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Review of Rivulus: Ecobiogeography, Relationships
... At infrageneric level and informally, based on coloration patterns and other visible morphological characteristics, Anablepsoides are divided into three species complexes (Huber 1992in Costa 2010, Costa et al. 2013, Amorim & Costa 2022, although the differences in some cases are subtle (Huber 1999, Valdesalici & Schindler 2011. From a biogeographic perspective, the A. urophthalmus complex comprises species from the middle and lower Amazon basin, the Orinoco basin and coastal rivers drainages; the A. limoncochae complex groups species from western Amazonia; and the A. ornatus complex brings together species from central Amazonia (Costa et al. 2013, Amorim & Costa 2022). ...
... Here, the first record of Anablepsoides christinae (Huber, 1992) from Bolivia is presented, based on material deposited at the Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado (MHNNKM), Santa Cruz Department. It is a species of the A. limoncochae complex belonging to clade β sensu Amorim & Costa (2022), that until now was thought to be endemic to the Madre de Dios river basin in the Peruvian Amazon (Ortega 2016). ...
... Two juveniles were excluded because of their small size (SL < 20 mm) and from the remaining specimens (two males and one female) morphological characteristics were reviewed, and morphometric and meristic values were recorded. Taxonomic identification was carried out following diagnostics for species of the Anablepsoides limoncochae complex (Huber 1992, Staeck 1994, Costa 2006, Valdesalici & Schindler 2011, Nielsen et al. 2016, Valdesalici & Gil 2017. Morphometric and meristic values were taken according to Costa (1995) and measurements were obtained with a digital Vernier caliper with ± 0,01 mm accuracy. ...
The revision of some material of fishes of the family Rivulidae deposited in the collection of the Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, which previously was identified only at family level, revealed the existence of specimens of Anablepsoides christinae (Huber, 1992) collected around Campamento Alto Madidi in the Beni river basin in northern La Paz, Bolivia. These voucher specimens allow the first record of the species in the country and extend its known distribution to the upper Beni river basin. Previous references to species of the genus Anablepsoides Huber, 1992 from Bolivian territory and the comparison of morphometric and meristic values between the examined specimens and the type material of A. christinae are discussed.
... They inhabit shallow streams and swampy areas of all rivers basins between southern Mexico and northern Argentina up to an altitude of 1800 meter and as far down as sea level. The genus Rivulus, long thought to be polyphyletic (Parenti, 1981), was divided into a series of well-supported species groups (e.g., Huber, 1992 andCosta, 1998), which were subsequently recognized as subgenera are often treated as genera in the literature. The subgenus Owiyeye was established (Costa 2006) as a subgenus of Laimosemion to include a group of species with s-type head scalation. ...
... Material is deposited in IAvH = Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, [Bogota], Colombia (Colecciones Biológicas IAvH, Subdirección de Investigaciones). Measurements were taken to the nearest 0.1 mm by the use of Mitutoyo digital calipers and a stereomicroscope, following Huber (1992). They are expressed as percentages of standard length (SL) except for cephalic components, which are, given in percentages of the head length (HL). ...
... The fry also have relatively large, bright blue eyes. Both traits are shared with several miniature Rivulus species, e.g., atratus, leticia, ornatus (sensu Huber, 1992), species "Mitú" and possibly with gili, uakti, uatuman, and ubim. caudal fin. ...
Two new Rivulus species are described from a single locality in a stream near the village La Guadalupe, Alto Rio Negro, Guainía Dpt., eastern Colombia. Rivulus carolinae n. spec. differs from all congeners by the combination of relatively small size, male’s colors and caudal shape, and females having a unique color pattern consisting of a broad vertical black band on the caudal peduncle followed by a thin whitish- zone and a dark zone posteriorly on the caudal fin base. Rivulus flammaecauda n. spec. found syntopically with Rivulus carolinae n. spec., differs by its robust size, the presence of a unique striped and reticulated pigmentation pattern on the lateral portion of the body, and a flamed pattern on the caudal fin. The two new species were discovered in a shallow, gentle running forest creek with black water, only 2 km from where another new species was found, described in this same volume of Killi Data Series. This Rivulus foliiscola (Vermeulen & Mejia, 2020) differs from the new species described herein by their colors, behavior, overall appearance, and preferred habitat type.
... They inhabit shallow streams and swampy areas of all rivers basins between southern Mexico and northern Argentina up to an altitude of 1800 meter and as far down as sea level. The genus Rivulus, long thought to be polyphyletic (Parenti, 1981), was divided into a series of well-supported species groups (e.g., Huber, 1992 andCosta, 1998), which were subsequently recognized as subgenera are often treated as genera in the literature. The subgenus Owiyeye was established (Costa 2006) as a subgenus of Laimosemion to include a group of species with s-type head scalation. ...
... Material is deposited in IAvH = Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, [Bogota], Colombia (Colecciones Biológicas IAvH, Subdirección de Investigaciones). Measurements were taken to the nearest 0.1 mm by the use of Mitutoyo digital calipers and a stereomicroscope, following Huber (1992). They are expressed as percentages of standard length (SL) except for cephalic components, which are, given in percentages of the head length (HL). ...
... The fry also have relatively large, bright blue eyes. Both traits are shared with several miniature Rivulus species, e.g., atratus, leticia, ornatus (sensu Huber, 1992), species "Mitú" and possibly with gili, uakti, uatuman, and ubim. caudal fin. ...
Rivulus species are described from a single locality in a stream near the village La Guadalupe, Alto Rio Negro, Guainía Dpt., Southeastern Colombia. Rivulus carolinae n. spec. differs from all congeners by combining relatively small size, unique male color pattern, and a characteristic caudal fin shape, and with a unique color pattern in females. Rivulus flammaecauda n. spec., differs by its robust size, by the presence of a unique striped and reticulated pigmentation pattern on the lateral portion of the body and a flame pattern on the caudal fin. The two new species were initially collected from a shallow, slow running, forest creek with black water. The type locality is only 2 km from that of another new species, Rivulus foliiscola, described in this same volume of Killi Data Series (Vermeulen & Mejia, 2020). zoobank.org:pub:700EE552-C0AA-42CC-9D56-D49071A714C9 Killi-Data Series 2020, 22-35, 10 figs.
... Embryos typically complete development in 2 to 4 weeks. Rivulus foliiscola can be distinguished from its nearest relatives in the "rectocaudatus species group" (Huber, 1992) by a combination of meristic character-states; a lyre-shaped caudal with fin-ray extensions at the tips, (vs. rounded or spade-shaped, extended lobes, or just a pointed tip-ending, but without ray extensions) (see fig. 4); dorsal-and anal fins uniquely rectangular, and pointed, reaching the caudal in adult males pectorals in males uniquely reaching the ventral fin insertions. ...
... (IAvH), [Bogota], Colombia. Measurements were taken by Mitutoyo digital caliper and by the use of a stereomicroscope to the nearest 0.1 mm following Huber (1992). Measurements are expressed as percentages of standard length (SL) except for the head's subunits, given in percentages of the head length (HL). ...
... Monophyly of the "rectocaudatus species group" (i.e., R. amanapira, R. altivelis, R. rectocaudatus, R. tecminae, and R. tomasi) is supported by at least two apomorphic features: the s-type head scalation consisting of one scale with all margins exposed just posterior to snout (Huber, 1992;Costa, 2003c); a truncated or semi-truncated caudal. A series of miniature species, known as the "romeri species group" (i.e., R. gili, R. jauaperi, R. kirovskyi, R. leticia, R. romeri, R. staecki, R. uakti, R. uatuman, and R. ubim), also shares the s-type head scalation and the two groups are herein assigned to the subgenus Owiyeye Costa, 2006. ...
Abstract : Rivulus foliiscola, n. spec. is described from specimens collected at a single locality at the outermost southern tip of the department Guainía, Colombia, where the Rio Negro flows into Brazil, and Brazil's borders, Venezuela and Colombia meet. This locality was only about 2 km distant from one at which two other undescribed species were collected sympatrically in a shallow forest creek. Rivulus foliiscola n. spec. lives in deep pits with standing water, a habitat type supposedly more suitable for annual fishes. The new species displayed unusual behaviors, e.g., it apparently preferred to live near, and spawn upon, the substrate. Rivulus foliiscola is also divergent in coloration and fin shape from other Rivulus species and evinces a characteristic "snake-like" behavior upon capture as if seeking cover. Initially, these traits lead the authors to suspect they had collected a new annual species. However, its lifespan in captivity for more than two years, the relatively short incubation period of its embryos, and the absence of embryonic diapause strongly suggest that it is a non-annual, and thus more appropriately referred to the genus Rivulus, family Rivulidae.
