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Globalization and Human Rights
... There are reports that across the country the military in their detention centers use girls as sex slaves in order to obtain confessional statements from people who are forcibly made to disappear, particularly more so in the Baluchistan province (Brackly, 2013). Similarly, across Pakistan's borders, shocking statistics have emerged with regard to human trafficking; there have been more than 200,000 Burmese (Burma) and 1 million Bangladeshis girls trafficked to Karachi, Pakistan (Sinha, 2005). There are different cities in Pakistan which play as a central source of human trafficking in the form of child labour and among these cities Multan, Sukkur, Larkana acts most rampant or production center for transfers of children from one place to another (Brackly, 2013). ...
... A household cannot possibly monitor so the government cannot bring labour laws against domestic works. Pakistan state acknowledges and prohibits force labour, slavery, external trafficking and wickedest practices of child labour only in the document, but has not been able to take any administrative measures to ban child labour and stop murders and brutal torture of innocent child labourers (Sinha, 2005). According to Dr. Kozue Kay Nagata, UNESCO's Representative of Pakistan, "due to child Labour, children deprived of availing their fundamental right to free education" (Sinha, 2005). ...
... Pakistan state acknowledges and prohibits force labour, slavery, external trafficking and wickedest practices of child labour only in the document, but has not been able to take any administrative measures to ban child labour and stop murders and brutal torture of innocent child labourers (Sinha, 2005). According to Dr. Kozue Kay Nagata, UNESCO's Representative of Pakistan, "due to child Labour, children deprived of availing their fundamental right to free education" (Sinha, 2005). Actually, education is a basic human right. ...
The most common problem in the developing countries is child labour mainly due to poor socioeconomic environment. It came to light during the nineteenth century, when the industrial revolution and factory system were at its peak. The basic motive of this study is to explore the prohibition of child labour leading to delinquent behaviour in the Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan, 1973. Qualitative method of investigation was applied in this study. Through content analysis, purposive sampling was used in selection of only those documents that were associated to constitutional initiatives regarding child labour. The main ground of child labour and delinquent behaviour stems were poverty, no better avenues of employment and lack of education and health facilities. In Pakistan Article 11 (3) of the constitution of 1973, prohibits service of children below the age of 14 years in hazardous employment. The research is limited to exploring various causes of child labour leading to delinquent behaviour prohibition under the constitution of Pakistan. The findings of this study are useful for law enforcing agencies, civil society and policy makers in order to recognise the reality of this phenomenon.
... The lack of accountability and remedy for human rights violations has always been a significant criticism of a rights paradigm, and the right to education is no exception (Brysk, 2002). While human rights treaties are often articulated at the multinational level, very few are enforced at the same. ...
... For example, while the US has ratified some UN treaties and declarations that call for a right to education, they have failed to incorporate a right to education at the national level (Robinson, 2019). However, one cannot ignore the reality that increasingly universal social norms surrounding human rights, tolerance, and justice do play an important role in providing political and social pressure both within and across countries (Brysk, 2002). Globalisation complements and at times can exacerbate this political and social pressure by providing a much larger sense of rights and duties. ...
This chapter explores the relationship between education, globalisation, and human rights in recent decades and the implications for contemporary and future education policy and governance. The analytical framework draws from prominent theories and conceptualizations of globalisation and human rights to explore how education systems have responded to ever-changing political, economic, socio-cultural, environmental, and health conditions. An emphasis is placed on some of the current limitations of a human rights paradigm including defining quality and inclusive education and providing accountability and remedy to ensure the right to education is realized. The chapter then explores a series of relevant and timely issues facing human rights and their connections to education in the context of increasing economic and socio-political globalisation. Emphasis is placed on understanding the reciprocal and dynamic effects of education systems on these various contemporary challenges. The final analysis presented in this chapter examines future opportunities and directions for human rights and education including global citizenship education, situated in human rights as design principles for education systems, with an emphasis on planetary sustainability.KeywordsAccountabilityClimate changeConflictDemocracyDigital interconnectednessEducation policyEducation qualityEducation systemsGlobal marketsGlobal citizenship educationGlobalisationGovernanceHuman rightsHuman rights educationImmigrant childrenInclusive educationSocial justiceSocio-political globalisationSustainability
... With respect to strategies, INGOs are traditionally seen as limited in their behavior by their lack of economic or coercive power to the use of strategies of normative pressure and information monitoring intended to shift state behavior via issue framing, agenda setting, and norm diffusion (Keck and Sikkink 1998;Brysk 2002;Clark 2001;Risse et al. 2015;Heiss and Johnson 2016;Stroup and Wong 2017). By contrast, interest group scholars typically focus on different types of inside and outside strategies of lobbying according to whichever is perceived most effective at putting pressure on government actors to shift their policy (Chalmers 2013;Binderkrantz et al. 2015;Hanegraaff et al. 2016;Dellmuth and Tallberg 2017;Dür and Mateo 2013). ...
... The INGO literature has traditionally assumed a confrontational relationship between INGOs and states (Stroup and Wong 2017), and thus, the institutional context in which INGOs operate is typically seen as thinner and less important (Heiss and Johnson 2016). This is largely due to the prominence of the boomerang model within INGO research, as INGOs can use their networks to boomerang around institutional obstacles (Clark 1995;Keck and Sikkink 1998;Florini 2000;Brysk 2002;Risse et al. 2015). ...
Global governance is no longer a matter of state cooperation or bureaucratic politics. Since the end of the cold war, advocacy groups have proliferated and enjoyed increasing access to global governance institutions such as the European Union, World Trade Organization, and the United Nations climate conferences. This special issue seeks to push theories of interest groups and international non-governmental organizations forward. We argue that the advocacy group effects on global governance institutions are best understood by examining how groups use and shape domestic and global political opportunity structures. The individual articles examine how, when, and why domestic and global political opportunity structures shape advocacy group effects in global governance, across global institutions, levels of government, advocacy organizations, issue areas, and over time. As special interests are becoming increasingly involved in global governance, we need to better understand how advocacy organizations may impact global public goods provision.
... That globalization has been hijacked to support elites' agenda, who are considered to benefit more than all (Betts, 2016), perhaps at the expense of groups without power. This elite type of globalization, championed by the proponents of neoliberal philosophy is embedded in power relations that reproduce inclusions and exclusions, or what some people call globalization-from-above and globalization-frombelow (Brysk, 2002). Those who identified with globalization-from-below assert that neoliberal globalization has contributed to wider income and wealth disparities without addressing the persistence of poverty and unemployment, which are its consequences, in a serious fashion (Brysk, 2002). ...
