes in lifestyles bring raise a number of ethical issues. Contemporary Muslims have learnt how to use IT to obtain Islamic materials. Such materials include among others the translation of the Qur'an, Tajweed, Hadith, and Tafseer. In most cases, language is not a limitation as often one can find material in his/her preferred language. Such materials are available in word, audio and video forms through digital content or via interactive chat rooms and forums. ICT has connected the world including students with scholars and seldom is one left without a means to answer his/her queries. This article argues that IT not only makes Islamic literature globally accessible, but also assumes an essential role in spreading Islam all over the world and clearing up the misapprehensions of non-Muslims about Islam.

Full text

Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST)
ISSN: 3159-0040
Vol. 1 Issue 5, December - 2014
The Impact of Information Technology on
Islamic Behaviour
Seyed Ebrahim Hosseini
Faculty of ICT, International Islamic University –
Malaysia
Selangor, Malaysia
(seyedebrahim.hosseini86@gmail.com)
Abdollatif Ahmadi Ramchahi*
Post-Doctoral Researcher, Center of Quranic
Research, University of Malaya
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
(magapu2005@yahoo.com)
Raja Jamilah Raja Yusuf
Center of Quranic Research, University of Malaya
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
(rjry@um.edu.my)
Abstract—Globally, information and
communication technology (ICT) has undoubtedly
become the central drive for the evolution of a
modern society. The Muslim world, like the rest of
the world participates in the evolution. Such
changes in lifestyles bring raise a number of
ethical issues. Contemporary Muslims have learnt
how to use IT to obtain Islamic materials. Such
materials include among others the translation of
the Qur’an, Tajweed, Hadith, and Tafseer. In most
cases, language is not a limitation as often one
can find material in his/her preferred language.
Such materials are available in word, audio and
video forms through digital content or via
interactive chat rooms and forums. ICT has
connected the world including students with
scholars and seldom is one left without a means
to answer his/her queries. This article argues that
IT not only makes Islamic literature globally
accessible, but also assumes an essential role in
spreading Islam all over the world and clearing up
the misapprehensions of non-Muslims about
Islam.
Keywords—Information technology; impact,
Islamic behaviour; internet; software; literature
review
I. INTRODUCTION
In the past, the spread of religious knowledge
throughout the Muslims world was limited by a lack of
communication tools. Islamic literature was
communicated through the medium of books. The
translation of the Qur’an, Tajweed, Hadith, Tafseer,
and Fiqh among others were available only in written
texts. However, ICT has created an environment
whereby Islamic resources can be converted into
digital forms are easily distributed globally.
In numerous developed countries, Islamic
resources remain highly limited. Many in the
developed world are illiterate or do not have the
opportunity to read books. Despite the end goal being
to educate such persons, it is surprising that Islamic
literature in audio form remains limited.
Likewise, TV assumed an important role in the
spread of Islamic knowledge. Islamic programmes like
Qur’an recitation, its translation, and learning Arabic
are becoming increasingly broadcasted on TV.
In the early 1990s, the web was commercialised
and was chiefly utilised for email and file sharing
purposes. As time went by, the majority of developed
countries like the USA, UK, Canada and others began
to provide online data for research, education and
science purposes. They organised online libraries
containing electronic books for practically every field
of interest, which is accessible from any part of the
Muslim World. In the early 21st century, the Internet
has grown into the most popular medium of
communication for any purpose throughout the
Muslim World.
Although initially the Internet became popular for
messaging and chatting, it steadily became a more
popular medium for training and education. People
now have easy access to virtually any information
they desired in the shortest of times. A couple of years
prior, the Muslim world decided to utilise the World
Wide Web (WWW) and Internet as the main medium
through which to communicate Islamic literature
globally.
Islamic books, literature, Islamic lectures, Islamic
speeches by famous researchers, translation and
interpretation of the Qur’an were converted into digital
forms. Presently, several sites now offer Islamic
material free of charge.
1.1 Qur’an and Internet
Al-Qur’an is the book of guidance. Allah s.w.t says
in Surah Al-Baqarah verses 1-2: “Alif Lam Mim. This is
the Book, it is definitely for guidance, without
uncertainty, to those Who fear Allah. [1].”The book of
Allah “Qur’an” is now available in many formats
through the Internet. Notably, the number of Internet
users in the world is increasing. Untill March 2011,
more than two billion people used the Internet [2].
Approximately 44% of worldwide Internet users were
Asian countries with 60% of the Muslim population.
India and Indonesia, which have around 204 million
and 177 million Muslims respectively, contributed to
140 million Internet users. In addition, China and
Malaysia contain a significant Muslim population and
were among the top ten Internet users in Asia.
