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Effects of the Feral Peach (Prunus persica Batsch var. davidiana Max) Extract on the Lipid Compositions and Blood Pressure Level in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to observe the effects of the feeding physiological activity substance in feral peach(Prunus Persica Batsch var. davidiana Max.) extract intake on the improvement of the lipid compositions, apolipoprotein and blood pressure level in spontaneously hypertensive rats(SHR, Wistar strain, male) fed the experimental diets for 33 days. Concentrations of total cholesterol, triglyceride(TG), LDL-cholesterol, free cholesterol and atherosclerotic index in serum were significantly lower in the feral peach extract intake groups[groups 5g% Ex.(basal diet+feral peach 5.0g% extract), 10g% Ex.(basal diet+feral peach 10.0g% extract)] than those in the group Control(basal diet+water). In the ratio of HDL-cholesterol concentration to total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol concentration, feral peach 5.0g%, 10.0g% extract intake groups(group 5g% Ex. and 10g% Ex.) were higher percentage than in the group Control. However, concentrations of total cholesterol and TC in liver and brain were significantly lower in the groups 5g% Ex. and 10g% Ex. than those in the group Control. But the concentrations of apolipoprotein (Apo) A-I and Apo A-II in serum were significantly higher in the feral peach 5.0g% and 10.0g% extract intake groups(5g% Ex. and 10g% Ex.) than in the control group. However, concentrations of Apo C-II, Apo C-III, Apo E and ratio of Apo B to Apo A-I in serum were fairly reduced in the groups 5g% Ex. and 10g% Ex. than in the control group. The levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly lower in feral peach 5g% Ex. and 10g% Ex. groups than control group. However, no significance was found in the effect of among the groups(groups 5g% Ex. and 10g% Ex.). From these results, physiological activity substance in feral peach(Prunus persica Batsch var. davidiana Max.) extracts were effective on the improvement of the lipid compositions and cardiovascular heart disease, hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats. And particularly, feral peach extracts were more effective as a therapeutic regimen for the control of blood pressure in hypertension.
... 매실에 관한 연구는 항산화 효능을 중심으로 항균 활성, 항암, 위소화 촉진, 간기능 회복, 항스트레스 및 항히스타민 효과 등에 걸쳐 다양하다 [5,[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. 개복숭아의 연구도 과육의 항산화 및 미백, 혈청 지질 개선 효과와 나무 가지의 항산화 및 항염 효과 연구 가 있다 [19][20][21][22] (Fig. 3) 항산화 효과 동물세포주 HaCaT cell에 대한 세 종류 꽃추출물들의 항산화 효과를 살펴 보았다. 개복숭아꽃과 흰매화, 분홍매화는 항산화 효과가 있는 추출물임을 확인할 수 있었다 (Fig. 4) ...
... P. davidiana (Carriere) Franch fruits (PrDF) have been used as folkloristic medicine to treat hemasthenosis, constipation, chronic rhinitis, cough, asthma, dysmenorrhea, arthritis, and diarrhea [1,27,28]. Various studies have shown that PrDF improves blood glucose and lipid compositions in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats [16], reduces blood pressure level in spontaneously hypertensive rats [17], and possesses antioxidant and whitening activities [18]. Moreover, the tree extracts of this plant have been shown to have antioxidant, lipid peroxide inhibitory, antiinflammatory [5], and anti-hyperlipidemia [7] activities. ...
In the present study, the optimization of poly(γ-glutamic acid) (γ-PGA) production by Bacillus sp. FBL-2 was studied using a statistical approach. One-factor-at-a-time method was used to investigate the effect of carbon sources and nitrogen sources on γ-PGA production and was utilized to select the most significant nutrients affecting the yield of γ-PGA. After identifying effective nutrients, response surface methodology with central composite design (CCD) was used to obtain a mathematical model to identify the optimum concentrations of the key nutrients (sucrose, l-glutamic acid, yeast extract, and citric acid) for improvement of γ-PGA production. The optimum amount of significant medium components appeared to be sucrose 51.73 g/l, l-glutamic acid 105.30 g/l, yeast extract 13.25 g/l, and citric acid 10.04 g/l. The optimized medium was validated experimentally, and γ-PGA production increased significantly from 3.59 g/l (0.33 g/l/h) to 44.04 g/l (3.67 g/l/h) when strain FBL-2 was cultivated under the optimal medium developed by the statistical approach, as compared to non-optimized medium.
According to the method described in the ancient literature “Imwonsipyukji”, ‘Dochobang’ was mainly composed of lactic acid (756.81 mg/100 mL) and acetic acid (473.66 mg/100 mL) as the main organic acids on the 14th day of fermentation. The acidity of ‘Dochobang’ was 1.09%, resulting in low marketability. Therefore, this study aimed to improve the manufacturing process of peach vinegar and optimize the conditions, including temperature and initial pH, for producing high-acidity vinegar using fermented seeds. We first selected yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae YM27) with excellent alcohol fermentation ability and acetic acid bacteria (Acetobacter oryzifermentans (KACC19301)) with remarkable acid-producing ability and used these in the process-improved two-stage fermentation. The experiment was conducted by 3 treatments of tepmerature(20°C, 30°C and 35°C) and initial pH(3, 4 and 5) for acetic acid fermentation. ‘Dochobang’ fermented alcohol and acetic acid at the same time by natural fermentation. on the other hand, peach wine starter and seed vinegar were added before each fermentation step to increase acetic acid production. Wines fermented at 25°C and 30°C were found to be 9% alcoholic on days sixth and nine days, respectively. Organic acid analysis revealed that the level of acetic acid in vinegar fermented at pH 4 and 20°C increased steadily until day 14 (6,171.3 mg/100 mL). The acidity was 7% on the 21st day of fermentation. Furthermore, as the fermentation progressed, the umami and sourness of the peach vinegar increased. We expect that our findings could improve the quality of peach vinegar recorded in the old literature and can be used in small-scale agricultural companies.