... This elite type of globalization, championed by the proponents of neoliberal philosophy is embedded in power relations that reproduce inclusions and exclusions, or what some people call globalization-from-above and globalization-frombelow (Brysk, 2002). Those who identified with globalization-from-below assert that neoliberal globalization has contributed to wider income and wealth disparities without addressing the persistence of poverty and unemployment, which are its consequences, in a serious fashion (Brysk, 2002). Although we cannot dismiss the benefits of globalization in that it has "promoted growing contacts between different cultures, leading partly to greater understanding and cooperation and partly to the emergence of transnational communities and hybrid identities" (Moghadam 2009, p. 26), the focus has been largely on economic terms, ignoring the multifaceted phenomenon of the emergence of multiple and overlapping identities (Moghadam, 2009). ...
In this dissertation, I conceptualize a rhetorical and linguistic analysis of politics from a decolonial framework (Mignolo, 2011; Smith, 2012). My analysis draws on classical rhetoric (Aristotle, 2007), cultural rhetoric (Mao, 2014; Powell, et al., 2014; Yankah, 1995), and linguistics (Chilton, 2004) to reveal the different ways ideological and hegemonic struggles are discursively constructed in Nigerian political campaign discourse. The data for this study come from two speeches delivered by former President of Nigeria Goodluck Jonathan during the 2015 electoral campaign. This includes his declaration-of-intent speech and his speech marking the commencement of his formal campaign activities. My research demonstrates the richness of conceptualizing political discourse within its immediate and larger contexts and the effectiveness of an interdisciplinary approach—which I call an integrationist approach—in unmasking the different forms of hegemonic struggle in discourse. Analysis of linguistic elements such as tenses, indexicals, and cultural metaphors and the rhetorical elements of apologia, apologies, enthymemes, call-and-response, and fictive kinship terms such as “my brother and sister” reveals that hegemonic discourse in a Nigerian context is neither autonomous, nor flowing from a single dominant power, but constituted by multiple, heteroglossic and complex processes that connect the local and the global. To this end, my analysis focuses on a dual critique of local and colonial forms of hegemonic powers that are now codified in the overall discourse of globalization. This dual orientation is necessary because the social struggles below and above the nation-state are strategic spaces of political intervention that might be ignored when the focus of the analysis privileges just the nation-state. The findings present the merits of combining decolonial epistemologies with the perspectives of linguistics and rhetoric in the analysis of politics. Particularly, such approaches have the potentials to open up ways of knowing that would otherwise be taken for granted or completely marginalized based on our positionality as academics. The awareness of the diversity of cultural ways of knowing and theorizing encourages us to learn not only from dominant Western systems of knowledge, but more inclusively from culturally different, historically marginalized ways of thinking and knowing.
... Human rights are not absolute in the legal sense of being 'global black letter law'. The UDHR is part and parcel of most legal systems, but is interpreted locally (Brysk 2002). This presents some difficulties, when trying to decide how to instantiate human rights principles in Internet protocols and standards that work globally and in a context-independent way. ...
... Considering the global nature of the Internet, and the many different contexts and cultures it permeates, the most relevant ethical and legal framework to be upheld by those designing its structure is the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). It is the basis of a plethora of international, national, and regional laws aimed at protecting and promoting fundamental human rights (Brysk 2002). Several of these rights have a clear online application, such as freedom of expression and assembly (Dutton 2011;UNESCO 2015). ...
The debate on whether and how the Internet can protect and foster human rights has become a defining issue of our time. This debate often focuses on Internet governance from a regulatory perspective, underestimating the influence and power of the governance of the Internet’s architecture. The technical decisions made by Internet Standard Developing Organisations (SDOs) that build and maintain the technical infrastructure of the Internet influences how information flows. They rearrange the shape of the technically mediated public sphere, including which rights it protects and which practices it enables. In this article, we contribute to the debate on SDOs’ ethical responsibility to bring their work in line with human rights. We defend three theses. First, SDOs’ work is inherently political. Second, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), one of the most influential SDOs, has a moral obligation to ensure its work is coherent with, and fosters, human rights. Third, the IETF should enable the actualisation of human rights through the protocols and standards it designs by implementing a responsibility-by-design approach to engineering. We conclude by presenting some initial recommendations on how to ensure that work carried out by the IETF may enable human rights.
... • Globalization can serve as an important tool to protect human rights by promoting cross-border collaboration and increased mobility, despite the potential threats it may pose. It enables more monitoring of social conditions and opportunities for economic expansion, while also allowing for increased cooperation among transnational activist networks [75]. ...
Human right is a wide spectrum that includes various opportunities that human being deserves to sustain and thrive in life. It is state’s responsibility to assure access of all to fundamental rights. But often the state faces challenges from internal as well as external sources in that pursuit. Bangladesh is quite a new country with the credit of creating a congenial environment for its citizens. Nonetheless, over the years, the country has gone through various natures of regimes and had its own share of human rights violence. This chapter discusses the foundation on which the human rights of Bangladesh stand and how that has been shaken and made robust over time. The main background of discussion is the democratic regimes when the expectation on human rights provision is the highest. Followed by that, the current situation of human rights in the country is analyzed, and the challenges that the global human rights structure is facing are discussed. Bangladesh is not immune to these challenges and needs a strong basis to deal with them. Lastly, the chapter comes up with a few recommendations to tackle these challenges and determines the ways to create a just human rights regime in the country.
... ¿Cuál ha sido la clave de esta relación? Esto ha sido posible porque las redes transnacionales han aportado a las comunidades las llamadas "5 Cs", a saber: el contacto, la consciencia, el coraje, el cash y las campañas (Brysk, 2002(Brysk, , 2009. Es por ello que el análisis del activismo transnacional involucra tanto la esfera nacional como la internacional y, por lo tanto, la interacción de estos niveles es la que condiciona el contexto en el que se mueven los activistas y sus organizaciones. ...
A mediados de la segunda década, se inicia una fase de parálisis y desintegración regional. Posteriormente, la pandemia de la COVID-19 expuso las debilidades del regionalismo latinoamericano, reforzando también sus limitaciones estructurales. A comienzos de la tercera década, el regionalismo latinoamericano atraviesa una vez más una fase de transformación, empujada tanto por cambios en el sistema internacional como por una reorientación política de varios gobiernos. En el capítulo, se describen y analizan los procesos de auge y declive de las instituciones regionales en América Latina.
