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The Effectiveness of Mitomycin C on Pterygium Surgery with Amniotic Membrane Transplantation

Authors:

Abstract

To compare postoperative recurrence rates of pterygium surgery with amniotic membrane transplantation with and without mitomycin C.
www.ophthalmology.org
200
대한안과학회지 2012년 제 53 권 제 2
J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2012;53(2):200-207
pISSN: 0378-6471
eISSN: 2092-9374
http://dx.doi.org/10.3341/jkos.2012.53.2.200
= 증례보고 =
양막이식술을 이용한 군날개 제거술에서
마이토마이신 C의 효과
배성근
김정규
이진기
박대진
대구파티마병원 안과
목적:
원발 군날개 제거술에서 양막이식술을 시행한 경우, 마이토마이신 C를 사용한 경우와 사용하지 않은 경우의 재발률을 비교해
보았다.
대상과 방법:
수술 6개월 이상 추적관찰이 가능했던 환자 43명 45안 중, 마이토마이신 C를 사용한 18명 19안, 사용하지 않은 25명
26안을 대상으로 후향적 연구를 시행하였다.
결과:
마이토마이신 C를 사용하지 않은 양막이식술에서는 26안 결막재발이 6안, 각막재발 3안에 나타났으며(34.6%), 마이토마이신
C를 사용한 양막이식술에서는 19안 중 결막재발이 2안, 각막재발 1안에서 나타나(15.8%) 두 군 간에 통계학적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다.
또한 양막이식술만 시행한 군에서 마이토마이신 C를 같이 사용한 군에 비해 통계적으로 유의한 높은 결막재발률을 보였다. 마이토마이
C 사용에 따른 심각한 합병증은 발생하지 않았다. 두 군 모두 술 후 양막하출혈, 육아종, 상처벌어짐 등의 합병증이 있었으나 경과관찰
후 회복되었다.
결론:
양막이식술을 이용한 원발 군날개 수술 시 마이토마이신 C는 결막재발을 효과적으로 억제함으로써 미용상의 문제로 인한 환자의
불편을 줄이는 데 효과적인 방법이라 생각한다.
<대한안과학회지 2012;53(2):200-207>
접 수 일: 2011년 5월 25일
심사통과일: 2011년 9월 16일
게재허가일: 2011년 12월 13일
책 임 저 자:
대구시 동구 아양로 99
대구파티마병원 안과
Tel: 053-940-7140, Fax: 053-954-7417
E-mail: djoph2540@yahoo.co.kr
군날개는 검열부 구결막에 삼각형 모양으로 섬유혈관성
조직이 증식되어 비측 각막을 침범하는 외안부 질환으로
정확한 원인은 아직 알려져 있지 않으나 자외선, 바람,
먼지 등의 만성적인 환경 자극, 유전적 요인, 면역학적 요인
등과 연관이 있는 것으로 알려져 있다.
1-3
군날개는 잦은
혈과 염증, 미용상의 문제가 있을 경우, 각막을 침범하여
력에 장애를 수술적 치료를 고려할 있다. 군날개
수술로 비교적 쉽게 제거할 있으나 술 후 재발이
하여 재발률을 낮추기 위한 다양한 시도들이 이루어져
. 재발률이 높은 공막노출법 이후에 재발을 억제하기
해서 감마선 조사, Mitomycin C 같은 항대사물질을 사용하
는 보조요법과
4-8
자가결막이식술, 양막이식술, 자가윤부결
막이식술 등의 다양한 수술방법이 시행되고 있다.
9
이 중 군날개 수술 보조요법에 흔히 사용되는 Mitomyci n
C는 항대사물질로서 군날개 수술 후 수술 부위의 섬유혈관
조직 증식을 억제하여 재발 방지에 효과적이고 재발률
감소시키는 것으로 알려져 있으나 공막괴사, 공막연화
, 각막궤양, 이차녹내장, 백내장 등의 심각한 안구 합병증
발생이 보고되어 사용에 제한이 있다.
8
최근에는 군날개 제거술과 함께 양막이식술의 임상효과
및 합병증의 발생유무와
10-12
군날개 제거술 Mitomycin
C 접촉요법에 관한 임상효과 및 합병증에 관한 보고는
13
지만(Table 1), 군날개 제거술과 함께 양막이식술을 시행
하면서 Mitomycin C 접촉효과에 따른 임상결과 재발
유무의 비교에 관한 연구는 없다.