(PDF) Rivulus foliiscola, (Cyprinodontiformes, Rivulidae,) a new species in the genus Rivulus, subgenus Owiyeye from the Alto Rio Negro, Guainía Department, South-Eastern Colombia. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354841102_Rivulus_foliiscola_Cyprinodontiformes_Rivulidae_a_new_species_in_the_genus_Rivulus_subgenus_Owiyeye_from_the_Alto_Rio_Negro_Guainia_Department_South-Eastern_Colombia [accessed Sep 26 2021].
... In Mexico the only annual cynolebiid species is Millerichthys robustus (Huber 1992;Costa 1995;Domínguez-Castanedo et al. 2013;2016). The purpose of the present study is to describe the reproductive behavior patterns of this species. ...
... All known annual species spawn into the substrate (Garcia et al. 2008;Pċ & Reichard 2011), apart few exceptions, e.g. members of the cynolebiid genus Papiliolebias (Nielsen & Brousseau 2014) and members of the nothobranchiid subgenus Aphyobranchius (Wildekamp 2004), whereas non annual killifishes, spawn near the surface (Huber 1992;Wildekamp 1993), and this disparity probably constitutes an adaptive condition closely related to annualism. The reproductive behaviour observed in Millerichthys robustus is similar to that of South American annual species (Belote & Costa 2002, 2003, 2004Garcia et al. 2008;Volcan et al. 2011). ...
... sometimes also in members of the genus Xenu rolebias (Belote & Costa 2002). This certainly indicates a specific recognition but it is unclear if a hybridization barrier exists because the only sympatric cynolebiid at the study site was Cynodonichthys tenuis which is a not an annual fish (Huber 1992). Indeed this unique reproductive character in Millerichthys robustus clearly separates this lineage from all other family members. ...
Millerichthys robustus is the only annual cynolebiid species in Mexico. The purpose of the present study is to describe patterns of reproductive behaviour in this species. Seven individual units of behaviour were identified in males and five in females, some of which exhibit differences that can be interpreted as specifically derived conditions. In Millerichthys robustus, the phase of invitation to submerge/dive was not initiated by the male, but by the female. Zusammenfassung Millerichthys robustus ist die einzige jährliche Cynolebiid-Spezies in Mexiko. Der Zweck der vorliegenden Studie ist die Beschreibung von Mustern des Fortpflanzungsverhaltens bei dieser Spezies. Sieben individuelle Einheiten des Verhal-tens wurden bei Männern und fünf bei Frauen identifiziert, von denen einige Unterschiede aufweisen, die als spezifisch abgeleitete Bedingungen interpretiert werden können. In Millerichthys robustus wurde die Phase der Einladung zum Eintauchen / Tauchen nicht durch das Männchen, sondern durch das Weibchen initiiert. Résumé Millerichthys robustus est la seule espèce de cynolebiidé du Mexique. Le but de la présente étude est de décrire les com-portements reproductifs de cette espèce. Sept patrons indi-viduels de comportement ont été identifiés chez les mâles et cinq chez les femelles, dont certains montrent des dif-férences qui peuvent être interprétées comme des conditions spécifiquement dérivées. Chez Millerichthys robustus, la phase d'invitation de s'immerger/plonger n'était pas lancée par le mâle, mais par la femelle. Sommario Millerichthys robustus è l'unica specie di cinolebide annuale in Messico. Lo scopo di questo studio è di descrivere i mo-delli di comportamento riproduttivo di questa specie. Nei maschi sono state identificate sette regole individuali di comportamento mentre solo cinque nelle femmine, alcune delle quali mostrano differenze che possono essere interpre-tate specificamente come condizioni derivate. In M. robustus la fase di invito a sommergersi / immergersi non è avviata dal maschio, ma dalla femmina.
... The family Rivulidae contains at least 13 amphibious species, all formerly considered members of the genus Rivulus (Parenti, 1981;Huber, 1992). This is probably an underestimate of the number of amphibious rivulids, however, as numerous species have anecdotally been noted in the aquarium hobbyist literature to be strong jumpers that may emerse (Huber, 1992). ...
... The family Rivulidae contains at least 13 amphibious species, all formerly considered members of the genus Rivulus (Parenti, 1981;Huber, 1992). This is probably an underestimate of the number of amphibious rivulids, however, as numerous species have anecdotally been noted in the aquarium hobbyist literature to be strong jumpers that may emerse (Huber, 1992). In his comprehensive book about the genus Rivulus, Huber (1992) characterized the jumping tendencies of 48 species, an amazing 79% of these (38 of 48 species) were considered to be excellent jumpers. ...
... This is probably an underestimate of the number of amphibious rivulids, however, as numerous species have anecdotally been noted in the aquarium hobbyist literature to be strong jumpers that may emerse (Huber, 1992). In his comprehensive book about the genus Rivulus, Huber (1992) characterized the jumping tendencies of 48 species, an amazing 79% of these (38 of 48 species) were considered to be excellent jumpers. In recent years, a great deal of effort has been spent revising the formerly paraphyletic Rivulus, and under the most recent classification scheme (Costa, 2011a) amphibious species are now found in four genera split between two subfamilies: the Kryptolebiatinae and Families including amphibious species are in bold; the amphibious species are listed to the right along with the first report of emersion in that species. ...
The order Cyprinodontiformes contains an exceptional diversity of amphibious taxa, including at least 34 species from six families. These cyprinodontiforms often inhabit intertidal or ephemeral habitats characterized by low dissolved oxygen or otherwise poor water quality, conditions that have been hypothesized to drive the evolution of terrestriality. Most of the amphibious species are found in the Rivulidae, Nothobranchiidae and Fundulidae. It is currently unclear whether the pattern of amphibiousness observed in the Cyprinodontiformes is the result of repeated, independent evolutions, or stems from an amphibious common ancestor. Amphibious cyprinodontiforms leave water for a variety of reasons: some species emerse only briefly, to escape predation or capture prey, while others occupy ephemeral habitats by living for months at a time out of water. Fishes able to tolerate months of emersion must maintain respiratory gas exchange, nitrogen excretion and water and salt balance, but to date knowledge of the mechanisms that facilitate homeostasis on land is largely restricted to model species. This review synthesizes the available literature describing amphibious lifestyles in cyprinodontiforms, compares the behavioural and physiological strategies used to exploit the terrestrial environment and suggests directions and ideas for future research.
© 2015 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.
... Additional material in the Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale was collected in 1964 by Thys van den Audenaerde on the mainland and the killifish fauna was studied by Scheel (1974). After a gap of nearly thirty years a recent ich-thyological study was conducted by Castelo (unpublished, for collection data of the cyprinodontiform fishes see Huber, 2000). Current data show that Equatorial Guinea shares most of its fish fauna with the neighbouring countries Cameroon and Gabon (Daget et al., 1984(Daget et al., , 1986(Daget et al., , 1991Huber, 2000;Roman, 1971;Wildekamp, 1993Wildekamp, , 1995Wildekamp, , 1996Wildekamp, , 2004. ...
... After a gap of nearly thirty years a recent ich-thyological study was conducted by Castelo (unpublished, for collection data of the cyprinodontiform fishes see Huber, 2000). Current data show that Equatorial Guinea shares most of its fish fauna with the neighbouring countries Cameroon and Gabon (Daget et al., 1984(Daget et al., , 1986(Daget et al., , 1991Huber, 2000;Roman, 1971;Wildekamp, 1993Wildekamp, , 1995Wildekamp, , 1996Wildekamp, , 2004. Recently two nothobranchiid species, Fundulopanchax avichang and Chromaphyosemion malumbresi, were described from the mainland of this country, which, together with F. oeseri from Bioko (Castelo, 1994;Huber, 2000;Legros & Zentz, 2007;Malumbres & Castelo, 2001;Scheel, 1968;Schmidt, 1928), bring to three the The species of the genus Chromaphyosemion from Equatorial Guinea were studied by Scheel (1974). ...