Different Islamic websites including religious
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Vol. 1 Issue 5, December - 2014
knowledge, online Qur’an, online Hadith, discussion
forums are produced by many Muslim Internet users.
It is possible to read Qur’an online without buying a
copy of the Qur’an. Various translations and
interpretations (Tafseer) of Qur’an are available in
different languages. Many Muslim groups have
worked on it and made the text searchable. Hence
finding a specific chapter, topic or translation would be
very easy by using searchable engines. Moreover,
online Qur’an recitation is also available on the web.
For people who face challenges in understanding
Arabic, the translation and interpretation of the Qur’an
is also available in audio format in different languages.
1.2 Concept of Computers in the Qur’an
Computers [1] are the pivot for Information and
communication technologies and the key player in
today’s globally interconnected human society. It is
considered a tool for writing, storing, disseminating
and sharing knowledge much similar to the concept of
AL-QALAM in Qur’an as Allah(swt) mentioned:
“Proclaim (or read) in the name of thy lord and
Cherisher, who created, created man out of mere clot
of congealed blood. Proclaim! And thy lord is most
bountiful-He who taught (the use of) the pen. Taught
man that which he knew not.”[QUR’AN 96:1-5]
The first verse revealed to our beloved Prophet
(saw) asks him to read. It puts the focus on the
importance of reading or acquiring knowledge in
Islam. The phrase ‘the pen’ is not restricted to its
literal meaning but entails a wide scope. For instance
‘the pen’ is a means to write, store, distribute, share
knowledge or even mere passing of information.
Consequently, the computer could be regarded as
technology with many similarities to the notion of ‘the
pen’ as stated by the Allah (swt) in the first revealed
chapter.
Another important factor that should be stated is
the significance of knowledge (an important aspect in
the journey of human beings).
“Allah will exalt those of you who believe, and
those who are given knowledge, in high degrees; and
Allah is Aware of what you do”. [QUR’AN 58:11]
In the Qur’an, Allah(swt) acquaints man with the
concept of “information”. The Almighty says:
And He taught Adam the names of all things; and
placed them before the angels, and said: "Tell me the
nature of these if you are right."[QUR’AN 2:31]
The above verse of the Qur’an shows that the
concept of information system has been demonstrated
since the creation of man. Allah renders the quest for
information part of human nature which distinguished
man from angel. Therefore, man is able to love and
understand love, and thus plan and initiate, as
becomes the office of vicegerent.
No wonder today it is the computer and its related
technologies that have become an important and a
popular means for sharing information and knowledge
especially in an environment where user have access
to thousands and thousands of gigabytes of
databases.
1.3 New Tajweed rules for E-learning of Qur’an
recitation
Tajweed consists of effective rules to help Muslims
correct their pronunciation of the Holy Qur’an. Due to
the pronunciation rules that have to be followed during
the recitation, reading of the Holy Qur’an is somehow
different compared to the reading of a normal Arabic
text. Reciting the Holy Qur’an in the proper way is
valued for all Muslims and is necessary in Islamic
worship such as prayers. As such, the proper method
for reciting the Qur’an was conveyed, since its
revelation to the prophet (PBUH), orally from teachers
to learners through all ages.
Until the twentieth century, this method has been
considered the only way of learning the Qur’an.
However, technology has developed recording
systems and electronic devices that could keep both
text and sound of the Qur’an with tajweed rules.
Afterwards, listening to Qur’anic recitations recorded
from genuine reciters became possible.
Since then, many computer-programs came to
help beginner learners by listening while
understanding corresponding text on the screen. Even
so, such attempts remain restricted and have been
focused on the direct application of the IT methods,
such as storing, listening, exploring etc. without
employing more detailed methods in the field. [3]
1.4 Hadith and Internet
Hadith collections i.e. Sahih-Bukhari, Sahih-
Muslim, Sunan Abu-Dawud, Malik’s al-Muwatta and
their translations are accessible in several languages
in the web. These Hadith collections are ordered
according to topic such as ablution, revelation,
witnesses etc. and are accessible in various
searchable formats.
1.5 Islamic Software
Information Technology makes carrying Qur’an
and Hadith with us possible. Islamic software is
available in audio and text formats for mobile phones,
iPods and laptops. Islamic software is also accessible
via the web for free and the installation on phones
takes only seconds. Muslims living in non-Muslim
countries who find it difficult to have access to hard
copies of the Qur’an or other Islamic literature, can
use information technology.
