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The recognition of infraspecific taxa in Juniperus brevifolia (Cupressaceae)
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Based on morphological, genetic and ecological data, we describe new infraspecific taxa of the Azorean endemic Juniperus brevifolia. J. brevifolia subsp. maritima is an erect shrub or small tree, found in Flores, Terceira, Pico and São Jorge , in coastal scrubs below 100 m. J. brevifolia subsp. brevifolia occurs in all islands of the archipelago except Graciosa, between 300 and 1500 m. J. brevifolia subsp. brevifolia var. brevifolia is a small to medium tree found between 300 and 1000 m. J. brevifolia subsp. brevifolia var. montanum is a small prostrate shrub, common in mountain scrubs and blanket bogs, between 850 and 1500 m. The most striking morphological differences of subsp. maritima are the larger leaves, seed cones and seeds. Phenological patterns of the subspecies also differ, notably in the periods of seed maturation and pollination. The distribution of taxa within islands is peripatric. Coastal populations (subsp. maritima) are small and isolated from the usually much larger subsp. brevifolia populations, above 300 m. In subsp. brevifolia the varieties are parapatric, since their ranges are adjacent to each other, occurring together in narrow contact zones.
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... The endemic gymnosperm Juniperus brevifolia is one of the more important woody species in the Azores, being dominant or co-dominant in many types of natural forests and woodlands (Adams, 2014;Elias et al., 2011Elias et al., , 2016Elias and Dias, 2014;Pavão et al., 2019). Juniperus comprehends 75 accepted species, being the second most diversified genus of conifers (Adams, 2014;The Plant List, 2013). ...
... Juniperus brevifolia subsp. brevifolia is adapted to wet/very wet conditions and low/mild temperatures (Elias and Dias, 2014), which is in agreement with our results, as precipitation in late spring and early summer showed a tendency to have a positive effect, although not significant (Appendix 4 of Suppl. Mat.). ...
Tree-ring inter-annual pattern variation is crucial in dendrochronology, allowing the identification of possible limiting factors on growth. Thus, trees exposed to subtropical or tropical climates without a marked seasonality may show a low degree of interannual variation, impeding a straightforward dendroclimatological approach. Meanwhile, subtropical regions, and areas in transitional climates such as the Azores archipelago, are widely unexplored in terms of dendroclimatology, providing opportunities to work with endemic trees, including the dominant Azorean tree Juniperus brevifolia (Seub.) Antoine. To evaluate the dendrochronological potential of J. brevifolia, we analyzed tree-ring patterns, crossdating capabilities, and correlation with climate parameters. We sampled 48 individual trees from two natural populations (São Miguel and Terceira islands) using an increment borer. Besides, a Trephor tool was used to obtain wood microcores for micro-anatomical analysis. Although the transition between early and latewood was evident, partially indistinct ring boundaries and wedging rings were present in some cases, affecting the crossdating process, but not impeding the establishment of reliable ring-width chronologies. Following detrending, master chronologies were built and correlated with monthly temperature and precipitation data using the treeclim R package. The climate-growth relationships indicated negative correlations with late summer temperature in both populations. Considering our results and the importance of J. brevifolia as a dominant tree in the Azores natural forests, we conclude that it shows an acceptable potential for dendrochronological research. Thus, this study provides baseline information to help fill the knowledge gap regarding the climate-growth relationship of Azorean trees.
... As a note, this tree occurs in the Azores from 0 to 1500 m a.s.l. (Elias and Dias, 2014). This ecological amplitude led to the recognition of infraspecific taxa by Elias and Dias (2014). ...
... (Elias and Dias, 2014). This ecological amplitude led to the recognition of infraspecific taxa by Elias and Dias (2014). The identification of Azorean infraspecific taxa thorough wood anatomy seems improbable as the recognition of specific taxa is already challenging (de Palacios et al., 2014 and references therein). ...
... As a note, this tree occurs in the Azores from 0 to 1500 m a.s.l. (Elias and Dias, 2014). This ecological amplitude led to the recognition of infraspecific taxa by Elias and Dias (2014). ...
... (Elias and Dias, 2014). This ecological amplitude led to the recognition of infraspecific taxa by Elias and Dias (2014). The identification of Azorean infraspecific taxa thorough wood anatomy seems improbable as the recognition of specific taxa is already challenging (de Palacios et al., 2014 and references therein). ...
... Ma, [França et al. 2003]). Presently, two subspecies are recognized (Elias & Dias 2014): (1) J. brevifolia subsp. maritima is an erect shrub or small tree, with (inverted) pyramidal crown; leaves: 5.6-7.6 × 1.4-1.8 ...
... × 2.1-3.7 mm, germinating from March to June; pollination: March-June; distribution: all islands, except Graciosa, usually between 300 m and 1500 m a.s.l. Two varieties have been recognized from the later subspecies (Elias & Dias 2014 ): i) J. brevifolia subsp. brevifolia var. ...