... Current data show that Equatorial Guinea shares most of its fish fauna with the neighbouring countries Cameroon and Gabon (Daget et al., 1984(Daget et al., , 1986(Daget et al., , 1991Huber, 2000;Roman, 1971;Wildekamp, 1993Wildekamp, , 1995Wildekamp, , 1996Wildekamp, , 2004. Recently two nothobranchiid species, Fundulopanchax avichang and Chromaphyosemion malumbresi, were described from the mainland of this country, which, together with F. oeseri from Bioko (Castelo, 1994;Huber, 2000;Legros & Zentz, 2007;Malumbres & Castelo, 2001;Scheel, 1968;Schmidt, 1928), bring to three the The species of the genus Chromaphyosemion from Equatorial Guinea were studied by Scheel (1974). He reported two samples, one from a brook crossing the road from Bata to Niefang, approximately 36 km east of Bata, which belongs to the Río Ecucu drainage (Scheel's EC strain) and one from a brook crossing the road from Bata to Libreville, 4 km south of the (then) new bridge over the Río Benito (Scheel's BI strain). ...
Chromaphyosemion ecucuense, new species, and C. erythron, new species, are described from the coastal plain of Equatorial Guinea. Both species are distinguished from their congeners by unique combinations of adult males colouration characters. They are closely related to C. kouamense, C. malumbresi and C. melanogaster according to mtDNA studies. Chromaphyosemion ecucuense was recently included in C. malumbresi as a second phenotype. This view is rejected here as both species can easily be diagnosed by colour pattern and are equally differentiated compared to other species in this genus. Chromaphyosemion ecucuense, especie nueva y C. erythron, especie nueva, son descritas para la planicie costera de Guinea Ecuatorial. Ambas se distinguen de sus congéneres por la combinación única de caracteres de coloración que presentan los machos adultos. De acuerdo a estudios de mtDNA están cercanamente relacionados con C. kouamense, C. malumbresi y C. melanogaster. Recientemente Chromaphyosemion ecucuense ha sido incluido en C. malumbresi como un segundo fenotipo. Aquí esto se rechaza, ya que ambas especies pueden ser diagnosticadas por el patrón de coloración, siendo igualmente diferenciadas como otras especies del género.
... There have been few studies on the distribution of species or the taxonomy of Rivulus. The only major work on the genus was by Huber (1992) who explicitly addressed the taxonomy of the genus and looked at aspects of its ecology and biogeography. Phylogenetic relationships of the family Rivulidae including the genus Rivulus were investigated by Hrbek and Larson (1999) and by Murphy et al. (1999) using molecular data, as well as by Costa (1998) using primarily osteological data. ...
... In its ecology and lack of apparent sexual dimorphism, it is quite similar to the Brazilian Shield clade of Rivulus. Morphological data suggest that the Brazilian and Guyana Shield clades of Rivulus are sister taxa (Costa, 1998); however, this hypothesis is not supported by molecular data (Hrbek and Larson, 1999 Huber (1992), as is Rivulus dibaphus, a name originally applied to the fish from the area around Santarém. Rivulus geayi has a relatively wide distribution predominantly in Neither R. geayi nor any other fish that could be regarded as a synonym of R. geayi was collected from the Reserva Adolpho Ducke or other areas near Manaus in spite of repeated efforts to locate this fish (two lots of aquarium specimens-ANSP 53963 and ANSP 54022-labeled as R. strigatus motivated our initial collecting efforts since they list Manaus as their collecting locality). ...
... In this respect, R. duckensis is similar to some the species found in the Gran Sabana area and adjoining streams, including R. gransabanae, R. lyricauda, Rivulus torrenticola and R. breviceps; this hypothesis is weakly supported by phylogenetic parsimony analysis of our molecular data. Except for its size, morphologically R. duckensis appears more similar to the fish found Hrbek and Larson (1999) are updated according to Costa (2003) with the exception of Rivulus obscurus keeping with the first reviser's (Huber, 1992) in the upper Río Orinoco basin and Peru. These species include R. rectocaudatus, Rivulus tecminae, Rivulus sp. ...
A new killifish species, Rivulus duckensis, is described from the Reserva Adolpho Ducke, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. It is distinguished from other central Amazonian Rivulus species by maximum body size, adult color pattern, habitat preference and mitochondrial DNA sequences. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of molecular sequence data, our best hypothesis suggests that R. duckensis is sister taxon to a clade of Rivulus species occurring in the upper Río Orinoco basin, Amazonas state, Venezuela and Rivulus rectocaudatus, Amazonas department, Peru.
... The neotropical cyprinodontid fish, mangrove rivulus (Kryptolebias marmoratus) has an astounding geographical range, in fact the widest distribution of any inshore-dwelling coastal fish species in all of North, Central, and South America-about 528 of latitude and 918 of longitude (assuming that K. marmoratus and K. ocellatus are synonomized as per some authors). This basically encompasses the entire tropical and subtropical eastern Atlantic basin (Huber 1992;Taylor 2000). ...
... Originally described from Cuba (Poey 1880), the species has since been slowly documented as far north as central Florida, USA, north through the Yucatan Peninsula and Bay of Campeche in Mexico, along almost the entire Central American and northern South American coastline, and likely south to the mouth of the Amazon River. However, records east and south of Venezuela are sparse (Huber 1992). ...
... Kryptolebias marmoratus is euryhaline and has been collected in the wild at salinities of 0-70 ppt (Kristensen 1970;Taylor et al. 1995), and in the laboratory juveniles can tolerate 70-80 ppt (Taylor 2000). While it is noted that K. marmoratus can be reared and will reproduce in fresh water (Huber 1992;Lin and Dunson 1995), collections at very low salinities in the wild probably reflect temporary conditions following heavy rainfall (unpublished data). In natural habitats where there is a gradient from pure fresh water to saline mangroves (e.g., Everglades, Florida), K. marmoratus were not found except in areas with salinity 410 ppt (D. S. Taylor and W. P. Davis, unpublished data). ...
Although first described in 1880, Kryptolebias marmoratus avoided scientific scrutiny until 1961, when it was identified as the only known selfing hermaphroditic vertebrate. The subsequent intense interest in this fish as a laboratory animal, continuing to this day, might explain the paucity of wild collections, but our collective knowledge now suggests that the inherent difficulty of wild collection is more a matter of "looking in all the wrong places." Long thought to be rare in the mangroves, and it is rare in certain human-impacted habitats, K. marmoratus can be quite abundant, but in microhabitats not typically targeted by ichthyologists: ephemeral pools at higher elevations in the swamp, crab burrows, and other fossorial or even terrestrial haunts. Field studies of this enigmatic fish have revealed almost amphibious behaviors. During emersion these fish tolerate extended dry periods. In water, they are exposed to temperature extremes, high levels of hydrogen sulfide, and depleted dissolved oxygen. Finally, their catholic diet and a geographically variable sex life completes a portrait of an unusual animal. A clearer picture is emerging of adult life, with initial population density estimates now known and some indication of high population turnover in burrows, but juvenile habitat and adult oviposition sites remain unknown. © 2012 The Author 2012. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology. All rights reserved. For permissions please email: [email protected]
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... The survival of these populations rests on the ability of the embryos to resist drying and undergo diapause to extend development throughout the dry season (Peters, 1963(Peters, , 1965Wourms, 1963Wourms, , 1972a. Rivulus is the largest rivulid genus with greater than 70 defined species and a range that defines the family (Huber, 1992). With one or two exceptions, Rivulus species are nonannual fish. ...
... [A less parsimonious hypothesis is that hermaphroditism has secondarily been lost in R. caudomarginatus.] This finding supports Huber's (1992) suggestion of a link between the two Rio de Janeiro species, R. caudomarginatus and R. occellatus. Furthermore, these three species are not closely related to any other Neotropical rivulid taxa and are resolved as the sister group to all of the other Rivulinae. ...
... This clade is composed of two well-supported groups: (1) a group of minute species localized within the Guyana Shield proper (R. agilae, R. geayi, R. strigatus, R. frenatus, and R. xiphidius) arising from a possible shared ancestry with the morphologically unique R. lyricauda from Venezuela (Fig. 4) and (2) the Peruvian species R. rectocaudatus and two undescribed species from Amazonas State, Venezuela. All three of these species are members of Huber's (1992) rectocaudatus superspecies group. ...