Adhan (Calling for Prayer) software (Fig. 1) is very
beneficial and can also be downloaded on mobiles
and laptops especially in non-Muslim countries where
publically calling Adhan on speakers is not allowed.
For those whose mother tongue is not Arabic, Arabic
learning software is also available and accessible on
the web.
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Apart from games, flash videos are also provided
for children to learn how to make Wudu (ablution). In
addition, Islamic software such as Islamic Finder is
provided for learning how to account Zakat (Fig. 2)
and how to perform Salah (prayer), Hajj and finding
the direction of the Qibla (Fig. 1).
A rapid development has been seen in ICT that
significantly affected human relationships, especially
in progressing new means of communication that
provide a system for its users to communicate with
each other regardless of time, place and distance. In
addition, this development focuses on the way
Muslims practice Islam, such as the Aqd (contract) of
marriage, which is now being carried out via the web
through video conferencing.
1.6 ICT, Online Islamic Classes and Lectures
The development of ICT has dramatically reformed
teaching and learning procedures in higher education
[4]. The use of ICT provides strong learning settings
and can alter the learning and teaching process so
that students are able to consider knowledge in an
operative, self-directed and useful way [5].
Attending Islamic classes becomes easy through
IT even while one is at home. Virtual classes make it
possible to take part in classes globally. Currently,
Muslims who cannot afford to travel, especially
women who have restricted movements, can learn
and train at home. They can take part in online
classes and lectures carried out by top scholars all
over the world.
1.7 Internet Communication
Internet was initiated as a medium of
communication between government scientists and
experts in the defence force with no intentions to use
it as a public medium for mass communication [6].
The way people communicate with each other has
changed with ICT. ICT, which began with a telephone
voice contact has now created a direct two-way
relationship, a combination of sound and pictures
known as "video conferencing” [7]. Instead of having
various devices for various uses in terms of
communication, internet can be accessed for
communication purpose through various devices such
as a laptops, smartphones and/or tablets. Online
services such as Skype, instant messaging services,
e-mails and others can be used for communication.
Synchronous communication (quick) and
asynchronous (not in real time) communication
happens over internet. Twitter is an example for the
former and YouTube is an example for the latter.
When two or more individuals communicate in real
time via texting or chatting, it’s a synchronous form of
communication [8].
Over time, internet has become [6] a platform for
the public to communicate online with sophisticated
devices. With the evolution of Social Networking Sites
(SNSs) [9], internet has attracted many more users.
Social media provides a platform for users to share
and communicate their views regarding religion and
beliefs as well as many other matters[10]. Thus
Muslim communities can use the internet as a
medium for shaping their relationship between their
social, political affiliations and religious identity [10].
People from all over the world are able to discuss
issues related to Islam through available online
discussion forums. Muslims and non-Muslims can
take part in the online discussions. Everybody in the
forum can raise questions. Paltalk and Yahoo
Messenger are examples of free accessible software
for online discussions that can be downloaded and
used to participate while writing or speaking. Many
Islamic talks and discussion rooms are run by different
scholars are accessible in Paltalk 24 hours a day.
Moreover, ICT has witnessed a rapid growth and
made has influenced human relationships, especially
in progressing new means of communication. This
new technology offers a system for its users to
communicate with each other disregarding time, place
and distance.
1.8 Internet Relationship
In today’s business world, internet plays a vital role
in fast and accurate communication. Businesses use
internet communication for efficiency and to save
time. In the US [11] internet based business
communication is usually referred to as the ‘E-
Highway’ for business transactions. People establish
business relationships which are temporary or
permanent through the internet. Organisational
involvement has also enhanced via internet usage in
business communications. Online communication not
only enhances the relationship over the internet, it
also affirms positive feelings in individuals and in their
offline associations. Most successful businesses have
incorporated internet communication in their business
routines (12).
Internet relationships can be developed among
people who came to know each online. Online
relationships and pen pal relationships have many
similarities. Online relationships or internet
relationships are usually sustained for a particular
time period before transforming into a proper
relationship, similar to in-person relationships. Virtual
relationships can take many forms such as those
based on texts, audio, video, or a combination of
these forms. This can be between people who are far
away, in different countries or even between people
who stay close but have no or minimal relations or
communication in person.
As for the disadvantages of online relationships, in
the initial stages of an online relationship, there are
high chances of being misrepresented. Also initially as
the commitment is low, agenda for self-presentation
and enhancements are paramount [13].
Ashleymadison is a website for couples for dating.
Upon receiving many complaints regarding the site
pointing out that the site is responsible for increasing
divorce rates and fast growing casual dating, Noel
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Biderman, the founder of the site responded that the
site was founded when it was realised that most of the
people using other casual dating sites are in reality
already married and have families, whereby they
pretend to be single for initiating an affair [14].
