Prospect of Indigenous Plant Extracts in Tea Pest Management

Abstract

Tea is a popular beverage made from the leaves of evergreen shrub or tree Camellia sinensis , under the family Theaceae. Tea plant is subjected to the attack of insects, mites, nematodes and some plant pathogenic diseases. Tea production is greatly hindered due to these maladies. About 10-15% crop loss occurred by these pests per annum. In severe cases, it would be 100%. To combat these problems different groups of pesticides have been used in the tea fields since 1960. As tea is a consumable commodity, the effect of residue of pesticides in made tea is harmful to human health. In this context, biopesticides are being considered as environmentally safe, selective, biodegradable, economical and renewable alternatives for use in IPM programmes. Biopesticides are natural plant products and may be grown by the planters with minimum cost and extracted by indigenous methods. Biopesticides are secondary metabolites, which include alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, and minor secondary chemicals. It is estimated that as many as 2121 plant species have been reported to posses’ pest control properties. Botanicals like neem, ghora-neem, mahogoni, karanja, adathoda, sweet flag, tobacco, derris, annona, smart weed, bar weed, datura, calotropis, bidens, lantana, chrysanthemum, artemisia, marigold, clerodendrum, wild sunflower and many others may be grown by planters with minimum expense and extracted by indigenous methods. These botanical materials can be used as an alternative to chemical pesticides. These botanical extracts will help in controlling major pests of tea such as Helopeltis, red spider mite, aphids, thrips, jassid, flushworm, termites, nematodes etc. The present note reviews the information of most widely available indigenous plants that may be used for the control of insect pests of tea as a component of IPM. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v1i1-2.13924 Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 1 (1&2): 16-23, December, 2011

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ISSN: 2224-0616
Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 1(1&2): 16-23, December, 2011 Available at http://www.ijarit.webs.com
PROSPECT OF INDIGENOUS PLANT EXTRACTS
IN TEA PEST MANAGEMENT
M.S.A. Mamun1* and M. Ahmed2
Received 13 September 2011, Revised 1 November 2011, Accepted 25 December 2011, Published online 31 December 2011
Abstract
Tea is a popular beverage made from the leaves of evergreen shrub or tree Camellia sinensis,
under the family Theaceae. Tea plant is subjected to the attack of insects, mites, nematodes
and some plant pathogenic diseases. Tea production is greatly hindered due to these
maladies. About 10-15% crop loss occurred by these pests per annum. In severe cases, it
would be 100%. To combat these problems different groups of pesticides have been used in
the tea fields since 1960. As tea is a consumable commodity, the effect of residue of
pesticides in made tea is harmful to human health. In this context, biopesticides are being
considered as environmentally safe, selective, biodegradable, economical and renewable
alternatives for use in IPM programmes. Biopesticides are natural plant products and may
be grown by the planters with minimum cost and extracted by indigenous methods.
Biopesticides are secondary metabolites, which include alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, and
minor secondary chemicals. It is estimated that as many as 2121 plant species have been
reported to posses’ pest control properties. Botanicals like neem, ghora-neem, mahogoni,
karanja, adathoda, sweet flag, tobacco, derris, annona, smart weed, bar weed, datura,
calotropis, bidens, lantana, chrysanthemum, artemisia, marigold, clerodendrum, wild
sunflower and many others may be grown by planters with minimum expense and extracted
by indigenous methods. These botanical materials can be used as an alternative to chemical
pesticides. These botanical extracts will help in controlling major pests of tea such as
Helopeltis, red spider mite, aphids, thrips, jassid, flushworm, termites, nematodes etc. The
present note reviews the information of most widely available indigenous plants that may be
used for the control of insect pests of tea as a component of IPM.
