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Definition of landscape character areas and types in Side region, Antalya-Turkey with regard to land use planning
Abstract
Landscape is the result of the interaction between humans and nature, which often conveys a different character to the land. Recently, land use and landscape planning decisions have been increasingly informed by landscape character assessment (LCA) studies. In this study, LCA methodology was tested at the local scale in Side in the Turkish Mediterranean and its role in the planning system in Turkey is discussed. Here, a combination of two approaches was used: a moderative and technical approach based on an evaluation of different biophysical layers, and an interpretive approach based on the visual and perceptive qualities of the landscape. Side ancient town, Side-Sorgun sand dunes and forest and agricultural lands, on undulating topography covered by macchia, with traditional land use patterns and a distinct and recollective character, are unique landscapes both for Side and the Turkish Mediterranean. Land use planning in Turkey evolves from a top-down, state-led government process. The most relevant planning level at which LCA can be integrated is the Environmental Order Plan (EOP), but a multitude of planning institutions and legislation, and rapid transformation of landscape characters, weaken the capacity of LCA in land use policy and planning in Turkey. Elaborating LCA studies into landscape plans and calling for its integration within spatial planning has potential for the Turkish planning system, but innovative approaches are still needed to include public participation and planning processes with landscape quality objectives through LCA.
... The landscape character identification approach has an emphasis on clarifying what makes a particular landscape area different from another and can have more of an influence on objective, transparent, and professional decisions about their future [5]. It also provides inputs for land use and landscape planning decisions [6]. The landscape character assessment (LCA) starts from the mapping of landscape units, which can be carried out on several levels depending on the scale of the landscape and the type of project [6,7]. ...
... It also provides inputs for land use and landscape planning decisions [6]. The landscape character assessment (LCA) starts from the mapping of landscape units, which can be carried out on several levels depending on the scale of the landscape and the type of project [6,7]. It is carried out by synthesis analysis of a series of cartographic data and application of the principles of landscape character consisting of the previously mentioned combination of natural and cultural factors (i.e., a specific combination of relief, geology, land use, spatial patterns of fields and settlements, soil, geology, and vegetation). ...
... It is carried out by synthesis analysis of a series of cartographic data and application of the principles of landscape character consisting of the previously mentioned combination of natural and cultural factors (i.e., a specific combination of relief, geology, land use, spatial patterns of fields and settlements, soil, geology, and vegetation). Such an approach points to the state and quality of the landscape in order to preserve and to manage appropriately identified landscapes [6]. The aim is to point out the inseparability of natural and cultural factors in the formation of the landscape, especially since they are under constant alteration which can impact protected areas (the main area of research in this paper) [7] The paper is based on the comprehension of the natural qualities of landscapes and on the potential approaches to their determination. ...
The paper is based on a review of the established principles for evaluating the natural qualities of landscapes and developing procedures that can contribute to current methods, upgraded with indicators derived from the perception and attitudes of the public. They were implemented into an integrated model of natural landscape qualities. The method included modeling of the natural landscape qualities for the southern part of the Krka National Park in Croatia. The first evaluation model was based on a survey whose responses were processed and classified using the AHP method and GIS. The results showed that the respondents recognize the diversity of land cover and relief forms and the degree of their fragmentation as the highest natural landscape quality. The second step included overlapping the vulnerability model of natural landscape qualities and the model of perception of natural qualities. It was found that the implementation of perceived natural qualities in the evaluation process affects the model of vulnerability of landscape quality. It also indicates the possibility of implementing the perceived natural qualities of certain landscape types into the complete landscape evaluation process, which encompasses all values in the space, including human perception. Therefore, the whole procedure pointed out the importance of the implementation of perceived values into landscape evaluation, something which is also emphasized by the European Landscape Convention (ELC).
... LCA studies were conducted at different scales and approaches ever since Turkey became one of the contracting parties of ELC contract in 2003 (Görmüş & Oğuz 2010;Atik & Ortaceşme 2010;Uzun et al. 2010;Şahin et al. 2011;Görmüş 2012). ELC entered into force in Turkey since 2004 (Atik et al. 2015) and it continues out within the scope of LCA studies of institutional pilot projects and academic research projects (Görmüş et al. 2013). ...
... Despite these studies, the landscape character analysis has not been reflected in the planning legislation and pilot projects are still performed in Turkey. According to Atik et al. (2015), implementing a landscape-scale approach in land use planning and policy with the use of LCA will be an opportunity for the effective management and protection of Turkey's landscape. In order to have this opportunity, a framework model for different scales in the planning of the landscape character analysis in Turkey was developed by Görmüş et al. (2013) and the main basis of the model is the association of approaches and methods with national legislation. ...
... Based on the similarities between individuals or objects among all the variables in the study, grouping or clustering similar individuals into same groups and estimating to which group a new individual belongs is the basis of Clustering Analysis. (Hair et al. 1992;Tatlıdil 1996;Doğan 2002;Görmüş, 2012;Atik et al. 2015). Discriminant Analysis was used to measure the reliability of the classification carried out via Clustering Analysis (Figure 3). ...
The European Landscape Convention (ELC) has directed the landscape classification towards landscape character analysis. Landscape character analysis provides a character-based classification that can combine different values or variables and be applied at different scales to define the landscapes of each country and define the forces on the landscape. In this study, the Kapısuyu Basin of Küre Mountains National Park, which is one of the hot spots in the world in terms of different landscape character and natural quality, was classified by landscape character analysis. In this study, Kapısuyu basin was analyzed on an analytical ground according to the landscape variables and the basin landscape types, and the landscape character area map were obtained based on the dominant features of the area and the cultural landscape pattern. Throughout the basin, 345 landscape character types and 21 landscape character area were identified. Despite having similar values, the surface area of the protected area in the national park and the rural area had significant differences in landscape character ratios and patchiness ratio. Patchiness was seen to be higher in rural areas. When looked at Shannon Diversity 3 Index (SDI) values, it is seen that a high diversity of Landscape Character Types (LCT) exist in the rural areas. Within the scope of this study, the fact that the landscape character analysis performed at the basin scale in the protected area can be evaluated together with different variables and interpreted from the perspective of holistic landscape planning shows that the technique is a positive approach in the evaluation of protected areas.
... In addition, with the developing technology, landscape character analysis are carried out in large areas and these studies are conducted at district, province, basin, region and country scale. The study of such a wide area is possible using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques and many scientists have reached their results using these techniques in their studies of landscape character analysis (Atik et al., 2015;Guneroglu et al., 2015;Swanwick, 2002;Uzun et al., 2011;Van Eetvelde & Antrop, 2009;Wascher, 2005). Some European countries have integrated landscape character analysis into the decision-making process of land-use (Bartlett et al., 2017;Owens & Cowell, 2011;Rydin, 1995). ...
... The aim of this study is to define the landscape characteristics of the Upper Aras Basin and to introduce the optimal land use suggestions for the basin. About the analysis of landscape character studies, Atik et al. (2015) and Uzun et al. (2010) in Turkey and Swanwick (2002) in the UK and Wascher (2005) in the Netherlands have been pioneers with many studies. ...
... The landscape character corresponds to all of the characteristics that distinguish a landscape from the others by its natural and cultural characteristics. In-situ analysis of the landscape characteristics of the Upper Aras Basin was based on studies by Swanwick (2002), Tudor (2014) and Atik et al (2015). The landscape characters were analyzed by topography, dominant land cover, visual landscape characters and the characteristics of the landscape. ...
Landscape is an area formed by human and nature interactions. These areas may have some differences. These differences are expressed by the character of the area. Landscape character can be defined as the presence, diversity and arrangement of landscape features that give a certain identity to landscape and make it stand out from the surrounding landscapes. Recently, Landscape Character Analysis (LCA) studies have gained momentum in order to gather more information about the landscape and to make sustainable plans and fulfill the obligations arising from the European Landscape Agreement. In this study, the Aras Basin located in the province of Erzurum in eastern Turkey are discussed using the LCA and optimum land use methodology. Natural and cultural data of the study area were digitized and analyzed with Geographic Information Systems (GIS). According to the analysis results, 14 different landscape character areas and 384 landscape character types obtained in the Aras Basin. Also, optimum land uses of the study area were determined and incompatibility was examined between these areas and landscape character types. Based on the results, the study is considered to be a data source for future implementation, management and development policies related to the basin.
... Furthermore, they contend that landscapes are environments shaped by human behaviors toward the natural environment (Jiménez-García et al., 2020;Thomas, 2001). Throughout the creative process, individuals often modify the natural environment in accordance with specific cultural norms, thereby crafting diverse landscapes imbued with distinct visions (Atik et al., 2015;Turner, 2005;Zhao et al., 2023). These landscapes symbolize unique cultural symbols and labels. ...
... On the other hand, the industrialization of tourism, characterized by the influx of tourists for sightseeing and recreational activities, can accelerate the degradation of cultural heritage. Human-induced situations, such as fires, can precipitate irreparable loss (Atik et al., 2015). The overdevelopment of tourism can damage local ecosystems, causing issues such as cultural and environmental degradation, the proliferation of modern architectural structures, overcrowding, and resident dissatisfaction (Buckley, 2011;Seraphin et al., 2018). ...
Rural landscapes serve as crucial foundations for enhancing the quality of the human environment, showcasing local regional culture, and fostering local industrial development, thus representing the cornerstone of rural economic and social advancement. Against the backdrop of national efforts to implement rural revitalization strategies, traditional cultural landscapes continue to face varying degrees of degradation and disappearance. Tourism has emerged as a popular strategy for promoting the development of traditional villages in developing countries. Moreover, the high-quality development of the cultural and tourism industry in Chinese ethnic minority villages holds immense significance in advancing local economies, cultures, societies, and environmental protection, serving as a potent means to realize the rural revitalization strategy. This article delves into the cultural landscape of Lifang Village in Shuangbai County, Yunnan province, China. Anchored in a comprehensive understanding of Lifang Village’s political, economic, cultural, social, and ecological contexts, it aims to enhance the humanistic, ecological, industrial, residential, and infrastructural landscapes of the village. The objective is to develop Lifang Village into an integrated complex that seamlessly merges ecology, culture, and landscape, thereby crafting a Yi village distinguished by its local regional characteristics. Through meticulous analysis and synthesis of the local cultural, social, and ecological environment, the article seeks to extract and integrate elements of local distinctiveness, thematic culture, traditional heritage, and classic cultural facets. Ultimately, the aim is to cultivate a sense of identity and belonging within Lifang Village, bolstering villagers’ well-being and contributing to the preservation and inheritance of the exceptional traditional culture of ethnic minorities.
