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A Monograph of the Fungus Genus Cercospora
... It is one of the most species-rich genera of the hyphomycetes and contains numerous important plant pathogenic fungi throughout the world . In 1954, the genus was monographed by Chupp (1954), who treated 1419 Cercospora-species using a broad generic concept. Later, several attempts have been made to split Cercospora s. lat. ...
... A significant problem in the taxonomy of Cercospora is the host specificity of its species. Most Cercospora species are considered to be distinct based on the host and thus assumed to be specific to a host species or to a host genus (Chupp 1954;Braun 1995a). Some species, such as C. apii and C. beticola, however, were isolated from a high number of host species belonging to several families (Groenewald M et al. 2006). ...
... Speg., a foliar pathogen of grapevine. The majority of Pseudocercospora species are known as pathogens occurring on many different plants, mainly in tropical and sub-tropical regions (Chupp 1954;Crous and Braun 2003;. In contrast to Cercospora spp., they are characterised by pigmented conidiophores and conidia, without thickened and darkened conidiogenous loci and conidial hila (Deighton 1976). ...
Cercosporoid fungi (Mycosphaerellaceae, Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota) are one of the largest and most diverse groups of hyphomycetes causing a wide range of diseases of economically important plants as well as of plants in the wild. Although more than 6000 species are known for this group, the documentation of this fungal group is far from complete. Especially in the tropics, the diversity of cercosporoid fungi is poorly known. The present study aims to identify and characterise cercosporoid fungi collected on host plants belonging to Fabaceae in Benin, West Africa. Information on their morphology, host species and DNA sequence data (18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, ITS and tef1 ) is provided. DNA sequence data were obtained by a simple and non-culture-based method for DNA isolation which has been applied for cercosporoid fungi for the first time in the context of the present study. Among the loci used for the phylogenetic analysis, tef1 provided the best resolution together with the multigene dataset. Species delimitation in many cases, however, was only possible by combining molecular sequence data with morphological characteristics. Based on forty specimens recently collected in Benin, 18 species are presented with morphological descriptions, illustrations and sequence data. Among these, six species in the genus Cercospora and two species in Pseudocercospora are proposed as species new to science. The newly described species are Cercospora (C.) beninensis on Crotalaria macrocalyx , C. parakouensis on Desmodium tortuosum , C. rhynchophora on Vigna unguiculata , C. vignae - subterraneae on Vigna subterranea , C. tentaculifera on Vigna unguiculata , C. zorniicola on Zornia glochidiata , Pseudocercospora sennicola on Senna occidentalis and Pseudocercospora tabei on Vigna unguiculata . Eight species of cercosporoid fungi are reported for Benin for the first time, three of them, namely C. cf. canscorina, C. cf. fagopyri and C. phaseoli-lunati are new for West Africa. The presence of two species of cercosporoid fungi on Fabaceae previously reported from Benin, namely Nothopassalora personata and Passalora arachidicola , is confirmed.
... Cercosporoid fungi (formerly Cercospora s. lat., sensu Chupp, 1954) belong to the Mycosphaerellaceae (Capnodiales, Ascomycota) and are represented by genera and species similar to the genus Cercospora. The affiliation of genera within this group of fungi has been problematic for a long time. ...
... It was first thought that the species within cercosporoids are host specific at the level of the plant genus or family, a concept that led to describing a large number of different species. It is now recognized, for example for C. apii Fresen., that some of the species present on diverse hosts are indistinguishable and are the same species [15,16]. ...
... The first comprehensive monographic study was published 65 years ago by Chupp [15]. The monograph described 1419 species, published under Cercospora and Cercosporina. ...
Phytopathogenic cercosporoid fungi have been investigated comprehensively due to their important role in causing plant diseases. A significant amount of research has been focused on the biology, morphology, systematics, and taxonomy of this group, with less of a focus on molecular or biochemical issues. Early and extensive research on these fungi focused on taxonomy and their classification based on in vivo features. Lately, investigations have mainly addressed a combination of characteristics such as morphological traits, host specificity, and molecular analyses initiated at the end of the 20th century. Some species that are important from an economic point of view have been more intensively investigated by means of genetic and biochemical methods to better understand the pathogenesis processes. Cercosporin, a photoactivated toxin playing an important role in Cercospora diseases, has been extensively studied. Understanding cercosporin toxicity in relation to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production facilitated the discovery and regulation of the cercosporin biosynthesis pathway, including the gene cluster encoding pathway enzymes. Furthermore, these fungi may be a source of other biotechnologically important compounds, e.g., industrially relevant enzymes. This paper reviews methods and important results of investigations of this group of fungi addressed at different levels over the years.
... Spots on leaves and fruits lead to reduced yield and quality of the fruit. The cercospora leaf and fruit spot of pomegranate was first recorded in Japan by Hennings in 1906(Chupp, 1953. Subsequently, it was reported from Texas in 1909, and the causal agent was identified as Cercospora lythracearum (Westcott, 1971). ...
... Hennings (1906) observed the leaf spot disease caused by Cercospora punicae on pomegranate as circular to irregular, amphigenous, grey centre with blackish brown margin. Chupp (1953) described leaf spots are circular to somewhat angular, dark reddish brown to almost black with a diffused yellow halo and size varies from 0.5 to 5 mm in diameter. Hong et al. (2014) observed the Leaf lesions were angular to irregular, initially greyish white to tan, later brown to dark brown and mostly surrounded with yellow haloes. ...
Pomegranate is a commercially growing fruit crop affected by several diseases of which leaf spot is an important disease hindering productivity. The objective of this study was Isolation, identification, cultural and Physiological characteristics of the C. punicae.C. punicae was isolated from typical lesions on leaf by standard tissue culture technique and single spore isolation technique after that, identified as Cercospora punicae by comparing with original descriptions. Pathogenicity was established by proving Koch's postulates. Cultural studies revealed that among different culture media, highest radial growth (90.00mm)was observed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) followed by oat meal agar (OMA, 89.66 mm),while profuse sporulation was observed on oat meal agar and also found sexual perithecium fruiting bodies of Mycospherella punicae along with ascospores on corn meal agar. The conidia are colourless, straight, needle shape with multiseptate, obclavate. Physiological studies revealed that 25°C was best temperature with pH 6.0 was best for the growth and sporulation of C. punicae. At temperature of 30°C with highest radial growth (79.33 mm) and dry mycelial weight (283.23 mg) was recorded and good sporulation at 25°C was noticed. Optimum pH for the growth of pathogen is 6.5 to 7.0.
... Cercospora solani-nigri is also a Pseudocercospora and heterotypic synonym of P. atromarginalis (type material examined by U. Braun: on Solanum nigrum, India, Poona, 18 Dec. 1957, P.P. Chiddarwar, BPI 441404). The description of C. solani in Chupp (1954) is misleading. It is unclear on which collections Chupp's (1954) description was based. ...
... The description of C. solani in Chupp (1954) is misleading. It is unclear on which collections Chupp's (1954) description was based. The name C. solani has often been confusingly applied. ...
The Iranian Mycological Society, has decided to compile and publish series of monographs describing the fungi of Iran associated with the voucher information along with the dimensions of species diversity. In this volume, 128 ascomycetous species are described mainly from plant materials (leaves, stems, branches,
roots, fruits, and seeds) as saprophytes or plant pathogens, and occasionally from soil. All of the fungi in this text, are described alphabetically in order of Amphisphaeriales, Botryosphaeriales, Capnodiales, Chaetothyriales, Cladosporiales, Coniochaetales, Diaporthales, Eurotiales, Hypocreales, Kirschsteiniotheliales, Magnaporthales,
Orbiliales, Patellariales, Pleosporales, Sordariales, and Xylariales. Each fungus is described with colony characteristics, microscopic features and other useful sequence data available at GenBank
... The most relevant differential morphological traits are the presence or absence of external mycelium, conidiophore morphology and conidial shape and size, but they are not always reliable as too much intraspecific variation exists (Crous & Braun 2003). Chupp (1954) provided the first monograph of the genus and stated that species of Cercospora are commonly host-specific and each plant host genus or family would have its own Cercospora species. At the moment, the connection between a Cercospora isolate and the host plant from which it was isolated, is still a major factor in the taxonomic description of most Cercospora species. ...