이에 저자들은 원발 군날개 환자에서 군날개 광범위
제술과 양막이식술을 받은 환자들에서 수술 Mitomycin
C 접촉요법의 사용 유무에 따른 재발률 합병증 발생에
대해 비교 연구하여, 양막이식술에 병행하여 사용되는
Mitomycin C 보조요법의 효용성을 알아보고자 하였다.
대상과 방법
20045월부터 20096월까지 본원에서 원발 군날개
로 수술을 시행 받은 환자 6개월 이상 경과관찰이 가능
했던 환자 양막이식술을 시행 받은 환자 43 45안을
대상으로 후향적 연구를 진행하였다. 수술 군날개의
류는 Tan et al
14
이 제안한 Grade T1–T3 분류를 사용하였
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- 배성근 외 : 군날개수술-양막이식술과 마이토마이신 C -
Table 1. Comparison of recurrence rate with various previous reports
This study Prabhasawat et al.10
(primary pterygium)
Solomon et al.11
(primary
pterygium)
Tananuvat and
Martin.24
(primary pterygium)
AMT + MMC
group (19 eyes)
AMT group
(26 eyes)
CAU group
(78 eyes)
AMT group
(46 eyes)
AMT group
(33 eyes)
AMT group
(44 eyes)
Grade 0*10 (52.7) 10 (38.5) 34 (43.6) 10 (21.7) 27 (81.8) -
Grade 1 6 (31.4) 7 (26.9) 37 (47.4) 21 (45.6) 3 (9.1) -
Grade 2 2 (10.5) 6 (23.1) 5 (6.4) 10 (21.7) 2 (6.1) -
Grade 3§1 (5.4) 3 (11.5) 2 (2.6) 5 (10.9) 1 (3.0) 18 (40.9)
Total (Grade 2 + Grade 3)
recurrence rates
3/19 (15.9) 9/26 (34.6) 7/78 (9.0) 15/46 (32.6) 3/33 (9.1) 18 (40.9)
Values are presented as number (%).
AMT = aniotic membrane transplantation; MMC = mitomycin C; CAU = conjunctival autograft.
*No recurrence; Episcleral vessels without fibrovascular tissue; Conjunctival recurrence; §Corneal recurrence.
Figure 1.
Classification of pterygium. (A) G rade T1 (atrophic),
episcleral vessels are unobscured. (B) Grade T2 (intermediate),
episcleral vessels are partially obscured. (C) Grade T3 (fleshy),
episcleral vessels are totally obscured.
는데,
Grade
T1 (atrophic)은 세극등현미경 검사상 군날개
에서 상공막 혈관을 명확하게 구분할 있는 경우, Grade
T2 (intermediate) 군날개에서 상공막 혈관이 부분적으
가려지는 경우, Grade T3 (fleshy)군날개에서 상공
혈관을 완전히 구별하기 어려울 정도로 두꺼워진 경우
정의하였고, T2-T3 분류된 원발성 군날개만
대상에 포함시켰다(Fig. 1).
수술은 술자에 의해서 수술현미경하에서 시술되었으
수술방법은 구후마취 개검기로 눈을 벌리고 1:1000
에피네프린을 점안한 후 시행하였다. 4-0 black silk6
12방향에 견인봉합을 하여 안구를 이측으로 견인하
여 수술부위를 노출시킨 후 군날개 상하연을 따라 결막을
A
B
C
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- 대한안과학회지 2012년 제 53 권 제 2 호 -
Figure 2.
This procedure was performed as fellows; (A)
Episcleral traction sutures were placed. (B) Excision and blunt
dissection of pterygium from the cornea and sclera by
u
sing
conjunctival scissors. (C) Remnant pterygium of the cornea
was dissected off by corneal forceps. (D) W ide excision of the
subconjunctival Tenon's tissue was done by the Ellm an cautery.
(E) 0.02% Mitomycin C soaked cotton swabs were applied at
excision site. (F) Am niotic membrane is peeled off from the
carrier paper and spread over the cornea. (G) The amniotic
membrane w as sutured to the episclera and conjuctiva to facili-
tate regeneration of the conjunctiva over the am niotic
membrane.