The fruits of Prunus davidiana were extracted with 80% aqueous methanol at room temperature. The concentrated extract was partitioned as ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butyl alcohol, and water fractions. From the EtOAc fraction, three triterpenoids were isolated through the repeated silica gel (SiO2) and octadecyl SiO2 column chromatographies. Based on physico-chemical and spectroscopic data including nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry, and infrared, the compounds were identified to be ursolic acid (1), corosolic acid (2), and α-amyrin (3).
Objectives : Clerodendron trichotomumThunberg grows wild fields and mountains in South Korea and China. They have been used for anti-hypertension disease. This study was performed in order to observe the effects ofClerodendron trichotomumThunberg tea on anti-hypertension.Methods : For the study ofClerodendron trichotomumThunberg tea, we had divided male SHR (Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat) to ten groups. Control group is SHR. The treatment group is SHR which is administered tea extract at dose of 200 mg/kg/day and 500 mg/kg/day orally for 8 weeks. We measured systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, number of pulse, body weight, total cholesterol and triglyceride from blood serum.Results : The level of systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly decreased by 12.5% and 44.9% inClerodendron trichotomumThunberg tea groups than control group. Heart rate ofClerodendron trichotomumThunberg tea groups, 24.5%, was significantly lower than control group. We found that treatment with the water extract fromClerodendron trichotomumThunberg leave and flower significantly decreased weight of body, total cholesterol and triglyceride to 20.4% and 27.7% compared to untreated control group, significantly (PConclusions : These results suggest that leaf and flower tea ofClerodendron trichotomumThunberg tea is effective in prevention and treatment of hypertension and decreasing cholesterol. Long term consumption ofClerodendron trichotomumThunberg leaf and flower tea can be help in lowering high systolic and blood diastolic pressure, heart rate and blood serum in SHR.
The purpose of this study was to observe the effects of Cynanchi wilfordii Radix extracts (CRE) on the improvement of the lipid compositions and blood pressure level in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) fed an experimental diet for 5 weeks. The rats were divided into 3 groups: a control group, a 0.5% CRE treated group, and a 1% CRE treated group. Consumption of CRE extract for 5 weeks in SHR significantly suppressed blood pressure rise with aging (p<0.05). After eating the experimental diets, the triglycerides in serum was significantly lower in the CRE group than that in the control group. The fasting glucose levels of the 0.5% and 1% CRE group had a tendency to be lower compared with those of the control group. Total cholesterol, HDL-cho-lesterol and HTR (HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol) of the SHR in the 0.5% and 1% CRE diet were significantly increased compared to the control diet. Thus, long term consumption of CRE might be beneficial in lowering high blood pressure and the improvement of lipid metabolism in SHR rats.
A technological trend of treating or preventing the cardiovascular diseases has reviewed on 381 domestic and foreign patents from the year 1980 to June, 2007. Primarily focused upon countries such as Korea, Japan and the United States; the leading nations concerning cardiovascular disease, this paper delved into a systematic research of the cardiovascular disease utilizing research focused database and research analysts. Korea was showing increased development in the diet and cardiovascular related areas as shown by increase in related patent caseloads and submission since the 2000. Especially within the area of food production, there had been an increase of market share by up to 50% and the frequency of patent submission had also increased. Japan was showing similar trend as Korea with its increase in research, but the only difference was that Japan was focused more upon medical supplies. With the United States, there was no real consistency with the number of patents, therefore harder to make an accurate assessment.
In order to clarify one of the biological functions of pork, we investigated whether a peptic hydrolysate of denatured porcine crude myosin showed inhibitory activity against angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE), which contributed to hypertension. Our results indicated that this hydrolysate showed relatively strong activity, and we therefore attempted to separate the involved peptides, which were considered to be active substances. To isolate these active peptides, the hydrolysate was separated using a solidphase separation, gel filtration high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and two kinds of reverse phase HPLC. In each stage of separation, many fractions were detected, almost all of which showed ACE inhibitory activity. Thus, we suggested that the activity of the hydrolysate as a whole was a result of the activities of the many individual peptides. Six peaks were distinguished, with yields from 34 to 596 ppm of original crude myosin. In addition to the six peaks, many other active fractions were found throughout the separation steps, strongly suggesting that whole porcine crude myosin itself had ACE inhibitory activity. Moreover, pork as food was considered to function as an ACE inhibitory material in vivo, because pork proteins consist primarily of crude myosin, which included almost all the myofibrillar structural proteins.