... References: Ellis 1971, Chupp 1954, Crous & Braun 2003 Groenewald et al. 2013, Bakhshi et al. 2015a, Guatimosim et al. 2016, Nguanhom et al. 2016 Leaf spots amphigenous, circular, 3-6 mm, grey with definite border and yellow halo. Mycelium internal. ...
This paper is the fourth contribution in the Genera of Phytopathogenic Fungi (GOPHY) series. The series provides morphological descriptions and information about the pathology, distribution, hosts and disease symptoms, as well as DNA barcodes for the taxa covered. Moreover, 12 whole-genome sequences for the type or new species in the treated genera are provided. The fourth paper in the GOPHY series covers 19 genera of phytopathogenic fungi and their relatives, including Ascochyta , Cadophora , Celoporthe , Cercospora , Coleophoma , Cytospora , Dendrostoma , Didymella , Endothia , Heterophaeomoniella , Leptosphaerulina , Melampsora , Nigrospora , Pezicula , Phaeomoniella , Pseudocercospora , Pteridopassalora , Zymoseptoria , and one genus of oomycetes, Phytophthora . This study includes two new genera, 30 new species, five new combinations, and 43 typifications of older names.
... Pseudocercospora is a large genus comprising 1709 epithets listed in Index Fungorum (2021) and 1529 epithets in Species Fungorum (2021). The majority of Pseudocercospora species were assumed to be strictly host-specific (Chupp 1954), but Deighton (1979) stated that few species also occur on different hosts within a single plant family. concluded that only a few species were found on more than one host within the same plant family based on multi-gene analyses of 146 Pseudocercospora species derived from 115 host genera. ...
... Fresenius (Fuckel 1863) described Cercospora as passalora-like species with plurisepta. The concept of Cercospora was later widely considered and applied to a broad generic concept in Chupp (1954). Several genera were introduced to segregate smaller units from Cercospora sensu lato, such as Berteromyces, Cercodeuterospora, Cercosporidium, Fulvia, Mycovellosiella, Oreophylla, Phaeoramularia, Ragnhildiana and Tandonella. ...
Fungi play vital roles in ecosystems as endophytes, pathogens and saprobes. The current estimate of fungal diversity is highly
uncertain, ranging from 1.5 to 12 million, but only around 150,000 species have been named and classified to date. Since
the introduction of DNA based methods for species identification, the number of newly described taxa has increased from
approximately 1000 to around 2000 yearly. This demonstrates the importance of DNA based methods to identify and distinguish species, especially cryptic species. Many novel species from recent studies have been found in historically understudied
regions and habitats, but these still represent only a small percentage of the estimated species. In this paper, we examine 16
genera from the top 40 most speciose genera as listed in Species Fungorum as case studies to examine the diversity of taxa in
each genus. The genera treated herein are Cercospora, Diaporthe, Meliola, Passalora, Phyllachora, Phyllosticta, Pseudocercospora, Ramularia (ascomycetes) and Cortinarius, Entoloma, Inocybe, Marasmius, Psathyrella, Puccinia, Russula, Uromyces
(basidiomycetes). We critically evaluate the number of species in these genera and correlate these numbers with the number
of entries in GenBank. We introduce 18 new species Apiospora multiloculata, Candolleomyces thailandensis, Cortinarius
acutoproximus, Cortinarius melleoalbus, Cortinarius pacificus, Cortinarius parvoacetosus, Diaporthe guizhouensis, Entoloma
pseudosubcorvinum, Inocybe meirensongia, Marasmius albulus, Marasmius obscuroaurantiacus, Meliola camporesii, Phyllachora siamensis, Phyllosticta doitungensis, Picipes yuxiensis, Pseudocercospora vignae, Puccinia maureanui and Russula
inornata. We also introduce a new record of Candolleomyces cladii-marisci and Inocybe iringolkavensis. We discuss the
genera Colletotrichum and Pleurotus that are speciose, but do not occur in the top 40. We hypothesize whether there might be
more species in these genera and discuss why these genera have some of the largest number of species.
... Species of Cercospora are distributed world-wide and are responsible for causing leaf spots on both dicotyledons and monocotyledons, and on some Acrogymnospermae and ferns (Meghvansi et al. 2013;Bakhshi et al. 2015;Park et al. 2017). Species of Cercospora were conventionally identified based on the ecological species criterion namely after the host from which they were isolated (Chupp 1954;Ellis 1971;To-anun et al. 2011). Chupp (1954) accepted 1419 Cercospora species and suggested a general concept based on the size and characters of the conidia (length, breadth, base and tip; if conidia were pigmented, single or produced in chains) and conidiophores (size, ornamentation, fasciculation; whether hila were thickened or not). ...
... Species of Cercospora were conventionally identified based on the ecological species criterion namely after the host from which they were isolated (Chupp 1954;Ellis 1971;To-anun et al. 2011). Chupp (1954) accepted 1419 Cercospora species and suggested a general concept based on the size and characters of the conidia (length, breadth, base and tip; if conidia were pigmented, single or produced in chains) and conidiophores (size, ornamentation, fasciculation; whether hila were thickened or not). Pollack (1987) published more than 3 000 Cercospora taxa based on a combination of characters namely conidiomatal Locquin (1984) Recognized higher categories based on derived features (e.g., deliquescing asci characterizing the Mazaediomycetes). ...
The species is one of the basic units of biological classification. Both species concepts and recognition are essential topics in taxonomic studies and other biological research. In the first part of this review, we briefly discuss the taxonomic history of the class Dothideomycetes. In the second part of the paper, we review four commonly used species concepts, focusing on morphological, ecological, biological and phylogenetic criteria and their applicability in the taxonomy of Dothideomycetes. The application and utility of the four criteria is discussed with examples in the genera Ascochyta, Cercospora and Neofusicoccum. Some problems and challenges of studying Dothideomycetes are analyzed and basic guidelines for classifying species under the above criteria are provided.
... In Mexico, South Africa, and in the United States, Ragnhildiana diffusa (synonym: Sirosporium diffusum) has been reported causing brown leaf spots in pecan (Chupp 1953, Crous & Braun 2003. In Brazil, this disease was firstly observed in pecan in 2016 (Poletto et al. 2017), causing leaf spots and subsequent defoliation.Due to the lack of information, brown leaf spots in southern Brazilian pecan orchards were initially attributed to cercosporiosis, due to the similarity in symptoms on the host and morphology of the fungus. ...
... In this study, we characterized the symptoms of the brown leaf spot in southern Brazilian pecan orchards, as well as the morphology and pathogenicity of fungal isolates collected from symptomatic plants. The symptoms observed for brown leaf spots in this study agree with those described for pecan trees growing under the climatic conditions of the U.S.A. (Chupp 1953, Ellis 1976, Stein et al. 2012). In the U.S.A. brown leaf spots is more prevalent in areas where rainfall is abundant and humidity is high, or in orchards with nutritional deficiencies (Kluepfel et al. 2014). ...