... LCA provides a communication reference tool that promotes a better understanding of landscape resources among researchers, managers, and planners [39,41,42], enabling decision makers to consider future landscape planning and development strategies for the region. The LCA method is currently diversified and practiced in European countries and commonly used in territorial spatial planning [43][44][45], land-use management [46,47], and other applications based on land initiatives [48,49]. Other regions, such as China, have just begun to study landscape characters in national, urban, protected areas, national parks, and other regions [50][51][52]. ...
... There are three shortcomings in this study. (1) With respect to the selection of variables and the enhancement of the clustering methods, although we upgraded the traditional cultural variables, the variables used in landscape categorization are still limited and the landscape is in a constantly dynamic state [47]. In future studies, the number of variables could be increased, and more clustering methods could be trialed to simultaneously examine and optimize the changing landscape characteristics of the Great Wall heritage area. ...
The Great Wall, as a globally important large-scale linear cultural heritage asset, is an example of the integration of architecture and landscape, demonstrating the interaction and feedback between heritage and the environment. In the context of advocating the holistic protection of cultural heritage and surroundings, this study utilizes landscape character assessment (LCA) to identify the landscape character of the Great Wall heritage area. Taking the heritage area of the Great Wall in Beijing, China, as an example, principal component analysis (PCA), two-step clustering, and the eCognition software were used to identify and describe the landscape character types, and the interaction mechanism between heritage and the environment was further explored through the reclassification process. A total of 20 landscape character types and 201 landscape character areas were identified in the study area, and a deep coupling relationship between heritage and the environment and cultural landscape spatial patterns were found in the core heritage area. The heritage and environmental character of linear heritage areas should be integrated so as to protect, manage, and plan cultural heritage areas at the landscape level. This study identifies and describes the character of the coupling of heritage and the environment in the Great Wall area for the first time, expands the types and methods of landscape character assessment, and carries out the exploration to combine natural and cultural elements of large-scale linear cultural heritage areas.
... Landscape character types, as defines by Atik et al. (2015), are distinct types of landscape that are relatively homogeneous in character and share broadly similar combinations of landscape properties. The research reported in this paper -which was conducted in the environs of Lake Bafa, a site of both natural and historical importance -aimed to investigate the relationship between landscape types and visual aesthetic preferences using social media photographs, machine learning, and geographic information systems (GIS). ...
... In the fifth step, LCA (Swanwick 2002) was conducted using three environmental layers: land use, gradient, and elevation (Atik et al. 2015). These variables were selected as they are determinative when visually describing landscapes. ...
People inherently assess landscapes by creating spontaneous aesthetic liking judgments based on the surrounding stimuli. To understand these judgements objectively, use may be made of the fluency theory of aesthetic pleasure (the psychological processes through which people experience beauty). This study aims to predict people’s visual aesthetic preferences based on fluency theory and to correlate these preferences with landscape types and features. An ordinary least squares (OLS) regression model was developed to predict visual aesthetic liking, using image statistics as explanatory variables. We determined types of landscape using Landscape Character Assessment (LCA) and applied viewshed analyses distinguishing between near, medium, and far zones. We identified landscape features by content analysis making use of machine learning-based image recognition supplied by Google Cloud Vision API. The results show that vegetation and geological forms were the most significant features for people’s visual aesthetic liking, followed by waterscapes and built structures/human settlements. The viewshed analyses indicated that ‘medium-altitude, low-gradient artificial areas’ were visible in photographs with high aesthetic visual liking in all zones (i.e., at all distances). When the photographs showing this type of landscape are examined, the artificial areas in the photographs turn out to consist mostly of historical buildings or remains. This finding suggests that historical sites are not just important for their cultural value, but for their visual aesthetic value as well.
... The countries that are members or candidates, which accepted the agreement, and among which Turkey also existed, are responsible for defining their landscapes, determining the character types of their landscapes, and follow-up of the changes and the transformations of the landscapes (Van Eetvelde and Antrop 2007). Therefore, scientific studies in Turkey in this direction are carried out at different scales (Uzun et al. 2011, Eroğlu 2012, Guneroglu et al. 2015, Erdoğan 2014, Atik et al. 20152016). ...
... It was applied at regional and local level in European countries like France and Belgium, and at national level in some countries like England, Norway, Austria and Germany (Luginbühl 2002). And this study was applied on a local scale like other studies (Uzun et al.2011, Atik et al. 2015 in our country. Swanwick (2002and 2006 defined the landscape character according to the character properties that constituted the landscape, while Jessel (2006),on the other hand, made his definitions by using the element-character properties and the character trilogy that constituted the landscape in his study. ...
In this study, the landscape character assessment (LCA) methodology was tested at the district scale in Savsat, which is located in the Turkish Eastern Black Sea Region. In addition, the role of the LCA at a district scale in the determination of the tourism and protection potential of the landscape character areas, the development of the regional policies, and integrating them into current land use policies are also discussed in the study.We usedthe LCA methods in this study. The natural and cultural datawere collected in thestudy areas. The determination of thelandscape character areas and ecological analyses were evaluated in GIS; moreover, thelandscape character areas were identified with-Area Survey Forms‖. As a result of theanalyses, 854 different landscape character types and 13 landscape character areas were determined. We also prepared identity cards to determinethe landscape character areas.As a result, the importance of LCA Method in protecting biodiversity, rural development, and tourism strategies were emphasized in the study.
... Landscape is the result of the interaction between humans and nature, which often conveys a different character to the land. (Atik et al., 2015). Planning and monitoring of landscapes cannot be reduced to its outstanding features but must take into account all its characteristics. ...
... Essential challenges for LCA include integrating perspectives and perceptions from multiple people (Swanwick & Fairclough, 2018). Therefore, elaborating LCA studies into landscape plans and calling for its integration within spatial planning has potential (Atik et al., 2015) in Malaysia. ...
Landscape is an essential national resource which includes outstanding natural and cultural heritage. Landscape character assessment can make a valuable contribution to the formation of planning policies, to the allocation of land for development and development of control activities. Efforts in landscape development, preservation and conservation existed in this country indirectly through the introduction of various acts, policies and guidelines. Legislation on development protection and the direction is to provide landscape character assessment at national, regional and local levels through thorough and systematic ways in contributing to national development and an alternative to the protection, planning and landscape management. Keywords: Landscape character acts, policies and guidelines; Landscape character assessment. eISSN: 2398-4287© 2020. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bsby e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI:
... Most research on rural landscape classification focuses on specific villages or towns (Zhang et al. 2015). Furthermore, classification datasets need to be varied according to different spatial scales (Atik et al. 2015). Our study fills this gap by proposing a comprehensive multi-scale framework for classifying China's rural landscapes, utilizing spatial datasets ranging from large to small scales. ...
Due to the increased demand for agricultural products, the agricultural industry has become intensified, resulting in a homogenization of the rural landscape. Our study defines rural landscape types at three scales (national, regional, and local) using a multi-scale method. We generated three landscape element datasets using literature and gray statistical analysis. Subsequently, we used the overlay approach and two-step cluster analysis to identify landscape regions, types, and subtypes. The findings indicate the presence of 47 landscape regions at the national scale, 448 landscape types at the regional scale, and 44 landscape subtypes at the local scale with Dahongshan Mountain Region serving as the empirical study site. Furthermore, we have developed a novel method to evaluate landscape diversity index (LDI) which utilizes the proportion of land area occupied by landscape elements in various landscape types. This method incorporates diverse elements, such as topography, landform, land cover/use, vegetation, and agroforestry industries. To examine the role of LDI in landscape planning, we analyzed the relationship between LDI and recreation services using the geographically weighted regression model. The result facilitates landscape planning and management at different administrative levels.
... Fitur buatan berupa sawah, kebun, dan permukiman merupakan fitur dominan. Fitur tersebut merupakan hasil interaksi antara elemen-elemen alami dengan aktivitas masyarakat sekitarnya (Asrina et al., 2017;Atik et al., 2015;Brown dan Brabyn 2012). Karakteristik iklim desa ini mengikuti karakteristik iklim kecamatan. ...
Tegaldeeng is one of the kampongs in the village of Medalsari, Karawang Regency, which has been influenced by the regency developments, so that it has an impact on the culture and the landscape. The landscape of Tegaldeeng kampong has very high potential in terms of natural and cultural resources. Efforts to prevent the degradation of the culture and the potential of the traditional landscape need to be studied in the kampong landscape pattern. This study aims to identify and analyze the character of the landscape and the elements that make up the settlement landscape, and to compose the landscape pattern of Tegaldeeng kampong based on local culture. This research was conducted using descriptive method through literature study, interview, and field observation. The settlement character of Tegaldeeng kampong landscape is relatively flat in the settlement area, and slightly undulating outside the area. The dominant land cover is rice fields and mixed gardens. The character is formed by supporting elements in the form of natural and artificial elements. Natural elements function more as a 'borrowing landscape' for the settlement landscape, except for the river that crosses the western village border. The man-made elements include rice fields, mixed gardens, settlements, and main road. The landscape of Tegaldeeng kampong settlement forms a cluster patterns, and able to accommodates all cultural activities of the local community.
... The landscape character types of the heritage railway were dominated by "L3L4, V1V5V8V10, S5, H7 G4L3, V5, G4" and typical in "{L3L4}, {V4V5V7V8}, {S5S14}, {G1G3G8G12G15G16}" at the regional scale, and were dominated by "α4, β1β2β3, γ4γ5, θ2θ4, ε1ε2" and typical in "{α3α4}, {β1β2β3β4}, {γ2γ3γ4γ5}, {θ1θ2}"at corridor scale. We took the prominent and typical characteristics as the basis for the division and description of landscape character areas, which is similar to previous research [41,42]. The main difference was that we analyzed the general characteristics. ...