Phylogenetic relationships of 70 taxa representing 68 species of the Neotropical killifish family Rivulidae were derived from analysis of 1516 nucleotides sampled from four different segments of the mitochondrial genome: 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, cytochrome oxidase I, and cytochrome b. The basal bifurcation of Cynolebiatinae and Rivulinae (Costa, 1990a,b) is supported; however, Terranatos, Maratecoara, and Plesiolebias are rivulins, not cynolebiatins. These three genera, along with the other recognized annual rivulin genera, form a monophyletic clade. Austrofundulus, Rachovia, Renova, Terranatos, and 3 species of the genus Pterolebias, all from northeastern South America, form a monophyletic clade excluding other species of Pterolebias. Pterolebias as presently understood is clearly polyphyletic. Trigonectes and Moema are supported as sister groups but do not form a monophyletic group with the genera Neofundulus and Renova as previously proposed. The suite of adaptations necessary for an annual life history has clearly been lost several times in the course of rivulid evolution. Also revealed is a considerable increase in substitution rate in most annual lineages relative to the nonannual Rivulus species. The widespread and speciose genus Rivulus is paraphyletic, representing both basal and terminal clades within the Rivulidae. Previous hypotheses regarding the vicariant origin of Greater Antillean Rivulus species are supported. Most rivulid clades show considerable endemism; thus, detailed analysis of rivulid phylogeny and distribution will contribute robust hypotheses to the clarification of Neotropical biogeography.
... Anablepsoides was first proposed as a subgenus of Rivulus Poey, 1860 (Huber, 1992), which until 2011 was considered a widely distributed genus inhabiting South and Central America, including Caribbean islands (Costa, 2011). After a phylogenetic analysis sampling morphological and molecular data, Rivulus was not recovered as a monophyletic group but as six independent lineages, and consequently, five subgenera were elevated to the level of genus (Costa, 2011). ...
... These conditions made it possible for the members of the βclade to disperse to new areas of the Amazon river basin in independent events along the Pliocene. This hydrological configuration allowed the MRCA of the lineage composed of Anablepsoides christinae (Huber, 1992) and A. urubuiensis Costa, 2013 to disperse, reaching the Middle Amazon river basin (B) and Madeira river basin (E) (3.99 Ma 95% HPD 5.96-2.42 Ma) (Figure 2). ...
Anablepsoides is a widely distributed Neotropical killifish genus found in shallow streams, in both dense forests and open areas, throughout northern and northeastern South America. The phylogenetic and biogeographic relationships of the genus are here analysed, based on two nuclear and four mitochondrial genes of 26 species and six out‐groups. The origin of Anablepsoides was recovered in Early Miocene in an area corresponding to the Paleo‐Amazon‐Orinoco system. The current analyses indicate that the initial diversification of the genus in two main clades was associated with marine transgressions related to the formation of the Pebas mega‐wetland isolating each MRCA of those main clades in the upper Amazon river basin and river basins of the Guiana Shield. The diversification of the genus and the colonisation of new areas may be associated with Miocene and Pliocene events such as changes in the sea level, formation and extinction of wetlands, rupture of the Purus arch and Amazon river assuming the current flow to the East. Also, the evolution of Anablepsoides could be associated with the diversification of several other Neotropical lineages, so that the present study leads to a better understanding of the evolution of the Neotropical freshwater biota and South American geological history.
... In other studies, kin recognition was not apparent until after hatch (Neff and Gross 2001;Neff 2003). Some fish, such as Rivuline killifish, have relatively low clutch sizes (Huber 1992) and therefore, identification of kinship is important because the costs of consuming individual kin offspring are higher for smaller broods relative to fish with larger broods. The ability of fish to recognize single embryos has not been clearly demonstrated. ...
... Whether other fishes also discriminate the kinship of single embryos is unknown, but considering most species release greater numbers of embryos than K. marmoratus, this ability may be restricted to animals with low clutch sizes (e.g. Rivuline killifish; Huber 1992 Compliance with ethical standards Our experiments were conducted in Canada and comply with the current laws of the country in which they were performed. All experiments were carried out under the Animal Utilization Protocol 10R068 at the University of Guelph. ...
Adult animals of many species often behave in a cannibalistic manner when encountering conspecific offspring. Kin discrimination is critical for avoiding the consumption of one’s own offspring or filial cannibalism. Some fishes cannibalize embryos when other nutritional sources are unavailable. We tested the hypotheses that (1) adult mangrove rivulus, Kryptolebias marmoratus, cannibalize conspecific offspring; (2) cannibalism of unrelated conspecifics is more prevalent than filial cannibalism and (3) the drive to cannibalize embryos is associated with nutritional status (‘energy-based hypothesis’). We examined cannibalistic behaviours of the self-fertilizing amphibious K. marmoratus in the laboratory using two isogenic strains. Adults recognized kinship of single embryos, cannibalizing unrelated embryos (28% of the time) but not their own. The ability to recognize kin differed between isogenic strains. Thus, genetic differences significantly influenced behaviour. Fasting had no significant effect on cannibalistic behaviours and thus nutritional state is not an important factor driving cannibalism in this species under these conditions. This is the first documented evidence that a fish species can recognize the kinship of an individual embryo.
Significance statement
Across the animal world, there are many examples of animals that eat their own offspring (filial cannibalism), but the outcome of such behaviour may be reproductively costly. Other animals may consume offspring belonging to other parents (non-kin cannibalism). The trick is to recognize the difference between your own versus someone else’s offspring to optimize reproductive success. Previous studies on fish have shown that parents can assess the relative ratio of kin to non-kin embryos in an entire nest, but the ability to recognize single embryos has not been demonstrated. We have shown that when a self-fertilizing mangrove fish was presented with a single embryo, it never ate its own but consumed unrelated embryos, suggesting that they have the ability to recognize solo relatives at very early stages of development.
... -MNHN 1992-0131, 1 spm, Kourou, French Guiana. -MNHN 1986 Eigenmann, 1909from Eigenmann (1909, R. immaculatus Thomerson, Nico & Taphorn, 1991, from Thomerson et al. (1991 and R. hart i i (Boulenger, 1890) from Huber (1992). ...
... The new species is closer to the h a rt i i superspecies as proposed by Huber (1992) by general morphology and pat-tern. This group includes R. torre n t i c o l a Vermeulen & I s b r ü c k e r, 2000, R. holmiae Eigenmann, 1909, R. waimacui Eigenmann, 1909, R. immaculatus Thomerson, Nico & Taphorn, 1991, R. igneus H u b e r, 1991 and R. hart i i ( B o u l e n g e r, 1890). ...
Rivulus gaucheri, new species, is described on the basis of 11 specimens collected from small tributaries of the Litany river basin in the southwest highlands of French Guiana. R. gaucheri differs from all other congeners by the lack of the supracaudal spot at all ages in both sexes, a short base of dorsal fin, a yellow colour background of the body, a red colored sub-distal area on the anal fin in male, and a yellow one in female, and a dark margin of caudal fin.
... Osteological preparations were made according to Taylor & Van Dyke (1985). Terminology for frontal squamation follows Hoedeman (1958) and Huber (1992) and for cephalic neuromast series Costa (2001). The abbreviation c&s means specimens cleared and stained for bone and cartilage. ...
... Laimosemion ubim is a member of the Owiyeye clade, which is readily recognized by a unique frontal squamation consisting of scales transversely arranged, including a small scale just posterior to the snout with all borders free (e. g., Huber, 1992;Thomerson et al., 1992: fig. 4a; Costa, 2003: fig. ...
Laimosemion ubim, new species, is described from a small stream tributary of Lago Amanã system, Central Amazon, northern Brazil, based on external and internal anatomical morphological characters. It is considered closely related to other species of Laimosemion, subgenus Owiyeye, from the same region. It is distinguished from all other rivulids by having double-branched epipleural ribs, a condition never found among cyprinodontiforms, and from all its congeners by having hypertrophied teeth on the anterior portion of the outer row of the premax- illa and dentary in males. It reaches a maximum adult size of about 18 mm SL and exhibits several reductive characters, as expected for a miniature species, including a notable reductive character state - four branchiostegal rays.