Poletto I., Stefenon V.M, 2021.Characterization of the brown leaf spots pathosystem in Brazilian pecan orchards: pathogen morphology and molecular identification. Ann. For. Res. 64(1): 75-86. Abstract Due to the increase in pecan nuts demand, plantation areas are expanding around the world and more frequent epidemics caused by fungal pathogens may occur in orchards and nurseries. Ragnhildiana diffusa is a pathogenic fungus reported to cause brown leaf spots on pecans in numerous countries. The scarcity of comprehensive information in symptoms on the host and morphology of the fungus lead this disease to be initially incorrectly identified in Brazil. In this study, we employed different approaches to characterize the pathogen morphology and pathogenicity and to molecularly identify the organism causing brown leaf spots in southern Brazil. A phylogenetic analysis based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the large subunit (LSU) gene sequences confirmed R. diffusa as the causal pathogen of the disease. Inoculation tests on healthy leaflets confirmed pathogenicity isolates, although some variation in their virulence was observed. Variation in the morphology of the asexual stage was observed among and within isolates. This study brought unprecedented morphological, genetic and pathogenic information that aids elucidating the disease. The accurate and prompt identification of the disease may assist in controlling further spread of the pathogen into orchards and nurseries still free of the disease in South America.
... Species of Pseudocercospora are identified mainly from tropical and sub-tropical regions . They cause leaf spots, blight, and necrotic lesions on flowers and fruits of various cultivated and native plants (Chupp 1954, Agrios 2005, Crous & Braun 2003. The typical characteristic of leaf spots caused by these species are distinct chlorotic margins that demarcate the lesions (Crous et al. 2013a). ...
... hakae: 30-70 × 6-8 μm). Pseudocercospora dypsidis differs from its sister clade taxa, P. musae (Chupp 1954) in having narrower and longer conidiophores (P. musae: 5-25 × 2-2.3 μm) with narrower and shorter conidia (P. ...
... The causal pathogen of CLS, i.e. Cercospora canescens, was isolated from an infected mung bean leaf with typical CLS symptoms (Chupp 1953). Spores of the pathogen were taken from the greyish ash near the core of the lesions, distributed on a 2% water agar plate and incubated at 25 °C. ...
Mung bean production is significantly lowered by the biotic stress caused by Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) in various parts of the globe. The most effective way to increase mung beans' resilience towards this stress is to map the gene(s)/QTL that regulate it and then transfer that gene(s)/QTL to high-yielding mung bean cultivars. A panel population of 90 genotypes was created for the purpose of association mapping to identify the candidate gene(s)/QTL. Classification of the population was accomplished using GenAlEx 6.51b2, TASSEL 5.0 and STRU CTU RE V.2.3.4 software, using 66 SSR markers. The stress resistance of the panel population's genotypes showed a great deal of variance, and linkage disequilibrium was also observed. Two distinct genetic clusters were identified within the population. A significant connection of CLS resistance with markers CEDG006 and CEDG071 was found in marker-trait association study using both the generalized linear model (GLM) and the mixed linear model (MLM). Two novel QTLs controlling CLS resistance were detected and designated as qCls_2 and qCls_8. Furthermore, novel QTLs were also identified for some of the quantitative traits, such as for plant height (qPht_8), for number of clusters (qNcl_6 and qNcl_10), for hundred seed weight (qHsw_3 and qHsw_11) and for yield (qYld_2, qYld_7 and qYld_8) under CLS stress. The novel QTLs obtained from the present investigation could be further validated in diversified mung bean germplasms to understand the stability of the QTLs and then could be introgressed to elite mung bean varieties to develop CLS resistance lines. This study will help the breeding process towards CLS resistance in mung beans using genomic tools.
... The methods given by Chupp (1953) and Choi et al. (1999) were modified and used for the monoconidial isolation of the pathogen. The leaf spot was directly observed under the microscope to locate the spots where maximum sporulation has occurred. ...
Cercospora sesami is a plant pathogen that causes leaf spot disease in sesame plants worldwide. In this study, genome
sequence assembly of C. sesami isolate Cers 52–10 (MCC 9069) was generated using native paired-end and mate-pair DNA
sequencing based on the Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform. The genome assembly of C. sesami is 34.3 Mb in size with an N50
of 26,222 bp and an average GC content of 53.02%. A total number of 10,872 genes were predicted in this study, out of
which 9,712 genes were functionally annotated. Genes assigned to carbohydrate-active enzyme classes were also identified
during the study. A total of 80 putative effector candidates were predicted and functionally annotated. The C. sesami genome
sequence is available at DDBJ/ENA/GenBank, and other associated information is submitted to Mendeley's data.
... Under seasonal climate conditions in Egypt, sugar beet crop is attack with several pathogenic fungi causing serious diseases i.e., CLS disease caused by pathogen Cercospora beticola, where it is considered the most important and most destructive foliar disease of sugar beet worldwide. The fungus belonging to the kingdom Fungi, order Capnodiales, Family Mycosphaerellaeceae (Chupp, 1954 andSkaracis et al.,2010) and considered the primary leaf pathogen of sugar beets, (Bleiholder andWeltzien,1972 andHoltschulte ,2000). It can cause serious yield losses in the absence of treatments, ranging from 25 to 50% (Byford, 1996). ...
Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is one of the most important sugar crops in the world, which considered the second important sugar crop in Egypt after sugar cane. In Egypt, sugar beet is attack by Cercospora leaf spot disease caused by pathogen Cercospora beticola fungal, which caused losses can reach to 40% of yield. In the present study, three plant extracts of Flower of Haloxylon spp, Cichorium spp, and the leaf of Capparis spp were used .Different concentration of the three plant extracts (10%,20%,30%,35% and 40%) previously were used in experiment in vitro to determine Antifungal activity on the linear growth of Cercospora beticola .While in vivo, the concentration which recorded highest effect against Cercospora beticola in vivo were tested. In vivo the experiment conducted in two treatments, the rst one sprayed sugar beet plants by plant extracts before the inoculation and the second treatment sprayed plant extracts after the inoculation. Experimental result show under laboratory, all tested plant extracts at concentrations (30,35 and 40%) showed highly effective on mycelial growth of Cercospora beticola and inhibited fungal growth compared to the control treatment and (10 and 20%) concentration. While in vivo result show that the treated sugar beet plants with plant extracts before inoculated then by Cercospora beticola give the best result for reduction the disease severity of CLS disease comparing with the control .In addition to result revealed that the treated sugar beet plants with tested extracts after inoculated by Cercospora beticola gave the best result for value total of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b which recorded the highest value comparing with the control treatment.
... Although a pathogen in the tropics, C. ca nescens is not believed to cause a problem in the continental United States. Chupp (1) lists several other Cercospora species that are pathogenic on Vigna. ...
‘Carolina Cream’ is a new southernpea [ Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] cultivar that was approved for release in July 1982 by the Agricultural Research Service of the USDA. It is well-adapted for production throughout the southeastern United States, where it can be expected to produce excellent yields of high quality, cream-type peas. Major attributes of the new cultivar are its excellent culinary quality and its resistances to the cowpea curculio ( Chalcodermus aeneus Boehman), the major insect pest of the southernpea, and Cercospora leaf spot [ Cercospora cruenta Sacc. (= Mycosphaerella cruenta Latham)], a major foliage disease of the crop. Cercospora leaf spot on southernpea also can be incited by Cercospora canescens Ell. & Martin.
... As a result, it is essential to identify CLS disease-resistant cultivars in mung bean and to create a management package that will both minimise the cost of production and protect the environment, during the mung bean cultivation. (Chupp, 1953). After spreading the pathogen spores over a 2% water-agar plate and placing the plates in an incubator at 25°C, the pathogen spores were collected from the ash grey centre of the lesions at the tip of the inoculation needle. ...
Mung bean productivity is very sensitive to CLS disease, which needs to be addressed by developing resistance genotypes. During the pre rabi seasons of the year 2018 and 2019, a total of ninety different mung bean germplasm accessions were tested in the field condition to determine their level of resistance to the leaf spot disease caused by the fungus Cercospora canescens. For the purpose of determining the level of resistance exhibited by the mung bean accessions, a disease rating scale ranging from 1 to 5 was used. In terms of disease reaction, a significant variation among the genotypes was observed. It was found that thirty-two accessions had resistance reaction, and thirty-five accessions had moderately resistance reactions to the CLS disease. According to the findings of the current research, resistant and moderately resistant genotypes that have been identified against the CLS disease, could have the potential to be utilised in the breeding programme, that is being conducted in order to develop mung bean varieties resistant to Cercospora leaf spot.