A
B
C D
E F
G
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- 배성근 외 : 군날개수술-양막이식술과 마이토마이신 C -
Figure 3.
These figures showed the two kinds of recurrent pterygium. (A, B) Grade 2, fibrovascular tissue in the excised area, reach-
ing to the limbus, but not invading the cornea (conjunctival recurrence). (C , D) Grade 3, fibrovascular tissue invading the cornea
(corneal recurrence).
절개한 군날개의 두부를 각막에서 분리시키고 유착된
각막부위의 군날개 조직은 미세집게를 이용하여 벗겨내었
. 비측으로 안구 적도부 앞까지 결막하 섬유혈관조직을
박리하고 공막 내직근으로부터도 광범위하게 박리한
Ellman cautery를 이용하여 절제하였다. 출혈부위는
소한의 전기소작을 통해 지혈하였다. Mitomycin C 사용군
에서는 섬유혈관조직의 박리된 경계부위를 forceps
들어올린 0.02% Mitomycin C 적신 2-3개의
cotton swab을 결막하 부위에 2분 적용 평형 용액으로
충분히 세척하였다. 양막이식 시 양막은 Amnisite-cornea
®
(Cryopreserved, Bioland, Ochang, Korea) 사용하였으
, 양막의 양면(기질층면, 기저막면) 기질층면을 공막
내직근의 노출 부위에 접하도록 놓고 각막윤부 경계와
내직근막 , 하측 가장자리에 공막고정 봉합을 10-0
nylon 이용하여 시행하였고, 사이에 3-4개의 결막-양막
단속봉합을 10-0 nylon이용하여 시행하였다. 또한 모든
에서 수술 끝에 결막하(상측, 하측)triamcinolone
주사하
였다(Fig. 2).
수술 후 처치는 4주간 1% prednisolone acetate (Pred forte
eye solution
®
, Allergan, Irvine, CA, USA) Gatifloxacin
(Gatiflo ophthalmic solution
®
, Handok, Seoul, Korea)
하루 네 , 무보존제 인공누액(Tearin free
®
, DHP Korea,
Cheongwon, Korea)깨어있는 동안 시간마다 점안하
였으며, 1% prednisolone acetate 염증 정도에 따라 점안
회수를 줄였다. 봉합사는 7일째 제거하였고 추적관찰은
술 후 1, 1, 2, 1개월째 하였으며 그 이후로는 2개월
간격으로 하였다.
재발여부는 Prabhasawat et al
10
제안한 G0-G3 분류
사용하였는데, 세극등현미경 검사상 Grade 0 재발이
없는 경우, Grade 1은 절제된 군날개 영역에 섬유화를 동반
하지 않는가는 상공막 혈관이 관찰되는 경우, Grade 2는 절
제된 군날개 영역에 공막 내에 국한된 섬유혈관증식이
경우(결막재발), Grade 3 각막윤부를 가로지르는
유혈관증식이 있는 경우(각막재발) 분류하였고, 저자들
A
B
C D
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- 대한안과학회지 2012년 제 53 권 제 2 호 -
Table 3.
Comparison of recurrence rates according to the surgical method
AMT + MMC group (19 eyes) AMT group (26 eyes) p-value*
Grade 0 10 (52.7) 10 (38.5)
Grade 1 6 (31.4) 7 (26.9)
Grade 2§ 2 (10.5) 6 (23.1) 0.046
Grade 3 1 (5.4) 3 (11.5) 0.157
Total (Grade 2 + Grade 3) recurrence rates 3/19 (15.9) 9/26 (34.6) 0.014
Values are presented as number (%).
AMT = amniotic membrane transplantation; MMC = mitomycin C.
*Measured by Wilcoxon signed rank test; No recurrence; Episcleral vessels without fibrovascular tissue; §Conjunctival recurrence; Corneal
recurrence.
Table 2.
Characteristics of patients
AMT + MMC group AMT group
No. of eyes (patients) 19 (18) 26 (25)
Age (mean ± SD, yr) 54.9 ± 8.3 51.3 ± 10.1
Range (yr) 37-68 29-70
Gender (n)
Male 8 10
Female 11 16
Follow-up (mean ± SD, mon) 13.5 ± 6.1 12.6 ± 7.5
Grade* T2:T3 (n) 2:17 5:21
AMT = amniotic membrane transplantation; MMC = mitomycin C.