... Keck & Sikkink, 1998;Risse et al., 1999;Brysk, 2002;Frost, 2002;Khagram et al., 2002. ...
With the growing importance of non-state and civil society actors engaged in advocacy beyond the state, there is a critical need for systematic theorization of transnational civil society that synthesizes the ongoing scholarly research and goes beyond to take fuller account of the theoretical perspectives and practical experiences of researchers and practitioners around the world. This study provides an initial survey of research, educational, training, and practitioner-scholar engagement initiatives about transnational civil society in the North and South. The study explores possible models for fostering mutually supportive and meaningful North-South research collaborations that advance theory and inform practice in transnational civil society.
... Alison Brysk expresses the legal approach to human rights: Human rights are a set of universal claims to safeguard human dignity from illegitimate coercion, typically enacted by state agents. These norms are codified in a widely endorsed set of international undertakings: the 'International Bill of Human Rights' (Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and International Covenant on Social and Economic Rights); phenomenon-specific treaties on war crimes (Geneva Conventions), genocide, and torture; and protections for vulnerable groups such as the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (Brysk 2002). ...
Education is must for all human beings whether it is value education, physical education, environmental education or human rights education. As human rights are basic to humanity and human beings are entitled by virtue of their status as human beings without consideration of nationality, religion, race, sex, class, caste and creed. While civil, political and social-economic rights are dependent on an individual's status as a citizen of a particular state but his human rights are not determined by this condition. Because these rights are concerned with humanity, with all humans, therefore, the scope of human rights education is extensive. In the age of globalization, fast urbanization and expansion of higher education, the relevance of human rights education is being felt. Human rights are a prerequisite for peace, development and democracy. India is one of the world’s oldest civilizations and the largest and most matured democracy. For the sake of democracy and sustainable development human rights education is essential in Indian society. Knowledge of human rights is the best defense against their violation. Learning about one’s rights builds respect for the rights of other and points the way to be more tolerant and peaceful societies.
... Hukuki mobilizasyonlar üzerine yazılmış çalışmalarda araştırmacılar hukuk ve etrafında örülen toplumsal mücadelenin birbirini var eden ilişkisel halini vurguladılar. (McCann, 1994;Lovell, McCann ve Taylor, 2015) Uluslararası hukuk metinlerinin ve izleme mekanizmalarının sosyal hareketlere nasıl "siyasi fırsat alanları" açtığını (Tarrow ve Tilly, 2007) meşruiyet sağladığını, kaynak oluşturduğunu ve eylemlilikleri güçlendirdiğini yazdılar (Keck ve Sikkink, 1998;Brysk, 2002;Engle-Merry, 2006;Snyder, 2006;Simmons, 2009;Zwingel, 2016). Özellikle insan hakları normlarının toplumsallaşmasında aktivistlerin "çevirmen" rolünü vurgulayan bir yaklaşım da "yerelleştirme" (vernakülarizasyon) kavramsallaştırması ile tartışıldı (Engle-Merry, 2006;Levitt ve Merry, 2009;Chua, 2015). ...
Türkiye’de sokaklara, alanlara, okullara işlenmiş olan şiddet ve çatışma ögelerinin, geçiş döneminde güçlenecek olan hakikat, adalet ve onarım arayışlarına yanıt verecek şekilde kamusal alandan temizlenmesi büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu temizlik ancak uzun süreli ve kapsamlı bir çaba ile gerçekleştirilebilir. Bu süreçte okullara özel ilgi gösterilmesi; barışçıl, insancıl, kapsayıcı, çeşitliliği kucaklayan, çocuk haklarına dayalı ve öğrenmeye davet eden okulların kurulması için büyük emek verilmesi gerecektir. Okul adlarının ve genel olarak öğrenme ortamlarının çatışma ögelerinden temizlenmesi barışın
kurulmasında önemli bir rol oynayacaktır.
... Business companies are not simply gaining agency, but transnational agency, yielding effects within and beyond state borders (cf. Deva and Bilchitz 2013;Fuchs 2005;Brysk 2002;Muchlinski 2001). Transnational linkages not only pertain to transnational companies, i.e. companies with "the power to coordinate and control operations in more than one country" (Dicken 2011, 110) and that account for around 80 per cent of global trade (UNCTAD 2015). ...
This chapter argues that the conceptual frame of public and private does not suffice to capture business roles for human rights in times of global governance and globalisation. Instead, it suggests a threefold approach to the public, the private, and the business-societal. The latter denotes a third role of business companies that is situated between and simultaneously beyond the public and the private. The public, the private, and the business-societal build an intermediated three-pole constellation in which each pole constitutes and affects the other. In a subsequent step, this threefold approach provides the foundation for a business-societal form of responsibility as a new research agenda for human rights. Such a hybrid business responsibility for human rights can escape the impasse between purely public and merely private forms of responsibility for human rights.
... The things brought about by globalization in looking at security, according to Ian Clark (Brysk, 2002) require the State to pay attention to systemic development that spreads without requiring the role of the State, so that the concept of security needs to be re-conceptualized in the individual and social sphere as an alternative to the State, at the same time the State is still needed to maintain the social identity and human rights that live in it. So along with the new concept of security, the perspective of threats to security is shifted, especially national security because the main threats for realists no longer come from countries, but from non-state actors who are military and non-military in nature (Buzan & Herring, 1998;Darmaputra, 2009). ...
The paper aims to analyze how diasporas across the globe can become potential elements in enhancing their home country's national interest. Through social aspects such as citizenship laws, engaging diasporas can be one way to broaden a state’s resources in its defense system. Comparative analysis and assessment are used to elaborate on how various countries – which possess a large number of diasporic communities along with comprehensive law systems that regulate its citizenship issues – are reflected upon and proposed for a modified model within Indonesia's scope. The paper concludes that modification of the Indonesian citizenship law in accordance with the government's strategic Defense Diplomacy is an effective way of enhancing sustainable ties with other countries. This research can be used within the government to consider diasporas as elements of national power. Other areas of study, such as defense studies and security studies, may also benefit. This research offers a unique way in altering Confidence Building Measure (CBM) mechanisms in the scope of Defense Diplomacy Studies that will enhance good relations and comprehensively establish synergies between public diplomacy and defense diplomacy en bloc.