... The spores of the pathogen are collected at the tip of the inoculation needle from the ash grey centre of the lesion(s) and dispersed over a 2% water-agar plate, and then incubated at 25 °C. Germinated spores are indicated under the microscope (100 ×) after 6 hour of incubation (Chupp 1954;Braun 1995;Goodwin et al. 2001;Bensch et al. 2012;Sautua 2021). Individual germinated spores are extracted using a sterilized cork borer and put in culture tubes over potato dextrose agar medium. ...
Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) is a deadly biotic stress caused by the fungus Cercospora canescens, making mung bean cultivation difficult worldwide. The progress made in creating CLS-resistant mung bean varieties is encouraging. However, as the pathogen rapidly evolves, it is critical to understand the pathogen dynamics and develop effective screening procedures. Plant breeders need to know about the genetic diversity of mung beans and their wild relatives, gene function and accessible molecular markers. Molecular mapping of pathogen resistance genes in mung bean varieties is now possible due to advancements in next-generation sequencing methods and the availability of genetic sources. Breeding programmes will be accelerated by developing the potential markers linked with resistance to the fungal pathogen. This method saves time by preventing time-consuming breeding to change genetic backgrounds. This review focuses on the current status of knowledge on the disease, genetic resources available for this and advances made in traditional and marker-assisted breeding for CLS resistance in mung bean worldwide.
... This genus has a wide host range, including several ornamentals, fruits, cereals, and commercially propagated forest trees Silva et al. 2016). Most pathogens within this group are predominantly found in tropical and subtropical environments and cause fruit rots, leaf and fruit spots, and blights (Chupp 1954;Pons and Sutton 1988). The importance of some species of Pseudocercospora is even reflected in quarantine regulations, such as P. angolensis and P. pini-densiflorae, causing diseases on citrus and pine, respectively (Crous et al. 1990;Pretorius et al. 2003). ...
Blackberry (Rubus L. subgenus Rubus Watson) is a deciduous berry crop that is the fourth most economically important berry crop, and its production is expanding in the southeastern United States. However, since most commercially available cultivars were bred under temperate conditions, they are not always well adapted and could be threatened by new pathogen populations inhabiting subtropical areas. In 2017, plants showing purple or brown leaf spots and angular-to-irregular lesions on both leaf surfaces, with clusters of black conidiophores at the center, were observed in a field trial at the University of Florida’s Gulf Coast Research and Education Center (UF/GCREC) in Wimauma, FL. A fungus resembling Cercospora/Pseudocercospora was isolated from the lesions. The ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS), the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1α), and the actin (ACT) genes were amplified and sequenced. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, the closest related species was Pseudocercospora pancratii. Pathogenicity assays and subsequent re-isolation confirmed that this species is the causal agent of the disease. Among eight cultivars screened, no complete resistance was found. However, ‘Osage’ was the least susceptible, and ‘Kiowa’ the most susceptible. This study is the first report of P. pancratii causing leaf spots on blackberry worldwide, and it may help shape future research into disease epidemiology and management for a crop that is rapidly expanding but has very limited disease information currently available for Florida growers.
... Cercospora sp. was reported to cause the leaf spot disease, with the whitish center and faint discoloration symptom in both sides of the leaf (Chupp, 1953), and the frog-eyed like symptom in lettuce leaf (Koohakan et al., 2008). The symptoms of leaf spot disease in our study are similar to those which have previously been reported. ...
... The identification of the pathogen on the basis of important morphological characters such as; shape, size and septations of conidiophores and conidia. The morphological characters given by Chupp [7] were compared with the pathogen under investigations and they were found to be identical, hence the pathogen was identified as C. canescens. ...
The pathogen was isolated from diseased leaves of mothbean on potato dextrose agar by standard tissue isolation method and pathogenicity was proved following Koch's postulates. On the basis of morphological studies like mycelium was whitish to brownish, hyaline and acircular, straight to variously curved, multiseptate (2-16) many celled, thread like conidia and cultural studies the pathogen was identified as Cercospora canescens Ellis and Martin. Among eight botanicals tested at three concentrations (5, 10 and 15%) under in vitro condition against C. canescens, neem seed kernel extract was found most effective and inhibiting mycelial growth (58.00%) at 15% concentration followed by tulsi leaf extract (52.96%) and neem leaf extract (44.68%) also found effective. Least mycelial growth inhibition of C. canescens was obtained in turmeric extract (27.31%) and giloy (25.31%) extract at 15% concentration.
... Various researchers described numerous novel taxa of hyphomycetes of Mycology and Plant Pathology of India (Jamaluddin et al. 2004). Morphotaxonomic studies of these fungi were done through routine methods of microscopic examination and with the help of prevailing literature and expertise available (Chupp 1954). Crous and Braun (2003) re-examined 3000 Cercospora genus on the basis of descriptions, mainly the arrangement of conidiogenous loci (scars), absence or presence of pigmentation in conidia and conidiophores. ...
The kingdom fungus is considered as an important component of biodiversity. Cercospora is one of the major genera in Hyphomycetes infecting mostly the aerial parts of host plants. They are widely prevalent and most destructive all over the country. Cercospora species causes leaf spots on most of the major flora. Cereals, pulses, vegetables, plantation crops, medicinal and aromatic plants and forest flora are also infected by Cercospora spp. There are various approaches used to manage the diseases caused by Cercospora such as cultural, chemical and biological. Presently, numerus systemic fungicides and protectants registered globally which may be used for the management of thease diseases. As a crop protection measure, spraying of these chemicals are required for 1–2 sprays, sometimes 6–7 per season depening on the climatic conditions and tolerance level of the variety grown. With the integration of chemical along with and other preventive cultural methods, a significant progress has been done in the area of disease management. In this review, symptomology and histopathology of Cercospora species; identification and new host records; spread and host range; effects of disease on crop growth and yield characterstics; development, dispersal and epidemiology; management; disease prediction models; molecular diagnosis along with genetic diversity and future directions have been covered.
... Anthocyanins are bioactive flavonoid intensifies that keep body from different ceaseless sicknesses. Anthocyanin in foliage goes about as cancer prevention agents which are extremely helpful in progress of dietary benefit just as upkeep of wellbeing (Chupp 1953). A scope of aldehyde mixes are to a great extent liable for the fragrance of coriander leaves. ...
This is an Open Access Journal / article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. All rights reserved. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) being a yearly herb is most generally utilized for flavoring reason. Its plant seeds, leaves and roots are palatable, in spite of the fact that they have unmistakable flavors and uses .It is an exceptionally mainstream restorative plant that has a place with Apiaceae family. The herb has a light and new flavor. Coriander can be utilized as entire plant and can be handled as a result of its transitory nature of leaves and to build the satisfactoriness of ready organic products (seeds) before utilizing it as seasoning operator in various food arrangements. Entire plant of coriander predominantly new leaves and ready organic products are utilized for culinary purposes. Coriander leaves have unexpected preference for comparison to its seeds, with citrus hints. Coriander plant is a rich store of micronutrients and dietary components which drives us to concentrate our investigation on this herb. Coriander is exceptionally low in soaked fat in any case, contains great measure of linoleic corrosive which is a decent wellspring of α-tocopherol and nutrient K. Leaves of plant are rich wellspring of nutrients while seeds are rich in polyphenols and basic oils. Coriander taste is given to its fundamental oil including a huge substance of linoleic and furanocoumarins (coriandrine and dihydrocoriandrine). Coriander is additionally notable for its cancer prevention agent, against diabetic, hostile to mutagenic, antianxiety and antimicrobial movement alongside pain relieving and hormone adjusting impact that advances its utilization in nourishments because of various medical advantages and its defensive impact to safeguard the nourishment for longer period. ABSTRACT REVIEW ARTICLE
... Other possible similar hyphomycetous reported on same host genera are Pseudocercospora acetosellae (=Cercospora acetosellae Ellis) U. Braun (U. Braun & Melnik 1997) on Rumex acetosella L., Cercospora peckiana (=Cercospora rumicis-obtusifolii U. Braun) Chupp (1954) on Rumex crispus L. and Cercospora apii s.lat. (= Cercospora rumicis Pavgi and Singh) Kamal (2010) on Rumex maritimus L. and Rumex dentatus L. Ps. acetosellae differ from T. rumicis due to its coloured nature of conidia and conidiophores while Cercospora spp. ...