*Grading system by Tan et al.14
은 그중 Grade 2 Grade 3모두 포함하여 재발로 정의
하였다(Fig. 3). 통계학적인 분석은 SPSS
®
소프트웨어
(version 13.0; SPSS Science, Chicago, IL, USA) 이용
하였으며 환자 간의 특성은 chi-square test, 군 간의
발률은 Wilcoxon signed rank test 이용하여 통계학적
유의성을 분석하였다.
결과
총 대상환자 45(43) Mitomycin C를 사용한 군은
18 19(남자 88, 여자 10 11)이었고 평균연
령은 54.9 ±
8.3(범위 37-68)였으며, 평균 추적관찰
기간은 13.5 ±
6.1개월이었다. Mitomycin C 사용하지
않은 군은 25 26(남자 9 10, 여자 1616)
었고 평균연령은 51.3 ±
10.1(범위 29-70)였으며,
평균 추적관찰 기간은 12.6 ±
7.5개월이었다. 원발
군날개 정도는 Mitomycin C 사용 군에서 T2 2, T3
17, Mitomycin C를 사용하지 않은 군에서 T25, T3
21안으로 나타났다. 두 군 간 성비, 나이, 추적관찰 기간
군날개의 정도에 있어 유의한 차이는 없었다(
p
>0.05,
Table 2). 수술방법에 따른 재발률은 Mitomycin C를 사용
하지 않은 환자 25 2699안에서 재발(결막재발
6, 각막재발 3)하여 34.6% 재발률을 보였고,
Mitomycin C를 사용한 환자군은 18 19 33안에
재발(결막재발 2, 각막재발 1), 15.9% 재발률을
보여, Mitomycin C를 사용한 군이 자가 사용하지 않은 군에
비해 통계적으로 유의하게 재발률이 낮았다(
p
=0.014).
막재발만을 비교한 결과에서 양막이식술만 시행한 군에
서 통계적으로 유의한 낮은 결막재발률을 보였다(
p
=0.046,
Table 3). 또한 Mitomycin C 사용군에서 각공막 용해, 공막
괴사 등 Mitomycin C 사용에 따른 심각한 합병증은 발생하
않았다. 이외에 모두에서 양막하 출혈
(sub-amniotic membrane hemorrhage) Mitomycin C
사용군, 비사용군 각각 2안에 발생하였으나 경과관찰 후 호
전되었고, 육아종(Granuloma) Mitomycin C 사용군,
사용군 각각 1안에서 나타났으나 절제하지 않고 스테로이
안약 사용 호전되었으며, 상처벌어짐(wound gap-
ping)Mitomyci n C 사용군, 비사용군 각각 1안에 나타났
으나 크기가 크지 않아 재봉합을 시행하지 않고 경과관찰
하여 회복되었다(Fig. 4).
고찰
군날개는 섬유혈관조직이 증식하여 구결막에서 각막을
침범하는 질환으로, 이물감, 충혈 등의 경미한 증상부터
, 안구운동 장애로 인한 복시 등의 심한 합병증까지 일으
있으며, 치료는 수술로써 비교적 간단히 제거할
있으나 재발이 빈번하다. 이러한 높은 재발의 원인은 수술
로 인한 외상, 후 염증반응으로 인한 결막하 섬유아세포
의 활성화, 혈관의 증식, 세포외 기질 단백질의 축적 등으로
생각되고 있다.
15
Mitomycin C항대사물질로 DNA, cellular RNA, 단백
질 합성을 방해함으로써 세포의 증식을 억제한다.
16
안과영
역에서는 녹내장 여과 수술, 굴절 수술에서 근시의 퇴행과
각막혼탁을 줄이기 위, 그리고 군날개 재발 방지를 위한
조요법으로 사용되고 있는데, 군날개 분야에서는 Hayasaka
et al
6
Kunitomo and Mori
17
의해 군날개 재발방지를
www.ophthalmology.org
205
- 배성근 외 : 군날개수술-양막이식술과 마이토마이신 C -
Figure 4.
Complications of pterygium excision with amniotic
membrane transplantation. (A) Sub-amniotic membrane hemorrhage.