... El acumulado de experiencias, expresadas muchas veces como ideas y teorías, nos permiten conocer, dar nombre y significado a sensaciones, imágenes, pensamiento y percepciones. Los derechos humanos son parte de ese conjunto de saberes e ideas que los humanos hemos creado y que hacen parte de nuestra consciencia colectiva o cultural (Sikkink, 2017;Bartra, 2014;Brysk, 2002;Elias, 1987). ...
En este capítulo argumento que la expansión de las ideas de los derechos humanos en América Latina, se explica por la apropiación y activación de colectivos sociales localizados y en red, nacional y regionalmente, que han permitido su actualización como experiencia social, al hacerlos interdependientes de la relación con la naturaleza y el medioambiente. Hasta hace pocos años, agentes especializados altamente concentrados y centralizados en organizaciones no gubernamentales, fueron los portavoces “cuasi” exclusivos de la sociedad y sus representantes ad hoc en los procesos de institucionalización de las ideas de los derechos humanos. En el actual contexto de cambio social, como transformación de la trayectoria de institucionalización, los agentes especializados están pasando a cumplir una labor de apoyo a la movilización de colectivos sociales, comunidades y pequeñas organizaciones localizadas, que se (re)presentan así mismas ante diferentes instituciones e instancias, desarrollando capacidades en la acción práctica para la activación y actualización de las ideas de los derechos humanos.
... El acumulado de experiencias, expresadas muchas veces como ideas y teorías, nos permiten conocer, dar nombre y significado a sensaciones, imágenes, pensamiento y percepciones. Los derechos humanos son parte de ese conjunto de saberes e ideas que los humanos hemos creado y que hacen parte de nuestra consciencia colectiva o cultural (Sikkink, 2017;Bartra, 2014;Brysk, 2002;Elias, 1987). ...
Desde una perspectiva innovadora en los estudios especializados en derechos humanos, este libro es un reconocimiento a experiencias locales en América Latina que están actualizando, activando y expandiendo los derechos humanos, haciéndolos disponibles
como experiencia social. Es también una invitación, en este momento cuando tenemos la oportunidad de crear nuevos acuerdos individuales y colectivos sobre cómo podemos vivir juntos. En todos los casos presentados, el logro de objetivos colectivos se ha conquistado gracias a la acción de personas comunes, que promueven los derechos de la naturaleza, el medioambiente sano y el respeto por la diversidad, transformando escenarios adversos y demostrando que es posible crear nuevas realidades.
... Given the immense amount of information available on international social work, focusing on universal human rights as codified by the United Nations (see below) provides a unique opportunity to confront this curricular challenge, since it provides a useful organizing framework for understanding the vast and perplexing array of global problems facing social workers today. There is an extensive literature available on the broad spectrum of human rights (e.g., Brysk, 2002;Donnelly, 2002;Forsythe, 2000;Ignatieff, 2001), including specific applications to social work practice (e.g., Ife, 2001;Reichert, 2003Reichert, , 2006Reichert, , 2007. On the other hand, Dominelli (2007) reports a dearth of articles on human rights in "major" social work journals. ...
There appears to be general agreement among Canadian and American social work educators regarding the need to instill a global perspective in our students in order to better prepare them for leadership in the 21st century. While Canadian schools of social work have long included content on universal human rights in their curriculum, this content is still largely lacking in the U.S. This paper will present “global citizenship” as a useful model for integrating this crucial content into social work education. It encourages students to make a professional commitment to human rights literacy (knowledge), empathy (concern), and responsibility (action).
... One of the most dominant themes in citizenship studies is the question of the nation state as only one of many layers of people's citizenship, whereby belonging can be emphasised in relation to other political communities at local, sub-national and transnational levels (Yuval-Davis, 1999. Notions such as post-national, cosmopolitan and transnational citizenship challenge the emphasis on the nation state as the prime locus of belonging and have been subjected to substantial debate (Soysal 1994(Soysal , 2012Turner 1997Turner , 2006Bosniak 2000;Brysk 2002;Brysk and Shafir 2004;Levy and Sznaider 2010;Sassen 2009;Shafir and Brysk 2006;Benhabib 2004Benhabib , 2005Held 2010). The international human rights architecture is usually invoked as a transnational discourse exemplifying post-national citizenship, enmeshed in the disentanglement of citizenship rights from the shackles of the nation state (Soysal 1994). ...
... Este tipo de discurso assenta, por um lado, nas consequências sociais da violação dos direitos dos trabalhadores e no ideal de dignidade e justiça social e, por outro, na aceitação internacional, pelo menos ao nível normativo, dos direitos laborais enquanto direitos humanos (BRYSK, 2002;DOYLE et al., 2003). A regulamentação através de normas e princípios legais é para Ruth Ben-Israel um McIntyre (2008), no seu livro Are Workers rights human rights?, analisa a relação que se tem estabelecido entre os direitos laborais e os direitos humanos. ...
RESUMO Os múltiplos processos de globalização têm sido apontados como responsáveis por inúmeras transformações no mundo do trabalho, criando um mercado de traba-lho cada vez mais heterogéneo, contri-buindo para o aumento da flexibilidade do trabalho e dos trabalhadores e reduzindo os níveis de proteção legais, a globaliza-ção económica influenciou igualmente as instituições ao criar um deficit regulató-rio em termos dos direitos fundamentais do trabalho. A degradação generalizada das condições de trabalho, traduzida no número crescente de acidentes de traba-lho e de mortes, coloca, como incontorná-vel e urgente, o debate sobre a promoção e a afirmação dos direitos laborais como direitos humanos. Através da identificação das principais abordagens em torno dos direitos laborais e dos direitos humanos, este artigo discute o direito à segurança no trabalho, enquanto direito humano. Defendendo uma conceção abrangente de direitos humanos, propõe-se que o direito à segurança no trabalho se compagine com o cânone dos direitos humanos. Palavras-chave: Direitos humanos. Direitos laborais.Trabalho digno e segu-rança no trabalho a tese "O que a Lei não vê e o trabalhador sente: o modelo de reparação dos acidentes de trabalho em Portugal". No CES, participou em diversos projectos de investigação sobre temas como participação, relações laborais e acesso ao direito.Suas investigação centram-se nas áreas do acesso ao direito e à justiça, dos riscos profissionais e dos direitos humanos no trabalho. CV: <http://www.ces.uc.pt/investigadores/cv/teresa_maneca_lima.php>. ABSTRACT The globalization and its multiple processes have been identified as responsible for many transformations in the labour world, the creation of a more heterogeneous labour market, the increase of labour and workers flexibility and the decrease of the legal protection had also impact on the role of public institutions, creating a regulatory deficit in terms of the fundamental labour rights. The poor working conditions and the increasing number of industrial accidents and deaths at work, places the debate on the promotion and assumption of labour rights as human rights as essential and urgent. By identifying the main approaches related with labour rights and human rights, this article considers the right to safety at work as a fundamental human right. Defending an inclusive conception of human rights, we propose the right to safety at work must be included as a human right standard
... y en el mencionado Informe, la gobernabilidad global se plantea vinculada a la realización de los derechos humanos y en muchos casos como una globalización desde abajo. Perspectiva que se sigue defendiendo en la actualidad ( Falk, 2000;Brysk 2002, santos y rodríguez Garavito 2005;Held 2010). sin embargo, la cuestión de la gobernabilidad global comenzó a tener otro sentido como consecuencia de la llamada crisis asiática (una crisis económica especulativa, también) y el rápido contagio de diversas economías en el plano mundial. ...