In this study we have examined effects of synthetic polypeptide fragments of apoC-III on the kinetic properties of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity. Based on the loss of 79% of LPL-inhibitory activity after CNBr cleavage at the N-terminal portion of apoC-III and a systematic search for synthetic peptides with LPL-inhibitory activity spanning the apoC-III sequence, we concluded that the N-terminal domain is the most important in the modulation of LPL activity. In addition, there are multiple attachment sites in apoC-III for its interaction with LPL and these sites reside in the hydrophilic sequences of apoC-III. Probably for this reason the intact apo-CIII exhibited higher inhibitory potential than its peptide components. Based on the deduced inhibition constants derived for the synthetic apoC-III1-79 we concluded that apoC-III is likely to exhibit a physiological role in regulating LPL activity since the derived dissociation constants for the LPL-apoC-III interaction are within the physiological concentration range of plasma apoC-III. In addition, as the synthetic apoC-III1-79 lacks the carbohydrate moiety, we also concluded that the presence of the oligosaccharide in native apoC-III is not essential for its inhibitory activity on LPL. The fact that the I50 (concentration for inhibition of LPL at 50% activity) decreases for apoC-III-1 when assayed in the presence of apoC-II indicated that the activator actually caused an increased affinity between LPL and apoC-III and demonstrated that apoC-III does not compete for the activator site of apoC-II.
Like rat C apolipoproteins, each of the C apolipoproteins from human blood plasma (C-I, C-II, C-III-1, and C-III-2) bound to small chylomicrons from mesenteric lymph of estradiol-treated rats and inhibited their uptake by the isolated perfused rat liver. This inhibitory effect of the C apolipoproteins was independent of apolipoprotein E, which is present only in trace amounts in these chylomicrons. Addition of rat apolipoprotein E to small chylomicrons from mesenteric lymph of normal rats did not displace C apolipoproteins and had no effect on the uptake of these particles by the perfused liver, indicating that an increased ratio of E apolipoproteins to C apolipoproteins on chylomicron particles, unaccompanied by depletion of the latter, may not promote recognition by the chylomicron remnant receptor. The hepatic uptake of remnants of rat hepatic very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and small chylomicrons, which had been produced in functionally eviscerated rats, was also inhibited by addition of C apolipoproteins. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the addition of all of the C apolipoproteins to newly secreted chylomicrons and VLDL inhibits premature uptake of these particles by the liver and that depletion of all of these apolipoproteins from remnant particles facilitates their hepatic uptake. Remnants of chylomicrons and VLDL incubated with rat C apolipoproteins efficiently took up C-III apolipoproteins, but not apolipoprotein C-II (the activator protein for lipoprotein lipase). Preferential loss of apolipoprotein C-II during remnant formation may regulate the termination of triglyceride hydrolysis prior to complete removal of triglycerides from chylomicrons and VLDL.
To determine the effect of dietary cholesterol on the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor of circulating mononuclear cells, nine adults (six men, three women) consumed a natural diet consisting of 45% of the calories as carbohydrate, 40% as fat, and 15% as protein, polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio 0.80 to 0.84, and either 137 +/- 25 mg cholesterol per day (low cholesterol phase) or 1034 +/- 25 mg cholesterol per day (high cholesterol phase). The study lasted 2 months with 1 month in each phase and used a cross-over design. The levels of plasma triglyceride, plasma cholesterol, very low-density and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoproteins B, A-I, and A-II were similar in the two diet phases. The high cholesterol diet was associated with an 11 +/- 9% increase (p less than 0.02) in LDL cholesterol level and a 41 +/- 14% decrease in LDL receptor activity (p less than 0.05, n = 6). The percentage decrease in LDL receptor activity correlated with the percentage increase in LDL cholesterol (r = -0.796, p = 0.06, n = 6). Thus, high levels of dietary cholesterol can down-regulate the LDL receptor in humans.
The purpose of this study was designed to observe the effects of Zizyphus jujuba seed extract on the concentrations of the lipids and blood glucose in the S.D. rats fed the experimental diets for 4 weeks. Concentrations of total cholesterol, atherosclerotic index, LDL, LDL-cholesterol, free-cholesterol, cholesteryl ester, triglyceride (TG), phospholipid (PL) and blood glucose in serum were significantly higher in the cholesterol administration groups (group 2 (cholesterol+water), group 3 (cholesterol+Zizyphus jujuba seed extract)) than those in the control group (group 1, basal diet+water). But the concentrations of total cholesterol, atherosclerotic index, LDL, LDL-cholesterol, free-cholesterol, cholesteryl ester, TG, PL and blood glucose in serum ware remarkably lower in the group 3 than those in the group 2. In the ratio of HIDL-cholesterol concentration to total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol concentration, Zizyphus jujuba seed extract administration group was higher percentage than in the group 2. The activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine amino-transferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in serum were rather lower in the Zizyphus jujuba seed extract administration group (group 3) than in the cholesterol diet group (group 2). From the above research, Zizyphus jujuba seeds were effective on the improvement of the blood glucose, lipid compositions in serum of dietary hyperlipidemic rats. And particularly, Zizyphus jujuba seeds were more effective as a therapeutic regimen for the control of metabolic derangements in adult disease.