Cornwell and Lundgren in 2001 [15] conducted an
empirical study for understanding the
misrepresentation and commitment involved in online
relationships. They surveyed 80 chat room users.
Their study focused half on real time and half on cyber
relationships. The findings showed that real time
relationships were more serious and had serious
commitments. Satisfaction and potential for a romantic
relationship to be initiated online, particularly for the
emotional part was almost the same in both real time
and cyber settings. They also asked the chat users on
their misrepresentation in both scenarios including
aspects such as their age, interests, background etc.
In most cases, when the internet was introduced
as a social instigator, it lead to repercussion resulting
in weakening of social websites. Use of internet
extensively reduced social involvement of individuals
and this is linked to loneliness and depression of
individuals [16]. Kraut extended his study by
expanding his sample thereby producing a different
result.
Danger is always present in online interactions.
Hiding one’s real identity might not be harmful in many
cases, but does assert a negative impact in certain
cases. Cyber stalking and cyber bullying normally
involves such acts of hidden identities. Predators thus
get their prey by manipulating real information and
faking identities. Without knowing such dangers and
even when knowing, children normally fall victim to
such pranks as per a study conducted by Mishna [17].
Often the perpetrators are little concerned with the
negative impacts of such relationships. A finding by
Lenton and Brym showed that when real identities are
concealed, individuals prefer to meet in person [18].
Keeping in mind such dangers, internet users these
days force others and themselves to be genuine in
providing needed information for building an online
relationship to minimise harm in the course of their
relationship. Others can check and ensure the
genuineness of the information and identity if real
names and identity are exposed in the beginning.
Danger always exists in the internet world. A
person can disguise himself/herself in many different
was and can showcase a totally opposite or incorrect
personality online convincing the other party. This can
hurt the recipient party, especially those who might be
serious and value the relationship. Such online
relationships should be approached with caution.
1.9 Internet and Morality:
Internet provides human beings access to a large
amount of data. Since the internet is not controlled by
anyone, the type of data cannot be controlled.
Therefore, all types of positive and negative
information and objects are available on the web.
Academic sources can be considered as positive
aspect of the internet, whereas pornography,
gambling and misappropriation are its negative
aspects. Users need to make a choice to utilise the
internet responsibly, wisely and intelligently.
The best filtering tool is having faith (Iman) and
virtue (Taqwa). Internet gives people the permission
to act freely in almost everything. However, they are
responsible for how they manage their freedom.
Freedom and choice are related to responsibility, and
everyone is responsible for his freedom and choice.
Freedom and the right to choose between good
and evil is an ongoing test. Allah Almighty says:“The
human soul-the way He moulded it and inspired it with
knowledge of its evil and its good - bears witness to
the fact that indeed he, who cleanses it [of all impiety]
shall be successful while he, who corrupts it shall face
doom.” [al-Shams: 7-10]
1.10 Privacy, Internet and Computer Users from
an Islamic Perspective
Islam pays a lot of respect for the privacy of all
individuals including children.
Allah s.w.t says [24:27] “O ye who believe! Enter
not houses other than your own, until you have asked
permission and saluted those in them”
He says in another verse: “O ye who believe! Avoid
suspicion as much (as possible): for suspicion in
some cases is a sin: And spy not on each other
behind their backs. Would any of you like to eat the
flesh of his dead brother? Nay, ye would abhor it.But
fear Allah. For Allah is Oft-Returning, Most Merciful. ”.
[49:12].
These two verses in the Qur’an explain that Islam
emphasises on the significance of privacy. Since
invasion of privacy exerts a major negative impact on
the society, Islam teaches us to respect the rights of
others [19].
By developing computing technology, particularly
the internet generation, the collection of large
amounts of data on each individual becomes possible.
This situation has influenced both the general public’s
view of privacy and the issues of shielding personal
information. Privacy has become a major issue
between people and the government because the
government has full details of a citizen’s birth,
marriage, health, ownership of houses or properties
and criminal record, if any. Hospitals keep their
patients’ important data and record, some
pharmaceutical companies may misuse these records
for their business purposes [20]. This invasion of
privacy through technology involves all the means to
hear the communication of others and read the
message of others and worst of all they can alter the
messages. Listening to human conversations without
permission by the use of any electronic device is
unlawful. Any communication between two individuals
via the internet, wireless or any form of
communication can be tapped and changed by a third
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party. This issue is addressed by Allah s.w.t in Surah
An-Nur verse 27
1.11 ICT towards Shari’ah Compliant E-
Commerce Transactions
The use of information and communication
technology for online commercial transactions may
present some Shari’ah issues. In general, e-
commerce deals with any form of business transaction
executed utilising ICT [21]. Turban et al. [22] explains
e-commerce as the procedure of buying, selling,
transferring or exchanging products, services and/or
information via computer networks, including the
internet. E-commerce is a very important concept in
Islam. However, certain Shari’ah concepts and
necessities must be achieved to certify its
acceptability and validity.