... There are more than 100 recognized species in the genus, making it the most speciose genus in the family. Although additional species continue to be found and described, only Huber (1992) has cataloged their diversity, ecology, and distribution patterns, along with their taxonomy. Phylogenetic studies of rivulids, including the genus Rivulus, reveal that it is polyphyletic, based on molecular sequence data (Hrbek and Larson, 1999;Murphy et al., 1999), but monophyletic if only morphological data are considered (Costa, 1998;Hrbek et al., 2004). ...
... Caudal peduncle relatively deep (mean = 0.13 SL). Head squamation pattern similar to F-scale pattern of Hoedeman (1958) and Thomerson et al. (1992) and further described by Huber (1992) as S-pattern. Two or three scales extending into caudal fin after termination of lateral scale series. ...
A new species, Rivulus sape, is described from two tributaries of the upper Paragua River, Caroní River drainage, of the Guyana Shield in Venezuela. It is a small (all specimens examined less than 50 mm SL), apparently non-annual species that is distinguished from congeners in having the dorsal, anal, and pelvic fins short; adult males with a truncate caudal fin with the upper and lower borders black; and an iridescent blue, ovate spot on sides of the body above the pectoral fins. Neither adults nor juveniles have an ocellus at the dorsal junction of the caudal peduncle and caudal fin. Only one contact organ per scale on some scales along the sides of the body was observed.
... A NEW KRYPTOLEBIAS 928 ZOOTAXA Counts, measurements and color pattern definitions follow Huber (1992). Nomenclature for frontal squamation follows Hoedeman (1958). ...
... This species is therefore unlikely to lay eggs capable of undergoing a developmental diapause (Wourms 1972), and the three week period potentially sets the upper time limit for temporary habitat desiccation. Kryptolebias sepia is also a good jumper and will, as many of its 928 ZOOTAXA family members do (Lüling 1971, Huber 1992, seek new water bodies by moving overland through leaf litter if its habitat becomes unsuitable. Figure 8. Kryptolebias sepia appears to live only in extremely shallow parts of small creeks in hilly areas, and is restricted to primary forests with a very dense canopy cover. ...
Kryptolebias sepia n. sp. is described from small forest tributaries of the Tapanahony and Palumeu Rivers which form part of the Upper Marowijne River system in southeast of Surinam. This species is distinguished from all other Kryptolebias spp. and Rivulus spp. by strong melanism on the body, its ability to change color pattern rapidly, the lack of strong sexual dimorphism, and the presence of pronounced adult/juvenile dichromatism.
... There is sexual dichromatism in K. marmoratus. Hermaphrodites are mottled grey-brown and have a distinct caudal ocellus that is typical of females in the genus Kryptolebias, while the males have an orange wash over their body and commonly possess black margins on their unpaired fins and lack a caudal ocellus (Huber, 1992;Soto & Noakes, 1994;Costa, 2004). ...
... The level of heterozygosity found in the population of K. marmoratus at Twin Cays can only be explained by outcrossing (Lubinski et al., 1995;Weibel et al., 1999;Taylor et al., 2001;Mackiewicz et al., 2006a). Although self-fertilization in K. marmoratus is internal, outcrossing would have to occur by external fertilization similar to the other species in the genera Kryptolebias and Rivulus (Foster, 1967;Huber, 1992). On the Caribbean island of Curac xao, Kristensen (1970) reported finding males and hermaphrodites engaging in spawning embraces, typical rivulid-type mating behaviour. ...
Preliminary observations were conducted to identify conspicuous body postures and movements of males and hermaphrodites in the mangrove killifish Kryptolebias marmoratus. These behaviours were used quantitatively to examine the social interactions for experimental pairings of K. marmoratus of different sexual states (i.e. simultaneous hermaphrodite and male) in an aquarium with an open-water area and simulated crab burrows. This allowed observation of behaviours that could not be observed in the field. Kryptolebias marmoratus, regardless of sexual state and experimental treatment, spent 40% of the time in the burrow. Hermaphrodites exhibited a preference for associating with males rather than other hermaphrodites. The observed complexity of displayed behaviours and interactions between paired conspecifics indicate that K. marmoratus has a rich repertoire of social behaviour not predicted for a strictly selfing species. Also, land crab burrows play an important role in their social interactions.
... -MNHN 1992-0131, 1 spm, Kourou, French Guiana. -MNHN 1986 Eigenmann, 1909from Eigenmann (1909, R. immaculatus Thomerson, Nico & Taphorn, 1991, from Thomerson et al. (1991 and R. hart i i (Boulenger, 1890) from Huber (1992). ...
... The new species is closer to the h a rt i i superspecies as proposed by Huber (1992) by general morphology and pat-tern. This group includes R. torre n t i c o l a Vermeulen & I s b r ü c k e r, 2000, R. holmiae Eigenmann, 1909, R. waimacui Eigenmann, 1909, R. immaculatus Thomerson, Nico & Taphorn, 1991, R. igneus H u b e r, 1991 and R. hart i i ( B o u l e n g e r, 1890). ...
Rivulus gaucheri, new species, is described on the basis of 11 specimens collected from small tributaries of the Litany river basin in the southwest highlands of French Guiana. R. gaucheri differs from all other congeners by the lack of the supracaudal spot at all ages in both sexes, a short base of dorsal fin, a yellow colour background of the body, a red colored sub-distal area on the anal fin in male, and a yellow one in female, and a dark margin of caudal fin. [Rivulus gaucheri, nouvelle espèce, est décrite à partir de 11 spécimens collectés dans des petits affluents du bassin de la rivière Litany, dans le sud-ouest montagneux de Guyane française. R. gaucheri diffère des autres espèces par l’absence de l’ocelle supracaudal à tous les âges et quel que soit le sexe, une nageoire dorsale à base courte, une coloration jaunâtre dominante du corps, une marge rouge sur la nageoire anale du mâle, une marge jaune sur celle de la femelle, et une marge noire sur la nageoire caudale.]
... Descriptions of color patterns in males and females are based on photographs of several live specimens taken in small aquaria immediately after collection, supplemented by additional photographs taken some months later. Measurements and counts follow Huber (1992). Measurements are presented as a percentage of standard length (SL), except for those related to head morphology, expressed in portions of head length (HL). ...
Abstract: Rivulus mejiai n. spec. is described herein based on material found at the Eastern Cordillera Andes foothills west of the town Aguazul, Casanare dpt., Colombia. Rivulus mejiai n. spec., was found in a small mountain creek, a tributary to the Unete River. The Rio Unete is one of many rivers that have their source on the Eastern slopes of the Eastern Cordillera, flowing southeasterly to join the Rio Meta and, ultimately the Rio Orinoco system. Rivulus mejiai n. spec. is the only fish species thus far collected from the type locality, a steep, cascading stream with crystal-clear water and strewn with boulders. Like other members of the "Rivulus hartii group," the new species is an excellent swimmer. Rivulus mejiai n. spec. differs from congeners by a series of interrupted horizontal red lines on its purple-blue sides; 7 or 8 of these are visible just posterior to the operculum but they gradually merge into only 3 pronounced lines on the caudal peduncle. Anal, dorsal, and caudal fin ray counts are at the high extremes for the group.
(PDF) A new species of the aplocheiloid killifish genus Rivulus (s.l.) (Cyprinodontiformes, Rivulidae) from the Unete River, Eastern Colombia.. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354854255_A_new_species_of_the_aplocheiloid_killifish_genus_Rivulus_sl_Cyprinodontiformes_Rivulidae_from_the_Unete_River_Eastern_Colombia [accessed Sep 26 2021].
... If localities could not unambiguously be determined they were excluded from the distribution map (Fig. 1). Measurements and counts follow Amiet (1987) and Huber (1992) and were made with the help of a dissecting microscope. Measurements were made point to point with a digital caliper, corrected to the nearest 0.1 mm and presented as percentages of standard length (SL). ...
The phylogeny of the West African genus Archiaphyosemion was studied with mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences. The results of the combined dataset presented here did not support a monophyletic group. After the exclusion of the type species of the genus, A. guineense, the remaining species form a well-supported monophyletic group. Based on these molecular results and supported by morphological data, we suggest a new name for this group, Nimbapanchax, new genus. Additionally, based on a recent collection in Guinea, two new Nimbapanchax species were described. The taxon Nimbapanchax leucopterygius, new species, is described for a nothobranchiid fish formerly misidentified as Archiaphyosemion maeseni (Poll, 1941). Nimbapanchax melanopterygius, new species, is described from the Mount Nimba region in southeastern Guinea. Both new Nimbapanchax species are clearly distinguished from their congeners by the coloration pattern of adult males. The results of the DNA data support the assumption based on color pattern and morphological characters that the new described species are sister taxa. The type of Aphyosemion maeseni Poll, 1941 was reexamined and transferred to the genus Epiplatys, a decision based on diagnostic morphological characters.