Keywords: Prospect, Biopesticide, Plant Extracts, Tea Pest Management
1Entomology Division, Bangladesh Tea Research Institute, Srimangal, Moulvibazar, Bangladesh;
2Director in-charge, Bangladesh Tea Research Institute, Srimangal, Moulvibazar, Bangladesh
*Corresponding author’s email: shameembtri@yahoo.com
Reviewed by Duraikannu Vasanthakumar, UPASI Tea Research Institute, Valparai, Tamil Nadu, India
Introduction
Tea is predominantly an agro-based, export-
oriented, evergreen, perennial crop grown as a
monoculture on large contiguous areas. Tea plant
is subjected to the attack of pests, diseases and
weeds. In world tea, 1034 species of arthropods,
82 species of nematodes, 1 algal disease and 350
fungal diseases are associated with tea plants
(Chen and Chen, 1989). So far 4 mites, 25 insects,
10 nematodes, 18 fungal and 1 algal diseases and
37 preponderant weed species have been recorded
in tea plantation in Bangladesh (Sana, 1989).
Crop loss caused by pest attack is reported to be
about 10-15% annually (Ahmed, 2005).
As a long-lived woody perennial and monoculture,
tea provides a stable microclimate and a
continuous supply of food for rapid build up of
phytophagous species that includes insects,
mites and eelworms. Each tea growing country
has its own distinctive pests, diseases and weeds.
Tea mosquito bugs, Red spider mite, Termites,
Flushworm, Aphid, Jassid, Thrips and
Nematodes are the major pests of tea in
Bangladesh (Mamun, 2011a). To combat these
problem different groups of pesticides like
organochlorine, organophosphate, pyrethroids,
carbamates and some unclassified group have
been used in the tea fields since 1960. Chemical
pesticides have been used for a long time, but
have serious drawbacks (Sharaby, 1988), such as
direct toxicity to beneficial insects, fishes and
human (Goodland et al., 1985), pesticide
induced resistance (Georghiou and Taylor, 1977),
health hazard (Bhaduri et al., 1989) and
increased environmental and social costs
(Pimental et al., 1980). Overzealous and
16

indiscriminate use of many synthetic pesticides
during recent decades in the control of plant pests
has resulted in a number of environmental and
toxicological problems. Reducing the release of
synthetic chemicals into the environment requires
that alternative sources of chemicals are
developed that can be used safely in the
management of plant pests. Looking back into the
early records of tea pest control history, natural
product e.g. tobacco extract, liquid cowdung,
muddy water and lime sulphur were the principal
materials for pest control. With no other
exception in other tea growing countries, in
Bangladesh also chemical control has been a
dominating feature in pest control in tea and
passed through three generation of pesticides.
Besides these three generation of pesticides, a
fourth generation is in the process which consists
of bio-pesticides like neem or other indigenous
plant extracts, Bacillus thuringiensis etc.
As tea is a consumable commodity, the effect of
residue of pesticides in made tea is harmful to
human health. Heavy reliance on pesticides has
not worked well in terms of integrated pest
management (IPM) of insect pests. It is essential
to find out some eco-friendly alternative methods
for tea pest management. In many countries,
efforts are being made to minimize the use of
harmful insecticides through the use of
indigenous plant products, implementation of
IPM approaches, use of bio-degradable products
(Khattach and Hameed, 1986) and applying insect
growth regulators (Metcalf, 1975). In this context,
biopesticides are being considered as
environmentally safe, selective, biodegradable,
economical and renewable alternatives for use in
IPM programme (Mamun, 2011c). Plant scientists
and agriculturists now devote significant attention
to discovery and further development and
formulation of novel plant products with
antimicrobial activity. Instead, tea entomologists
have focused their attention to develop
environmentally safe, long-lasting and effective
biocontrol methods for the management of insect
pests of tea. Interestingly, extracts of certain
plants contain alkaloids, tannins, quinones,
coumarins, phenolic compounds and
phytoalexins, which are known for pesticidal
activity. Recently, various plant extracts and plant
parts have been reported to have insecticidal
properties (Mahmood et al., 1984). Some plant
extracts posseses significant oviposition
difference or antifeedant or toxic effects on
selected tea pests (Hazarika et al., 2008). This
article is the first to bring together relevant
aspects of the basic and applied sciences of
natural pesticides and discussed modern trends in
the use of natural products in tea pest
management.