In recent decades, the role of heritage railways has gradually shifted from transportation, economy, and trade to tourism, culture, and ecology. The heritage railway landscape is experiencing multiple changes along with a value ambiguity problem. There is a need to comprehensively recognize this landscape in order to promote the transformations and monitor the changes. Inspired by Landscape Character Assessment (LCA), this paper adopts a two-scaled identification framework of landscape character types and areas of the Yunnan–Vietnam Railway (Yunnan section) by integrating holistic and parametric methods. At the regional scale, the landscape character was divided by five natural variables: landform, vegetation, hydrology, soil, and geology. At the corridor scale, the landscape character was classified by five natural and cultural variables: altitude, slope, aspect, land use, and heritage density. At these two scales, k-prototype cluster analysis and multiresolution segmentation (MRS) tool were used to identify landscape character types and areas. The results showed that there were 11 different landscape character types and 80 landscape character areas at the regional scale, and 12 different landscape character types and 58 landscape character areas at the corridor scale. Furthermore, the composition, area, and distribution of these landscape character types and areas were described. The results of this study can form a database for planning, management, and evaluation of the railway.
... Landscape characterization methods can assist in zoning decisions, and also aid in planning areas with varying landscape characteristics, allowing policymakers to consider future landscape planning and development strategies for the area. The landscape characterization approach is a holistic and comprehensive method for identifying regional character landscapes [11][12][13][14] and is an effective tool for landscape classification management at different scales [15]. Landscape characterization approaches are commonly used in territorial spatial planning, ecological conservation, historic city conservation, land-use policy, and national park management. ...
National parks provide a considerable number of co-benefits to society, including the balance of ecosystems, conservation of heritage values, and tourism. However, studies on zoning approaches for the management of national parks are lacking. The landscape characterization approach is a holistic method for identifying regional landscapes and helps improve zoning management, thus promoting sustainable planning. Here, we propose a landscape character classification (LCC) approach for national parks by integrating a k-means clustering algorithm and geographic information system (GIS). We used Laoshan National Park (LNP) as a case study and aimed to (1) quantify the major landscape factors (altitude, topography relief, soil type, and heritage impact intensity) that influence the landscape classification of mountainous protected areas; (2) create a map of landscape character types and areas to guide a zoning boundary; and (3) further examine how decision makers assign different conservation strategies to each landscape character area. Our results indicate that different landscape character areas reflect distinct ecological environments and heritage values and that differentiated zoning management can effectively mitigate the impact of natural disasters and human activities. Our study suggests that national parks require scientific landscape character zoning, rational descriptions of landscape character types, and targeted management measures to achieve the dual objectives of zoning and landscape conservation.
... After the integration of agricultural land in the Manas River Basin, the area, shape and quantity of cultivated land changed greatly. Based on the existing research results [28,29], this paper comprehensively considers the scale, distribution, area and other factors of rural cultivated land, and describes and measures the degree of farmland fragmentation before and after farmland integration. In sum, nine villages in Manas River Basin were selected as the research objects. ...
Land consolidation is an effective means of promoting the regularization of fragmented arable land, optimizing the allocation of land resources and improving the environment in farming areas, as well as an important means of increasing the economic returns of farming households, and it is important to scientifically assess the ecological and economic benefits of agricultural land consolidation. In this study, participatory rural assessment (PRA) was used to investigate, in detail, the meaning, satisfaction and changes in farmland rehabilitation before and after implementation. The accuracy of the remote sensing data was verified through an experiment on the net cultivation coefficient. We used a sample of 447 farmers from nine villages in Manas County to study the differences in plot area, crop unit value, income and irrigation before and after the farmers’ integration. We found that, after the integration of farmland, the cultivated area increased significantly, the crop unit yield increased by at least 42.66%, the average income of farmers increased by a value of RMB 4324/ha and the water savings were all higher than 7.18 m³/ha. At the same time, after the integration of farmland, the number of plots was significantly reduced, the arable land became more regular and the microclimate of the farmland improved significantly. The government and individuals should follow the concept and construction requirements of the “community of life in mountain, water, forest, lake, grass and sand”, consider the economic and ecological benefits of land consolidation, ensure the quality of farmland ecosystems, actively explore new models of land consolidation and stimulate the economic vitality of rural areas.
... A landscape that has a strong character can be caused by the interaction between major landscape features and minor landscape features. Landscape characters are formed by landscape elements such as landscapes, land cover, hydrology, settlements, and also historical and cultural artifacts [1][2][3]. Cultural identity is closely related to the way how humans interact with their landscapes. The spatial association of these elements forms a very strong character. ...
Lakkang Island is one of the districts that still maintains cultural and traditional values and it is located within the provincial capital. Lakkang Island is also used as a cultural tourism destination by the Makassar City government. The impact of urban development affects all areas of the city with the modern style and culture of the city. The effort to mapping the landscape model of Lakkang Island is one of the cultural landscape preservation efforts that still maintained for the purpose of cultural tourism destinations. This research aims to identify the character of the traditional settlement landscape, analyze traditional landscape forming elements, and develop a landscape model for the traditional settlements of Lakkang Island. The method used in this research is descriptive method, through literature studies, interviews, and field observations. The analysis was carried out descriptively and spatially. The landscape character of Lakkang Island shows a flat landform with landscape features that shape it. The landscape character forming elements of Lakkang Island are formed by natural landscape features and man-made landscape features. The traditional settlement landscape model of Lakkang Island is in the form of a nucleated cluster pattern with a unique spatial pattern. The center of the model is bamboo forests in the form of conservation green open spaces. The core zone consists of settlements flanked by conservation zones in the form of mangrove forests, nipa forests, and bamboo forests, surrounded by utilization zones in the form of gardens, rice fields and fishponds and protected by buffer zones in the form of Tallo River. The traditional activities of the Lakkang Island people do not leave their territory, except for the laying offerings ceremony.
... From the comparison with some thematic studies published during the years from 2015 to 2018 [18][19][20][21][22] and the results obtained in the previous studies conducted by and Sal et al. [23], it was possible to prove how the LCA is applicable on a local scale and can be adapted to higher scales in the land-use planning process. There are still some difficulties related to the multitude of planning institutions and legislations in Sicily. ...
The visual impact of crop shelters in the rural landscape is of paramount importance for the sustainability of landscape planning. It is of utmost importance to protect a beautiful landscape characterized by archaeological sites and natural ecosystems but it is also fundamental to preserve a key economy based on agriculture. To preserve the landscape there is the need to understand its landscape units and to assess the feasibility of the application of landscape character assessment (LCA) at a local scale and adaptation to higher scales in the land-use planning process. In this study, a methodology based on viewshed analysis was integrated into LCA in order to define landscape character areas and types. An application of the method was done on greenhouse systems. Landscape evaluation was carried out by using both ECOVAST guidelines for landscape identification and indicators, which were defined and computed in order to describe the visual impact of greenhouses. The method was applied to a study area located in South Italy, in the Province of Ragusa, in the eastern part of Sicily, where the greenhouse system highly characterizes agricultural activities and made it possible to define landscape guidelines. Finally, a visibility map was drawn up to highlight the areas subject to the greatest visibility. In addition to objectifying the visual impact of greenhouses, the research verified that the proposed LCA-based methodology combined with viewshed analysis can be feasible for supporting the analysis phases of landscape and urban planning under the new territorial governance laws issued for the Region of Sicily in recent years. These analyses were useful to provide information that objectively takes into account the importance of the visual component in the context of landscape planning. Due to the limited surface of the sample area considered in this study, this research work should be considered a pilot or preliminary study. The extension of this methodology to the adjacent municipalities could represent the practical application performed by local authorities to define common regulations suitable to preserve landscape components.
... Energy-scape elements are sustainable landscape elements that share its properties while generating clean energy with integrating renewable energy technologies with these elements Moussa (2018) Energy-scape is a sustainable element that can change landscape elements and generate clean energy Statuto et al. (2019) Energy-scape-the effect derived from the role played by energy sources as a force in shaping the visible features of the Earths surface in delimited areas Delina (2020) Energy-scape includes the energy technologies, required infrastructure and systems and also the structural arrangements and institutions that make up an entire ecology of what can be called an energy sociotechnical system categorization of landscape elements is provided in the literature (Valles-Planells et al., 2014;Atik et al., 2015;Drive, 2015;Massimo et al., 2019). Elements of the landscape reveal the connections between the landscape and human activity. ...
Urban and regional development is indispensable from energy systems that function in a sustainable and resilient manner. The generation of renewable energy has seen significant upturn in the last decade. Renewables can be exploited to meet the global energy needs and climate change mitigation goals. Therefore, development of urban and regional energy systems must take into account the possibilities and challenges posed by the increasing penetration of the renewable. The achievement of goals of the energy system in the context of transition to low-carbon energy society rises numerous complex decisions over development of infrastructure and technologies. Although renewable energy devices generate clean energy, they also change landscape. The term of energy-scape encourages discussion about interactions between the energy system and the environment, and other ecosystem services at local level. The paper reviews previous studies analysing energy-scape elements and provides the insights towards the transition to low-carbon energy and low-carbon society in general. The systematic literature review allows clearly outlining the problem and gives reliable background for further studies. The main contribution of the article to the existing literature is the creation of framework for the analysis and assessment of new renewable energy technologies installation and infrastructure. The presented framework can be applied for all renewable energy technologies and infrastructure in both urban and rural areas and allows to attain a decision acceptable to the local community.
... Land use planning in Turkey extends from a top-down, state-led government process to regional and local levels and involves a great number of institutions where physical developments and land use decisions are based on LDL no. 3194 (Atik et al. 2015). The metropolitan municipality of Antalya is responsible for planning and design of the city. ...
Green infrastructure is an emerging approach to make cities sustainable,
healthy and more liveable. Based on a strategically planned network of natural and
semi-natural areas in urban, peri-urban and rural landscapes, green infrastructure
aims to provide sustainable urban development and to link green and blue spaces at
both urban and regional scales.
In this study, a green infrastructure design system is anticipated for the city of
Antalya. A set of green infrastructure components are identifed and used to delin�eate a system which could take into consideration connections between actual eco�logical hubs, people and nature and past and present.