... Although this would intrinsically imply in a kinematics challenge for most fish, killifishes are known to be naturally prone and highly skilled to move across land (q.v. Huber, 1992). Such capacity is supported by well-developed voracious behaviour of the aquatic predator in our studied system, it could be considered less hazardous for rivulus to quickly move across the forest ground than to stay in a pool with a young wolf-fish. ...
Amphibious habits are present in a variety of fish and are allowed by a set of physiological, morphological and behavioural adaptations. The most intriguing question, however, is what motivates an aquatic organism to venture into the land? Unfavourable abiotic and biotic conditions in the aquatic environment have been reported as main stimuli for fish to emerge from water. However, few attempts have been made to disentangle the effects of different social contexts on the propensity of amphibious fishes to leave the water. Trying to separate the effects of predator threat, intraspecific competition and mate searching on overland movement of amphibious fish, we ran a mesocosm experiment with the Amazonian killifish Anablepsoides micropus. Overland movement was quantified based on fish leaps between artificial pools set in enclosures in a primary forest area. Males moved overland more frequently than females and their movement depended on the social context, being higher in the presence of predators and lower in the presence of females. Females, instead, showed context‐independent movement rates. This suggests that males move between pools searching for mates, stopping when successful in this search. On the other hand, occasional encounters with predators may force males to abandon the pool as a defence mechanism. Female aggressiveness towards the predator may influence its low movement in the presence of the predator. Such differential responses may play important ecological and evolutionary roles, allowing A. micropus to occupy a wide range of environmental conditions under varied ecological and social contexts.
... The killifishes (Cyprinodontiformes) are a diverse (greater than 1 000 spp.) and geographically widespread group that includes at least 34 documented amphibious species distributed between the suborders Aplocheiloidei and Cyprinodontoidei [14]. However, there are many more anecdotal reports of amphibiousness in Aplocheiloid killifishes [15,16], suggesting that amphibious lifestyles may be relatively common in this group. Furthermore, killifishes typically occupy harsh aquatic habitats that are periodically low in dissolved O 2 , high in CO 2, high in temperature, or in which water availability is ephemeral, i.e. conditions thought to drive the evolution of amphibiousness [3, 14,17]. ...
The invasion of land required amphibious fishes to evolve new strategies to avoid toxic ammonia accumulation in the absence of water flow over the gills. We investigated amphibious behaviour and nitrogen excretion strategies in six phylogenetically diverse Aplocheiloid killifishes (Anablepsoides hartii, Cynodonichthys hildebrandi, Rivulus cylindraceus, Kryptolebias marmoratus, Fundulopanchax gardneri, and Aplocheilus lineatus) in order to determine if a common strategy evolved. All species voluntarily emersed (left water) over several days, and also in response to environmental stressors (low O2, high temperature). All species were ammoniotelic in water and released gaseous ammonia (NH3 volatilization) during air exposure as the primary route for nitrogen excretion. Metabolic depression, urea synthesis, and/or ammonia accumulation during air exposure were not common strategies used by these species. Immunostaining revealed the presence of ammonia-transporting Rhesus proteins (Rhcg1 and Rhcg2) in the skin of all six species, indicating a shared mechanism for ammonia volatilization. We also found Rhcg in the skin of several other fully aquatic fishes, implying that cutaneous ammonia excretion is not exclusive to amphibious fishes. Overall, our results demonstrate that similar nitrogen excretion strategies while out of water were used by all killifish species tested; possibly the result of shared ancestral amphibious traits, phenotypic convergence, or a combination of both.
... This distribution is assumed to be continuous, but in fact there are major gaps in collections. Records east and south of Venezuela are extremely sparse (Huber, 1992). In Brazil, until recently, there were no reports of K. hermaphroditus to the north of Rio de Janeiro, prompting Costa to describe it as endemic to southeastern Brazil (Costa, 2011). ...
We use extensive geographical sampling and surveys of nuclear microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA loci to investigate the phylogeographic structure of the only recognized self-fertilizing vertebrates, the mangrove killifishes, currently thought to comprise two cryptic species, Kryptolebias marmoratus and Kryptolebias hermaphroditus. All genetic markers revealed three concordant main clades. The Northern clade includes populations from Florida, northern Cuba, Bahamas, Belize and Honduras and corresponds to K. marmoratus. The Southern clade encompasses populations from Brazil and corresponds to K. hermaphroditus. This species was considered endemic to southeastern Brazil, but molecular data corroborate its occurrence in northeastern Brazil. The Central clade, not previously resolved with genetic data, includes populations from Panama and Antilles. Despite the geographic proximity of the Northern and Central clades, the latter is genetically closer to the Southern clade. The discovery of the Central clade raises some taxonomic issues – it can either be considered a distinct species or united with the Southern clade into a single species with two subspecies. Another possible taxonomic solution is a single selfing species, K. marmoratus, with three subspecies. We show that the Central and Southern clades are highly selfing (97–100%), whereas selfing rates of the Northern clade populations vary geographically (39–99%). Genetic patterns indicate that populations in SE Brazil are recent, contrary to expectations based on the known distributions of related species.
... The killifish Rivulus marmoratus (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) is broadly distributed in coastal mangrove habitats throughout the Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, and eastern South America (Huber 1992). This unique species is a synchronous hermaphrodite, the only known vertebrate that reproduces by obligate internal self-fertilization. ...
Rivulus marmoratus is the only known vertebrate with obligate, synchronous hermaphroditic fertilization. Males can be experimentally induced in the laboratory and are rare or absent in most populations, but at the isolated Twin Cays, Belize, locality, males are relatively abundant. At this locality, evidence of outcrossing has been documented in this otherwise automictic cloning species. Phylogenetic analysis of restriction sites and sequence characters revealed that all Florida and Belize western Caribbean populations (including Twin Cays) are phyletically indistinguishable yet divergent from eastern populations in Brazil and the Bahamas. Further, these western lineages shared a common ancestor more recently than all other populations. Therefore, the Twin Cays population is not a remnant ancestral outcrossing population. Outcrossing is suspected to have evolved as a phenotypically plastic character, and its expression in R. marmoratus may be dormant unless triggered by some ecological factor that is not well understood.
... Davis et al. (1990) had previously mentioned that it is not possible yet to distinguish primary and secondary males, the latter of which result from sex change of functional hermaphrodites into males due to environmental conditions (Harrington, 1971). Huber (1992) cited the presence of ocellus in secondary males of K. ocellatus, which agrees with our specimen description. However, as discussed above, this report was not afterwards confirmed. ...
During an ichthyological survey in September 2015 at the Ceará-Mirim River estuary, Rio Grande do Norte State, northeastern Brazil, we collected a male of Kryptolebias hermaphroditus, a cynolebiid species that had been previously described as containing exclusively self-fertilizing hermaphrodites. This is the first record of a male in this species, over 140 years after the discovery of the mangrove rivulid species from Brazil. Our discovery reinforces the need for more studies in K. hermaphroditus, as well as the potential of this species as a model for evolutionary studies due to its unique mating system.
Durante uma amostragem ictiológica em setembro de 2015 no estuário do rio Ceará-Mirim, Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Nordeste do Brasil, nós coletamos um macho de Kryptolebias hermaphroditus, uma espécie de rivulídeo que foi descrita como contendo apenas hermafroditas auto-fertilizantes. Este é o primeiro registro de um macho dessa espécie, mais de 140 anos depois da descoberta das espécies de rivulídeos de manguezais do Brasil. Nossa descoberta reforça a necessidade de mais estudos em K. hermaphroditus, assim como, o potencial desta espécie como um modelo para estudos evolutivos devido ao seu sistema reprodutivo único.