Teratoramularia rumicis, a new hyaline anamorphic foliicolous hyphomycetous fungus was discovered on living leaves of medicinally important plant Rumex crispus (Polygonaceae) is described and illustrated. It is an obligate foliar pathogen that causes silvery white foliar disease. It is the first report of Teratoramularia from India. This species is compared with closely related species of Teratoramularia and species of Ramularioid complex along with dematiaceous cercosporoid forms reported on the same host genus and family. The phylogeny of this species has been inferred from combined 28S nrRNA gene (LSU) and internal transcribed spacer regions and intervening 5.8S nrRNA gene (ITS) of the nrDNA operon.
... Species of Passalora s. lat. are mostly well-known phytopathogenic fungi that cause typical leaf spots, necrosis, or chlorosis, on a wide range of woody and herbaceous host plants growing in semi-arid or wet environments under a wide range of climates (Chupp 1954;Crous and Braun 2003;Videira et al. 2017), while some display endophytic (Douanla-meli et al. 2013) or mycophilic life styles Videira et al. 2017). Passalora-like fungi include important plant pathogenic species, such as Nothopassalora personata (Berk. ...
Species of Passalora s. lat. are phytopathogenic fungi that generally cause leaf spot diseases on a broad variety of plants throughout the world. During our investigations exploring cercosporoid fungi associated with leaf spot symptoms of fruit and forest trees in northern and north-western Iran, several passalora-like fungi were isolated from symptomatic leaves of trees belonging to the Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Rosaceae, and Ulmaceae. A polyphasic taxonomic approach applying molecular data, morphological features, and host data was employed to identify the isolates. In a multi-gene phylogenetic analysis (LSU, ITS, and RPB2), these isolates are clustered in four clades in the Mycosphaerellaceae. The taxa encompassed Paracercosporidium microsorum on Tilia platyphyllos, Prathigadoides gleditsiae-caspicae gen. et. sp. nov. on Gleditsia caspica, Pruniphilomyces circumscissus on Prunus avium and Prunus cerasus, and Sirosporium celtidis on Celtis australis. The new genus Prathigadoides and its type species Prathigadoides gleditsiae-caspicae are molecularly distinct from all phylogenetically related genera, and some characteristics of the conidiophores and conidia differ from those of the morphologically similar species Prathigada condensata on the North America Gleditsia triacanthos.
... Conidia germinate on the leaf surface during periods of high humidity, penetrate either through stomata or directly through epidermal cells and produce intercellular haustoria. Symptoms develop within 10-14 days at temperatures above 21°C (Chupp 1954;Shokes and Culbreath 1997). The adhesion of conidia takes place at 3-6 h after inoculation followed by germination of spores at 12 h after inoculation at favorable condition (Leal Bertioli et al. 2010). ...
A late leaf spot resistant breeding line VG 9514 was bred through interspecific hybridization between Arachis hypogaea L. and Arachis cardenasii. Genetic study involving segregation for late leaf spot resistance in 164 F2 and recombinant inbred line populations derived from a cross between VG 9514 X TAG 24 revealed duplicate recessive resistance for the disease. Integration of newly developed SSR markers from A02 chromosome with existing linkage map generated a new genetic linkage map with 278 markers and 2679.1 cM map distances. QTL mapping involving this genetic linkage map and phenotypic field score of late leaf spot identified two major consensus additive QTLs in the A02 chromosome of cultivated groundnut. Epistatic interaction between these two major QTLs was also noticed through an epistatic QTL analysis in Ici-Mapping 4.1. In all the fourteen epistatic QTLs, a common component locus was remained within the major additive QTL at 90 cM in chromosome A02. Sequence analysis within the major additive QTL peaks revealed open reading frame of genes that code LRR domain containing proteins which are involved in disease resistance of crop plants.
... In fungal taxonomic studies, some used morphological species recognition as the only recognition criterion such as Thelephora ganbajun from Southwestern China (Zang 1987). Prior to the molecular era, many of the books, monographs and protologues described fungi based only on morphological criterion (Saccardo 1883;Fuckel 1872;Chupp 1954;Boerema et al. 1996). ...
This is the opening paper in the special issue of Fungal Diversity, which collates the data on defining species. Defining and recognizing species has long been a controversial issue. Since Darwin's proposed origin of species, over 30 species criteria have been brought forth and used to define species boundaries. In recent times, phylogenetic analyses based on multiple loci have been extensively used as a method to define species boundaries. However, only a few mycologists are aware that phylogenetic species criteria can mask discordances among fungal groups, leading to inaccurately defined species boundaries. In the current review, we discuss species recognition criteria, how and where these criteria can be applied along with their limitations and derived alternatives. In order to delimit fungal species, authors need to take into account not only the phylogenetic and phenotypic coherence, but also the timing of events that lead to fungal speciation and subsequent diversifications. Variations in the rate of phenotypic diversifications and convergent fungal evolution make it difficult to establish a universal species recognition criterion. The best practice can only be defined in the context of each fungal group. In this review, we provide a set of guidelines, encouraging an integrative taxonomic approach for species delimitation that can be used to define fungal species boundaries in the future. The other papers in this special issue deal with fungal speciation in Ascomycota, Dothideomycetes, Basidiomycota, basal fungi, lichen-forming fungi, plant pathogenic fungi, and yeasts.
... In the mid-nineteenth century, spore characters were accepted widely in classification [15]. In the middle of the twentieth century, different fungal structures were given emphasis in taxonomic systems, and separate scientific names (e.g., Cercospora were given for more or less similar fungi growing on different plant genera [16]. The observations of ornamentals of spores through scanning electron microscope (SEM) in the mid-1960s helped in separation of very similar plant pathogens and it also aided in clarifying patterns of conidiogenesis [17]. ...
Fungi are a large group of eukaryotes found as saprophytes, pathogens or endophytes, which distribute in every corner of our planet. As the main pathogens, fungi can cause 70-80% of total plant diseases, leading to huge crop yield reduction and economic loss. For identification of fungal plant pathogens, mycologists and plant pathologists have mainly gone through two stages, viz. morphological observation and morphology/phylogeny, and the next era might be utilizing DNA barcodes as the tool for rapid identification. This chapter accounts i) the brief history of development for fungal identification tools and main concepts, ii) the importance and confusion of "One fungus, one name" for pathogen identification, iii) more or fewer species that we need in agricultural practice, and iv) the foreground of fungal plant pathogen identification. These will help to solve the practical problems of identification of fungal pathogens in agricultural production.
... In the mid-nineteenth century, spore characters were accepted widely in classification [15]. In the middle of the twentieth century, different fungal structures were given emphasis in taxonomic systems, and separate scientific names (e.g., Cercospora were given for more or less similar fungi growing on different plant genera [16]. The observations of ornamentals of spores through scanning electron microscope (SEM) in the mid-1960s helped in separation of very similar plant pathogens and it also aided in clarifying patterns of conidiogenesis [17]. ...