Indigenous plant extracts in tea
pest management
Botanical antimicrobials derived from plants are
currently recognised as biodegradable, systemic,
eco-friendly and non-toxic to mammals and are
thus considered safe. Their modes of action
against pests are diverse. Natural compounds are
well suited to organic food production in
industrialised countries and can play greater
roles in the protection of food crops in
developing countries. Some plant based
antimicrobials (e.g. neem products, pyrethroids
and essential oils) are already used to manage
pest populations on a large scale.
Botanical products are environmentally safe, less
hazardous, economic and easily available.
Biopesticides are natural plant products that
belong to the so called secondary metabolites,
which include alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics,
and minor secondary chemicals. Plants are rich
source of bioactive organic chemicals. It is
estimated that the plants may contain as many as
4000,000 secondary metabolites (Mamun,
2011b). Certain products derived from plant are
uses for tea pest control. As many as 2121 plant
species have been reported to posses’ pest
control properties (Jacobson, 1989); 25 of these
plants species posses the characteristics required
for an ideal botanical insecticide and are
therefore more promising for use in organic pest
control programmes (Radhakrishnan, 2005).
The anti-pest plants documented included,
Capsicum frutescens, Tagetes spp, Nicotiana
tabacum, Cypressus spp., Tephrosia vogelii,
Azadirachta indica, Musa spp, Moringa
oleifera, Tithonia diversifolia, Lantana camara,
Phytollacca dodecandra, Vernonia amygdalina,
Aloe spp., Eucalyptus spp., Cannabis sativa,
Cofea species and Carica papaya (Mugisha-
Kamatenesi et al., 2008). Botanical pesticides
are extracted from various plant parts (leaves,
stems, seeds, roots, bulbs, rhizomes, unripe
fruits and flower heads etc.) of different plant
species. Botanical pesticides are hailed for
having a broad spectrum of activity, being easy to
process and use, having a short residual activity
and for not accumulating in the environment or
in fatty tissues of warm blooded animals, (Philip
and Robert, 1998). Some plants have been
scientifically tested and have been found to have
good pesticidal properties. Botanicals like
Bonkalmi, Bazna, Bishkatali, Datura, Durba,
Eucalyptus, Ghora-neem, Hijal, Karanja,
Mahogoni, Marigold, Neem, Nishinda, Pithraj,
and many others may be grown by farmers with
minimum expense and extracted by indigenous
methods (Mamun et al., 2009). These botanical
materials can be used as an alternative to
chemical pesticides. It will help in controlling
major pests of tea such as Helopeltis, Red spider
17

mite, Thrips, Flushworm, Termites, Nematodes
etc. The following potential indigenous plants
may be used as biopesticides for the control of
insect pests of tea.
Neem (Azadirachta indica): Neem has emerged
as the single most important source of botanical
insecticides having a wide control of numerous
insects, mites, fungi, nematodes and viral
diseases. Neem is a natural source of eco-friendly
insecticides, pesticides and agrochemicals
(Brahmachari, 2004). Neem products have no ill
effects, on humans and animals and have no
residual effect on agricultural produced.
Azadirachtin, an oxygenated triterpenoid,
obtained from the seed kernels of the neem tree,
Azadirachta indica is very effective against pink
and purple mites and certain leaf folding
caterpillars. About 100 proto-limonoids,
limonoids, tetranor-triterpenoids, pentanoor-
tripenoids, hexanor-tripenoids and some
nonterpenoids have been isolated from various
parts of neem tree and still more are being
isolated. These compounds and neem extracts
exhibits almost every type of biological activity
conceivable against a wide range of insects. More
than 400 species of insects have been reported to
be affected by neem compounds (Schmutterer
and Singh, 1995). Neem exhibits antifungal
activity also. Neem leaves and seeds contain
azadirachtin, miliantriol etc. having insecticidal
properties. These constituents are more in seeds
than in other parts of the plant. Now neem is
being used in different formulations such as neem
seed kernels extracts (NSKE), neem decoction,
neem oil, neem cake etc. for the control of pests.