This study was performed to observe the effects of the feeding Prunus persica Batsch var davidiana Max. extract on the improvement of the free fatty acid, creatine phosphokinase and lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase(LCAT) activities in the serum of dietary hypercholesterolemic rats(S. D. strain, male) fed the experimental diets for. 5 weeks. Concentration of electrolyte(Na, K, Cl) in serum were fairly reduced in the group BCP(basal diet + cholesterol + Prunus persica, extract) than in the group BCW(basal diet + cholesterol + water). However, no significance was found in the effect of an electrolyte concentration among the groups. Concentrations of free fatty acid, lipid peroxide and creatine phosphokinase activity in serum were significantly higher in the cholesterol administration groups(group BCW, BCP) than those in the control group(group BW, basal diet + water). However, concentrations of free fatty acid, lipid peroxide and creatine phosphokinase activity in serum were remarkably lower in the group BCP than those in the group BCW The LCAT activity in serum was increased in the Prunus persica extract administration group(group BCP) than in the cholesterol of diet group(group BCW). From these results, the Prunus persica Batsch var davidiana Max. extracts were found to be effective on the improvement of the lipid compositions in serum of dietary hypercholesterolemic rats.
In Korea, buckwheat has historically held a very important position because it has been used as a food and traditional medicine. The objectives of this report were to mainly review the up to present papers includings 75 references about buckwheat's rutin, functional ingredients and their variations. Buckwheat provides an abundance of such nutrition as protein, amino acids, vitamin(, E, P), minerals(Fe, Zn, Mn, Mg, P, Cu, Ca, Se) and dietary fiber. Buckwheat's essential amino acid, lysine, is notably higher amount than cereals. Rutin(vitamin P), one of a group of flavonoids, is abundant in buckwheat and noted for its beneficial function of reducing every kinds of radiation and vascular diseases, diabetes mellitis and retinal hemorrhage, etc. Rutin also acts as a pigment stabilizer and acetone extracts of buckwheat have a potent tyrosinase inhibitory activity.
The purpose of this study was designed to observe the effects of the feeding Prunus persica Batsch var. davidiana Max. extract on the improvement of the blood glucose, lipid compositions in the serum of streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic rats fed the experimental diets for 5 weeks. Concentrations of blood glucose, total cholesterol, atherosclerotic index, LDL, LDL-cholesterol, free-cholesterol, cholesteryl ester, triglyceride(TG) and phospholipid (PL) in serum were significantly higher in the STZ (55 mg/kg B.W.)-induced diabetic group (group 2) and STZ(I.P.)+Prunus persica 5.0 g% extract group(group 3) than those in the control group (group 1, basal diet + water). But the concentrations of blood glucose, total cholesterol, atherosclerotic index, LDL, LDL-cholesterol, free-cholesterol, cholesteryl ester, TG and PL in serum were remakably lower in the group 3 than those in the group 2. In the ratio of HDL-cholesterol concentration to total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol concentration, Prunus persica 5.0 g% extract administration group(group 3) were higher percentage than in the group 2. The activities of aspartate aminotransferase(AST), alanine aminotransferase(ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phosphatase(ALP) in serum were rather lower in the Prunus persica 5.0 g% extract administration group(group 3) than in the STZ- induced diabetic group (group 2). From the above results, it was suggested that the Prunus persica Batsch var. davidiana Max. were effective on the improvement of the blood glucose, lipid compositions in serum of STZ-induced diabetic rats. Moreover, in Prunus persica Batsch var. davidiana Max. was effective therapeutic regimen for the control of metabolic derangements in adult disease.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of germinated buckwheat on blood pressure, plasma glucose and lipid levels of spontaneously hypertensive rats(SHR). The male and female SHR were divided into two groups. After feeding the germinated buckwheat diet(50%, w/w) ad libitum for 6 weeks, the weight gain of the germinated buckwheat group in male rats was higher than those of control group. Systolic blood pressure of the germinated buckwheat group in male rats was significantly decreased at 6 weeks by 3%. The fasting glucose levels of the germinated buckwheat group had a tendency to be lower compared with those of the control group. Total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and HTR of female SHR fed the germinated buckwheat diet were significantly increased compared to the control diet. Atherogenic index of the germinated buckwheat group was decreased in males(ns) and females(p
The purpose of this study was designed to observe the effects of the Prunus persica Batsch var. davidiana Max. hot-water extract on the improvement of the glucide and lipid metabolism in the serum of streptozotocin (STZ, 55, mg/kg B.W., I.P. injection)-induced diabetic rats(S.D. strain, male) fed the experimental diets for 5 weeks. Electrolyte(Na, K, Cl) concentration in serum were fairly reduced in the group BSP(basal diet+STZ+Prunus persica extract) than in the STZ(I.P.)-induced diabetic rats group(group BSW, basal diet+STZ(I.P.)+water). Although there was no significant difference among the groups. Concentrations of free fatty acid and lipid peroxide in serum were significantly higher in the STZ-induced diabetic group(group BSW) and STZ+Prunus persica extract group(group BSP) than those in the control group(group BW, basal diet+water). However, the concentrations of free fatty acid and lipid peroxide in serum were remarkably reduced in the group BSP than those in the group BSW, The activity of creatine phophokinase In serum was significantly lower in the group BSP than in the group BSW However, the activity of LCAT in serum was increased in the group BSP(Prunus persica hot-water extract administration group) than in the STZ-induced diabetic group(group BSW). The above results shows that Prunus persica Batsch var. davidiana Max. were effective on the improvement of the glucide and lipid metabolism in serum of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
Antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, and ACE inhibitory activities of methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and hexane extracts of garlic were investigated. Methanol extract showed highest yield of 7.9-8.8 brix. Ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts showed strong antibacterial activities as determined by inhibition zone (8-16mm) against B. subtilis and P. aeruginosa, and good antifungal activities as determined by inhibition zone (8-30mm) against A. niger, M. miehei, and T. reesei. Wando, Banyans, Chinese, and Seosan garlic methanol extracts showed 65.6, 60.4, 70.1, and 55.3% ACE inhibitory activities, 42.3, 53.8, 50.4, and 54.5% anticancer activities against SNU-1, and 11.3, 20.2, 36.6, and 30.5% anticancer activities against HeLa, respectively.