... Species of Passalora s. lat. are mostly well-known phytopathogenic fungi that cause typical leaf spots, necrosis, or chlorosis, on a wide range of woody and herbaceous host plants growing in semi-arid or wet environments under a wide range of climates (Chupp 1954 ). Owing to the strong relevance of such diseases in agriculture, horticulture and forestry, the understanding and stabilizing the taxonomy of the species of the genus Passalora s. lat. ...
Species of Passalora s. lat. are eminent phytopathogenic fungi that cause generally leaf spot diseases on a broad variety of plants throughout the world. During our investigations exploring cercosporoid fungi associated with leaf spot symptoms of fruit and forest trees in northern and north-western Iran, several passalora-like infections were isolated from symptomatic leaves of different trees belonging to the Fabaceae , Malvaceae , Rosaceae and Ulmaceae . A polyphasic taxonomic approach by applying molecular data, morphological features and host data, was employed to identify the isolates. In a multi-gene phylogenetic analysis (LSU, ITS and RPB2 ), these isolates clustered in four clades in the Mycosphaerellaceae . The revealed taxa encompass Paracercosporidium microsorum on Tilia platyphyllos , Prathigadoides gleditsiae-caspicae gen. et. sp. nov. on Gleditsia caspica , Pruniphilomyces circumscissus on Prunus avium and Prunus cerasus , and Sirosporium celtidis on Celtis australis. The new genus Prathigadoides and its type species Prathigadoides gleditsiae-caspicae are molecularly distinct from all phylogenetically related genera, and some characteristics of the conidiophores and conidia differs from those of the morphologically similar species Prathigada condensata on the North America Gleditsia triacanthos .
... Este género produce conidióforos simples de pálidos oliváceos a café claros, uniformes en color y anchura, con pocos septos, de rectos a ligeramente curvados, que nacen en fascículos densos. Las conidiosporas son aciculares, a veces cilíndricas, rectas o curvadas, hialinas, indistintamente septadas (Chupp, 1954). ...
Este manual está dirigido a Investigadores, Técnicos y Productores responsables de la propagación y cultivo de Jatropha o simplemente para todo aquel que esté interesado en mejorar y conocer las prácticas más efectivas para el cultivo de esta especie en climas tropicales y subtropicales.
Los contenidos de esta obra se compilaron cuidadosamente para proveer al interesado con información que le permita esclarecer o responder sus dudas acerca de la propagación, cuidados en invernadero, trasplante, establecimiento en campo, fenología de la planta, patógenos y cosecha de la Jatropha.
Los que integramos este grupo de trabajo hemos realizado investigaciones propias y originales con el cultivo de Jatropha en diferentes condiciones y consideramos que este es un Manual básico y de actualidad sobre Buenas Prácticas para el cultivo de Jatropha curcas en México.
... Conidia germinate on the leaf surface during periods of high humidity, penetrate either through stomata or directly through epidermal cells and produce intercellular haustoria. Symptoms develop within 10 -14 days at temperatures above 21°C (Chupp 1954;Shokes and Culbreath 1997). The adhesion of conidia takes place at 3 -6 h after inoculation followed by germination of spores at 12 h after inoculation at favorable condition (Leal Bertioli et al. 2010). ...
A late leaf spot resistant breeding line VG 9514 was bred through interspecific hybridization between Arachis hypogaea L. and Arachis cardenasii. Genetic study involving segregation for late leaf spot
resistance in 164 F2 and recombinant inbred line populations derived from a cross between VG 9514 X TAG 24 revealed duplicate recessive resistance for the disease. Integration of newly developed SSR markers
from A02 chromosome with existing linkage map generated a new genetic linkage map with 278 markers and 2679.1 cM map distances. QTL mapping involving this genetic linkage map and phenotypic field score of late leaf spot identified two major consensus additive QTLs in the A02 chromosome of cultivated groundnut. Epistatic interaction between these two major QTLs was also noticed through an epistatic
QTL analysis in Ici-Mapping 4.1. In all the fourteen epistatic QTLs, a common component locus was remained within the major additive QTL at 90 cM in chromosome A02. Sequence analysis within the major additive QTL peaks revealed open reading frame of genes that code LRR domain containing proteins which are involved in disease resistance of crop plants.
... Conidióforos de COAD 2621 são mais curtos e seus conídios mais estreitos que os de C. apii, respectivamente: conidióforos 18-105 µm em COAD 2621 vs 20-300 µm em C. apii e conídios 22-50 × 2-4 µm em COAD vs 20-300 × 4 -6.5 µm em C. apii.Adicionalmente COAD 2621 não apresenta locus conidiogênico conspícuo, ao contrário de C. apii. COAD 2621 difere também morfologicamente de C. passifloricola(Chupp 1953) tendo conídios e conidióforos mais curtos, 100-400 µm, e 50-250 µm, respectivamente. O formato dos conídios de COAD 2621 (obclavado, reto ou curvo e ligeiramente engrossado na base) também diferem dos de C. apii (aciculares, retos a fortemente curvos, ligeiramente engrossado na base) e de C. passifloricola (estreitamente obclavado, linear ou ligeiramente curvado, base truncada a subaguda). ...
Passiflora foetida é uma planta que ocorre majoritariamente nas Américas. No Brasil é
encontrada com maior frequência nos estados do Nordeste. Trata-se de uma trepadeira
herbácea capaz de se desenvolver em diferentes condições edafoclimáticas, sendo
encontrada em altitudes que vão do nível do mar até 1300m de altitude. Passiflora foetida
é uma invasora de vegetação natural em diversos países, EUA, Equador, Austrália, Vietnã
e é considerada uma das plantas invasoras mais problemáticas na zona de transição de
savana para floresta, na África subsaariana, bem como na região Norte da Austrália, onde
é considerada um risco à integridade da biota nativa. Os registros de fungos associados à
P. foetida foram em sua maioria feitos na Ásia e Oceania, onde a planta é exótica. Visando
realizar um levantamento de fungos encontrados em associação com a planta com
potencial para uso no controle biológico clássico desta, na Austrália, foram realizadas
coletas em todos os estados do nordeste brasileiro, resultando na obtenção de 118
isolados. Foi realizada uma triagem simples baseada na especificidade em relação ao
hospedeiro e 5 destes isolados apresentaram potencial para biocontrole de P. foetida.
Dentre estes, 4 foram identificados com base na morfologia e dados moleculares como
Alternaria alternata (COAD 2619), Colletotrichum theobromicola (COAD 2620) e
Fusarium peseudocircinatum (COAD 2626), Cercospora sp. nov.1 (COAD 2621) pela
primeira vez relatados nesse hospedeiro. Cercospora sp. (COAD 2629) foi identificado
somente com base morfológica, portanto estudos filogenéticos precisam ser realizados
... Cercospora is believed to cause the formation of leaf spots in plants and eventually lead to leaf spot disease (Albert and Charles, 1950;Heng et al., 2020). Cercospora can cause necrotic damage to the leaves, thus leading to suborbicular, oil-stained brown spots on the leaf surface (Chupp, 1954;Xie et al., 2017), and Cercospora can cause frog eye spots in cigar tobacco in Hainan . Therefore, we speculate that the formation of leaf spots may be closely related to the colonization of leaves by fungi. ...
Background
Plant leaves are important organs for photosynthesis and biological energy production. The leaves of Tricyrtis macropoda have an unusual spotted pattern. However, whether the spots of T. macropoda affect the plant microbiome and metabolites is unclear. In this study, we compared differences in the endosphere microbiome and plant metabolites in green parts and spots and the effects of spots on the photosynthesis of leaves.
Methods
16S/ITS sequences and metabolite spectra were obtained by high-throughput amplicon sequencing and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry, respectively. Changes in the diversity of the endophytic microbial community and metabolites were studied, and the effect of T. macropoda leaf spots on photosynthesis was examined by chlorophyll fluorescence.