(B) W ound gapping (arrow). (C) G ranuloma.
위한 보조요법으로 점안방법이 처음 소개된 이래 최근까지
널리 사용되어 왔다. 그러나 Mitomycin C는 독성이 강하여
세포
분열주기에 상관없이 접촉한 모든 세포들에 영향을
미쳐서 합병증을 유발할 있어 Mitomycin C 점안액의
장기간 사용은 각공막괴사, 각막상피결손, 각막부종, 녹내
, 눈물흘림, 통증 등의 심각한 합병증 발생이 보고되면
서 그 사용에 제한이 있고,
8
이런 합병증을 줄이기 위해서
수술 중 일회 적용요법으로 사용하거나 그 농도 또한 저농
도의 0.02%가장 흔히 사용되고 있지만 아직 군날개의
재발을 방지하면서 안전성을 동반하는 적절한 농도와
촉시간에 대해서는 연구된 바는 없어 적용에 신중을 기해
한다.
양막은 태아막 중 가장 내측에 있는 막으로, 장벽 역할을
하는 두꺼운 콜라겐(collagen)층과 4 콜라겐 라미닌
(laminin) 포함한 기저막 성분으로 구성되어 있고, 이식
하여도 거부반응이 없다는 특징을 가진다.
18
양막의
저막은 상피세포의 이동, 증식 분화를 촉진하고 기저상
피세포의 부착을 용이하게 하며, 각종 성장인자 단백질
분해억제효소를 함유하고 있어, 각막표면질환에서 발생하
세포의 죽음이나 고사를 억제하는 것으로 알려져
.
19-22
양막의 이러한 특성을 이용하여 양막이식술은 화상
의한 각결막손상, 스티븐-존슨 증후군 심하게 손상
된 안구표면질환의 치료방법으로 현재 임상적으로 널리 쓰
이고 있다. Prabhasawat et al
10
양막이식술과 자가결막
이식술을 각각 시행하여 10.9%, 2.6%의 각막재발률을
고하였으며, 비록 양막이식술이 자가결막이식술에 비해
발률은 높으나 군날개 제거 결손부위가 크거나 향후
내장수술의 필요성이 있는 환자들에게서는 자가결막이식
대신 양막이식을 고려해야 것을 권유하였고, Solomon
et al
11
은 결막하 섬유혈관성 조직을 광범위하게 절제한
양막이식술을 시행하고 보조적으로 triamcinolone (10-16
mg) 결막하로 주사하여 원발성 군날개에서 3.0%, 재발
군날개에서 9.5% 낮은 각막재발률을 보고하였다.
내에서는 Jang and Choi
12
원발성 및 재발성 군날개에서
공막노출법과 양막이식술을 시행하여 각각 9.0%, 6.0%
각막재발률을 보고하였다.
연구에서는 군날개 제거 양막이식술을 시행하고
수술 Mi tomycin C 적용 여부에 따른 재발률의 차이가
A
B
C
www.ophthalmology.org
206
- 대한안과학회지 2012년 제 53 권 제 2 호 -
있는지 알아보고자 하였으며, 이때까지의 연구들과는 달리
재발의 범주에 각막재발뿐만 아니라 결막재발까지 모두 재
발로 포함하여 연구를 진행하였다. Mitomycin C를 사용한
군에서는 193안에서 재발(결막재발 2, 각막재발 1
)하였으나 사용하지 않은 군에서 269안이 재발(
막재발 6, 각막재발 3)하여 Mi tomycin C를 사용한
에서 재발률이 유의하게 낮음을 확인하였다. 또한 결막재발
비교한 결과에서도 Mitomycin C 사용한 군에서
Mitomycin C사용하지 않은 군에 비해 재발률이 유의하
낮음을 확인하였다. 이것은 군날개의 광범위 절제술
양막이식을 추가로 시행한 후, 섬유혈관조직의 절제를 시행
부위에 Mitomycin C사용함으로써 절제부위에서
어나는 섬유아세포의 DNA, cellular RNA, 단백질 합성을
방해하여 세포의 증식을 억제시킴으로써 재발을 억제하는
것으로 추정된다. 또한, 모든 군에서 결막하 주사한 tri-
amcinolone과 더불어 재발률 감소에 영향을 끼쳤을 것으로
생각한다.
