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Micronuclei induction by some anthelmintic drugs in male mice
... In addition, the extensive use of veterinary drugs in food producing animals can cause the presence of drugs residues in food; thus, consumers of foods drive from animals exposed to veterinary drug residues (Galer and Monro, 1998). In recent years, there has been increasing concern that veterinary drugs may present a potential hazard to humanity by causing gene mutation or chromosomal aberrations and considered as potential developmental toxicants (Ardito et al., 1996;Mailhes et al., 1997;Crebelli, 2000;Adler et al., 2002 andEl-makawy &Radwan, 2003). Ivermectin is a veterinary anthelminthic drug, highly effective against a number of arthropod and nematode infestations in vertebrates (Grant and Briggs, 1998). ...
... In addition, the extensive use of veterinary drugs in food producing animals can cause the presence of drugs residues in food; thus, consumers of foods drive from animals exposed to veterinary drug residues (Galer and Monro, 1998). In recent years, there has been increasing concern that veterinary drugs may present a potential hazard to humanity by causing gene mutation or chromosomal aberrations and considered as potential developmental toxicants (Ardito et al., 1996;Mailhes et al., 1997;Crebelli, 2000;Adler et al., 2002 andEl-makawy &Radwan, 2003). Ivermectin is a veterinary anthelminthic drug, highly effective against a number of arthropod and nematode infestations in vertebrates (Grant and Briggs, 1998). ...
... Chemically, it is a form of abam-ectin, origi-115 nally isolated from the actino-mycete Streptomyces avermitilis (Tway et al., 1981). The literatures reported that ivermectin have mutagenic activities in bone marrow cells of mice (El-makawy and Radwan, 2003). In addition, Lankas et al. (1989) studied the effects of ivermectin on reproduction and neonatal toxicity in rats, they determined that doses of ivermectin as low as 400 µg/kg /day were toxic to neonatal rats. ...
... It is effective against worms and arthropods and is useful in treating parasitic infestation related to both humans and domestic animals. However, its toxic nature can cause development of micronuclei [14]. The IVM works by binding to ligand-gated ion channel receptors such as glutamate, GABA and glycine. ...
... Findings of this study suggest that higher doses of IVM cause more DNA damage to cells than lower doses. Furthermore, micronucleus assay was also performed to represent the genotoxicity induced by IVM in MDBK cells [14,20]. After treatment with IVM small membrane-bounded nuclei called micronuclei are formed inside MDBK cells indicating DNA damage. ...
Ivermectin (IVM) is an anti-parasitic drug which is used for treating parasitic infestations. It has been used in humans for treating intestinal strongyloidiasis and onchocerciasis however, currently researchers are investigating its potential for treating coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Due to its broad-spectrum activities, IVM is being used excessively in animals which has generated an interest for researchers to investigate its toxic effects. Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects have been reported in animals due to excessive usage of IVM. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of IVM on the Madin-Darby-Bovine-Kidney (MDBK) cell line by examining the expression of a DNA damage-responsive gene (OGG1). Cytotoxicity of IVM was tested using an assay (MTT 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide), whereas the genotoxicity was evaluated using comet assay along with micronucleus assay. Moreover, the gene expression of DNA damage response gene (OGG1) was measured by qRT-PCR, after extraction of RNA from the MDBK cell line using the TRIzol method and its conversion to cDNA by reverse-transcriptase PCR. During the experiment, cell viability percentage was measured at different doses of IVM i.e., 25%, 50%, 75%, along with LC50/2, LC50 and LC50*2. It was observed that the gene expression of OGG1 increased as the concentration of IVM increased. It was concluded that IVM has both cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on the MDBK cell line. Furthermore, it is recommended that studies related to the toxic effects of IVM at molecular level and on other model organisms should be conducted to combat its hazardous effects.
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