Results
The results showed that the relative abundance of Cercospora fungi in the leaf spots of T. macropoda was significantly higher than that in the green parts ( P < 0.05) while Colletotrichum fungi showed low abundance in the spots. Alkaloid and ketone metabolites were decreased in the green parts compared with the spots, and amino acids, organic acids, lipids, and other compounds were increased in the green parts compared with the spots. A combined analysis of microbial communities and metabolites showed a significant correlation between the endophytic fungal communities and metabolite production. The changes in these metabolites may cause changes in local leaf color. In addition, we found that the spot areas of T. macropoda can be photosynthetically normal.
Conclusion
This research showed the relationship between endophytic microorganisms and metabolites, and the findings advance our understanding of endophyte–plant interactions and provide a new direction for investigating the relationship between endophytes and phenotypes.
... In the mid-nineteenth century, spore characters were accepted widely in classification [15]. In the middle of the twentieth century, different fungal structures were given emphasis in taxonomic systems, and separate scientific names (e.g., Cercospora were given for more or less similar fungi growing on different plant genera [16]. The observations of ornamentals of spores through scanning electron microscope (SEM) in the mid-1960s helped in separation of very similar plant pathogens and it also aided in clarifying patterns of conidiogenesis [17]. ...
Fungi are a large group of eukaryotes found as saprophytes, pathogens or endophytes, which distribute in every corner of our planet. As the main pathogens, fungi can cause 70–80% of total plant diseases, leading to huge crop yield reduction and economic loss. For identification of fungal plant pathogens, mycologists and plant pathologists have mainly gone through two stages, viz. morphological observation and morphology/phylogeny, and the next era might be utilizing DNA barcodes as the tool for rapid identification. This chapter accounts i) the brief history of development for fungal identification tools and main concepts, ii) the importance and confusion of “One fungus, one name” for pathogen identification, iii) more or fewer species that we need in agricultural practice, and iv) the foreground of fungal plant pathogen identification. These will help to solve the practical problems of identification of fungal pathogens in agricultural production.
... The taxonomy of Cercospora species was traditionally based on host plant association (Chupp 1954;Ellis 1971). Moreover, Crous and Braun (2003) introduced the concept of "compound species" which consisted of morphologically indistinguishable species. ...
Cercospora coffeicola is the causal agent of brown eye spot, an important disease of coffee (Coffea arabica) in Brazil. However, atypical symptom as darker and larger lesions, named black spot, has been reported in field. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the causal agent of black spot belongs to the same species pathogenic to brown eye spot. Nineteen strains obtained from diseased coffee found in the five largest coffee-producing states of Brazil were characterized by a combination of molecular phylogenic methods, using a multi-locus approach (internal transcribed spacer regions and intervening 5.8S nrRNAs, actin, calmodulin, histone H3, and translation elongation factor 1-alpha), analyses of morphological markers and pathogenicity. Strains from brown eye spot and black spot disease on coffee leaves formed a clade with C. coffeicola strain from Japan. All strains showed same morphological characteristics and caused brown eye spot symptoms in greenhouse. These results confirm that the species associated with brown eye spot and black spot disease on coffee leaves is C. coffeicola. Additionally, an epitype is proposed for C. coffeicola.
Anteaglonium lusitanicum A. Mateos, S. De la Peña-Lastra & M. Serrano, sp. nov. on decaying wood of Prunus lusitanica subsp. lusitanica
Acrogenospora stellata De la Peña-Lastra, A. Mateos & Quijada, sp. nov. Fungal Planet 1436 – Persoonia 49, 2022: 261– 350
An updated account of Fagales-inhabiting Italian Ascomycota and mycogeography, with additions to Pezizomycotina. Abstract Studies of plant-associated Ascomycota are topical, as they have varied life modes depending on their hosts in different ecosystems. In Italy, Fagales are economically and ecologically important plants, especially in the Alps and Apennine mountain ranges. Fagales species host numerous ascomycetous species, comprising endophytes, saprobes, or pathogens. We retrieved data from 308 publications from 1873 to 2021 and listed 776 Ascomycota on Fagales in Italy. Among these, 696 were identified at the species level and 80 at the genus level. Documented taxa belong to Pezizomycotina (746), Saccharomycotina (2), Taphrinomycotina (5), and Ascomycota genera incertae sedis (23). Sordariomycetes are dominant (34%), followed by Dothideomycetes (24%), Lecanoromycetes (16%), and Leotiomycetes (11%). Distribution maps were provided for the occurrence of Fagales trees and Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, Leotiomycetes, Pezizomycetes, and Sordariomycetes taxa. Lichenized taxa were excluded from the mapping. We provided additions to Valsariaceae (Valsaria rudis) in Dothideomycetes, Coryneaceae (Coryneum modonium), Melanconiellaceae (Melanconiella flavovirens and M. meridionalis), and Woswasiaceae (Woswasia atropurpurea) in Sordariomycetes. These taxa represent a novel host record, a provincial record, and four regional records in Italy. Species boundaries were defined using polyphasic approaches. In addition, taxonomic notes were provided for each reported class, including incertae sedis genera. The study provides information on the taxonomy, hosts, and distribution of Ascomycota in Italy to encourage further research related to important plant species.
Keywords – checklist – host-fungal distribution – morphology – phylogeny – taxonomy
This datasheet on Mycosphaerella gibsonii covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Hosts/Species Affected, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Environmental Requirements, Impacts, Prevention/Control, Further Information.
This datasheet on Pseudocercospora fuligena covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Hosts/Species Affected, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Environmental Requirements, Seedborne Aspects, Impacts, Prevention/Control, Further Information.
Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is commercially cultivated in the northern temperature zone, i.e. between 30° and 60° latitudes north. Sugar beet is the second source of sugar (sucrose) after sugarcane; it is covering about 40% of the world’s sugar demands. On the contrary with sugarcane, sugar beet stores sugar in the roots not the stalks as in sugarcane. Like other crops, the plant density in the unit area is one of the most important factors affecting sugar beet production. Various fungal pathogens can decrease the number of cultivated plants and cause substantial economic losses at all plant stages, especially damping-off diseases in the seedling stage and root rot diseases during growth. On the other hand, foliar diseases (leaf spots, rust, powdery mildew, and viral diseases) also affect sugar production as well as the quality of roots. In this chapter, we will discuss the economic root diseases and foliar diseases that affect sugar beet and sucrose production quantitatively and qualitatively. This chapter will discuss foliar and root diseases and the etiology, epidemiology, and management of each disease.KeywordsDisease controlEpidemiologyPlant pathogensSugar beet
Cercospora leaf spot, caused by Cercospora beticola Sacc., first reported in Italy in 1876, is one of the most devastating and common foliar diseases of sugar beet in the world. The spots of the disease usually appear early in wet and warm areas and are most severe during the vegetation period in case of very early attacks. The disease is common in about 44 percent of sugar beet acreage in the world and the severity of the disease varies between countries and regions in same countries. Because of the disease, beet plants lose their leaves and grow new leaves by using substances stored from roots. During the vegetation season, these activities are repeated. When it cannot cope with the disease, root yield, sugar content, extractable sugar content, and sugar yield decrease up to 26, 13, 18, and 55 percent, respectively. Also, the content of potassium (K), sodium (Na), and alpha-amino nitrogen (α-amino N), having difficulty in getting crystal sugar and reducing sugar production in refining process, increases up to 6, 25, and 40 percent, respectively. Disease is controlled by applying fungicides, besides cultural measures such as planting resistant varieties, crop rotation, use of disease-free seeds, and good agricultural practices. The pathogen forms resistance to fungicides used against it in a very short time. Hence, special combined management strategies must be implemented together safely according to early warning epidemiological models that accurately monitor the onset and progression of the disease.KeywordsCercospora beticola Sacc.Cercospora leaf spotControlSugar beet
Maples (Acer spp., Sapindaceae) are one of the most important and dominant groups of trees in Hyrcanian forests of Iran. During our survey of leaf-inhabiting fungi associated with trees in Hyrcanian forests, several hyphomycetous fungal strains were recovered from leaf spot symptoms of maple trees. The identification of these isolates was performed using phylogenetic analyses coupled with morphological observations. Based on these data, two new genera of the Dothideomycetes were discovered. Acericercospora gen. nov. (Mycosphaerellaceae) is introduced to accommodate Acericercospora hyrcanica sp. nov. associated with leaf lesions on Acer cappadocicum and A. velutinum. Paramycocentrospora gen. nov. (Dothidotthiaceae) with Paramycocentrospora acericola sp. nov. as type species, is associated with leaf lesions on seedlings of A. velutinum. In this paper, detailed descriptions and illustrations are provided for the new taxa, supplemented by comprehensive comparisons with allied and similar taxa.