11,23
군날개 수술 발생하는 결막재발은 환자로 하여금
용상의 불편 등 여러 가지 문제를 일으키게 되고, 치료자의
입장에서도 재발에 대한 부담을 갖게 되는 결과를 초래한
. 따라서 최근에 재발률을 효과적으로 낮출 수 있다고
고되고 있는 자가결막이식술, 자가윤부결막이식술 등을
행할 없는 녹내장 환자나 머리가 둘인(double headed)
군날개, 군날개 제거 후 결손부위가 너무 광범위한 경우
에 양막이식술과 함께 수술 중 Mitomycin C 보조적으로
추가하면 결막재발을 포함한 재발률을 낮출 있으므로
효과적인 수술방법이라고 생각한다.
결론적으로, 원발 군날개 수술 광범위 절제술과 동반
된 양막이식술에서 Mitomyci n C를 절제부위에 사용하는
각막재발뿐만 아니라 결막재발을 억제하여 미용상의
제를 줄이는 효과적인 것으로 생각되며, 향후 많은 환
자를 대상으로 전향적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각한다.
참고문헌
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207
=ABSTRACT=
The Effectiveness of Mitomycin C on Pterygium Surgery with Amniotic
Membrane Transplantation
Sung Geun Bae, MD, Jeong Kyu Kim, MD, Jin Ki Lee, MD, PhD, Dae Jin Park, MD
Department of Ophthalmology, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Daegu, Korea
Purpose: To compare postoperative recurrence rates of pterygium surgery with amniotic membrane transplantation with
and without mitomycin C.
Methods: A retrospective analysis of 45 eyes of 43 patients who underwent pterygium surgery with amniotic membrane
transplantation with a minimum of six months of follow-up. Nineteen eyes underwent mitomycin C application, while the re-
maining 26 eyes did not. Recurrence rates and complications were evaluated.
Results: With a minimum of six months of follow-up, fibrovascular tissue in the excised area not invading the cornea
(conjunctival recurrence) was noted in two eyes (10.5%), and fibrovascular tissue invading the cornea (corneal re-
currence) was noted in one eye (5.4%) in the amniotic membrane transplantation with mitomycin C group. Conjunctival re-
currence was noted in six eyes (23.1%) and corneal recurrence in three eyes (11.5%) in the amniotic membrane trans-
plantation without mitomycin C group. Recurrence rate in the amniotic membrane transplantation with mitomycin C group
(15.9%) was significantly lower (p = 0.014) than that in the amniotic membrane transplantation without mitomycin C group
(34.6%). Complications included sub-amniotic membrane hemorrhage in two eyes, granuloma in one eye, and wound de-
hiscence in one eye in each group. There were no specific complications related to usage of mitomycin C.
Conclusions: In pterygium surgery with amniotic membrane transplantation, application of mitomycin C is an effective
method to reduce recurrence rates, especially conjunctival recurrences that are related to cosmetic problems. This method
may also be helpful to reduce patient discomfort.
J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2012;53(2):200-207
Key Words: Amniotic membrane transplantation, Mitomycin C, Pterygium, Recurrence rate
Address reprint requests to Dae Jin Park, MD
Department of Ophthalmology, Daegu Fatima Hospital
#99 Ayang-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 701-600, Korea
Tel: 82-53-940-7140, Fax: 82-53-954-7417, E-mail: djoph2540@yahoo.co.kr
- 배성근 외 : 군날개수술-양막이식술과 마이토마이신 C -
2002;13:204-12.
24) Tananuvat N, Martin T. The results of amniotic membrane trans-
plantation for primary pterygium compared with conjunctival
autograft. Cornea 2004;23:458-63.
Article
Purpose: This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of subconjunctival bevacizumab injection after primary pterygium surgery.Methods: We performed a conjunctivo-limbal autograft after pterygium resection in 136 eyes of 128 patients with primary pterygium between December 2019 and July 2021. A subconjunctival bevacizumab injection of 2.5 mg (0.1 mL) was administered in the bevacizumab group but not in the control group (54 eyes of 48 patients). We compared pterygium recurrence rates between the two groups at 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after surgery.Results: Pterygium recurrence occurred in one eye (1.21%) in the bevacizumab group and five eyes (9.25%) in the control group. Additionally, fibrovascular tissue proliferation was suppressed in the bevacizumab group and no postoperative complications were observed.Conclusions: Pterygium recurrence occurred in one eye (1.21%) in the bevacizumab group and five eyes (9.25%) in the control group. Additionally, fibrovascular tissue proliferation was suppressed in the bevacizumab group and no postoperative complications were observed.