Aqueous plant extract of A. indica exhibited
significant effect on feeding to tea mosquito bug
(Sarmah and Bhola, 2008). So, neem can be used
for the control of Helopeltis, Red spider mites,
Thrips, Flushworm, Scales, Termites, Looper
caterpillar and Nematodes etc. About 25 kg neem
seeds are required to spray in one hectare area of
tea plantation. The spray solution now at 5%
concentration can be used as a spray to repel the
insect pests if any (Mamun, 2008). To spread the
spray solution uniformly over the leaves, an
emulsifier has to be used. The locally available
and cheapest emulsifier is the soap powder. About
50 to 60 gm of the soap powder which will be
about 15 to 20 teaspoons has to be thoroughly
mixed in the knapsack sprayer. This solution can
also be used for a prophylactic application before
the onset of pest attack. The extract should be
used within a day after making in to a formulation
to prevent degradation of the active ingredients.
For enhancing the effectiveness, the spray should
wet the whole plant. Even the lower side of the
leaves has to be smeared with the spray as many
insects and mites lay egg on the ventral side of the
leaves. The extract should be used at least 2-3
times at an interval of 10 to 15 days. Neem cake
can be used @ 50g per pit before planting
seedlings of tea for controlling nematodes.
Application of neemcake @ 2kg/bush was found
to be effective for the plants suffering from the
attack of root knot nematodes, Meloidogyne
brevicauda (Mamun and Iyengar, 2010).
Ghora-neem (Melia azedarach): The plant is
also useful for tea pest management. Melia
azedarach is reported to be the potential source
of azadirachtin and salanin that have high
insecticidal property. Several workers have
reported the relative efficacy of oil cakes from
Melia azedarach in reducing root knot nematode
infestation in cowpeas (Radhakrishnan, 2005).
The seed contains terpenes (mono and
sesqueterpenes) and lactones act as nematicides.
So, it could be incorporated in biopesticides for
the control of nematodes in tea. The seed extract
shows some antifeedant activity against
Helopeltis.
Mahogoni (Swietenia mahagoni): The seeds of
the Mahogoni plant are very toxic to the insect
pests and diseases. So, the seed kernels should
be crushed and mixed with water to prepare the
extracts. The extracts are very effective for the
control of Helopeltis, Red spider mites in tea
(Mamun and Ahmed, 2011).
Karanja (Pongamia pinnata): The seeds of
karanja are also lethal to the insect pests. The
seed extracts of this plant will be very effective to
control Helopeltis, Red spider mites and other
minor insects of tea. The aqueous seed extract at
10% of karanja reduce the infestation of
Helopeltis (43.33%) in tea (Deka et al., 2000).
Oilcakes of P. pinnata reduce the infestation of
root knot nematodes.
Exodus (Sophora flavescens): A formulation
called Exodus containing extracts of a
leguminous plant Sophora flavescens has been
proved very effective against red spider mites in
tea (Muarleedharan, 2005).
Adathoda (Adathoda vasica): The plants have
some ovicidal and antifeedant properties against
Helopeltis (Gurusubramanian et al., 2008). One
kg of fresh leaves are finely pounded, mixed with
six litres of water and allowed to soak for one
day. Then the liquid is filtered and a suitable
sticker such as soap is added. Applications are
best done in the evening time after sunset. This
will effectively control mites in tea. This should
be applied daily for three consecutive days. The
mode of action is antifeedant, insecticidal and
acaricidal.
Sweet flag (Acorus calamus): Rhizomes of this
plant contain calamus, which has insecticidal
properties. Saponins and tannins are the main
active principles. Pest control formulations are
18

obtained by drying and powdering the rhizomes
and making an aqueous extracts. It reduces the
infestation of red spider mites (60-88%) and kills
eggs (33-70%) of the red spider mite in tea
(Gurusubramanian et al., 2008).
Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum): Nicotine was
known since long as the poisonous material of
tobacco. It is a quick acting insecticide. Nicotine is
an alkaloid and it disappears quickly after
application, hence it is used as nicotine sulphate
for insect control. Nicotine sulphate is available in
40% liquid form. It can be diluted with water and
mixed with soap and spray on plants. For
preparing the tobacco solutions, 400g small
pieces tobacco are to be cut and soaked in four
litre of water for one day. Collect the clean liquid
and add soft soap @ 1ml per liter. This
concentrated decoction may be diluted with water
and used for spraying against thrips, scales,
aphids, looper caterpillars etc.
Rotenone (Derris elliptica): The roots of Derris
elliptica a leguminous plant containing 4-11%
rotenone can be used by drying and powdering or
by mixing with water. The spray liquid should
contain 0.002% to 0.004% active ingredient. It is
useful against sucking pests, caterpillars and
some beetles. It acts as a contact and stomach
poison. One hectare of Derris yields about 1.5
litres of roots with 5% rotenone content, enough
active ingredients to treat 500 to 700 ha of tea
plantation.
Annona (Annona squamosa): The leaves and
seeds of this plant contain lanolin and anonaine
having insecticidal properties. The seeds are to be
dried, powdered and made into a solution by
mixing with water or alcohol for application. It is
useful against stem borer, sucking pests, scale
insects etc. The aqueous leaf extract of annona
has antifeedant activity (66-82%) against
Helopeltis (Gurusubramanian et al., 2008).
Smart weed (Polygonum hydropiper): Leaves
and succulent stems of the plant collected, dried,
powdered and soaked for 24 hours for extract
preparation. 10% concentrations of aqueous
extract of Polygonum hydropiper reduce 60-80%
red spider mite with antifeedant and ovicidal
properties (Gurusubramanian et al., 2008). It
also reduces Helopeltis to a desirable level.
Drumstick (Moringa oleifera): Drumstick is
also a valuable bio-pesticidal plant. Drumstick
seeds can be powdered and mixed with stored
pulses to repel the beetles and weevils attacking
the grains. Also an aqueous extract of the tree's
bark is a very powerful repellent.
Albizzia (Albizzia procera): The crude extracts
of the seeds of A. procera are very effective
against coleopteran insects like beetles and
weevils.
Bidens (Bidens pilosa): One tea cup of mature
seeds is poured into a container with water and
boiled for 10 minutes. After cooling down, one
litre of water and small piece of soap is added.
The whole plants also be pounded and soaked
into two litres of water overnight. The solution
may be added with small pieces of soap and
sprayed. The solution acts as insecticide for the
control of aphids, cutworms and termites in tea.
Bur weed (Xanthium strumarium): Xanthium
is a weed having insecticidal and miticidal
properties. It has good repellent (84-100%),
ovicidal (47-60%), antifeedant (27-63%) against
Helopeltis (Sarmah and Bhola, 2008). 5-10%
concentrations of aqueous extract of this plant
also reduce the red spider mites (60-80%) in tea
(Sarmah et al., 2009). It also has good ovicidal
activity (44-87%) of red spider mite
(Gurusubramanian et al., 2008).
Datura (Datura metel): Datura is one of the
toxic plants and can be used as insecticide for the
control of Tea mosquito bug, thrips, jassids,
aphids etc (Mamun and Ahmed, 2011). 500g of
leaves and 500g of pods of Datura plants are
powdered and soaked in 15 litres of water for 24
hours.
Calotropis (Calotropis gigantea): The plant
extracts is very effective against soil pest like
termites (Radhakrishnan, 2005). Ten kg plant
materials is soaked in water for at least 24 hours,
and then filtered. This liquid is poured on
termite infested soil. This spray effectively
controls the pests within three days.
Castor bean (Ricinus communis): Oilcakes of
Ricinus communis is known to have nematicidal
properties (Radhakrishnan, 2005). 500g of
shelled seeds or 750g of unshelled seeds of castor
can be crushed. The crushed seeds should be
heated in two litres of water for 10 minutes. A bit
of soap and two table spoon of kerosene is
added. Then the solution is filtered and then 10
more litre of water is added.