RESUMEN Las Teorías tradicionales del derecho y, en particular, de la Teoría positivista del
derecho han construido un concepto de derecho profundamente estatista, racional y formal.
Estos presupuestos chocan con algunas de las realidades jurídicas hacia las que abocan
las transformaciones del derecho, como el pluralismo jurídico o el desarrollo de nuevas
estructuras y dinámicas vinculadas al derecho característico de la globalización. Por otro
lado, este trabajo también cuestiona la utilidad explicativa de una Teoría del derecho
centrada en torno a planteamientos «esencialistas» y/oa un concepto de derecho limitado a una pretendida justificación del mismo en términos verdad.
... Like other struggles of indigenous groups for control over ancestral territory in the face of neoliberal policy reforms, the U'wa people were soon embroiled in a complicated political struggle involving domestic and multinational corporations, Colombian political leaders with conflicting loyalties and concerns, and transnational advocacy groups working throughout the region and in multiple international political and legal fora. One of the key legal questions in Colombian courts involved the enforceability of collective (as opposed to individual) rights that would more accurately reflect U'wa understandings of land stewardship, which were inseparable from U'wa cultural identity (Rodríguez-Garavito and Arenas, 2005: 251;Brysk, 2002). Geography was deeply relevant to the construction of rights in this instance because the U'wa's cultural understanding of territorial relationships was incorporated into rights-claiming techniques that resulted in a Colombian court's finding that collective claims of territory were as enforceable as individualized human rights claims (Rodríguez-Garavito and Arenas, 2005: 252; Corte Constitucional, 1997). ...
Few geographers have studied the theory, practice, and construction of international human rights. This article argues that human geographers should engage in what I term ‘critical geographies of human rights’. In essence, it argues that (a) geography is crucial to human rights claims because there is a spatial dimension to every injustice, (b) human rights are crucial to geography because they involve transnational political and legal relationships that contribute to the construction of specific landscapes, and (c) the co-constitutive nature of human rights, law, geography, and society means that scholarship in this arena can be simultaneously normative and descriptive.
... By providing a systematic assessment of the causes of industrial disasters, our work has several broader implications. First, we add to the substantial body of research on the socioeconomic impacts of economic globalization (e.g., Brysk, 2002), particularly regarding its implications for labor (e.g., Blanton and Blanton, 2016;Mosley, 2010). Specifically, while extant literature shows the relationship between globalization and labor rights to be mixed, we find that economic globalization has an unambiguously negative, and substantial, impact upon a particularly underexamined aspect of worker rights, namely, the right to a safe and disaster-free workplace. ...
Objectives
Industry‐related accidents are tragically ubiquitous events, yet their underlying causes remain poorly understood. We focus on an important factor associated with the likelihood of industrial hazards: economic globalization. Specifically, we advance multiple hypotheses that suggest that global economic ties as well as the policies that are intended to facilitate these ties increase the likelihood of major industrial accidents as they induce poor governance and the violation of worker safety and regulations.
Methods
We combine data on economic globalization with data on major industrial accidents, and examine the relationship between these variables across 137 countries for the period 1971–2012.
Results
We find a significant positive relationship between economic globalization and the probability of industrial accidents. Results further suggest that the impact of state policies encouraging globalization, such as the removal of barriers to trade and capital flows, is stronger than that of trade and investment flows themselves.
Conclusions
Our results show that a contradiction may exist between the pursuit of integration into the global economy and a key labor right—the right to a safe workplace—and suggest that pro‐globalization policies may exacerbate the governance challenges associated with accident prevention.
... Human rights and social work have a long-standing historical and intuitive connection. Brysk (2002) defined human rights as "a set of universal claims to safeguard human dignity from illegitimate coercion, typically enacted by state agents" (p. 3). ...
Crimmigration, or the criminalization of immigration that intensified after the attacks of September 11, 2001, has impacted the lives of many immigrants living in the United States. After 9/11 there was an acceleration of the merger of immigration law and criminal law, and its enforcement, at the local, state, and federal levels. These restrictive laws have resulted in the increased incarceration, detainment, and mass deportation of immigrants throughout the United States. This qualitative study focused on the lived experience of Brazilian immigrants living in Connecticut. A critical phenomenological design was used to understand how crimmigration and other factors such as the economy shapes the lived experiences of Brazilian immigrants. Twenty participants were interviewed twice (for a total of 40 interviews). Seven themes emerged from participants’ interviews centered on: immigration experiences (initial and subsequent), trabalho (work), crimmigration, discrimination, emotions, transnational social networks, and racial/ethnic identity. Brazilians are economic migrants coming to the United States in search of a better life. Brazilians’ experiences with work in the United States are a central facet of their “lived experience.” Participants’ work experiences are molded by historical and political events shaping the national debate on immigration. This study also argues that crimmigration in the United States poses one of the most important human rights challenges today. Critical race theory posits that crimmigration is primarily directed at the growing Latino population of the United States. As agents of change committed to social justice on behalf of oppressed and vulnerable populations, social workers are in a unique position to advocate for immigrants affected by crimmigration, to fight for the human rights of immigrant families and their children torn apart by crimmigration, and to be at the forefront of the immigration debate in the United States. .