The purpose of this study was designed to observe the effects of the feeding Prunus persica Batsch var. davidiana Max. extract on the concentrations of the lipids and blood glucose in the S.D. rats fed the experimental diets for 5 weeks. Concentrations of total cholesterol, atherosclerotic index, LDL, LDL-cholesterol, free-cholesterol, cholesteryl ester, triglyceride(TG), phospholipid(PL) and blood glucose in serum were significantly higher in the cholesterol administration groups (groups BCG (cholesterol+water), BCPG (cholesterol+ Prunus persica 5.0 g% extract) than those in the control group (group BG, basal diet+water). But the concentrations of total cholesterol, atherosclerotic index, LDL, LDL-cholesterol, free-cholesterol, cholesteryl ester, TG, PL and blood glucose in serum were remarkably lower in the group BCPG than those in the group BCG. In the ratio of HDL-cholesterol concentration to total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol concentration, Prunus persica 5.0 g% extract administration group was higher percentage than in the group BCG. The activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase(ALT), lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in serum were rather lower in the Prunus persica 5.0 g% extract administration group(group BCPG) than in the cholesterol diet group(group BCG). From the above research, Prunus persica Batsch var. davidiana Max. were effective on the improvement of the blood glucose, lipid compositions in serum of dietary hyperlipidemic rats. And particularly, Prunus persica Batsch var. davidiana Max. was more effective therapeutic regimen for the control of metabolic derangements in adult disease.
A concentrate of an aqueous extract of Allium sativum L. (garlic) was fractionated using ion exchange and gel filtration to isolate fractions with angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity. Fractions with high ACE inhibitory activity were combined and further chromatographed on a reverse-phase column to yield seven dipeptides with ACE inhibitory properties. These dipeptides were identified by sequence analysis and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry as Ser-Tyr, Gly-Tyr, Phe-Tyr, Asn-Tyr, Ser-Phe, Gly-Phe, and Asn-Phe, with IC50 (the amount of peptide needed to inhibit ACE activity) values of 66.3, 72.1, 3.74, 32.6, 130.2, 277.9, and 46.3 μM, respectively. Each dipeptide was synthesized and its antihypertensive activity was determined after oral administration in spontaneously hypertensive rats. The blood pressure lowering activity of the dipeptides was lower than that of captopril. However, the presence of these dipeptides in garlic suggests that these compounds may, at least in part, be responsible for the observed antihypertensive effect of garlic (or garlic extracts) in animals and humans. Further, long-term use of dietary garlic may have a protective effect against rise in blood pressure.
Structural biology and molecular modeling have provided intriguing insights into the atomic details of the lipid-associated structure of the major protein component of HDL, apo A-I. For the first time, an atomic resolution map is available for future studies of the molecular interactions of HDL in such biological processes as ABC1-regulated HDL assembly, LCAT activation, receptor binding, reverse lipid transport and HDL heterogeneity. Within the context of this paradigm, the current review summarizes the state of HDL research.
A 59-year-old man with severe hypertriglyceridemia and no post-heparin lipolytic activity was studied because of a marked fall in plasma triglyceride concentrations after a blood transfusion. An apolipoprotein activator (apolipoprotein C-II) for lipoprotein lipase could not be detected by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of apoproteins, immunodiffusion of the plasma against anti-apolipoprotein CII or activation assays for lipoprotein lipase. Furthermore, the patient's triglyceride-rich lipoproteins would not serve as substrate for lipoprotein lipase. The patient had latent post-heparin lipolytic activity, which appeared after the addition of apolipoprotein CII to the post-heparin plasma. After a transfusion of 1 unit of plasma from a normal subject the patient's plasma triglycerides fell, within one day, from 1000 to 250 mg per deciliter and remained below preinfusion concentrations for six days. We conclude that this patient's hyperlipoproteinemia resulted from a deficiency of apolipoprotein C-II.
From a study of the evolution of atherothrombotic brain infarction (ABI) in the Framingham cohort of 5,209 men and women over 18 yr of follow up, it has been ascertained that hypertension is the most common and most powerful precursor. Atherothrombotic brain infarction developed in hypertensive patients seven times more often than in normotensive patients, and the risk was proportional to the blood pressure throughout its range. Various components of blood pressure, including systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, lability of pressure, mean arterial pressure and tension time index, were analyzed in relation to ABI incidence, the simple causal systolic pressure emerged as good a predictor of ABI incidence as any other component of the pressure. The other measures added very little to risk.