Coriander (Coriandrum sativum): 200g of
crushed seeds are boiled for 10 minutes in one
litre of water, filtered, and diluted @ 1:2 with hot
water. This will act as a repellent against spider
mites in tea (Radhakrishnan, 2005).
Lantana (Lantana camara): The lantana plants
containing the flavanoids, triterpenoids and
alkaloids such as lantanine are the substance
having insecticidal action. Cut 5 kg of lantana
leaves, flowers and fruits into small pieces and
partially crush to control root grubs and
termites. The leaves and flowers after drying can
be extracted with water and used to control
many in insects including Helopeltis, aphids
(Mamun and Ahmed, 2011). The leaf extract of
the plant has excellent acaricidal activity (23-
19

95%) against red spider mite in tea
(Gurusubramanian et al., 2008).
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum
cinerariafolium): It is extracted from the dried
flowers of Chrysanthemum. Pyrethrum or natural
pyrethroid is a mixture of six different substances.
The main active principle is the alkaloid
stachydrine. It has the ability to paralyse the pests
on contact. Pyrethrum can be effectively used to
control sucking pests like Tea mosquito bugs,
thrips, aphids, scale insects etc.
Artemisia (Artemisia vulgaris): The plant has
excellent antifeedant properties (60-78%)
(Gurusubramanian et al., 2008). Collect
Artemisia vulgaris plant before flowering and cut
the leaves and stems into small pieces. Take one
kg of cut leaves and stems in a bucket, pour 10
litres of water and keep for 16-24 hours. Then
filtered the liquid and sprayed against common
insect pests of tea. 10% concentration of aqueous
extract of Artemisia vulgaris reduces the red
spider mites in tea.
Aegle (Aegle marmelos): Take 20-25 fruits of
Aegle marmelos and boil in 10 litres of water to
take the extracts. Then add 1 kg of turmeric
powder and keep it for 12 hours. From the extract,
take 1 litre of solution dilute with 10 litres of water
and spray over the entire plants to control thrips.
Marigold (Tagetes erecta): Two kg of marigold
flowers may be crushed and made into a paste by
adding 5-10 litres of water. Then add 5 litres of
water and mix the paste. This solution may be
mixed with 200 litres of water and sprayed on the
plants.
Clerodendrum (Clerodendrum inerme):
Clerodendron inerme Linn. is the common name
of Ghetu, a common herb of verbenaceae family.
The plant also possesses repellent properties.
Clerodendrum the most important weed species
surrounding tea plantation having both
insecticidal and miticidal values. The aqueous
extracts at 10% of Clerodendrum reduce the
infestation of Helopeltis in percent of 49.45
(Deka, et al., 2000). Aqueous extract of
Clerodendrum inerme gave excellent result in
reducing red spider mite (23-100%) populations
as well as Helopeltis (32-60%) in tea
(Gurusubramanian et al., 2008).
Wild sunflower (Helianthus sp.): 2-10%
concentrations of the aqueous extract of
Helianthus sp. reduce the red spider mites (60-
100%) within three days. To prepare the solution,
boil 2 kg of leaves of Helianthus in 10 litres of
water. Dilute one litre of this solution in 10 litres
of water.
Besides, the herbal mixture of certain plant is
very effective against all kinds of insects, mites,
diseases in sustainable tea pest management.
The mixture can be made by the following simple
procedure. About 500g of dried tobacco leaves,
one kg of neem seed kernel, 500g lime powder,
500g Datura leaves and 500g pods and seeds of
olender (Nerium oleander) are powdered and
mixed together, then soaked in 15 litres of water
for 15 days. On alternate days, the mixture needs
to be stirred with stick. After 15 days 1 litre of the
filtrate is mixed in 15 litres of water and sprayed
on the crop. It is enough for 2.5 ha and is meant
to keep away all kinds of pests.
General procedure of indigenous
plant extracts
Collection and processing of plant
materials
Fresh leaves and seeds of indigenous plants are
collected from the surrounding of tea plantation
areas. After bringing them to the laboratory, they
are washed in running water. Firstly the plant
materials are kept in shade for air-drying and
then they are dried in the oven at 60°C to gain
constant weight.