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Purpose: We evaluated a combination of intraoperative mitomycin C (MMC) and amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) for treating recurrent pterygia. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 40 eyes of 39 patients with recurrent pterygia who underwent AMT from December 2007 to July 2015 and who were followed-up for a minimum of 12 months. In all, 22 eyes received intraoperative MMC (group A) and 18 did not (group B). Recurrence rates and complications were compared between the two groups. Results: Conjunctival recurrence was noted in two and corneal recurrence was noted in four eyes of group A (27.3%); the figures for group B were four and three (38.9%). These recurrence rates were not significantly different (p = 0.545). In five cases with preoperative symblepharon, this condition recurred when MMC was not used (two eyes) but not when MMC was used (three eyes). No major complications such as necrotizing scleritis, scleromalacia, or corneal ulcer were observed in either group after surgery. Conclusions: Intraoperative adjunct MMC therapy did not significantly inhibit recurrence after AMT for treating recurrent pterygia but may reduce the recurrence rate of symblepharon. 2018 The Korean Ophthalmological Society.
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Purpose: To evaluate the success and complication rates of triple procedure, including pterygium excision, marginal amniotic membrane insertion beneath the conjunctiva, and limbal-conjunctival autograft in pterygium surgery. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study on 45 eyes of 45 patients who underwent pterygium surgery between August 2011 and October 2012. After pterygium excision, amniotic membrane was placed beneath the conjunctiva along the margin of the exposed sclera followed by a limbal conjunctival autograft. Success rates, intraoperative and postoperative complications were evaluated. Results: Forty-three eyes with primary pterygium and 2 eyes with recurrent pterygium were enrolled in the present study. The mean age of the patients was 59.87 ± 14.30 years with a mean follow-up of 12.9 ± 4.6 months. There were no complications during surgery. Early postoperative complications included partial wound dehiscence in 1 eye and a simple conjunctival cyst on the autografted conjunctiva in the another eye. No clinically significant recurrence (G2, G3) was noted during the observational periods. Thirty-nine (86.7%) and 6 (13.3%) eyes were graded as G0 and G1, respectively. Conclusions: Our surgical technique not only has the benefits of the limbal conjunctival autograft acting as a barrier against fibrovascular invasion of the cornea and supplying stem cells to the corneal epithelium but also has antiangiogenic effects of amniotic membrane with minimal use. In addition, this technique is a safe surgical method in primary and recurrent pterygium.
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Purpose: To evaluate the success and complication rates of triple procedure, including pterygium excision, marginal amniotic membrane insertion beneath the conjunctiva, and limbal-conjunctival autograft in pterygium surgery. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study on 45 eyes of 45 patients who underwent pterygium surgery between August 2011 and October 2012. After pterygium excision, amniotic membrane was placed beneath the conjunctiva along the margin of the exposed sclera followed by a limbal conjunctival autograft. Success rates, intraoperative and postoperative complications were evaluated. Results: Forty-three eyes with primary pterygium and 2 eyes with recurrent pterygium were enrolled in the present study. The mean age of the patients was 59.87 ± 14.30 years with a mean follow-up of 12.9 ± 4.6 months. There were no complications during surgery. Early postoperative complications included partial wound dehiscence in 1 eye and a simple conjunctival cyst on the autografted conjunctiva in the another eye. No clinically significant recurrence (G2, G3) was noted during the observational periods. Thirty-nine (86.7%) and 6 (13.3%) eyes were graded as G0 and G1, respectively. Conclusions: Our surgical technique not only has the benefits of the limbal conjunctival autograft acting as a barrier against fibrovascular invasion of the cornea and supplying stem cells to the corneal epithelium but also has antiangiogenic effects of amniotic membrane with minimal use. In addition, this technique is a safe surgical method in primary and recurrent pterygium.