Salt (NaCl) intake could impose a health risk by its influence on blood pressure thereby increasing the risk of stroke mortality and of all blood pressure-related diseases of the heart, the kidney, and the vessels. A second health risk could result from the caustic influence of salt intake on the stomach mucosa thereby promoting atrophic gastritis and the occurrence of stomach cancer. In this paper the available evidence will be summarized in order to ascertain the health risks of high-salt intake.
This chapter discusses the relationship between plasma and tissue lipids in human atherosclerosis. The concentration of lipoprotein in normal intima is highly correlated with plasma lipoprotein level. The amount and composition of lipid differs greatly between intima and media, and between normal intima and the different types of lesion. In normal intima, there is a progressive increase in the concentration of most lipid classes with age and morphologically this is correlated with increasing numbers of perifibrous lipid droplets that are particularly associated with fragmentary elastic laminae in the deeper layers. With increasing amounts of amorphous atheroma lipid in the deep layers of the lesion, there is a marked increase in the proportion of free cholesterol, decrease in proportion of ester cholesterol, and change in the cholesterol ester fatty acid pattern. Because of the high correlation between intimal and plasma lipoprotein levels, the effect of age can only be examined in terms of volumes of the patient's plasma in the intima.
These studies were designed to determine which of the apoproteins of high density lipoprotein (HDL) function as the cofactor for lipoprotein lipase (LPL). ApoLP-gln and apoLP-thr, the major HDL apoproteins, as well as apoLP-val, a minor apoprotein constituent, are inactive as cofactors even in the presence of phospholipid. ApoLP-ala, another minor constituent, is inactive alone but in the presence of phospholipid stimulates lipase activity twofold. Only apoLP-glu is able to stimulate LPL activity in the absence of phospholipid and, in the presence of phospholipid, increases activity twelvefold over baseline levels. It is possible that apoLP-glu and perhaps apoLP-ala are obligatory “co-factors” for the hydrolytic step required for normal clearing of triglyceride from the plasma.
Familial hypercholesterolemia results from one of several genetic defects in a cell surface receptor that normally controls the degradation of low density lipoprotein. The clinical and genetic features and the pathophysiology of these defects are discussed. Knowledge of the regulation of LDL receptors in the liver can be exploited in the design of a physiologically rooted therapy for familial hypercholesterolemia.
We are still uncertain of the way in which environment and heredity interact to produce increased arterial pressure in patients with essential hypertension. Few indisputable abnormalities can be demonstrated. Of these there is universal agreement that structural vessel hypertrophy is present and this acts probably as a maintenance and perhaps amplifying system resulting from an initial increase in arterial pressure. It cannot of course explain an increase in arterial pressure ab initio. Most of the well defined systems of arterial pressure control do not show any marked abnormality, although there is some evidence for a modest degree of sympathetic nervous system overactivity. Although some of the changes in cation fluxes across erythrocyte and leucocyte membranes are still debatable, there is general agreement that cation handling by erythrocytes and leucocytes is abnormal in many patients with essential hypertension and that some of these abnormalities are shared by the normotensive relatives of hypertensive patients. The most promising approach is that there is an abnormality of the cell membrane vascular smooth muscle which is partly genetically determined and perhaps also involves the autonomic nervous system. This produces an increased pressor response to environmental stimuli which becomes perpetuated and perhaps amplified by structural hypertrophy of the resistance vessels.
Lipoproteins are circulating complexes of lipids and proteins, the transport and metabolism of which are directly controlled by apolipoproteins A-I, A-II, A-IV, B, C-I, C-II, C-III, D, E, and (a); lipoprotein-processing proteins lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase, lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase, and cholesteryl ester-transfer protein; and lipoprotein receptors, low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, chylomicron remnant receptor, and scavenger receptors. Studies have shown a close association between lipoprotein abnormalities and coronary artery disease susceptibility. Four types of abnormalities are frequently seen: increased LDL cholesterol levels; decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, usually accompanied by increased triglyceride or very low density lipoprotein levels; increased concentrations of chylomicron remnants and intermediate density lipoproteins; and increased concentrations of an abnormal lipoprotein, lipoprotein (a). One or more of these abnormalities is present in 50-80% of myocardial infarction survivors. The exact pathogenic process whereby each of these abnormalities causes coronary artery disease is a subject of active investigation but beyond the scope of this brief presentation. However, the genetic contribution to each of these abnormal lipoprotein phenotypes is coming into focus and is discussed.
Apoptosis or programmed cell death frequently parallels abnormalities in cell proliferation and differentiation. As hypertrophy/hyperplasia or remodeling occurs in organs affected by hypertension, we evaluated the degree of apoptosis in the heart, kidney, and brain in situ in genetically hypertensive mice and rats as well as in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Apoptosis was characterized by morphological features, DNA fragmentation, and laddering as well as by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase labeling of the 3' OH ends of both extracted DNA and tissue sections. The present report provides the first evidence of increased apoptosis in whole organs of genetically hypertensive rat and mouse strains: in the heart of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and in the heart (ventricular cardiomyocytes), kidney (inner cortex and medulla), and brain (cortex, striatum, hippocampus, and thalamus) of spontaneously hypertensive mice, with a higher effect of apoptotic inducers in cultured aortic smooth muscle cells derived from SHR. Both types of known apoptotic processes, oligonucleosomal cleavage and large DNA fragmentation, were observed in vascular smooth muscle cells, but only the former appeared to be increased in SHR. This study underlines the importance of cell death dysregulation in hypertension, reveals a new route for investigation of the pathogenesis of hypertension, and suggests novel targets of therapeutic intervention.