The results show that hubs and lines created by overlapped green infrastructure
typologies potentially provide connectivity between city and ecology as well as
between people and nature in the city of Antalya, Turkey. Antalya and its urban
landscapes have a high potential for a green infrastructure design, but in order to
integrate the green infrastructure application into urban planning, a holistic approach
will be needed involving municipal, regional and state authorities, local stakehold�ers as well as citizens.
... Studies show that differences in understanding the concept of "landscape" can result in diverse approaches to implementing the convention (e.g., [23,24]), as well as communication gaps within and between countries, particularly concerning the application of LAs and their enforcement by national legislation (e.g., [25]). Furthermore, while some countries signed the convention but have not developed national legislation to enforce it [26], other countries might well require additional adjustments of environmental planning principles to local political, cultural, and regulatory framing conditions [27]. According to the comprehensive review conducted by [25], the lack of consistency in LA approaches and techniques, and the shortage of data, are prime weaknesses in the process (see also [28]). ...
Studies demonstrate the lack of common interpretations and rigorous methods for landscape assessments (LA) during design and siting of renewable energy (RES) facilities. Research shows how perceived landscape impacts influence public willingness to accept changes in the landscape. The connection between the effectiveness of LA procedures vis-à-vis the inclusion of the public in decision-making related to RES siting has received less attention. We, therefore, examine the role of LAs in planning via the eyes of policymakers and experts, and evaluate the capacity of current tools to influence the process. Additionally, we analyze the role (or lack thereof) of the public in LAs. Our unique case—one of the largest in the world thermo-solar “tower” plant, located near a small desert village—exemplifies the place for landscape consideration in national-level mega-infrastructure. Based on documents analysis and semi-structured interviews, the findings demonstrate the struggle between competing goals such as financial and temporal efficiency, RES targets, landscape protection, and public participation. We conclude that first, despite independent efforts to promote the latter two, there may be little connection between the assessment of landscape effects and public participation because there is no mechanism for post-evaluation of a project’s impacts, and any debates on the actual effects remain theoretical. Second, that landscape impacts of large-scape infrastructure can mainly be avoided in the stage of site location, and at this stage, the room for public input remains limited.
... El modelo de construcción en 3D integra datos socioeonómicos y la implementación del Airborne Laser Scanning, identifica la función urbana y la capacidad residencial potencial (Aubrecht C., 2009). La evaluación del carácter de paisajes integrado al plan de ordenamiento territorial con un enfoque inclusivo de la participación pública (Atik M., 2015). ...
La necesidad de establecer un procedimiento general con sus
respectivos procedimientos específicos que permita medir y mejorar el desempeño
integral de los procesos logísticos en una cadena de suministro de los residuos
sólidos urbanos fue lo que originó la presente investigación. Este procedimiento
permite la determinación del indicador Nivel de Desempeño Integral de los Procesos
Logísticos (NDIPL). Para el logro de este objetivo se conjugaron una serie de técnicas
como entrevistas, trabajo en grupo, método de expertos, comparaciones pareadas,
técnicas estadísticas, observación directa, análisis de registros y el método Proceso
Analítico Sistémico (ANP). Una vez aplicado el procedimiento y determinado
el nivel de desempeño integral de los procesos seleccionados, se detectaron las
oportunidades de mejora de mayor impacto sobre su desempeño, referidas a la
organización de los mismos. También, quedó demostrada la posibilidad de utilizar
dicho procedimiento como instrumento de evaluación de los procesos de la cadena
de suministros
... In the present study, the variables for LCA were selected from previously published works [Keun-Ho and Stephan 2007, Cary's 2002, Meryem et al. 2015 and were inspired by the characteristics of the Ziban region. ...
Landscape is an area formed by the interactions between humans and nature, which bring various characteristics to the area. Landscape Character Assessment (LCA) methods enable more accurate description, mapping, and evaluation of features within the landscape. Also, landscape characterization and classification is facilitated by the advances of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), which constitute a very efficient tool for analysis and overlay mapping. This paper explores and tests an application of Landscape Character Assessment (LCA) methodology at a regional scale in Ziban region, Algeria, combining natural and cultural attributes using GIS. The first stage of overlay of attributes is followed by the verification of draft map involving a visual assessment on-site in order to develop the final classification and assessment describing each landscape character area and type. The study results show that Ziban region has a rich structure with diversified landscapes created by unique natural and cultural landscape values composed of 36 different character areas and 19-character types. The main contribution of this research consists in developing a typology for Ziban landscape and providing useful results for decision-making related to the future management of landscape character in the Algerian context, which has undergone strong pressure related to urbanization, industry, transport, desertification, and tourism.
... Land use planning in Turkey develops gradually from a top-down, state-led government process (Atik et al., 2015), and planning and management of the rural landscape in Turkey entail numerous institutions. The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry is in charge when rural landscapes are in forest boundaries, whereas the Ministry of Culture and Tourism becomes the authority when rural landscapes are within cultural heritage sites. ...
Place names are a linguistic form that people attach to the landscape. Rural landscapes are maybe one of the most refined cultural manifestations revealing a fundamental effort for human existence and locating their actions through place names. In this research, place names were used as a means to explore rural landscape characters of the Serik district in the Turkish Mediterranean. A total number of 1243 place names were subcategorised in four large character groups: natural features, land use, cultural, and visual features and were further analysed into twenty indicative landscape characteristics. The results showed that characteristics of the rural landscape in Serik were dominated by two main components: biophysical features as a response to the natural environment and the position of a locality in relation to maintenance of local livelihoods. In conclusion, the accuracy and validity of place names is still quite precise in the definition of the characters in rural landscapes where intact human-nature relations are unique but whose characters have been under the pressure of fragmentation. Here, the knowledge of multi-layered forms of place names offers a readily available rich inventory that can be applied to the planning and management of rural landscapes, particularly in the absence of other biophysical and cultural data.
... Landscapes conceptually emerge as a result of natural and anthropogenic interactions that convey a different character to the land (Atik et al. 2015). Accordingly, it does not just contain objects; it involves different processes such as growth, decay, flow, and transformation. ...
The landscape is a dynamic and multidimensional concept which includes natural and/or cultural components, ecosystems, relations and processes. The sustainability of landscapes depends on the harmony of these ecosystems. Particularly, it is important to identify areas where the landscape is sensitive within the basin and to restrict urban growth in these areas. However, the land cover change that occurs in the form of transformation from natural areas to cultural areas undermines the operability of the processes within the landscape. In this study, two different scenarios regarding land cover change have been developed using the FLUS model for Asarsuyu Watershed between the years 2018–2036 and 2036–2054. With these scenarios, the areas where landscape is sensitive are revealed and the urban growth is restricted in areas where landscape sensitivity is very high and high. In this respect, landscape sensitivity studies provide an important tool for guiding urban growth in an ecological framework.
... In the literature, there are many examples that try to establish assessment methods for visual landscape preferences. In this complex topic, many variables are taken into account: inhabitants' and tourists' points of view [20], different spatial landscape features in relation to the observer point of view [21], level of naturalness and human-made interventions and presence of architectural heritage [22]. ...
Slow tourism is a growing phenomenon in Italy; it is assuming a key role in the definition of new strategies for sustainable tourism for the enhancement of landscape and cultural heritage, but also as a driver for the revitalization of marginalized and inner areas of the country. In this framework, the aesthetical phenomena related to seasonal landscape changes (e.g., autumn coloring foliage, spring blooming, controlled paddy-rice fields flooding) that occur in specific environments are emerging as new tourist destinations and are of major interest for the experiential tourism sector. This research shows a GIS-based method to draw up parametric slow tourism itineraries, which are defined according to seasonal landscape changes, by exploiting the high frequency of Sentinel-2 data acquisition. The algorithm defines parametric itineraries within the network of existing local roads by detecting the current landscape conditions through NDVI. The algorithm has been tested in the study area, within the historical agricultural landscape of paddy-rice fields in between Turin and Milan, where high scenic conditions related to the flooding occur over the spring season. This tool can support a range of end users’ decisions for the creation of a widespread tourist destination offer year-round, with the aim to promote more sustainable and balanced use of the places and reduce overpressures in the most frequented places.
... Nowadays, sustainable tourism motivated by regional planners and policy makers in many countries which insist on the tourists' pleasure, tourism incentives and protection of the physical and old-fashioned fundamentals of the landscape (Insch 2020). For local inhabitants who live around the landscapes, tourism becoming a part of the daily life (Atik et al. 2015). Preserving the landscapes could help the local economies to develop infrastructures (hotels and tourism settlements, transport and IT services) by boosting tourism activities. ...
In Iran, the importance of landscapes and the need to preserve these unique assets is not particularly recognized especially at tourism and environmental sites. This study investigated the landscape valuation of Sheikh-Zahed Tomb in Northern Iran. The contingent valuation method (CVM), which is based on a survey model, was used to assess visitors’ willingness to pay (WTP) in order to preserve the landscape. The data used in this study were collected though face-to-face interviews with 157 visitors to a historic tomb in the first half of 2019. The results indicate that the average of respondents’ WTP to preserve the landscape was 0.47 . Respondents’ age, monthly income of the respondent’s household, the tomb accessibility, the tomb architectural attraction, and proposed price for the landscape preservation had significant effects on WTP. Proposed empirical model (CVM) provides a comprehensive framework for illustrating landscape valuation of natural heritages and historical tourism sites globally as well as in Iran.
Highlights for public administration, management and planning: • The evaluation of landscape values of historical site of Sheikh-Zahed tomb (Iran) for visitors is presented.
• Both types of qualitative and quantitative variables affect WTP of visitors for the landscape preservation.
• Among the key factors, the accessibility to the landscape affects its value for visitors, and the pristine and original landscape of the tomb is important for visitors.
... In such cases, people transform their physical environment according to their cultural context [6]. In short, from all of these definitions, a landscape is the result of the interaction between human beings and nature, which converts the landscape into a diversity of visual, cultural and ecological constructions [7]. ...