... It is necessary to investigate their interrelations. One such inquiry asks whether global economic integration helps or hinders the spread of human rights (Brysk 2002).In some cases, there are clear trade-offs between different aspects of globalization. While the diffiision of nationalism represents an aspect of global standardization, it may act against the growth of economic interconnectednes.s, ...
... Although definitions of political leaders may be of varied, yet we appreciate that political leaders emerge from politic which simply refer to the community on which the leader is enshrined. Several authors have come up with literatures on the interplay of leadership and the challenges posed (Eden, 1983;Edersheim, 2007;Grint, 2005;Havel, 1990;Aristotle, 1958;Takala, 1997;Tucker, 1985;Blonde, 1987;Bose;Brysk;Ciulla, 2004;Edersheim, 2007;Ferguson, 1999;Hunt, 1984). ...
Political leaders play an important role in facilitating peace and tranquility. Their vitality is appreciated due to the fact that they have followers-people who believe in what they say and act accordingly. This paper is cemented on the speech of the considered one of the guru of development management in the world, when he made his presentation before the political party leaders in Ruvuma region in Tanzania. While the amplification of the speech is based on Tanzania, we consider that the speech is relevant to the nationals of the world. The paper is a review in nature and has articulated experiential and factualism of the current world in setting the literature review, methodology, discussion and conclusion. The speech called upon leaders to realize that the emergent of political parties does not mean to jeopardize humanity. Political parties are planes, buses, trains, motorcycle, bicycle and footers for the sake of moving the direction one would want to go, yet those who move are more important than the vessels they use. Development is what one ought to vision in whatever is done. Hence, synergizing thinking is a must for attaining development under the surface of peace and tranquility. The paper concludes that peace is inevitable without political leaders playing a vital role of harnessing what they believe with others' beliefs. In addition, political leaders must appreciate that losing and wining an election is the major outcomes of democratic elections.
... Philosophical studies have adopted both utilitarian and deontological philosophical lenses and analytical frames (Apel, 2008;Commers, Vandekerckhove, & Verlinden, 2008;Singer, 2004). Scientific studies have taken critical perspectives on the harmful impacts on individuals and their communities (Brysk, 2002;Korgen & Gallagher, 2013;McCorquodale & Fairbrother, 1999;Winston, 2011). Others have looked at it from the view of poverty alleviation and wealth creation (Kaplinsky, 2013;Yao & Yueh, 2007). ...
Business ethics is witnessing the emergence of new activity-based, communicative approaches to ethics theory and pedagogy that go beyond the conventional normative-descriptive distinction. The authors call this emergent approach "performative ethics" and recognise it as a fundamentally innovative new orientation towards theorising and teaching ethics. They apply this notion of performative ethics to the topic of sustainability, and illustrate their discussion using "Giving Voice to Values" (GVV). GVV is an innovative approach that focuses on implementing ethical values and how they might be expressed at multiple levels of organisational life. The challenge of intergenerational sustainability requires a multilevel orientation to the practical expression of core values in a globalised world. To illustrate this, the authors present three short case studies and explore them from a GVV perspective. They show how GVV can be applied, both theoretically and practically, to the task of expressing and acting on shared values for developing sustaining and sustainable personal, organisational, and global futures.
This study intends to demonstrate by using the lyrics of ‘Ayo Africa’ by Longue Longue that indigenous languages and other voices are rising and asserting their relevance to singularise themselves and at the same time, questioning the ideology of the heretofore ‘dominant’ language and discourse by giving it a Cameroonian rendition. The fact that every language carries with it an ideology and owing to the fact that there exist an intimate link between language and literature – in both written and oral forms, this study also demonstrates that the Cameroonian singer-Longue Longue, through language appropriation and resilience to mother tongue evoke sentiments of nationalism that suggest a rethinking of what ideology and language should govern the Cameroonian postcolonial space in this globalised era. Resistance and deconstruction are dominant practices of colonial and postcolonial discourses with the one fighting to assert herself in the face of the other in the global context of today characterised by the collapse of national boundaries, challenges in governance, conflict, proliferation of languages and the unpopularity of the dominant language and discourse. New historicism is employed in this study because it transcends; cultural, sociological, linguistic and anthropological disciplines, and also because pop music is part of the culture of the people. This study through the observation and interview methods, will lean on the hypothetical contention that; in Longue Longue’s ‘Ayo Africa’, indigenous language(s) (pidgin and/ Douala) that singularises the Cameroonian person, is indispensable to govern the Cameroonian postcolonial space.
One of the primary goals of the United Nations (UN) since its inception after World War II has been the protection and promotion of human rights. The United Nations has established broad categories of universally accepted rights and written them down; it has established mechanisms to both protect and promote these rights as well as to assist governments in meeting their obligations. The purpose of this research is to provide information about the United Nations' relationship with human rights as well as to convey the mechanisms of human rights protection. The United Nations has established two types of mechanisms to protect human rights. The first is Procedures and Mechanisms for Human Rights Protection in the Context of the United Nations Founding Treaty. The second is the United Nations Human Rights Treaties as well as the Prescribed Procedures and Principles. Human rights law now includes women, children, disabled people, minorities, migrant workers, and other vulnerable groups as a result of these conventions and control mechanisms.
Globalization is a multidimensional miracle; it involves a deepening and broadening of rapid trans-border exchanges due to developments in technology, communications, and media. There is enough evidence that the world wealth, in general, rapidly increasing due to the advance in science and technology and that it is more than enough to satisfy the needs of all the dwellers of the globe. What is needed is the globalization of human rights and prosperity and to improve the effects of globalization on human rights. Widespread violation of human rights leads to an increasing feelings of deprivation and injustice among the populations of the different countries of the world it was enhanced by the rapid and unprecedented advance in communication and information technologies, which really turned the world into a global village. The movement against the slave trade, and to fight the more indiscriminate or destructive forms of weaponry, are early examples of international movements to counter the negative side of international trade and technology. "Development of human rights acts as specified in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 and the succeeding United Nations agreements was the result of globalization. The paper focuses on how globalization has affected human rights, for this the methodology used is historical and descriptive."
This book review is part of an interdisciplinary special issue of PoLAR titled “At Disciplinary Edges.” We asked scholars to review books from disciplines other than the ones in which they were trained or taught.The author of this book review, Alison Brysk, teaches in the Political Science and International Studies Departments at the University of California, Irvine. She reviews Surrendering to Utopia: An Anthropology of Human Rights, written by Mark Goodale, who is an Associate Professor of Conflict Analysis and Anthropology at George Mason University.