In recent years there have been many studies demonstrating a correlation between increased arterial blood pressure and altered lipid profiles, and there has been an especially positive correlation between high cholesterol levels and blood pressure. There are differences between the various reports that are important. In our study the lipid distribution in 105 hypertensive patients with mild or moderate arterial hypertension according to WHO criteria without clinically or ultrasonographically apparent atherosclerosis was compared to the lipid distribution in 65 age-matched healthy persons. On the epidemiological level a significant, positive association was found between LDL serum levels (P < or = 0.001), Apo B serum levels (P < or = 0.001), serum triglyceride levels (P < or = 0.05) and VLDL serum levels (P < or = 0.01) and arterial hypertension. However, in contrast to recent reports, no significant difference was found between total serum cholesterol levels in normotensives and hypertensives, and there was no difference in HDL serum levels. No evidence could be found for a significant increase in lipoprotein (a) serum levels in hypertensives.
The European Atherosclerosis Research Study was based on the comparison of offspring having a paternal history of premature myocardial infarction with age- and sex-matched control subjects. Case (n = 635) and control (n = 1259) subjects aged 18 through 26 years were recruited from 14 universities of 11 European countries. The allele distributions of apolipoprotein (apo) E polymorphism differed between populations, with a clear-cut gradient for allele epsilon 4 frequency decreasing from 0.18 in Finland to 0.11 in the south of Europe, following the gradient of coronary heart disease mortality rates. The association of apoE polymorphism with plasma total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apoB, and apoE levels was consistent with the now well-identified effects of epsilon 2 and epsilon 4 alleles on these traits. Both epsilon 2 and epsilon 4 alleles equally increased the level of triglycerides, and epsilon 2 had a lowering effect on lipoprotein(a) concentration. There were also weak effects of epsilon 2 and epsilon 4 on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apoA-I, and apoA-I-containing lipoprotein levels that paralleled those on apoE levels. The main finding of this study was the significant association of the apoE polymorphism with a paternal history of myocardial infarction. The association was consistent across regions, except in the south. When excluding this region, the population-adjusted odds ratios by reference to phenotype E3/3 were estimated as 0.23, 0.61, 0.78, 1.16, and 1.33 for E2/2, E3/2, E4/2, E4/3, and E4/4, respectively. The apoE locus largely explained the case/control difference of apoB level.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The effects of soy-protein consumption with and without soy fiber on plasma lipids in 26 mildly hypercholesterolemic men were studied. Four, 4-wk dietary treatments included 50 g protein and 20 g dietary fiber from soy flour (SF), isolated soy protein/soy cotyledon fiber (ISP/SCF), ISP/cellulose (ISP/C), or nonfat dry milk/C (NFDM/C) in conjunction with a low-fat, low-cholesterol diet. Plasma total cholesterol (TC) concentrations were lowest for both ISP dietary treatments compared with baseline (P < 0.05) and NFDM/C (P < 0.01). SF also led to lower TC compared with NFDM/C (P < 0.05). LDL-cholesterol values were lowest for both ISP treatments compared with NFDM/C (P < 0.01), but lower compared with baseline only with ISP/SCF (P < 0.05). Apolipoprotein B was lowest when ISP/C was fed, compared with baseline, SF, and NFDM (P < 0.05). HDL-cholesterol and total triglycerides (TG) were not affected. Results indicate that 50 g ISP is effective in lowering TC, LDL-C, and apolipoprotein B while maintaining HDL concentrations in mildly hypercholesterolemic men.
Plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL) plays a central role in atherogenesis, and elevated levels of LDL are associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Studies have now revealed that LDL is structurally heterogeneous, based on its size and density. Patients with combined hyperlipidemia exhibit a lipid profile - the so-called atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype - that is associated with elevated triglyceride levels, low levels of high density lipoprotein and a preponderance of atherogenic, small, dense LDL particles. Such individuals are at an increased risk of CHD events, regardless of their total LDL circulating mass. Evidence suggests that when plasma triglycerides exceed a critical threshold of approximately 133 mg/dl (1.5 mmol/l), this favours the formation of small, dense LDL from larger, less dense species. Lipid-lowering agents that are capable of lowering triglyceride levels below this threshold value will cause a shift to a less dense and, therefore, less atherogenic LDL profile. This effect has been demonstrated for the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor atorvastatin which, in addition to its ability to markedly decrease the total LDL circulating mass, can also shift the LDL profile towards less dense, larger species. This suggests that atorvastatin may also affect the atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype found in patients with combined hyperlipidemia.