Tourism and landscape are broad and complex scientific research fields, as is the synergy between them has given rise to a volume of articles diverse in nature, subject matter and methodology. These difficulties mean that, at present, there is no complete theoretical framework to support this tourism and landscape research, nor complete knowledge of its structure and organization. This motivates the present work, which constitutes the first attempt at mapping this research topic by applying bibliometric techniques using VOSviewer and Science Mapping Analysis Software Tool (SciMAT) software. A total of 3340 articles from journals indexed in Web of Science were analyzed. The results obtained confirm that interest in the study of these concepts has been growing, especially in the last decade. The main contribution of this work lies in the identification of work themes that were basic to the construction of the field but that are currently in decline, such as “cultural heritage” and other themes important to the field that should continue to be dealt with, such as “national parks” or “geotourism”. The transversal nature of sustainability that appears in the network of keywords related to currently emerging themes, such as “planning” and “environment”, is also highlighted and reinforced.
... Landscape character is that which makes a place unique, this includes the physical components such as geology, landforms, vegetation, and anthropogenic components of people's transactions (Atik et al., 2015). Thus, people-place transactions contribute to the creation of a cultural landscape's character whose names are based on the concept of the world views of the indigenous people. ...
The understanding of how places are named by indigenous people has practical applications in the diverse field of studies that deal with human behaviour. However, few studies exist on how cultural landscapes toponym are conceptualized, especially in non-Western landscapes such as Africa. An empirical study, which includes in-depth interviews with the local Nupe respondents in central Nigeria shows that toponym is tied to transactions that evoke identity, power, heritage, and sense of place. The study contributes to our understanding of indigenous people's interactions with the physical environment. This by extension evolves the cultural heritage and values of an African community. Most importantly is that the research demonstrated that toponym can be used to evoke the community's tangible and intangible cultural heritage.
... Moreover, landscape ecology principles have also been adopted and adapted, specifically for the design of a Green Infrastructure -henceforth, GI-, a multiscale approach that considers the identification of patterns and dynamics (Ahern, 2007;270). This way, the consideration of cities as integrated socio-ecological systems has provided the basis for defining GI strategies (Artmann et al., 2017;Bastian, 2002), which has become a key issue in the urban planning of twenty-first century cities (Ahern, 2007;Artmann et al., 2019;Atik et al., 2015Atik et al., , 2017Benedict et al., 2006;Davies and Lafortezza, 2017). ...
The design of efficient Green Infrastructure-GI-systems is a key issue to achieve sustainable development city planning goals in the twenty-first century. This study's main contribution is the identification of potential GI elements to better align the environmental, social and economic perspectives in the GI design by including information about the use, activities, preferences and presence of people. To achieve this, user generated content from Location Based Social Network-LBSN-Foursquare is used as a complementary data source. This involved the construction of an interdisciplinary correlation framework, between the Landscape Ecology principles and the GI elements, that included the classification of Foursquare data into grouping types. The classification considered the potential role of Foursquare venues in the GI network. Valencia City in Spain served as an illustrative case study to test the validity of the proposed method. The results suggest that Foursquare can provide a valuable insight on user perceptions of potential GI elements. Moreover, the findings indicate that user generated content from LBSNs like Foursquare can serve as a complementary tool for analysing the dynamics of urban outdoor spaces to assess GI network, thereby facilitating more effective urban planning and contributing to the social sustainability of the city.
Rural landscape character assessment (LCA) is significant for identifying and understanding rural landscapes and maintaining the cultural connotations of the rural vernacular. Taking the rural area of Songzi City as an example, this study identifies the landscape character (LC) and analyzes the coupling between the current state of its LC and a construction project based on the depth of rural landscape planning in the county and combining the ecology, arable land, and water body protection boundary as constraints. Thus, we obtain the “point, line, and surface” site selection suggestions for the construction activities of leisure agriculture, power grid, and energy facilities, and the zoning classification and layout control strategies for LC are subsequently proposed. The results show the following: (1) The county LC factor is a combination of natural and human factors used to obtain 165 LC areas in Songzi City. (2) The current state of rural LC is used to determine LCs from shallow to deep and to provide the basis for index selection and judgment for evaluation. (3) The coupling relationship between rural LC and construction projects varies and must be judged using subjective and objective methods, desktop research combined with field analyses, and multi-stakeholder participation. Based on the perspective of coupling and coordinating human and landscape, this study applies local-scale LCA to practice, strengthens the interface with rural construction planning, and provides research ideas and methodological references for the sustainable control of rural LC.
Spatial planning is a multidisciplinary approach that encompasses both the
enhancement of existing urban structures and the delineation of new development
areas. This approach constitutes a strategic process adopted to regulate cities'
environmental, social, physical, and economic development. The process
encompasses the development of infrastructure, the planning of transport
systems, the design of settlement areas, and the protection and regulation of green
spaces. The primary objective of spatial planning is the creation of urban areas
that are conducive to human habitation, sustainable, and functional. In this
context, the term 'spatial planning' is not restricted to the mere organization of
physical spaces. Instead, it encompasses many objectives, including the
enhancement of societal well-being, the guarantee of social equality, and the
safeguarding of environmental resources. Furthermore, it necessitates
implementing strategic decisions to reduce the environmental consequences of
urban expansion and address social requirements(Carmona, 2021; Levy, 2015).
In essence, spatial planning provides adaptable and viable solutions to address
the future requirements of urban areas while concurrently reconciling the
imperatives of environmental sustainability, economic development, and social
equity (Hall & Tewdwr-Jones, 2019).
Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’nin en uzun kıyılarından birine sahip Antalya’nın güney kesiminde çok farklı kıyı özellikleri ile öne çıkan Beldibi ile Demre arasında kıyı peyzajlarının karakterizasyonu; topoğrafya, jeoloji, arazi kullanımı ve vejetasyon haritalarından yararlanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Doğal limanları, plajları, deltaları, kayalık ve düzlükleri ile zengin bir kıyı yapısına sahip kıyı peyzajlarının sınıflamasında 10 adet peyzaj karakter tipi elde edilirken; kıyı peyzajları karakterlerinin yerinde analizi sonucunda bölgeye özgü 9 farklı kıyı peyzaj tipolojisi tanımlanmıştır. Çalışma sonuçları kıyı peyzajlarının karakterizasyonunda doğal verilerin yanı sıra özellikle suyun kara ile buluştuğu kıyı zonu karakterlerinin öne çıktığını göstermiştir. Sonuçta; sürdürülebilir ve entegre kıyı yönetimi açısından kıyı peyzaj tipolojisinin kendine özgü karakterleri dikkate alan öneriler getirilmiştir.
Urbanization impacts and homogenization pressures are threatening rural landscapes worldwide, leading to the loss of their regionality and uniqueness. Landscape Character Assessment (LCA) measures and identifies the uniqueness and distinctiveness of landscapes, making the unique value of rural resources easier to understand, protect, and perpetuate. Originating in the UK in the 1970s, LCA has become the mainstream approach for identifying landscape characteristics and is now a tool for managing landscape changes globally. Landscape Personality Assessment (LPA) offers another perspective for effectively measuring and analyzing landscape characteristics but has not been widely applied since its proposal. To distinguish between these two perspectives on landscape uniqueness identification, this paper conducted a literature review and comparison study, summarizing and comparing the characteristics of LCA and LPA in terms of evaluation scale, dimensions, indicators, and supported types of practices, further clarifying their respective strengths and weaknesses. To complement each other's perspectives on landscape characteristic identification, a framework nesting LCA and LPA was proposed to address the issue of the loss of rural landscape regionality in territorial spatial planning. This framework aims to couple evaluations of multi-level spatial characteristics and combine the identification of multi-temporal landscape characteristics. The goal is to enrich the theoretical and methodological system of rural landscape characteristic evaluation and provide more tools for the planning and conservation of the regionality of rural landscapes globally.
Bu çalışma, Erdek Kapıdağ yarımadasının biyofiziksel özelliklerini saptanması ve bu özellikleri kullanılarak peyzaj karakter analizi ile peyzaj karakter tipleri ve peyzaj karakter alanlarının belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışmada, hiyerarşik ve hiyerarşik olmayan(k-ortalama) kümeleme analizinin birlikte kullanıldığı hibrit bir yöntem uygulanmıştır. Yarımadanın biyofiziksel özellikleri ArcGIS 10.4 programı kullanılarak parametrik yöntem ile çakıştırılmış, elde edilen veriler SPSS 26 programı kullanılarak kümeleme analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre biyofiziksel parametrelerin çakıştırılması sonucunda 1481 adet peyzaj birimi elde edilirken, aynı özellikleri sahip 173 sınıflandırma öncesi peyzaj karakter tipi elde edilmiştir. Bu verilere, sırasıyla hiyerarşik ve hiyerarşik olmayan kümeleme analizi uygulanması sonucunda 9 peyzaj karakter tipi tespit edilmiştir. Daha sonra elde edilen peyzaj karakter tipleri haritası, arazi örtüsü, topografya haritaları ile çalıştırılmış ve faklı tarihlerde yapılan arazi gözlemler sonucunda değerlendirilerek 4 peyzaj karakter alanı belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışmada, biyofiziksel temelli bir yaklaşım içinde Kapıdağ yarımadasına yönelik belirlenen parametreler çerçevesinde istatiksel yöntemlerle peyzaj karakter analizi yapılmıştır. Çalışma ile Kapıdağ yarımadasının peyzaj karakter alanlarının belirlenmesi için objektif bir değerlendirme yöntemi uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular; planlama çalışmaları başta olmak üzere alana yönelik gerçekleştirilecek tüm kararlar için bütünsel bir altlık sunmuştur.
Mevcut köyler gibi geleneksel yerleşimler olarak kendiliğinden gelişen veya özel olarak kurulan ekolojik köyler sosyal, kültürel, ekonomik ve ekolojik açıdan sürdürülebilir insan yerleşimleridir. Anadolu’nun geleneksel yaşamına bakıldığında doğal yapıya ve doğal kaynaklar kullanımının en uyumlu örneklerine sahip kırsal yerleşimlerin pek çoğu ekolojik köy niteliği taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada Artvin’in Arhavi ilçesine bağlı Pilarget (Ulukent) doğal ve kültürel peyzaj özellikleri ile incelenmiş ve köydeki ekolojik uygulamalar ekoköy özellikleri açısından ele alınmıştır. Peyzaj karakteri açısından Pilarget’in oldukça sakin, huzur verici, etrafı engin, geniş ve açık, çay bahçeleri ve ağaç kümeleriyle çevrili, geleneksel mimarinin hâkim olduğu bir kırsal yerleşim olduğu anlaşılmıştır.