U knjizi se razmatraju efekti ekonomske globalizacije na mogućnosti ostvarivanja i zaštite ekonomskih i socijalnih prava zajemčena međunarodnopravnim instrumentima Ujedinjenih nacija. Autorka analizira savremenu ekonomsku globalizaciju, svetsku finansijsku i ekonomsku krizu iz 2008. godine i tranziciju zemalja bivšeg komunističkog i socijalističkog sistema u kapitalizam iz perspektive ljudskih prava i rodnosti. Zaključuje da se u preovlađujućem ekonomskom modelu zasnovanom na neoliberalizmu ljudi tretiraju prvenstveno kao sredstvo (ostvarivanja ekonomskog rasta) i kao potrošači (produkata tog ekonomskog rasta). Otuda visok stepen tolerancije na kršenje njihovih prava, naročito ekonomskih i socijalnih, od strane korporativnih aktera koji uobličavaju aktuelne ekonomske tendencije. S druge strane, forsiranje deregulacije, liberalizacije, privatizacije i smanjivanja javnih troškova urušava socijalnu ulogu države i njene mogućnosti da obezbeđuje ostvarivanje socijalnih prava. Neoliberalizam ugrožava osnovne principe na kojima počivaju ljudska prava: princip primata ljudskih prava, princip neretrogradnosti, pravo na efikasnu zaštitu ljudskih prava i pravo pojedinaca i društvenih grupa na participaciju u odlučivanju. U ovakvom kontekstu, čak ni primena koncepta razvoja zasnovana na ljudskim pravima ne proizvodi dugoročne i suštinske promene. Suštinske promene ne mogu proizvesti ni međunarodne konvencije o ljudskim pravima per se. Autorka zaključuje da je potreban korenit zaokret ka zdravoj ekonomiji, odnosno ka takvom modelu privređivanja koji će uključiti pravičnu distribuciju rezultata ljudskog rada, zdrave finansije, odgovorno korišćenje prirodnih resursa i jaku socijalnu državu.
Ključne reči: ekonomska globalizacija, ekonomska i socijalna prava, neoliberalizam, tranzicija, socijalna uloga države, socijalne i društvene nejednakosti
Kazakhstan emergently and systematically develops its language structures, because as the Government with more than 130 ethnic minorities it invested in tolerated relationships. Language policy is the protection of each language's rights and the presence of aspirations of the people, who want to save their roots. The main significant document in Kazakhstan is the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, were mentioned: «The state language of the Republic of Kazakhstan shall be the Kazak language». Also, the language policy of Kazakhstan is regulated by the «Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Languages». Now Kazakhstan has the second State program for developing and functioning languages in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan tries to underpin the situation of developing languages. Most significantly, they have focused on enhancing the usefulness of the state language. The results are planning to be in a gradual rise from 20 percent to 80 and then 95 percent of speakers in the Kazakh language.
Educational systems worldwide, and the field of early childhood education and care (ECEC) in particular, are currently influenced and re-shaped by globalization and transformation. This article presents different theoretical perspectives on globalization and transformation. Various approaches are seen as complementary rather than contradictory, as helpful means to examine the multi-layered processes of globalization and transformation. To understand these changes and their impact on different levels, various analytical perspectives are necessary. Such a multi-faceted approach is also necessary for the understanding of culture, another term that is discussed in this article. Instead of culture, the authors recommend to speak of cultures of ECEC, because only this way openness and the willingness for meaningful communication about the various traditions and local contexts, the cultures of early childhood education and care can be achieved.
Social movements have become an important part of the political realm in Latin America, overthrowing and installing leaders as well as challenging capitalism and the state itself. This study attempts to classify social movements into four different categories by the amount of autonomy they exercise from the state and then look at the effectiveness of each of these different groups. Through examining different strategies and outcomes from social movements in Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador and Mexico, I attempt to ascertain which degree of autonomy is most effective. This study finds that while the weakened state has made autonomous movements more effective, engaging the state can still be beneficial for social movements with achieving their objectives.
Globalization is a multidimensional miracle; it involves a deepening and broadening of rapid trans-border exchanges due to developments in technology, communications, and media. There is enough evidence that the world wealth, in general, rapidly increasing due to the advance in science and technology and that it is more than enough to satisfy the needs of all the dwellers of the globe. What is needed is the globalization of human rights and prosperity and to improve the effects of globalisation on human rights. Widespread violation of human rights leads to an increasing feelings of deprivation and injustice among the populations of the different countries of the world it was enhanced by the rapid and unprecedented advance in communication and information technologies, which really turned the world into a global village. The movement against the slave trade, and to fight the more indiscriminate or destructive forms of weaponry, are early examples of international movements to counter the negative side of international trade and technology. "Development of human rights acts as specified in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 and the succeeding United Nations agreements was the result of globalisation. The paper focuses on how globalisation has affected human rights, for this the methodology used is historical and descriptive."
The framework of human rights is becoming increasingly central to perceptions of global problems and to demands for transnational solidarity. At the same time, human rights are an object of criticism. In both cases, the term “human rights” is often used with a strong normative and essentialist bias. When viewed through the lens of a sociology of knowing, it proves to be based on implicit, unexamined assumptions. The aim of this paper is to reconstruct these assumptions and to clarify the social meaning of – and need for – human rights in a reflexive, cosmopolitan modernity; it investigates the construction and constitution of human beings as human rights subjects. What makes an individual a human being in the sense in which the term is used in the symbolic language of human rights? What conception of the human (and hence of the social) is inscribed in the patterns of thought, feeling and action underlying the framework of human rights? I argue that the human rights subject represents an ultimate status category and transnational figure of knowledge. It is a post-heroic subject, determined and defined by cosmopolitan entitlements: the ontological state of vulnerability, the cultural primacy of dignity and the fragility of human existence.
This chapter discusses the main relevant approaches to the questions of labor coercion, first presenting the main economic explanations, followed by the sociology of labor, power, and the state. The ensuing sections specify the notion of resistance, starting with socioeconomic and historical approaches and presenting in detail the theories of law in action, and from there, the use of judicial sources in labor and colonial contexts. The chapter ends with a broader discussion about political philosophies of rights, freedom and coercion and argues the relevance of Hirschman’s triad (voice, exit, and loyalty), although appropriately modified.