The objective of the present study was to examine concordance/discordance among 4 atherogenic indexes of cardiovascular risk: plasma total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL) cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB). Analyses were conducted in a cohort of 2,103 men without coronary artery disease (CAD) at the onset of the Quebec Cardiovascular Study. Although there were strong and highly significant correlations among the 4 risk indexes (0.78 < r < 0.97), only 50% of all subjects had concordant apoB and LDL cholesterol levels (i.e., values that fell into the same quintile of the population distribution). Moreover, concordance/discordance was not the same throughout the range of both variables; it was greater at the extremes of their respective distributions (65%), but significantly less in the midpoints (<40%). ApoB appeared to be more concordant with non-HDL cholesterol than with LDL cholesterol, although >1/3 of all subjects had discordant levels. Kappa analysis confirmed that there was only fair agreement between apoB and total or LDL cholesterol (0.38 and 0.36, respectively) and only moderate agreement between non-HDL cholesterol and apoB (0.47). Finally, a significant proportion of subjects (528 of 2,103) who had disproportionately higher apoB levels than would have been predicted based on their LDL cholesterol concentrations was more obese and manifested several features of the metabolic syndrome. They also had a significantly increased cardiovascular risk. In summary, plasma apoB and the various cholesterol indexes are complementary rather than competitive indexes of atherosclerotic risk and provide further evidence as to why measurement of apoB should be part of a standard lipoprotein assessment of CAD risk.
Epidemiological studies have identified low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) as independent risk factors that modulate cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk.1,2⇓ Over the past decade, clinical trials of LDL-lowering drugs have clearly established that reductions in LDL are associated with a 30% to 45% reduction in clinical events.3–7⇓⇓⇓⇓ However, despite lowered LDL, many patients continue to have cardiac events. Low HDL is often present in high-risk patients with CVD.8 As a result, a great deal of research interest recently has been focused on raising plasma HDL levels by dietary, pharmacological, or genetic manipulations as a potential strategy for the treatment of CVD. In addition to epidemiologic studies, other lines of evidence suggest that raising HDL would reduce the risk of CVD. Infusion of HDL in the form of apoA-I/phospholipids complexes was associated with regression of atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits.9 Moreover, increased plasma HDL concentrations achieved by overexpressing human apoA-I in transgenic animals protects against the development of diet-induced10 and genetically determined atherosclerosis.11 Recently, 5 weekly infusions of apoA-I Milano/phospholipid complexes were shown to regress total atheroma volume by 4.2% in 36 patients compared with 11 controls after an acute coronary event using intravascular ultrasound to quantitate coronary atheroma.12 These combined results provide support for the concept that raising HDL may represent an additional therapeutic target for prevention of CVD.
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Although our understanding of how HDL protects against CVD is still incomplete, there is evidence that supports at least 3 major atheroprotective mechanisms of HDL. HDL-mediated efflux of cholesterol from cholesterol-loaded macrophages is a well-established anti-atherogenic function of HDL. Cholesterol efflux from macrophages to HDL can occur by passive diffusion,13 by interaction with the SR-BI receptor,14 or by binding to the ABCA1 transporter15–18 …
Chemical structure and isolation of novel anti-hypertensive ingredient as condensed tannin from the pods of Korean Caesalpinia sepiaria
- B J An
- J T Lee
- J M Park
- J H Kwak
- J Y Lee
- C I Park
- J H Son
- H Y Lim
Study on the mutation screening of the apolipoprotein C-II gene in Korean hypertensives and the association with plasma triglyceride level
- J S Bae
- B Y Kang
- K T Kim
- J H Shin
- C C Lee
Atlas to canons of primitive-modern oriental medicine
- K H Ahn
Antioxidant and antiinflammation activities of Prunus persica tree extracts
- B C Cha
- E H Lee
Effect of dietary grape seed oil in serum lipids in spontaneously hypertensive rats
- H J Choi
- Y H Whang
- U H Pek
- H S Shin
Effects of garlic on the blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats(SHR)
- S G Do
- P W Choi
- J G Suh
- C S Kim
- H K Shin
- M H Won
- M H Lee
- Y S Oh
The effect of mixing beverage with Aralia continentalis kitagawa root on blood pressure and blood constituents of the diabetic and hypertensive elderly
- M Choi
- D H Do
- D J Choi
A study on the analgesic and anticoagulative effects of Persicae semen and Carthami flos of aqua-acupuncture
- D H Kim
- K S Lee
- B K Song
Inhibition of enzymatic browning of apple juices by benzoic acid isolated from peach(Prunus persica Batsch) seeds
- J Y Lee
- S G Hong
- S W Choi
Effect of hypertension falling of functional GABA green tea
- J H Park
- S H Han
- M K Shin
- K H Park
- K C Lim
Periodic changes in levels of lipid peroxide and vitamin E in spontaneously hypertensive rats fed high cholesterol diet
- W S Ryu
- U H Ryoo
- Y S Choi
- H S Lee
- S H Cho
The effect of Persicae semen on the atherosclerosis in rabbit
- I H Yoon
- B I Seo
- S H Kim
Resent theory of hypertension in adults
- S S Kim
Volatile flavor components in various varieties of peach(Prunus persica L.) cultivated in Korea
- E R Park
- J O Jo
- K S Kim
Protective effect of peach kernel extracts on radiation-induced DNA damage in human blood lymphocytes in the comet assay
- J K Kim
- T W Park
- C J Lee
- Y G Chai