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'No Regrets' Options
Abstract
Within the climate change literature, 'no regrets' options are responses to climate change that deliver net economic benefits, and hence represent a low-risk, attractive strategy for governments, firms or households. These measures are sometimes referred to as 'win-win' actions, since they deliver multiple benefits simultaneously, namely economic growth as well as climate change objectives. Yet this term is used differently in different contexts, notably in the literatures on adaptation to and mitigation of climate change. In the mitigation literature, no regrets options deliver net economic benefits as well as mitigation gains. Their defining characteristic is that their economic benefits outweigh the costs of implementation plus any costs to society, even in the absence of mitigation payments. In cases where mitigation gains achieved are compensated by the carbon market or public sector incentive schemes, these options would be still more advantageous. In the adaptation literature, no regrets options are those that generate net social or economic benefits irrespective of whether or not climate change occurs, as well as across a range of possible climate futures. They build resilience to future climate shocks while also delivering near-term benefits.
More than 8.5 million people live in Tehran, the capital of Iran, with 111 pollutant days during 2016. Based on Iranian 2016 energy balance sheet, more than 76% of SPM was emitted by gas oil combustion. To determine the main pollutant fuel-consuming sector, the amount of gas oil consumption and SPM production are investigated. Therefore, the transportation and power plant sectors are determined as the main gas oil users with 51.1% and 30.5% of its total consumption. Next, the reduced external cost of implementing biodiesel instead of gas oil for mobile and fixed sources is deliberated. Finally, by comparing the external cost of gas oil consumption and Iran's gross domestic production in 2016, it is revealed that by replacing gas oil with biofuels, 3.935 billion dollars (0.95% of gross domestic production of Iran in 2016) can be reduced.
The paper covers algorithms for information extraction from time series of land surface temperature (LST) data obtained using airborne and satellite based thermal surveys. The peculiarity of aerospace survey using imaging in the infrared thermal spectral range of electromagnetic waves is the existence of daily, annual and longterm thermal rhythms of solar heating resulting in variations of land surface temperature. Positive trends of temperature were observed over the past decades for water reservoirs and urban areas. To perform analysis of LST daily variations, the thermal inertia approach was used. As a result, the maps of land surface thermal properties were compiled. With these maps the detailed spatial distribution of LST for few scenarios of climate change and urbanization were forecasted. Absence of domestic (Russian) infrared thermal airborne scanners with internal temperature calibration restricts the use of advanced algorithms for the LST analyses. Statistical algorithms and change detection method are typically used to search for LST anomalies. In spite of this, the infrared thermal aerial survey technologies for troubleshooting of municipal house heating systems as well as mapping of industrial and household water waste plumes were taken up to the level of broad practical implementation.
Climate change in Baltic region and in the Gulf of Finland is an accomplished fact in human brains and in science. The purpose of this research is to retrieve quantitative level of changes for sea surface temperature (SST) of the Gulf of Finland. Two space systems National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (NOAA/AVHRR) and Aqua/Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) provided satellite data about temperature of the sea surface. SST data covers period 1981–2014 and includes 444 monthly data scenes with spatial resolution about 10 km. Data quality analysis displays high reliability of NOAA/AVHRR and Aqua/MODIS satellite information. The Gulf of Finland’s average annual SST has changed from 6.8°C in 1982 up to 8.2°C in 2014. Its mean speed of warming is about 0.04°C year–1. The growth of the temperature was irregular, in the middle of 80th year, the temperature dropped down to 5.0°C, and then sharply increased up to 7.3°C in 1989. SST growth in the Gulf of Finland coincides with air temperature and sea temperature growth. The climate change in the Gulf of Finland has special significance due to the fragility of the northern ecosystems and high anthropogenic load.
The preceding ethno-poem elucidates my concern as an Afro-Caribbean teacher who has since 2005, been living on the margins of a southeastern state in the U.S. The poem addresses my uneasiness about the invisibility of Afro-Caribbean voices and experiences in research and school curricula (Beck, 2010; Dash, 2006; Fournillier, McLean, & George, 2013; Fournillier & Lewis, 2010; Jean-Marie, 2014; Matthews & October-Edun, 2014; Wiggan & Walrond, 2013).
Globally, 1.7 billion farmers are highly vulnerable to climate change impacts. The many who are already hungry are particularly vulnerable. Yet scaling up localised 'resilience' successes offers hope for these farmers, while helping to address the climate problem. New thinking to recognise vulnerable farmers as critical partners in delivering solutions is needed to increase their resilience and to enable them to help combat climate change. Bold new public investment to the supporting institutions will be needed. Summary Worldwide, 1.7 billion small-scale farmers and pastoralists are highly vulnerable to climate change impacts. They live on marginal rural lands characterised by conditions such as low rainfall, sloping terrain, fragile soils, and poor market access, primarily in Africa and Asia. Such farmers are vulnerable because their farms depend directly on rainfall and temperature, yet they often have little savings and few alternative options if their crops fail or livestock die.
To compare transportation greenhouse gas mitigation options with other sectors, we construct greenhouse gas mitigation supply curves of near-term technologies for all the major sectors of the US economy. Our findings indicate that motor vehicles and fuels are attractive candidates for reducing GHGs in the near and medium term. Transport technologies and fuels represent about half of the GHG mitigation options that have net-positive benefits – so-called “no regrets” strategies – and about 20% of the most cost-effective options to reduce GHGs to 10% below 1990 levels by 2030.
There is very significant cost-effective greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation potential in agriculture. The mitigation potential at a range of future carbon prices is similar to the potential in the industry, energy, transport, and forestry sectors. Using economic mitigation potentials from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC AR4), the yearly mitigation potential in agriculture is estimated to be worth between US$32 billion and US$420 billion at carbon prices between US$20 and US$100 (t CO2-eq.-1).1 From both a mitigation perspective and an economic perspective, we cannot afford to miss out on this opportunity. But many mitigation options also offer the promise of facilitating adaptation to climate change and contributing to sustainable development more generally. In this brief, synergies between mitigation, adaptation, and sustainable development are described so that multiple policy goals can be identified when considering how to include agriculture in the climate change negotiations in Copenhagen.
The Great Global Warm Up -Arguments Against Global Warming
- American Policy Roundtable
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World Leaders Must Focus on Delivering Real Benefits to People and the Environment, not Politically Correct but Useless Greenhouse Gas Restrictions
- Tom Harris
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Environment, not Politically Correct but Useless Greenhouse Gas Restrictions", Climate Science
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School of International Development, University of East Anglia
- Jules Siedenburg
Jules Siedenburg; School of International Development, University of East Anglia; Norwich NR4
7TJ, United Kingdom; jules.siedenburg@linacre.oxon.org.
No Regrets' Options", chapter in Encyclopedia of Global Warming and Climate Change, Second Edition
- G S Golson
"'No Regrets' Options", chapter in Encyclopedia of Global Warming and Climate Change, Second
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Addressing Human Vulnerability to Climate Change: Towards a 'No Regrets' Approach
- Steen Jorgensen
- Lau
Jorgensen, Steen Lau. "Addressing Human Vulnerability
to Climate Change: Towards a 'No Regrets' Approach". Global Environmental Change 19, 2009.