... La familia Rivulidae (Ovalentaria: Cyprinodontiformes: Aplocheiloidei) comprende un grupo monofilético de peces de pequeña talla, compuesto principalmente por especies dulceacuícolas, a excepción de algunas especies eurihalinas del género Kryptolebias que habitan en zonas de manglares. Esta familia se encuentra en la región Neotropical (Costa, 1998;Huber, 1992) desde el sur de la península de Florida hasta el sudeste de la provincia de Buenos Aires, siendo el registro más austral en ambientes temporarios entre los arroyos Malacara y La Nutria Mansa, cercanos a la localidad de Necochea, donde se registró Austrolebias robustus. ...
... Measurements and counts followed Amiet (1987) and Huber (1992) except for the addition of the caudal peduncle length (Sonnenberg & Blum 2005) and were done with the help of a dissecting microscope. Measurements were made point to point with a digital calliper, corrected to the nearest 0.1 mm and presented as percentages of standard length (SL). ...
Three new species of the genus Chromaphyosemion Radda, 1971 are described from the coastal plains of Cameroon. They are distinguished from the phylogenetically and geographically close congeneric species through diagnostic characters of male color patterns. Some remarks on recently described species are made and a phylogenetic hypothesis of all currently known described species and all but two undescribed forms of the genus Chromaphyosemion based on mitochondrial DNA sequences is given. The molecular data support the monophyly of this genus as previously stated on the basis of morphological data and allow a review of the Chromaphyosemion splendopleure complex, a taxonomically confusing group. All newly described species are endemic to Cameroon, contributing to the high diversity and endemicity of the nothobranchiids in this country.
... Measurements and counts follow Amiet (1987) and Huber (1992), except for the addition of caudal peduncle length (Sonnenberg & Blum, 2005) and pectoral-fin ray counts, and were made with the help of a dissecting microscope. Measurements were made point to point with a digital caliper, corrected to the nearest 0.1 mm and presented as percentages of standard length (SL). ...
Episemion krystallinoron sp. nov., the second species in this formerly monotypic genus, is described from the Monts de Cristal in northwestern Gabon and adjacent areas in Equatorial Guinea. It is clearly distinguished from its congener by the coloration pattern of adult males. Species status is also supported by mitochondrial DNA data. Episemion Radda & Pürzl, 1987 is regarded as a valid genus, distinct from all other nothobranchiid genera and probably most closely related to Diapteron Huber & Seegers, 1977 and Kathetys Huber, 1977. It is the third described endemic nothobranchiid species from the Monts de Cristal and adjacent areas.
... Rivulus punctatus nuota invece nelle c.osiddette "lagunas" soltanto se vi si estendono tappeti compatti di piante galleggianti (Eichhornia ecc. Nell'enorme area di diffusione -Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia e Brasile -sono sorte popolazioni con disegni differenti e questo ha probabilmente causato una certa confusione e diverse descrizioni errate (Huber 1992;Staeck & Schindler 1994). In contraddizione con gli autori citati, gli esperti di Killi del gruppo attorno al defunto Juan Reichert, nonché uno degli autori di questo articolo (T.L.) non hanno mai potuto trovare Rivulus punctatus in Uruguay. ...
Part 1: Aquarium 34 (4): 20-26
Part 2: Aquarium 34 (5): 36-41
... Within the South American family Rivulidae, diapause occurs in all genera except in the former genus Rivulus[23,24,36,37]. These non-annual species commonly inhabit shallow areas of streams and swamps and their embryos generally develop in stable aquatic conditions [37]. ...
Diapause is a developmental arrest present in annual killifish, whose eggs are able to survive long periods of desiccation when the temporary ponds they inhabit dry up. Diapause can occur in three different developmental stages. These differ, within and between species, in their responsiveness to different environmental cues. A role of developmental plasticity and genetic assimilation in diapause evolution has been previously suggested but not experimentally explored. We investigated whether plastic developmental delays or arrests provoked by an unusual and extreme environment could be the ancestral condition for diapause. This would be in agreement with plasticity evolution playing a role in the emergence of diapause in this group. We have used a comparative experimental approach and exposed embryos of non-annual killifish belonging to five different species from the former genus Rivulus to brief periods of desiccation. We have estimated effects on developmental and mortality rates during and after the desiccation treatment.
Embryos of these non-annual rivulids decreased their developmental rates in early stages of development in response to desiccation and this effect persisted after the treatment. Two pairs of two different species had sufficient sample sizes to investigate rates of development in later stages well. In one of these, we found cohorts of embryos in the latest stages of development that did not hatch over a period of more than 1 month without mortality. Several properties of this arrest are also used to characterize diapause III in annual killifish. Such a cohort is present in control conditions and increases in frequency in the desiccation treatment.
The presence of plasticity for developmental timing and a prolonged developmental arrest in non-annual rivulids, suggest that a plastic developmental delay or diapause might have been present in the shared ancestor of annual and non-annual South American killifish and that the evolution of plasticity could have played a role in the emergence of the diapauses. Further comparative experimental studies and field research are needed to better understand how diapause and its plasticity evolved in this group.
... Rivulus albae, however, was collected on the Guiana Shield, i. e. north of the Amazon River, where a member of Melanorivulus has not been expected. Another group of minute rivulids, the members of the subgenus Anablespoides (Costa, 2006; Huber, 1992), inhabits the Amazon basin. Rivulus albae has a similar banding colouration as known for the spcecies of Anablespoides. ...
Rivulus albae, new species, from northeastern Brazil, is described. It is a member of the subgenus Melanorivulus and distinguished from all other species of this assemblage having brown oblique bars on the entire flank often form chevron-like marks with a posterior vertex and differs from R. decoratus by having less scales on lateral series and more branchiostegal and anal fin rays.
... Morphology. Measurements and counts were taken as described in Amiet (1987), Huber (1992) and Valdesalici (2010). Measurements were made with a digital calliper, partly under a dissecting microscope, and rounded to the nearest 0.1 mm. ...
Nothobranchius niassa, new species, is described based on specimens collected in pools within seasonal streams in upper catchments of the Rovuma River, Niassa Reserve, northern Mozambique. It differs from its congeners by a unique combination of characters: dorsal fin rays 15-18, anal fin rays 15-17, light blue iris, light blue dorsal and anal fins with curved red stripes, and red pectoral fin. According to analysis of sequence variation within the cytochrome oxidase I locus, N. niassa is a well-distinct taxon related neither to the N. melanospilus species group nor to N. kirki, but clusters with very high support with a clade including N. guentheri, N. albimarginatus, N. korthausae, N. foerschi, N.cardinalis and N.kilomberoensis (subgenus Adiniops). Within this clade, the closest related species is N. kilomberoensis, known from Kilombero River floodplain, Tanzania, although with moderate support.
... If localities could not unambiguously be determined they were excluded from the distribution map (Fig. 1). Measurements and counts follow Amiet (1987) and Huber (1992) and were made with the help of a dissecting microscope. Measurements were made point to point with a digital caliper, corrected to the nearest 0.1 mm and presented as percentages of standard length (SL). ...
The phylogeny of the West African genus Archiaphyosemion was studied with mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences. The results of the combined dataset presented here did not support a monophyletic group. After the exclusion of the type species of the genus, A. guineense, the remaining species form a well-supported monophyletic group. Based on these molecular results and supported by morphological data, we suggest a new name for this group, Nimbapanchax, new genus. Additionally, based on a recent collection in Guinea, two new Nimbapanchax species were described. The taxon Nimbapanchax leucopterygius, new species, is described for a nothobranchiid fish formerly misidentified as Archiaphyosemion maeseni (Poll, 1941). Nimbapanchax melanopterygius, new species, is described from the Mount Nimba region in southeastern Guinea. Both new Nimbapanchax species are clearly distinguished from their congeners by the coloration pattern of adult males. The results of the DNA data support the assumption based on color pattern and morphological characters that the new described species are sister taxa. The type of Aphyosemion maeseni Poll, 1941 was reexamined and transferred to the genus Epiplatys, a decision based on diagnostic morphological characters.
... Self-fertilization in vertebrates, known only in Kryptolebias (formerly Rivulus) marmoratus (Harrington 1961), is an intense form of inbreeding yielding strains that traditionally have been referred to as 'clones' and that normally show extremely low heterozygosities (Harrington & Kalman 1968; Turner et al. 1990; Laughlin et al. 1995). The mangrove killifish Kryptolebias marmoratus lives in and around red mangrove forests along the eastern and northern coasts of South America, throughout most of the Caribbean region and in the Bahamas and southern Florida (Huber 1992). Earlier DNA fingerprinting studies using multi-locus probes revealed high genetic diversity among lineages of wild-caught hermaphrodites (Turner et al. 1990Turner et al. , 1992), a result attributed to the accumulation of mutations coupled with high rates of migration among populations (Turner et al. 1990; Laughlin et al. 1995). ...