Preparation of plant dust
Dusts are prepared by pulverizing the dried
leaves and seeds with the help of a grinder. Then
the dusts are passed through a 25-mesh diameter
sieve to obtain fine and uniform dust. The dust is
preserved in airtight condition in polythene bags
till their use in extract preparation.
Preparation of plant extracts
The prepared leaf and seed dusts are used for
preparation of plant extract. Ten gram of each
category dust are taken in a 500 ml beaker and
separately mixed with 100 ml of different
solvents (acetone, methanol and distilled water).
Then the mixture is stirred for 30 minutes by a
magnetic stirrer (at 6000 rpm) and left to stand
for next 24 hours. The mixture is then filtered
through a fine cloth and again through filter
paper (Whatman No.1). The filtered materials
are taken into a round bottom flask and then
condensed by evaporation of solvent in a water
bath at 80°C, 55°C and 45°C temperature for
water, methanol and acetone extracts,
respectively. Evaporation is done to make the
volume 10 ml. Stock solutions of plant extracts
are prepared separately by diluting the
condensed extracts with respective solvents
(acetone, methanol and distilled water).
Different concentrations as desired such as 5.0,
7.5, 10.0 and 12.5% etc. of each category of plant
extract are prepared by dissolving the stock
solutions in the respective solvent prior to use of
them.
20

Plate 1. Neem (Azadirachta indica) Plate 2. Mahogani (Swietenia mahagoni) Plate 3. Karanja (Pongamia pinnata)
Plate 4. Adathoda (Adathoda vasica) Plate 5. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) Plate 6. Sweet flag (Acorus calamus)
Plate 7. Rotenone (Derris elliptica) Plate 8. Annona (Annona squamosa)
Plate 9.
Lantana (Lantana camara)
Plate 10. Bidens (Bidens pilosa) Plate 11. Artemisia (Artemisia vulgaris) Plate 12. Datura (Datura metel)
Plate 13. Clerodendrum (Clerodendrum inerme)
Plate 14. Bishkatali (Polygonum hydropiper) Plate 15. Bur weed (Xant hium strumarium)
Fig.1. Some potential plants useful in tea pest management
21

The simple SOP for the preparation of indigenous
plant extracts in general for tea pest management
developed by Mamun (2011d) is given below.
Preparation of aqueous plant extracts
Collection of Leaves/Seeds/Rhizomes
De-pulping and drying
Remove seed coat
Oven dry & make powder
Take 25 kg of powder
Add 250 ml adjuvant
Soak in 50 liter of water overnight
Extract and filter through fine cloth
Add 500 liter of water
Spray in 1 hectare area of tea plantation
Conclusion
Tea is an important cash crop as well as
exportable commodity. For sustainable tea
cultivation, integrated pest management system is
the vital component. Planters may use botanical
pesticides to perceive to be as effective as the
synthetic counterparts. It was also noted that the
subsistence planters preferred using botanical
pesticides rather than conventional ones mainly
because of cost and availability. Traditional pest
control methods, especially the use of indigenous
pesticide plants if improved, offer a safer, low cost
and more dependable method of field crops
protection. However, it should not be assumed
that because the botanical pesticides are naturally
derived that they are safe to use and can be
consumed by humans. It intends to carry out a
biosafety assessments of the pesticide plants used
in order to establish their mammalian and
environmental safety. The plants that will be
found to have proven effectiveness and safety will
be studied further to find out how best they can be
used to protect the environment from the
increasing degradation. Then, issues of
propagation and cultivation as on-farm crop for
pest control as well as conservation will be
looked at closely in order to enhance crop
productivity and food security. The use of plant
extracts should be incorporated in the IPM
programme in tea. The indigenous plants are
available surrounding the tea estates as well as
throughout the country. Tea planters may use
these plants for the management of pests of tea.
It will help for producing pesticide free tea. This
will be very helpful in minimizing the
undesirable side effects of synthetic pesticides
and ultimately environmental pollution will be
minimized.
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