... Randomized, controlled trials in adult populations have demonstrated cognitive improvements in auditory verbal learning (Barbhaiya et al., 2008;Calabrese et al., 2008;Morgan & Stevens, 2010;Stough et al., 2001), visual perception (Calabrese et al., 2008;Stough, Downey, & Lloyd, 2008), and associative memory (Barbhaiya et al., 2008;Roodenrys et al., 2002). Findings in child and adolescent populations have reported similar findings with improvements against placebo in language behaviour (Asthana et al., 2001;Dave et al., 2008;Negi et al., 2000), visual memory (Asthana et al., 2001;Dave et al., 2008), memory span (Asthana et al., 2001;Dave et al., 2008;Sharma, Chaturvedi, & Tewari, 1987), mental speed (Asthana et al., 2001;Dave et al., 2008), and attention (Asthana et al., 2001;Dave et al., 2014) as well as behavioural improvements in hyperactivity (Asthana et al., 2001;Dave et al., 2014). Conversely, one recent metaanalysis noted a lack of consistent positive outcomes for BM in clinical samples (Brimson et al., 2021). ...