Cercosporoid fungi are important fungal pathogens significant for quarantine as well as bio-security regulations. This group of fungi also produces many secondary metabolites of pharmaceutical importance. Cercosporoid fungi have not been reviewed by sequence-based classification and identification in India. This review covers a total of 1871 cercosporoid fungi reported from India up to 2021. Currently, out of 1871, only 1252 cercosporoid fungi (67%) from India are accepted in global fungal databases. Most of the cercosporoid reported from India are based on the genus concept proposed by Deighton (1976), and most type specimens of these species are not available in the form of cultures for re-investigation and reevaluation of the holotypes.
Grasses are cosmopolitan yet an important component in ecology. The current human population readily relies on grasses as many Poaceae species provide staple carbohydrate sources and staple feed to livestock. Ecologically grass plays a vital role as a pioneer inhabitant as well as sustaining immense biodiversity within the community. Fungi play a pivotal role in maintaining and shaping the grass communities. Fungi occur on grasses as commensals, saprobes, and pathogens. Each fungal community associated with grasses is responsible for the specific ecological property of the grass community, either in silviculture or polyculture. Hence, grass fungi drawn much attention from researchers. The taxonomy of grass fungi dates back to 1800s. However, up-to-date collective worldwide account for grass fungi is still lacking. In thi study, we compiled all the taxonomically valid data of Ascomycetous grass fungi in a checklist. The section Ascomycota comprises 3,165 fungal species among 207 families, 70 orders, and 11 classes. The majority of the species are represented by Dothideomycetes (1,367) and Sordariomycetes (944). This study is the first worldwide checklist of Ascomycetous grass fungi.
The aim of this work was to study the fungal diversity in Paspalum notatum, in order to determine the potential biological control of disease-causing pathogens and their effects on growth promotion. Two isolates of Cercospora dianellicola were identified from asymptomatic P. notatum leaves, as an endophytic species. The possible benefits for the host plant remain to be analyzed. © 2022, The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Australasian Plant Pathology Society Inc.
Sizable loss in crop yields due to Cercospora leaf spot (CLS), which is the major disease in mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) crop, demands a thorough evaluation of various parameters dealing with the infection. Determination of components for CLS resistance is associated with leaf spot intensity in the field, which is estimated from the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC).The present study showed that out of 261 genotypes screened in the field for CLS; 88genotypes, 89genotypes, 51genotypes and, 33genotypeswere found to be resistant, moderately resistant, moderately susceptible and susceptible respectively on the basis of the AUDPC values. Further,5 resistant and 5 susceptible genotypes were selected from the screened genotypes for bioassay analysis and were subjected to artificial inoculation with three different isolates of Cercospora canescens to study the effectiveness in polyhouse. The morphological data along with disease incidence, chlorophyll content, proline content, phenol content and enzymatic activities of PAL, POX, SOD were estimated. The findings showed that there was a significant increase in the enzymatic activities, total phenol, and proline contents in inoculated resistant and susceptible genotypes as compared to control (without inoculation). However, the total chlorophyll content reduced in both resistant and susceptible genotypesafter inoculation. Moreover, higher enzyme activities were marked in the resistant genotypes than the susceptible genotypes. This study will help to identify the resistant and susceptible mungbean genotypes against Cercospora canescens for further agronomic study as well as breeding programs. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved Mungbean germplasms were screened against Cercospora leaf spot. Resistance one having higher value on the basis of the AUDPC score. Different isolates (I, II, III) of Cercospora to know the effectiveness. Significant increases the enzymatic activities in artificially inoculated germplasms. These resistance germplasms will be used for breeding as well as agronomic trial.
This study focuses on ascomycetes associated with Para rubber trees, collected from plantations in Thailand. We provide descriptions and phylogenies for one new genus, seven new species, two asexual-sexual morph connections, 20 new host records, and one reference specimen. Dothideomycetes are dominant among ascomycetes on Para rubber. Only three species from our collection have previously been reported from Para rubber in the Amazon Forest, where Para rubber originates. Most taxa found on rubber trees in this study have previously been recorded in Thailand, either on Para rubber or different hosts. It is apparent that the taxa jumped from unrelated hosts to colonize rubber. A checklist of fungi and fungus-like organisms associated with Para rubber is also provided. The checklist includes references for each taxon, life mode information, and distribution. The checklist comprises 785 species and 180 taxa identified only to genus from 59 countries. The taxa in the checklist belong in 67 orders, 168 families, and 513 genera
A survey of fungal pathogens of Miconia calvescens was carried out in Brazil aimed at finding potential classical biocontrol agents for management of this invasive alien weed in Hawaii. Coccodiella miconiae, Glomerella cingulata ( = Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. miconiae) and the new species Guignardia miconiae and Korunomyces prostratus were found associated with foliar diseases and are described herein. Two previously undescribed spore stages of Coccodiella miconiae also were obtained allowing a complete description of this species. Pseudocercospora tamonae associated with leaf spots of other species of Miconia also was collected and also was proven to be pathogenic to M. calvescens.
The avocado ( Persea americana Mill.) is from an ancient plant lineage, the Lauraceae. Although evidence for human consumption dates back 15,000 years, commercialisation has occurred only over the last 150 years. The most commonly traded variety was first the green-skin 'Fuerte' (green as it ripens), and more recently 'Hass', on which skin darkens when ripe. Production has been increasing worldwide, and currently about 64 countries produce avocados. The range of climates is from arid to very high rainfall and from tropical to temperate. The minimum daily temperatures are above 5°C in all avocado-growing regions because of frost sensitivity. Apart from avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd), most avocado fruit diseases are caused by fungi. Some fungi cause visible symptoms resulting in unmarketable fruit, and other infections in the orchard are symptomless. These symptomless infections express as rots after harvest during cold storage, transport and ripening. Most post-harvest pathogens infect through both the body of the fruit and the stem-end wound, while a few infect only through the stem-end wound. The geographic distribution of these fungi varies possibly because of differences in environmental requirements and effective quarantine measures during trade. Fungal rots can be reduced by the application of fungicides in the orchard, removing inoculum residing in dead branches and mummified fruit in the canopy, ensuring high-calcium levels in the fruit flesh are maintained, careful post-harvest handling and selling fruit as soon after harvest as possible. Some post-harvest fungicides can be effective.
A new species of Pseudocercospora is described causing leaf spot disease on Crotalaria assamica from India. The identity of
isolate was based on asexual morphs, cultural characteristics and phylogenetic analyses of partial nuclear ribosomal 28S large subunit
and complete internal transcribed spacer rDNA sequence data with high statistical support value. Morphologically this species has
characters similar to allied species in genus Pseudocercospora but differs in having catenate and branched conidia. Phylogenetic analysis
using LSU and ITS reveals it a new species of Pseudocercospora (Capnodiales, Mycosphaerellaceae).
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