The migration flows are likely to become more complex, ambiguous and competitive in the years ahead. South Asia is dwelling to well over one fifth of the residents which represents the most disproportionate share of working age population in the world. Regional poverty, natural disaster, law and order crisis and high unemployment joint with privileged life style, higher wages, greater human security and better employment opportunities abroad have promoted unparalleled levels of migration flow from South Asian to other regions of the world. This chapter discusses what are the causes and categories of migration? What are the remittances flows and how are the remittances used? The impact of migration strongly varies from one country to another country. What are the demographic, social and economic impacts including detrimental effects of migration and how has it affected the GDP? The chapter focuses on what migrants do with their income and to what extent are investments make in the human capital formation? The chapter puts emphasis on migration trap and explores what is the link between poverty and migrations? Another major issue covering in this chapter is human trafficking including gender violation and children trafficking. Finally, this chapter highlights the policy challenges to maximize the future economic and social development impact of migration and remittances.
El Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos (sidh) es parte integral del paisaje institucional regional de América Latina desde mediados del siglo xx. Un desarrollo progresivo de la jurisprudencia de los derechos humanos regionales se refleja en su progreso desde la Guerra Fría y en un nuevo empuje con la vuelta al orden democrático en la región. Con todo, el orden democrático no es garantía de respeto de los derechos humanos. El Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos, de esa manera, se ha ido convirtiendo en un régimen transnacionalizado conforme se ha abierto a la actividad política transnacional.
El Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos (sidh) es parte integral del paisaje institucional regional de América Latina desde mediados del siglo xx. Un desarrollo progresivo de la jurisprudencia de los derechos humanos regionales se refleja en su progreso desde la Guerra Fría y en un nuevo empuje con la vuelta al orden democrático en la región. Con todo, el orden democrático no es garantía de respeto de los derechos humanos. El Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos, de esa manera, se ha ido convirtiendo en un régimen transnacionalizado conforme se ha abierto a la actividad política transnacional.
This article examines whether and how international human rights law transforms the grassroots mobilization strategies of labor activists. Drawing on original ethnographic research on the activism of blacklisted workers in the United Kingdom, I show that there is a two-tier process through which human rights norms are interpreted and mobilized, first by legal advocacy groups, then by grassroots activists. Contrary to skeptics who argue that human rights have a “mainstreaming” and “individualizing” effect on labor movements, this research shows that by strategically embedding human rights language in their campaigns, blacklisted workers leveraged media attention and facilitated changes in trade union rights discourse. Findings suggest that the strategic mobilization of human rights differs from other mobilization efforts, since labor activists use human rights language primarily to find a sympathetic audience within a political environment in which trade unions are viewed as a regressive force in the economy.
Large-scale migration of Muslims into Europe and North America and subsequent debates over bans on Muslim migration, headscarves, and mosque construction draw into sharp relief unresolved tensions within the contemporary human rights regime. A legacy of the post-1945 state system, the contemporary human rights regime is poorly equipped for dealing with the religious freedoms of Muslim immigrants and contributes to the political turbulence surrounding immigrants and asylum-seekers in Europe and North America. To what extent does mass migration to Europe reveal gaps in protections of religious freedom under the contemporary international human rights regime? What might these gaps tell us about the human rights regime itself? The notion of contradictions in the rights regime sheds light on the ironic situation where European politicians appropriate the language of human rights to justify potentially illiberal immigration controls.
This innovative reader brings together key works that demonstrate the important and unique contributions anthropologists have made to the understanding and practice of human rights over the last 60 years.
--Draws on a range of intellectual and methodological approaches to reveal both the ambiguities and potential of the postwar human rights project
--Brings together essays by both contemporary luminaries and seminal figures to provide a rich introduction to the subject
--Supplemented with selected international human rights documents and links to websites on human rights
As announced at the beginning of this volume, this concluding chapter addresses the “oppositional tensions” between nationalism and human rights, as well as the proposition that nationalism and human rights do not necessarily oppose each other in practice or even in theory.
Many efforts to address human rights violations in recent years have met with skepticism and resistance, if not outright rejection, by the national populations of the target states. In 1999, when Spanish magistrate Baltasar Garzón issued arrest warrants for participants in Argentina’s 1976–83 dictatorship, the response of many Latin Americans was that of wariness of a foreign court’s intrusion on Argentina’s national sovereignty, just as Chileans were critical of Spain’s 1998 indictment of Pinochet as a trampling on their national self-determination. Following the 9/11 attacks on New York and Washington in 2001 the Bush administration prioritized national security concerns above human rights, which met with increasing protest in the later years of his presidency; however, the Obama administration’s reluctance to pursue investigations into allegations of torture in the conduct of the war on terror has met with only muted public criticism by former Bush critics in the country. Alongside Sudanese government officials, Sudanese rebels and community organizations within the country expressed concerns about the International Criminal Court’s indictment of Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir in summer of 2008, criticizing the court’s move as an affront to the country’s sovereignty and an impediment to a political resolution of its ongoing domestic conflicts.
When Cyclone Nargis devastated Myanmar’s Irrawaddy Delta in May 2008, the disaster and its aftermath served as a poignant reminder of the deeply entrenched polarization between the military government and the general population that has long characterized Myanmar’s internal politics. The response of the international community to the crisis revealed how Myanmar’s international relations remained equally troubled. Despite the obvious and overwhelming need for swift and comprehensive humanitarian assistance, politics soon engulfed the aid agenda and the citizens of Myanmar were left on their own to struggle with the disaster.
The Inter-American Human Rights System (the IAHRS) has been an integral part of the regional institutional landscape of the Americas since the mid-twentieth century. The regional human rights system has evolved in the light of the specific conditions prevailing in the region. A progressive development of regional human rights jurisprudence is reflected in the way the system struggled in its adolescent form during the early period of the Cold War to promote human rights in the region and how it judged the political calculations of transitional governments. Such developments received a boost with the return to democratic rule in the region and in this sense the direction of the Inter-American System as a whole became bound up with the maintenance and progress of political democracy. But, of course, democratic rule as such is not a guarantee for the respect of human rights, as the system has turned its attention to the challenge of ensuring the quality of democratic rule. The system has established the legal obligation under regional and international jurisprudence of states to protect the rights of citizens, and in the light of the failure to do so, the international obligation to hold states accountable. The IAHRS, therefore, has gradually evolved into a transnationalized regime as the system has opened up space for transnational political activity.1
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