Kıyıların ve denizel alanların karakterlerinin analizine dayanan kıyı peyzajı karakter analizi, karanın sürekli etkileşim içinde olduğu su ile analizine imkân vermektedir. Bu çalışmada Antalya’nın doğal ve kültürel tarihi içinde önemli bir yere sahip Konyaaltı, kıyı Falezleri ve Lara kıyılarında öne çıkan peyzaj karakterleri değerlendirilmiştir. Konyaaltı kıyıları boyunca yer alan çakıllı plajı, kıyı gerisinde yükselen Toros dağlarının çevreleme etkisi ile ortaya çıkan olağanüstü manzarası kentin kimlik değerleri arasındadır. Kentin doğu kesiminde yer alan Lara kıyıları enine kumlu plajı, kıyı gerisinde kumulları ve kumul ormanları ile doğal miras niteliği taşımaktadır. Kıyı Falezleri her iki kıyı arasında bağlantılılığı sağlayan ve Antalya’nın kentleşme öncesi kadar doğa tarihi açısından canlı miras niteliğindeki önemli bir kıyı koridorudur. Üç kıyı örneğine peyzaj özellikleri itibariyle coğrafik açıdan Antalya kentine özgü karakterler sergilemesi bağlamında Konyaaltı Sahili ve Kıyı Gerisi Peyzaj Karakter Alanı, Antalya Kıyı Falezleri Peyzaj Karakter Alanı, Lara Plajı ve Kumulları Peyzaj Karakter Alanı tanımlaması getirilmiştir.
Set in the context of debates over the future of rural areas, and the role of planning in co-delivering a sustainable, inclusive and resilient countryside, this article considers the value of a place capitals perspective for unpacking, firstly, ‘what makes’ rural places and, secondly, the ways that planning can ensure the protection, enhancement and sensitive use of those capitals. Rural places are presented as composites of built, economic, land-based and socio-cultural capitals and as possessing a ‘spatial energy’ that inheres in the linkages between capitals. Harnessing that ‘spatial energy’ is critical to co-producing better rural places. The paper aims towards a theorisation of rural places and planning that transcends jurisdictional boundaries and the peculiarities of planning systems. Building on existing scholarship, a ‘capitals framework’ is developed that has general applicability: it can be deployed flexibly as a means of understanding the ‘inner workings’ of rural place and as a guide for planning intervention.
The purpose of this study is to determine the overall structure and relative comprehensive understanding of the development status of landscape character research visually. A knowledge mapping analysis of 308 academic papers in Web of Science published between 1967 and 2021 related to landscape character using CiteSpace from multiple perspectives including collaboration network, co-citation, and co-occurrence was conducted in this study. The results suggest that the quantity of publications about landscape character has increased rapidly and its staged characteristics have been exposed. The distribution of disciplines, countries, and research organizations, as well as the productive authors involved in landscape character research were identified. The research revealed the high-frequency themes sorted out in current literature including classification, biodiversity, perception, GIS, management, conservation, etc. Finally, the study visualized emerging research frontiers and deeply depicted six of them which consist of the cultural landscape, nonexpert-based landscape aesthetics evaluation, understanding public interest, landscape metrics, practical application, and using public participation GIS. This study provided a comprehensive prospect for the further study of landscape character and filled the gap in this field. It demonstrated that through the approach of CiteSpace can draw a sketch structure and potential relationship of landscape character researches. All these provide readers especially potential researchers with an overall and in-depth understanding of landscape character, indicating the research development and characteristics in this field. © 2022, The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Iranian Society of Environmentalists (IRSEN) and Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University.
In recent years, socioeconomic transformation and social modernisation in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states have led to tremendous changes in lifestyle and, subsequently, expansion of urban settlements. This accelerated growth is pronounced not only across vegetated coasts, plains, and mountains, but also in desert cities. Nevertheless, spatial simulation and prediction of desert urban patterns has received little attention, including in Oman. While most urban settlements in Oman are located in desert environments, research exploring and monitoring this type of urban growth is rare in the scientific literature. This research focuses on analysing and predicting land use–land cover (LULC) changes across the desert city of Ibri in Oman. A methodology was employed involving integrating the multilayer perceptron (MLP) and Markov chain (MC) techniques to forecast spatiotemporal LULC dynamics and map urban growth patterns. The inputs were three Landsat images from 2010 and 2020, and a series of covariate layers based on transforms of elevation, slope, population settlements, urban centres, and points of interest that proxy the driving forces of change. The findings indicated that the observed LULC changes were predominantly rapid across the city during 2010 to 2020, transforming desert, bare land, and vegetation into built-up areas. The forecast showed that area of land conversion from desert to urban would be 5666 ha during the next two decades and 7751 ha by 2050. Similarly, vacant land is expected to contribute large areas to urban expansion (2370 ha by 2040, and 3266 ha by 2050), although desert cities confront numerous environmental challenges, including water scarcity, shrinking vegetation cover, and being converted into residential land. Massive urban expansion has consequences for biodiversity and natural ecosystems—particularly in green areas, which are expected to decline by approximately 107 ha by 2040 (i.e., 10%) and 166 ha by 2050. The outcomes of this research provide fundamental guidance for decision-makers and planners in Oman and elsewhere to effectively monitor and manage desert urban dynamics and sustainable desert cities.
An extreme landscape is a spatially heterogeneous area with unusual topography that is prone to natural disasters but still exhibits interrelated structures and functions. One of the important functions of an extreme landscape is its ecological function. This study aimed to determine the structure and reveal the ecological functions of an extreme landscape in a tropical region of West Java, with special reference to Rongga Sub-district. The method used was a combination of remote sensing techniques and geographic information systems, which were required to process, analyze, and interpret Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS data. The landscape structure was quantified by landscape metrics, after which an analysis of ecological functions was carried out based on the constituent elements of the landscape. The results showed that the landscape structure of Rongga Sub-district consists of various elements of agroforestry land, open fields, settlements, shrubs, plantations, and rainfed and irrigated rice fields. Additionally, secondary forest land acted as a landscape matrix where rivers crossed as natural corridors. The amount of each element varied; agroforestry land had the highest value, indicating that this element showed a high degree of human intervention. Each patch was adjacent to other patch types, and the landscape diversity was quite high. The extreme topography of Rongga Sub-district supports the landscape connectivity and consequently the presence of wild animals in this area. Therefore, Rongga Sub-district has an essential ecological function as a refuge for protected animals living in non-conservation areas.
The traditions, socio-economic conditions, habitational settings and the climatic factors of a society become stratified with the cultural values and establish the current values of the cultural landscape. The significance of a rural landscape as cultural heritage is directly related to the existence of cultural values and cultural landscape, which constitutes the totality of the cultural values should be preserved in order to ensure historical and cultural sustainability. The study area (Şavşat/Artvin, Turkey) has a rich value based on its cultural landscape and texture, given its rich biodiversity and the lifestyle of different cultures that shaped the traditional settlement. Certain routes were determined within the scope of the present study, with the aim to encompass the whole Şavşat. A method based on an inventory study was employed to analyze the 39 rural settlements and the values of the traditional cultural landscape were quantified through scoring 8 parameters based on the existence or nonexistence of cultural values. The 5-point scoring was ranged as follows: very low, low, medium, high and very high. Based on this scoring, Yavuz village, Kocabey, Kirazlı, Kayadibi, Çoraklı, Şavşat Center, Ilıca, Maden were found have high, Cevizli, Maden, Köprülü and Çağlayan were found to have very high values for the cultural landscape. Consequently, it was indicated that identifying the values of the traditional cultural landscape through the scoring system based on the existence and nonexistence of cultural values with respect to certain parameters could contribute to the literature. It was considered that the findings of the present study could provide an important database in the regional/sub-regional scale for the conservation of cultural values with natural landscape resources and conveying these values to future generations.
Green infrastructure is an emerging approach to make cities sustainable, healthy and more liveable. Based on a strategically planned network of natural and semi-natural areas in urban, peri-urban and rural landscapes, green infrastructure aims to provide sustainable urban development and to link green and blue spaces at both urban and regional scales.
Zoning has been understood as an instrument capable of composing actions for environmental or territorial planning. In the case of landscape zoning, which starts from the geosystems representation and reveals the structural and functional character of landscapes, it is possible to promote proposals for areas suitable for the development of tourism, nature conservation or use of natural resources. With this in mind, the landscape can be a proper alternative to reflect about tourism organization, overtaking the strictly aesthetic notion and the tourism product character to finally become relevant to decisions based on the knowledge of its diversity. The presented objective is to develop a proposal of tourism zoning of Cerrado landscapes, based on an integrated evaluation and on the tourism inventory, aiming to establish parameters for relevant or unfavorable zones to tourism development. The zoning was based on the geosystemic approach and, therefore, on a landscape elements integrated analysis. Its main technical resource was the geoinformation application, mainly through Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and cartographic synthesis. The zoning indicated the municipality segmentation into 2 immediate macrozones for tourism development, the Tourist Attractiveness Macrozone (TAM) and the Tourist Interest Macrozone (TIM), both in their entirety, in addition to the zones that integrate the Environmental Protection Macrozone (EPM), relevant to the creation of protected areas. It is believed that, based on the nature tourism that currently takes place in Mineiros (GO), there is potential in two segments, geodiversity and environmental interpretation. Considering the potential of Mineiros, geosystems indicate the possibility of better use through landscapes for tourist use. This fact is corroborated by the landscapes diversity, especially in tourist interest zones, which favor the development of these activities. Finally, Mineiros has the capacity to become one of the few destinations that truly have Cerrado tourism - and not just tourism in Cerrado -, both in natural and cultural terms.