... Ma, [França et al. 2003]). Presently, two subspecies are recognized (Elias & Dias 2014): (1) J. brevifolia subsp. maritima is an erect shrub or small tree, with (inverted) pyramidal crown; leaves: 5.6-7.6 × 1.4-1.8 ...
... × 2.1-3.7 mm, germinating from March to June; pollination: March-June; distribution: all islands, except Graciosa, usually between 300 m and 1500 m a.s.l. Two varieties have been recognized from the later subspecies (Elias & Dias 2014 ): i) J. brevifolia subsp. brevifolia var. ...
This work aims to characterize the arthropods and other biota (lichens, bryophytes, vascular plants and birds) associated with the Azorean endemic tree, Juniperus brevifolia. This is the first of a series of publications that will (i) provide a comprehensive list of all the biota associated with the main Azorean endemic trees and shrubs, (ii) describe in detail the diver-sity, abundance and spatial patterns of canopy arthropods, and (iii) whenever possible, to extend biodiversity assessments to communities of bryophytes, lichens, vascular plants and vertebrates. We use standardized sampled data from BALA project for canopy arthropods and for the remaining taxa we surveyed literature data and the Herbarium of University of Azores. Juniperus brevifolia occurs in a wide range of elevation belts in Azores and accommodates a remarkable large number of taxa: besides canopy arthropods (161 species) it is also an important substrate to other vascular species (six species), bryophytes (105 spe-cies), lichens (106 species) and also birds (four species). In addition, the species richness and particularly the abundance of endemics are dominant, and the number of conservation concern species for bryophytes is noteworthy (30 out of 70). The complexity of the tree and the high diversity of micro-habitats created the conditions for epiphytic species to easily colonize all parts of the tree, from the bottom, trunk and branches. The communities associ-ated with the Azorean cedar are consequently of a high conservation value and should be further investigated in their ecological dynamics.
... Antoine subsp. maritima R.B.Elias & E.Dias (Elias & Dias 2014). In wetter areas, the trunk of Juniperus brevifolia is often covered with thick layers of Sphagnum L., which creates a unique type of forest. ...
The Azores Island of Corvo (Portugal) is home to a centuries-old woodworking tradition that has stood the test of time and passed down through generations. Central to this craft is cedro-do-mato [Juniperus brevifolia (Seub.) Antoine], an endemic species of juniper found in the Azores. Artisans on Corvo have honed their skills in working with this and other local woods to create a variety of functional wooden locks characterized by intricate carving techniques and a deep understanding of the material, which allows them to produce durable pieces. Cedro-do-mato is particularly significant, as this wood is prized for its durability, workability, and aromatic properties. This traditional craft reflects the resourcefulness of the island's inhabitants and plays a crucial role in preserving cultural heritage and maintaining a connection to the natural environment. The ongoing practice of this craft serves as a living testament to the sustainable use of local resources and the enduring cultural traditions of Corvo.
The processes of forming lineages undergoing widespread radiations remain a knowledge gap that is fundamental to our understanding of the geographic distributions of species. Although early studies emphasized the importance of dispersal ability and historical migration events, key innovations that promote rapid diversification and/or adaptation to new habitats may also strongly influence distribution ranges. Juniperus is the second largest genus of conifers and is widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Here, we used phylogenetic, phenotypic, and climatic data to investigate the contributions of these processes to the wide distribution and rapid diversification of Juniperus. Combining a time-scaled phylogeny and macroevolutionary theory, we show that the key innovations of berry-like seed cones and dioecy promoted the rapid diversification of Juniperus and that increased dispersal ability promoted allopatric speciation. Ecological niches had significant divergence among different clades of Juniperus. Biogeographic results supported multiple long-distance dispersal events and niche variation that contributed to the modern range of Juniperus, while both phenotypic adaptation and ecological opportunity probably drove its distribution range. Our findings suggest that the current widespread distribution is likely the result of significant divergence driven by niche variation in which ecological opportunities from key innovation and phenotypic divergence.
Population genetic structure and diversity and phylogeographical dispersal routes were assessed for the Azorean endemic grass Deschampsia foliosa using AFLP markers. This species occurs on seven islands in the archipelago and a sampling of populations from the three main geographical groups of islands was used, covering its known distribution. Principal coordinates analyses (PCoAs), Bayesian analyses and phylogenetic networks revealed different degrees of admixture for the central group (C) populations and a clear differentiation for the western group (W) and São Miguel island (in the eastern group, E) populations. The best K values corresponded to nine and 11 genetic groups, which were also confirmed by analysis of molecular variance. A low but significant correlation between genetic data and geography was observed, with most relevant barriers to gene flow generally placed between sub-archipelagos. We suggest a west-to-east isolation by distance dispersal model across an island age continuum with Flores–Corvo (W) and Pico (C) at the extremes of the dispersal path. An alternative scenario, also supported by the genetic data, implies an initial colonization of São Jorge (C), dispersal within C and following bidirectional dispersal to the W and E. The phylogeographical framework detected might be related to island age and to highly destructive volcanic events, and it supports the occurrence of cryptic diversity within D. foliosa. Genetic diversity estimators were highest for Pico island populations (C), lowest for São Miguel (E) and Flores (W) populations, and more divergent for the Corvo population (W). Conservation measures should be taken to preserve the genetic structure found across sub-archipelagos and islands.