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To compare the recurrence rates and complications with amniotic membrane transplantation (fibrin glue group and suture group), conjunctival autograft and conjunctivolimbal autograft in excision of primary pterygium.
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To evaluate the effectiveness of Mitomycin C used as a combined therapy along with limbal-conjunctival autograft for primary pterygium.
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The use of topical mitomycin (mitomycin-C) as a medical adjunct to pterygium and glaucoma surgery is increasing. The authors report on a series of 10 patients who experienced serious, vision-threatening complications associated with the use of this drug after pterygium surgery. Complications included severe secondary glaucoma (4 patients), corneal edema (3 patients), corneal perforation (1 patient), corectopia (2 patients), iritis (8 patients), sudden onset mature cataract (2 patients), scleral calcification (1 patient) and incapacitating photophobia and pain (8 patients). Two patients required penetrating keratoplasties and a third required three lamellar keratoplasties. Another patient underwent four additional surgeries including a conjunctival Z-plasty, scleral patch grafting, and conjunctival autografting before his intractable pain and photophobia resolved 15 months after the original surgery. Because of these complications, 6 patients required a total of 20 return visits to the operating room after their original pterygium surgery. In 5 eyes, visual acuity remained at 20/200 or less. Three of the six patients with the most severe complications had concomitant chronic external diseases (rosacea [3 patients], ichthyosis [1 patient], keratitis sicca [1 patient]). The authors urge extreme caution in the use of mitomycin. If mitomycin is used, the lowest possible concentration should be applied for the shortest time period in an effort to avoid these complications. A prospective multicenter study of the ophthalmic use of this medication is needed.
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The mitomycins are antitumor antibiotics that are under investigation now for more than 30 years. Mitomycin C (MMC) is the best investigated subtype. It serves as a prototype for drugs with bioreductive alkylation, which is a unique feature of this class. MMC is mainly active under anaerobic circumstances. The pharmacokinetics are linear in a two-compartment model. The main toxicities of MMC are thrombocytopenia and leucocytopenia. Rare but severe side effects are a hemolytic uremic syndrome, pneumonitis and cardiac failure. MMC has a wide clinical antitumor spectrum with efficacy in various tumor types such as gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, cervical cancer, prostate cancer and bladder cancer. Still, the above mentioned side effects prevent a more widespread use. The most important features of the drug will be reviewed.
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Transplantation of preserved amniotic membrane has been known to be effective in clinical treatment of severely damaged ocular surfaces. Amniotic membrane showed inhibitory effects on serine proteinase such as proteinase of A. castellanii, trypsin, and plasmin and metallo- proteinase, collagenase. However, elastase and proteinases of P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and A. fumigatus were not inhibited by amniotic membrane. In Western blot analysis, at least five proteinase inhibitors including α1-antitrypsin, α1-antichymotrypsin, inter-α1-trypsin inhibitor, α2-macroglobulin and α2-antiplasmin, were detected in amniotic membrane. These suggest that the therapeutic effect of amniotic membrane, at least in part, may be due to the roles of proteinase inhibitors in the amniotic membrane. These inhibitors may contribute the therapeutic effects of amniotic membrane by inhibiting proteinases which can cause persistent corneal destruction by proteolytic degradation of cornea.
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The human amnion was examined by means of light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The surface shows apart from microvilli a particular structure, called "blebs"; the intercellular junction is formed by desmosomes and a labyrinthine channel system, and at the base pedicels extend into the basement membrane. Cell shedding uncovers the basement membrane which seems to play a primordial role in preserving the intact amniotic cavity. These data underline the complex structure and the multiple role the amnion performs during gestation.
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Eighty patients (99 eyes) with primary pterygia were treated with excision, with or without additional therapy, and were followed up for three to eight years after treatment. Of 29 eyes that underwent excision and postoperative instillation of 0.02% mitomycin C, there were only two recurrences. The other eyes were treated with excision only, excision and radiation, or excision and 0.04% mitomycin C. Instillation of 0.02% mitomycin C reduced the recurrence rate significantly (P less than .01). Only one of the 29 eyes (3%) treated with excision and 0.02% mitomycin C had a complication, the lowest rate of all groups postoperatively. We found the postoperative instillation of 0.02% mitomycin C, twice a day for five days, to be effective and safe in the treatment of primary pterygium.