Nüfus artışı, plansız kentleşme ve sanayi kaynaklı etkiler özellikle içerisinde bulunduğumuz yüzyılda, etkisini artan oranlarda hissettirmekte ve çevre üzerindeki baskısını arttırmaktadır. Bu baskılar peyzajların bozulmasına ve sulak alanlar gibi hassas ekosistemlere sahip alanlarda geri dönüşü mümkün olmayan kayıpların yaşanmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu kayıplar çevresel kaygıların ön plana çıkmasını ve bu doğrultuda uluslararası bir takım adımlar atılması gerekliliğini beraberinde getirmiştir. Peyzajların tanımlanması, korunması, yönetilmesi ve planlaması konularında uluslararası bir dil birliği geliştirilmesi amacıyla imzaya açılan Avrupa Peyzaj Sözleşmesi bu konuda atılan en önemli adımlardan biridir. APS gereğince; taraf ülkelerin tümü, peyzajlarını tanımlama, peyzaj karakter tiplerini belirleme, peyzajın değişim ve dönüşümünü izlemeyi taahhüt etmişlerdir. Bu çalışmada ülkemizin de taraf olduğu APS’den hareketle aynı zamanda uluslararası öneme sahip bir sulak alan olan Uluabat Gölü ve çevresinde planlama, yönetim, koruma ve sürdürülebilir alan kullanımına yönelik karar alma aşamalarında önemli bir yeri olan peyzaj karakter değerlendirme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada peyzaj karakter değerlendirme yönteminin bir aşaması olan peyzaj karakter analizindeki, peyzaj karakter tip ve alanlarının belirlenmesi aşamasına odaklanılmıştır. Çalışma alanının belirlenmesinde Ramsar tampon bölge sınırları dikkate alınmıştır. CBS tekniklerinden yararlanılan ve arazi çalışmalarıyla desteklenen çalışma sonucunda 229 adet peyzaj karakter tipi ve 7 adet peyzaj karakter alanı belirlenmiştir. Belirlenen her bir peyzaj karakter alanına ilişkin baskı unsurları ortaya konularak, sürdürülebilir alan kullanımına ilişkin öneriler geliştirilmiştir.
Green infrastructure (GI) is a strategic planning approach that can contribute to solutions for ecological, social, and environmental problems. GI also aims to conserve natural and semi-natural landscapes and enhance ecological networks. Within the scope of spatial planning, urban and rural landscape units can be integrated through GI planning. In this study, we propose a method to calculate the landscape potential and map GI in the lower Büyük Menderes River Basin, Turkey. We used landscape character assessment (LCA) to identify the landscape typology, which was one of the key steps for determining the landscape potential. Three thematic maps were produced and overlaid in ArcMap 10.7. A map showing the spatial distributions of 71 landscape types was created by means of LCA. Then, the landscape types were assessed according to defined criteria, and finally, GI of the study area was mapped. This study found that high-quality landscape types were located in the middle, northern, and eastern parts of the lower Büyük Menderes River Basin, rather than in the protected areas. Moreover, 68 of the 71 landscape types were present in the GI map. The findings show the necessity of including the landscape potential concept in conservation strategies. Thus, this paper provides a reference guideline for mapping GI as a contributor to nature conservation and spatial planning strategies.
Traditional settlements can be a form of identity of a community. Research on the Sasak Limbungan traditional residential garden has resulted in a residential garden design concept that is loaded with cultural values of the Sasak people and forms the basis for this research. This study aims to analyze and formulate the Sasak of Limbungan traditional settlement design concepts through identification of the characteristics of traditional settlements and the factors forming settlements, a study of the elements of settlements, layout, and symbolism, as well as a study of aspects of traditional settlement layout. The study used qualitative methods and took locations in Limbungan Hamlet, East Lombok. Data collection was carried out through interview techniques, library research, and field surveys. The results showed that the Limbungan traditional settlement had a cluster / group pattern. The formation of settlements is influenced by aspects of social coating, religion, and kinship ties. Forming elements of settlements consist of traditional Bale, Panteq , cages, courtyards, roads, fences, agricultural land, and mosques.
This paper mainly focuses on the integration of vegetation analysis for characterization and conservation assessment of landscapes. The role of vegetation science, in particular habitat classification, for landscape conservation and spatial planning are discussed. Phytosociological evaluation as a tool for indicating level of naturalness of landscape character areas, are considered to be essential. Within this scope CORINE Land Cover and CORINE Biotope classifications are subjected. Recent studies performed along the landscapes of the Eastern Mediterranean coast of Turkey, were reviewed. In conclusion, the function of vegetation analysis-oriented landscape characterization in landscape planning framework was highlighted.
Despite the wide use of Landscape Character Assessment (LCA) as a tool for landscape planning in NW Europe, there are few examples of its application in the Mediterranean. This paper reports on the results from the development of a typology for LCA in a study area of northern Sardinia, Italy to provide a spatial framework for the analysis of current patterns of cork oak distribution and future restoration of
this habitat. Landscape units were derived from a visual interpretation of map data stored within a GIS describing the physical and cultural characteristics of the study area. The units were subsequently grouped into Landscape Types according to the similarity of shared attributes using Two Way Indicator Species Analysis (TWINSPAN). The preliminary results showed that the methodology classified distinct Landscape
Types but, based on field observations, there is a need for further refinement of the classification. The distribution and properties of two main cork oak habitats types was examined within the identified Landscape Types namely woodlands and wood pastures using Patch Analyst. The results show very clearly a correspondence between the distribution of cork oak pastures and cork oak woodland and landscape
types. This forms the basis of the development of strategies for the maintenance, restoration and recreation of these habitat types within the study area, ultimately for the whole island of Sardinia. Future work is required to improve the landscape characterisation , particularly with respect to cultural factors, and to determine the validity of the landscape spatial framework for the analysis of cork oak distribution as part
of a programme of habitat restoration and re-creation.
Historic(al) landscapes with their heritage values—cultural landscapes—have reached key status in the field of cultural heritage conservation and planning. International recognition of cultural landscapes was extended in 1992 to World Heritage prominence with the establishment of three categories of cultural landscapes of outstanding universal value. The term ‘cultural landscape’ is now widely circulated internationally, although its use in South-eastern and Eastern Asia (hereafter SE and E Asia) presents problems. Notwithstanding this, cultural landscapes that have evolved in SE and E Asia reflect beautifully the interaction between people and their environment not simply as a tangible cultural product but as a result of cultural process with associated intangible values. In this way, and like their Western counterparts, they are part of a dynamic “process by which identities are formed’’,1 and also reflect organising philosophies and perspectives of different cultures imbued with value systems, traditional knowledge systems and abstract frameworks.2 The viewpoint of this paper is that of the need to draw attention to the cultural landscapes of SE and E Asia, to look closely at regional values and their inextricable connection to the continuing process of landscape creation, and finally to place SE and E Asian cultural landscapes in an international context.
Spatial planning aimed at multifunctional agriculture can be seen as a negotiation process on environmental, social and economic aspects of land use. Complexity arises due to the high number of stakeholders and due to the limited knowledge, which is often organized along disciplinary divides. This paper sets out from the premise that the role of agronomy in such land use planning processes can be strengthened by approaches that allow multi-objective and multi-scale evaluation of spatially explicit land use alternatives. We present an application of the explorative Landscape IMAGES framework, which employs the Differential Evolution optimization strategy and the concepts of Pareto optimality that are relatively easy to implement and to combine with spatially explicit indicator assessments. This technique yields a set of solutions, each representing a spatial configuration of hedgerows in a landscape along with the performance of the landscape in terms of Pareto rank and efficiency. The methodology was applied in a redesign of the structure of linear landscape elements in an agri-ecological zone in The Netherlands where 7 indicators representing ecological quality, landscape character and implementation costs were considered. The case study was developed in interaction with an NGO involved in landscape management planning and implementation.
Landscape character can be defined as the presence, variety and arrangement of landscape features, which give a landscape a specific identity and make it stand out from surrounding landscapes. Landscape character contributes to the esthetical and perceptional value of an area, which is important for the development of non-production functions in the countryside as demanded by society. In this paper we present a new methodology for landscape character assessment using the pattern of landscape features as stored in a GIS to delineate, characterize and evaluate landscapes using a region growing algorithm. We have applied this methodology in a case study area in the north of The Netherlands and compared the results with a series of expert classifications of the study area. The results of the region growing algorithms were good and interpretable in relation to the underlying data. The resemblance between the expert classification and the classification based on the region growing results varied between 34% and 100% for the different landscape types. The differences between the two data sets can be explained in terms of input data and knowledge about the study area. The classification of the region growing algorithm was more consistent than the expert classification throughout the study area. The presented methodology for landscape character assessment is proposed as support for spatial planning processes and policy development for landscape conservation by providing a quantitative tool to analyze landscape patterns, to discriminate between the various landscapes in a study area and by elucidating features that are important for the identity of a region.
In my office I am encased in bookshelves which hold an accumulation of literature on ecology that represents the papers and books over the last 50 years. My students enjoy rummaging through this collection be cause it contains a record of the history of ecology and is full of sur prises. Some of the most recent material pertains to landscape ecology, a subject that literally emerged fully active at the Veldhoven Interna tional Congress organized by the landscape ecologists of The Nether lands in 1981. The subject has developed quickly. It has one or more journals, which publish short works. It has a series of text books. And, it has just begun a series on monographs. One of the textbooks in land scape ecology is titled Principles and Methods in Landscape Ecology and was written by the Italian ecologist Almo Farina in 1998. My stu dents like this text especially well because it is direct, to the point and comprehensive. "Farina" is on loan much of the time. In the present volume Almo Farina again addresses the subject of Landscape Ecology but from a different perspective than he took in his textbook. Landscape in Action focuses on the application of the princi ples and concepts to problem solving. The two books make a pair, with the first technical and conceptual and the second applied to problems of land and water at large scale.
Since the field of 'the cultural heritage of the landscape' raises an interdisciplinary claim, also in England different disciplines and institutions have been involved, such as archaeologists, historians and historic geographers, as well as English Heritage, the Countryside Agency and, on a limited scale, English Nature. The Countryside Agency, an institution with no counterpart in Germany, aims to better integrate and coordinate the different interests connected with the landscape. Relevant legal regulations are laid down in the legislation on Environmental Impact Assessment as well as in laws on nature and monument conservation. The separation between the different disciplines and authorities appears to be not as strict as in Germany. Based on the common European Agricultural Policy, England is also introducing agricultural environmental programmes, however explicitly mentioning the consideration of the historic aspect of the landscape. The method for the analysis of cultural landscapes, called Historic Landscape Characterisation, has been applied throughout the nation. It expresses an integrative perspective and deals with the entire landscape of today emphasising its overall character. England could act as a mode l for Germany towards a closer cooperation of the different disciplines and authorities in future, respectively a less strict separation between the protection of the natural and cultural heritage as well as between archaeological and architectural monument conservation. Similarly, a nation-wide adjustment of the methods for the historic analysis of cultural landscapes can proof beneficial within the limits of local or regional specifics.