All e-commerce transactions must achieve
necessary requirements regarding form (i.e. offer and
acceptance), contracting parties (i.e. buyer and seller)
and the subject matter (i.e. object and price) in order
to certify their validity in view of Islamic law of contract
[23]. These requirements include connectedness,
intelligibility and conformity of the offer and
acceptance, mutual agreement of the contracting
parties, capability of both parties to engage into
transactions, legal ownership of the benefit being
exchanged, permissibility of the benefit, deliverability
of the asset, and the absence of anonymity.
Moreover, every e-commerce transaction must be
free of the component of usury (riba), uncertainty
(gharar) and gambling (maisir) and must confirm the
profit and justice of the contracting parties. Therefore,
buyers and sellers need to “screen” the complete
procedures of online transactions to confirm their
agreement with Islamic law of contract.
1.12 Islamic Websites and Muslim Users
The number of internet users in the world is
growing notably. Different websites give Muslim
scholars and organisations the opportunity to spread
Islam globally through the web. The presence of many
websites offering Islamic subjects online makes it
crucial to inspect their Islamic attributes and the
elements that attract Muslims to use Islamic websites.
The website whose main objective is to portray the
commandments of Allah (SWT) in accordance with
the teachings of Prophet Muhammad (SAW) is called
an Islamic website [24]. The website which offers
significant and pertinent attributes attracts more users
to learn/search information about Islam.
Islamic online services have lately become a
significant element of many Islamic websites. These
online services are evaluated by the facilities of free-
software/applications, chats/blogs/forums, educational
training, community development programs, online
marriage opportunity, online donation,
relief/assistance activities, and direct consultation with
online scholars [25].
1.13 Web Applications for Muslim Travellers
Today, the advancement of tourism, transportation
and low cost travel facilitates ease of global travel.
When Muslims are travelling, Islamic rules and
guidelines must be employed accurately. In 2010, the
global Muslim population was approximately 1.6 billion
accounting for 23.4% of the total population and is
estimated to grow up to 26.4% by 2030 [26].
In addition, the number of Muslim travellers for
work or vacation, both domestic and outbound, is
growing enormously [27]. Islam as a complete code of
life offers guidance that should be respected by
Muslims in all aspects of life. There is currently no
specific website devoted to Muslim travellers. Such a
web application can offer Muslim travellers essential
information such as the nearest mosque, available
Halal restaurants in the area, prayer times, related
local Muslim news, and advice for acceptable
accommodation.
Additionally, the usage of social network [28] has
been incorporated and highlighted in the application.
Online visitors using their Facebook account can
submit their feedback and recommendation, as [29]
focused on the pertinent information to certify that this
online application will keep up to dated.
2.0. CONCLUSION
The current paper focused on the impact of IT in
extending Islamic knowledge by means of online
Islamic literature, Qur’an, its recitation, translation,
Tafseer and the traditions of the Prophet (PBUH). It
also discusses available online Islamic websites such
as www.islamonline.com and software, which can be
downloaded from the web free of charge.
Information Technology gives Muslims the
opportunity to gain Islamic education from their homes
through virtual classes. Islamic games and videos are
accessible for children to learn Islam. These
interactive softwares motivate Muslim children to learn
Islam.
Today, every Muslim and non-Muslim can listen
not only to Islamic talks by famous researchers of the
Muslim world but can take part in online discussions
on various Islamic topics. They have the opportunity
to ask questions and convey their perceptions.
The significance of IT in Islam is duly
acknowledged in the Muslim world. From the
perspective of the researchers, the Muslim world
should generate a concentrated online accessible
Islamic library to translate Islamic literature into every
language for the global society.
Acknowledgements
We would like to express the deepest appreciation
to University of Malaya for its fund allocation to
support this research. This research was supported by
the university under University Malaya Research
Grant (RP004-3HNE) and High Impact Research
Grant (J-11001-73869). The Article also funded by
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Supreme Council for Sunni Islamic Institutes in South
of Iran.
Fig 1: Islamic Finder for Adhan and Qibla Direction
Fig 2: zakat application
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