Mixed-mating systems, in which hermaphrodites can either self-fertilize or outcross, are common in many species of plants and invertebrates and have been informative models for studying the selective forces that can maintain both inbreeding and outbreeding in populations. Here, we document a remarkable instance of evolutionary convergence to an analogous mixed mating system by a vertebrate, the mangrove killifish (Kryptolebias marmoratus). In this androdioecious species, most individuals are simultaneous hermaphrodites that characteristically self-fertilize, resulting in local populations that consist of (nearly) homozygous lines. Most demes are also genetically diverse, an observation traditionally attributed to de novo mutation coupled with high levels of inter-site migration. However, data presented here, from a survey of 35 microsatellite loci in Floridian populations, show that genotypic diversity also stems proximally from occasional outcross events that release 'explosions' of transient recombinant variation. The result is a local population genetic pattern (of extensive genotypic variety despite low but highly heterogeneous intra-individual heterozygosities) that differs qualitatively from the genetic architectures known in any other vertebrate species. Advantages of a mixed-mating strategy in K. marmoratus probably relate to this fish's solitary lifestyle and its ability to colonize new habitats.
We describe a new species of the genus Atlantirivulus from a small first-order stream on the right margin of the Paraná River basin in the Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The region of occurrence of the new species is known to be a hotspot for Melanorivulus species. This area, however, is approximately 700 km away from the record of occurrence of its closest congeners, which are distributed along the Brazilian coast in different hydrographic basins. Atlantirivulus enigmaticus, new species, is distinguished from all congeners by it s unique coloration, which consists of the flank being purplish grey with light green iridescence with brownish red dots scattered along of the body, by the neuromasts of the infraorbital series being aligned around eye, and by the presence of the short ventral process of the posttemporal. The phylogenetic position of the new species within the Atlantirivulus genus was based on molecular phylogenetic analysis using sequences of the mitochondrial gene cyto- chrome oxidase subunit 1. The results show that the new species is closely related to Atlantirivulus luelingi from the coastal drainages of the Brazilian state Santa Catarina. The phylogenetic position of the new species among congeners endemic to coastal river basins may be related to ancestral connections between coastal drainages and the Paraná River basin. The new species constitutes the westernmost record for the genus, and the first record of Atlantirivulus in the Paraná River basin. Insufficient collection efforts in areas of potential occurrence for the group and extinction processes in the broad region between the locality of the new species and the distribution areas of the remaining species may be a possible explanation for this disjunct distribution.
Cellular aspects of oocyte development of the Mexican rivulus Millerichthys robustus were morphologically described in order to analyze ovarian function and the cellular recruitment dynamics associating it with life history strategies of annual killifishes. Millerichthys is an iteroparous batch spawner with continuous oocyte recruitment and indeterminate fecundity with asynchronous development of the follicles. It has two ovaries of cystovarian type, with a central lumen, which communicates with the outside through the caudal region of the ovary, that is, the gonoduct. From the walls of the ovary, irregular lamellae composed of germinal epithelium and vascularized stroma project. Oogenesis starts with oogonial proliferation, found alone or in nests within the germinal epithelium. The oogonia come into meiosis becoming oocytes and advancing to the chromatin nucleolus stage and to early primary growth stage. Folliculogenesis is completed in the primary growth stage and cortical alveoli step. Follicles moves toward the stroma, but they continue to be attached to the germinal epithelium through the basement membrane until ovulation. The inclusion of fluid yolk in the follicles during the secondary growth stage was observed. During ovulation, the follicle collapsed, the oocyte was released into the lumen, and the constitutive elements of the post‐ovulatory follicle complex remained in the stroma.
Phylogenetic relationships within the family Rivulidae (order Cyprinodontiformes) are investigated using 1972 aligned base pairs of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) for samples representing 66 species. Genes analyzed include those encoding the 12S ribosomal RNA; transfer RNAs for valine, glutamine, methionine, tryptophan, alanine, asparagine, cysteine, and tyrosine; complete NADH dehydrogenase subunit II; and part of cytochrome oxidase I. Parsimony analysis of the aligned mtDNA sequences results in a single most parsimonious tree. The phylogeny reveals two independent origins of developmental diapause within the family Rivulidae. It is unlikely that diapause evolved de novo in each group, suggesting that the presence or absence of diapause is the result of developmental switches between alternative stabilized pathways. Phylogeny of the family Rivulidae shows high concordance with predictions derived from the geological history of South America and Central America. Basal lineages in the rivulid phylogeny are distributed primarily on geologically old areas, whereas more nested lineages occur in geologically younger areas. However, there is little concordance between the molecular phylogeny and currently available morphological hypotheses and existing taxonomies. Based on the mtDNA phylogeny, the genera Pterolebias, Rivulus, Pituna, and Plesiolebias are considered nonmonophyletic and warrant taxonomic reassessment.
Question: Does the persistently high frequency of males in the Twin Cays population of Kryptolebias (formerly Rivulus) mamoratus (Pisces: Rivulidae), a self-fertilizing, androdioecious species, result from ecophenotypic effects or genetic divergence from other populations? Hypothesis: Because males are easily produced in the laboratory by temperature manipulations of embryos or juveniles, their frequency in this population is environmentally induced. Methods: Common garden experiment, two generations. Conclusions: Genetic differences exist between the Twin Cays population and other populations in the tendency to produce males. Since males likely induce androdioecious outcrossing, and the Twin Cays population is not ancestral to others, this genetic difference may indicate a shift from predominant selfing to outcrossing, a direction not predicted by current theory.
Ecology amazonian stream fishes
The killifish Rivulus marmoratus, mangrove rivulus, represents the one of the two potentially truly “mangrove dependent” fish species in western Atlantic mangrove ecosystems. The distribution of this species closely parallels the range of red mangroves. These plants and fish exhibit parallel ecological and physiological tolerances to the wide ranges of tropical temperatures and salinities, as well as substrate and hydrological conditions of mangrove habitats. The mangrove rivulus, R. marmoratus, is, as well, the only truly marine representative of a speciose genus of otherwise freshwater fish species. Many of the biological specializations of this species characterize the specific challenges to survival in mangrove forest conditions. As recent studies report, this fish species, once considered “rare,” has been shown to be very abundant in specific substrate microhabitats of the mangal. Among the unique specializations of this fish are amphibious emersion from water, survival in moist detrital substrate during periods of low water or drought, and reproduction through internal self-fertilization producing homozygous clones. The autecology of this species provides fascinating insights and generates a wealth of questions regarding evolution of specific adaptations for distribution, dispersal, colonization, population genetics and the interrelationships between adaptation and specialization. The Indian River Lagoon (IRL) represents both the site of rediscovery of the fish as well as the northern frontier of the species distribution range, habitat, and ecosystem. This suggests close interrelationships and parallels in the parameters to which the species has adapted, perhaps representing a commonage, of ecological association. These aspects are discussed with respect to details and insight needed to develop strategies for the management of unique communities and ecosystems, especially along their natural distributional borders. The topic raises such questions as: Are some “exotic species” actually examples of newly arrived colonizers, representing dynamic biotic responses to climate change and/or anthropogenic habitat modification?
The young Erythrinus erythrinus mimics the colour pattern of the female of its specific prey, the cyprinodont fish Rivulus agilae. The male Rivulus is attracted by the predator, and, when performing sexual display in front of it, is caught by the tail and swallowed. Various experiments in captivity confirm the constancy of this behavioural pattern.
The morphological, ecological and behavioural specializations related to the aggressive mimicry by Erythrinus are described. The colour pattern of the young Erythrinus disappears completely when the fish becomes subadult and leaves the highly specialized habitat of the Rivulus, to settle in deeper water. Comparisons between the present case and other described cases of aggressive mimicry are made. The evolutionary processes involved in aggressive mimicry displayed by Erythrinus are examined: origin of the morphological adaptations in the predator, consequences for the population dynamics in the prey.
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