Geografisk Tidsskrift—Danish Journal of Geography 109(1):33–45, 2009This paper describes how stakeholders are being consulted and how they participate in a joint decision-making process based on a Landscape Character Assessment (LCA) conducted in a planned national park in North Zealand Denmark. The process has been developed as a result of an increased focus on environmental and landscape issues in Denmark. It focuses on experienced barriers to successful implementation of the cultural-historical heritage sector within municipal land use and landscape planning. The analysis identified a need for public participation in order to create awareness of the LCA, to ensure an effective implementation and to incorporate local cultural/historical heritage. In addition, it illustrates how new and valuable information regarding the local heritage and visions for future local development are collected through the participatory process. Finally, this paper investigates how stakeholder participation can contribute additional information to the LCA. It is concluded that the implementation of the LCA method in Denmark should include a strategy for a participatory process which addresses the citizens concerned.
Human attribution of multiple values to landscapes is not well understood owing to the variability and complexity of both the landscape concept and the human valuation process. In this study, we extend psychophysical analysis of landscapes by examining the relationships between multiple landscape values and physical landscape character. Previous landscape research has tended to focus on the relationship between a single value such as landscape aesthetics and a single physical landscape component, such as vegetation or water. We spatially intersected eight landscape values collected through a regional public participation GIS (PPGIS) process with landscape components and classes from the New Zealand Land Classification (NZLC) system. We used chi-square residual analysis and correspondence analysis to identify significant spatial associations. The results indicate that the general public associate particular values with specific landscape components at a regional scale. Greater than expected landscape values were associated with urban areas, water features, indigenous landcover, and mountains. Fewer than expected landscape values were associated with flatter, agricultural landscapes. We discuss the benefits and limitations of these methods for landscape assessment in New Zealand, and in the absence of PPGIS data to directly measure landscape values, whether landscape components should be used to interpolate values for landscape assessment. We urge replication of the method in other regions to increase the external validity of the landscape value–physical landscape associations described herein.
In many developing countries, political documentation acknowledges the crucial elements of participation and spatiality for effective land use planning. However, operative approaches to spatial data inclusion and representation in participatory land management are often lacking. In this paper, we apply and develop an integrated landscape characterization approach to enhance spatial knowledge generation about the complex human-nature interactions in landscapes in the context of Zanzibar, Tanzania. We apply an integrated landscape conceptualization as a theoretical framework where the expert and local knowledge can meet in spatial context. The characterization is based on combining multiple data sources in GIS, and involves local communities and their local spatial knowledge since the beginning into the process. Focusing on the expected information needs for community forest management, our characterization integrates physical landscape features and retrospective landscape change data with place-specific community knowledge collected through participatory GIS techniques. The characterization is established in a map form consisting of four themes and their synthesis. The characterization maps are designed to support intuitive interpretation, express the inherently uncertain nature of the data, and accompanied by photographs to enhance communication. Visual interpretation of the characterization mediates information about the character of areas and places in the studied local landscape, depicting the role of forest resources as part of the landscape entity. We conclude that landscape characterization applied in GIS is a highly potential tool for participatory land and resource management, where spatial argumentation, stakeholder communication, and empowerment are critical issues.
Planning, especially with the increasing prominence given to community involvement, is a key vehicle for delivering sustainable development. Between 2003 and 2005 two community groups in Cheshire wrote parish landscape character assessments. The completed assessments were combined with an appropriate village design statement and subsequently approved as Supplementary Planning Guidance by Chester City and Vale Royal District Councils respectively. The experiences of these groups are critically appraised against the project aims, tangible and not-tangible costs and criteria relating to the enhancement of community engagement in sustainable development practice. The evaluation highlights the importance of the process as well as the product, the financial costs involved, the volunteer time commitment required, the skills required in the community, the issues associated with data acquisition and the importance of building a strong, open partnership between local authorities and the local community. These findings have relevance to others involved in community-led initiatives.
The relationship between society, land and landscape is deeply complex. Attitudes are reflected in behaviour, notably patterns of consumption through recreational activity, as well as in expressed preferences. Society attaches great importance to land. A large proportion of the population engages directly with it, through gardening and involvement in the management of allotments, community gardens and other public spaces. There is increasing evidence of the benefits of such engagement for individuals and communities. Society's attitudes and preferences have traditionally been dominated by expert or professional views, which have evolved over time and now place emphasis on everyday as well as special landscapes, and on urban greenspace and green infrastructure as much as on rural landscapes. The general public also seems to value the countryside as well as parks and green spaces nearer to home. Public attitudes are shaped by a number of different factors. Age, social and economic status, ethnic origin, familiarity, place of upbringing and residence, particularly whether urban or rural, are especially significant. Perhaps most important are environmental value orientations. At present, society seems to be polarised. At one extreme are older, more affluent, better educated, more environmentally aware people, often in social grades AB, who are often the most active users of the countryside and greenspaces. At the other extreme are younger age groups, ethnic minorities, and those who are in the DE social grades, who are often much less engaged. These groups have very different values and attitudes. But most people need to access and enjoy different types of landscape at different times and for different purposes, accessing what has been called a ‘portfolio of places’ that is particular to each person. It is by no means clear how the various factors that influence people's attitudes and preferences will play out in the future. Society may continue to become more detached from nature and landscape, and less caring about its future. Or there could be a rekindling of society's need to engage with the land and an increased desire to ensure that all sectors of society can benefit from green spaces and rural landscapes. This is likely to require interventions through education and campaigns to change attitudes and behaviour. Whether such initiatives can be effective in the face of competing drivers of attitudinal and behavioural change and over what timescale, may well determine how society's relationships with land and landscape evolve over the next 50 years.
Landscape classification is fundamental to landscape management and research because it provides a frame of reference for communication. This paper describes a method for classifying visual landscape character in New Zealand and builds on a previously developed method using Geographical Information Systems. Theoretical issues associated with classifying landscapes are discussed and incorporated into the method. The main components of the classification are landform, landcover, water, infrastructure, dominant landcover and water view. The resulting classification is hierarchical, with six levels of generalisation. A naturalness score is also built into the classification. Applications of the classification are briefly described. These included query and identification of similar landscapes, description and landscape inventory of regions, identifying rare and unique landscapes, and combining with visibility analysis to describe landscape experience on walking tracks. The New Zealand Landscape Classification is designed to complement other landscape information such as the location of historical, spiritual, cultural, and geological landscape features.
Strong pressure on landscapes in South Korea from urbanisation is leading to severe environmental problems, changes in landscape character, and loss and fragmentation of woodlands which threaten biodiversity. Sustainable land use approaches for nature conservation are urgently needed to effectively counter these trends. This research develops and tests a methodological approach to assess the biodiversity potential of landscapes in city regions to provide the necessary information for this purpose. Landscape character assessment, an approach developed in the UK, is adapted and tested in Kwangju, a fast growing city region in the South west of the Korean peninsula. Twelve landscape character types are distinguished and landscape metrics (landscape heterogeneity, patch shape, patch context and patch distance) are customised to provide quantitative information on their biodiversity potential. Only land cover data that could be obtained from existing topographical maps and aerial photographs is required for this approach. It is suggested that the methodology presented in this paper can provide the necessary information to support sustainable land use planning for nature conservation in Korean city regions and elsewhere.
The new landscape typology of Belgium fits into the European Landscape Convention to characterise contemporary landscapes in a trans-regional and trans-border perspective. The method uses a combination of holistic and parametric approaches at two scale levels, resulting in two different landscape typologies. Four datasets covering Belgium were used: a DTM, CORINE Land Cover, a soil map, and a satellite image. Eighteen variables were defined, describing the landscape characteristics of square kilometre cells at the first scale level. These variables are used to assign a landscape type to each cell. At the second scale level, the spatial patterns formed by the grid landscape types are delineated into landscape units and described using landscape metrics. The types and patterns composition properties of the units are used in a cluster analysis to define landscape types at the second scale level. The method creates an open landscape GISdatabase enhancing the landscapes characterisation at both scale levels. The variables used to differentiate landscape types and character areas can be extended by additional descriptive variables of very different sources relating for example to regional classifications, cultural, historical, scenic properties and even iconographic documents. Thus the landscape character map is the entry to various queries.
When monitoring landscape changes, the visual landscape should also be considered. This pertains to the information function of ecosystems and landscapes that refers to environmental structure and its function for satisfying needs. These needs of human perception include a certain equipment of landscape with stimuli, spatial orientation, as well as aesthetical-emotional needs. However, previous approaches of environmental monitoring and registration of landscape changes exclusively focus on the ecosystem; aesthetic and structural characteristics are evaluated, if at all, only via easily quantifiable variables in a data oriented manner that illustrates the diversity of individual landscape elements without theoretically grounding them based on general hypotheses and a theoretical concept.
Landscape Character Assessment (LCA) is designed to describe landscape character. It can be applied at a range of scales, from the national, though to the regional and local. It may also integrate landscape character analysis with biodiversity assessments, the analysis of historical character, air, water and soil quality, and socio-economic functions such as recreation and agriculture
This paper explores solutions for characterising naturalness in relation to visual landscapes using Geographical Information System (GIS). It is argued that planners need to identify natural landscapes and monitor changes in their extent. Just like the indices that have been developed to describe the state of the economy, indices need to be developed that monitor the state of natural landscapes. The complications in characterising natural landscapes are outlined but it is argued that there is a need to develop definitions of natural landscapes that can be operationalised with a GIS. This will have the advantages of the efficiency of the technology and that the definition will be explicit and the implementation will be independent of the operator. Several GIS solutions are provided and these are an analysis of landcover, a density analysis of roads and utilities, and an analysis of property sizes. The analysis of property sizes is sensitive to many human modifications of the landscape because many developments begin with the subdivision of properties. However, it is argued in this paper that no one definition will suffice and that all three methods provide different, yet important, insights into natural landscape character. An aggregate classification of naturalness based on the majority value of the indices is demonstrated as well as a range of techniques for expressing the uncertainty of the aggregate classification.
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