Juniperus brevifolia Antoine subsp. maritima R.B. Elias & E. Dias is a rare Azorean endemic taxon occurring only in a few coastal areas of Pico, Terceira, São Jorge and Flores islands. In Terceira, by the end of last century, the population in Agualva was reduced to three adult plants. This was due to the past replacement of the original vegetation by vineyards that were afterwards abandoned in 1960-1970. In the spring 2003 a first assessment of the population was carried out. This was followed by two more surveys in 2013 and 2018, in which every individual found was georeferenced, identified and measured.
Total number of recorded individuals increased from 45, in 2003, to 416, in 2013 and 518 in 2018. Adults increased from 6, to 31 and 42, respectively. Likewise, the number of females increased from 2, to 16 and 23. Consequently, the recruitment of new saplings increased from 33/year (2003-2013) to 43/year (2013-2018). Between 2013 and 2018, mortality among seedlings, saplings and adults was 87%, 45% and 7%, respectively. However, the recruitment of new individuals clearly compensated the mortality rate and the population grew 24,5%.
In the spring of 2018 (48 years after the abandonment of the vineyards) the population of Juniperus brevifolia subsp. maritima in Agualva was composed of 83 seedlings, 393 saplings and 42 adults (23 females and 19 males), meaning that this is now the only viable population of this taxon in Terceira. Vegetation is now dominated by Erica-Morella scrubs and woods. Nevertheless, active measures should be taken, especially the control of the invasive Pittosporum undulatum. Since this is a popular area for hiking, surveillance by the staff of Terceira Island Natural Park should be improved, in order to decrease human pressure.
Monteleone, I., Ferrazzini, D. & Belletti, P. 2006. Effectiveness of neutral RAPD markers to detect genetic divergence between the subspecies uncinata and mugo of Pinus mugo Turra. Silva Fennica 40(3): 391-406. Fifteen populations of Pinus mugo subsp. mugo (shrub) and Pinus mugo subsp. uncinata (erect), located in the Alps, were investigated through genetic variation scored at 64 poly- morphic RAPD loci. In addition, morphological traits of the female cones were analysed. According to AMOVA most of the genetic variation was found within populations (83.39%), and only 1.25% of it between subspecies. Populations differed in terms of their internal genetic variation, with Nei's gene diversity ranging from 0.227 to 0.397. Morphological data showed differences between subspecies, although none of the populations showed full accordance with expectations. Significant correlation was found between matrices for geographical and morphological distances, while genetic distances were not correlated with any other aspect. The efficacy of morphological and RAPD markers in discriminating between subspecies, and the contribution of the results in relation to the preservation of biodiversity, are discussed.
PRÓLOGO Em face das suas peculiares características geológicas, em sentido lato, o arquipélago dos Açores constitui um autêntico laboratório natural para uma diversidade de estudos na área da vulcanologia, ciência marcadamente multidisciplinar, o que lhe confere um estatuto de relevante interesse para muitos profissionais. O presente trabalho visa promover a difusão dos conhecimentos adequados sobre a Geologia dos Açores numa abordagem eminentemente monográfica mas, não obstante, crítica e selectiva. Julga-se, assim, preencher uma lacuna actualmente existente, permitindo a todos aqueles interessados, desta área científica ou não, rapidamente consultar informação geológica sobre uma dada ilha ou o seu conjunto, e aceder à lista bibliográfica mais relevante sobre esses espaços insulares. Evidentemente, que na análise efectuada da extensa bibliografia publicada se priviligiam, na descrição geológica de cada ilha, os resultados publicados nas últimas décadas. Contudo, importa realçar que nos primeiros documentos produzidos sobre os Açores, em especial na crónica "Saudades da Terra" (1583), da autoria de Gaspar Frutuoso se podem beber inúmeros dados geológicos, como por exemplo, as descrições de algumas erupções vulcânicas ocorridas após o povoamento das ilhas. As contribuições para o conhecimento geológico das ilhas açorianas podem ser agrupadas em três períodos, conforme se discrimina: Estudos clássicos -As mais antigas descrições de acentuado sabor geológico sobre os Açores devem-se, como referido anteriormente a Gaspar Frutuoso (1522-1591). Serrano Pinto (1998) considera que a obra de Frutuoso, acima referencida, é "uma extraordinária
Capítulo descritivo da Vegetação dos Açores.
