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Wolffia globosa (Roxburgh) Hartog et Plas (Lemnaceae): A new species in Bulgarian flora
Abstract
Wolffia globosa is one of the smallest flowering plants on the Earth. We discovered W. globosa in a vegetation season unusual for our latitudes – the winter of 2010. The species was discovered in a little pond near the town of Hisar – Plovdiv district, Bulgaria. The plant was together with two other species of Lemnaceae - Lemna gibba and L. minutа in a community with the following aquatic plants: Thypha stenopilla, Raniunculus aquatilis, Alisma plantago-aquatica and algae - Spirogyra sp. ster., Tribonema sp.
... grows in Northern Thailand from July to November with an annual yield of 265 tons/hectare [5]. It is used as a vegetable in Burma, Laos, and Thailand, due to its high protein content of approximately 40% dry weight [6]. It also contains high amounts of chlorophyll, carotenoids, flavonoids, and vitamin B 12 [7], making it a suitable raw material for various industrial products such as animal feeds, alcohol, and even biodegradable plastics [1,8]. ...
... The obtained data were comparable to the spectral of Ageratum conyzoides [Asteraceae] extract previously reported [17], in which IR peaks were observed at 3373. 6 ...
Wolffia globosa is a small plant found in the lagoons in tropical zones. The aim of our study was to examine the biological compounds found in W. globosa and their activities. The substances in W. globosa were extracted, isolated, and their chemical structures ascertained by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( ¹ H-NMR) spectroscopy. The extract was tested for bioactivity, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities. The results showed that the isolated compounds in fraction two were mainly β-sitosterol and stigmasterol. The sterols found in the extract were able to inhibit nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, which implied an anti-inflammatory activity. The extract was found to be non-toxic to human dermal fibroblast cells with an IC 50 of 106.38 ± 37.0 μg/mL.
... (Araceae, Lemnoideae; watermeal) includes 11 rootless aquatic species, distributed worldwide, especially in the warm temperate and tropical regions (Landolt 1994(Landolt , 1998(Landolt , 2000. In the European continent, a single species is considered native, W. arrhiza (L.) Horkel ex Wimm., which occurs in most countries (Euro+Med 2006Landolt 1986Landolt , 1994 (Kirjakov and Velichkova 2013), Germany and the Netherlands (Schmitz, Köhler, and Hussner 2014), and the Netherlands (Achterkamp 2014). ...
Wolffia columbiana (Colombia watermeal), a naturalized American neophyte, is recorded for the first time from southern Europe. Identification, distribution, invasion status, ecology, and pathways of introduction are presented. Furthermore, the potential invasive behaviour and impacts in the new growing site have been assessed with the EPPO prioritization process scheme for invasive alien plants.
Wolffia globosa is a small free-floating aquatic plant native to the Southeast Asia and invasive in Europe. Between the years 2017 and 2022 it has been found in Czechia for the first time in this country in wetland habitats at seven sites. Occurrences
of alien W. globosa were first recorded in the Central Bohemia region inside the Site of Community Importance Libické luhy, then by two sewage treatment plants and one adjacent fishpond in South Bohemia and in the Elbe River near the cities of Přelouč, Lysá and Labem, Obříství and Hřensko. At four sites, W. globosa has been recorded in flowing waters for the first time in Europe. The mode of introduction remains unknown.
New floristic records from Austria (430–508). New for Austria are Hieracium atrocalyx (Lower Austria), the natural hybrid Primula auricula × P. minima (Carinthia) and Taraxacum pulchellum (Carinthia). New for an Austrian federal state or the Bohemian Massif are Allium strictum (Carinthia), Draba stylaris (Vorarlberg), Rhamnus saxatilis (Bohemian Massif), Schoenoplectus mucronatus (Bohemian Massif, status doubtful) and Vicia cassubica (Carinthia). Arnica montana is new for the historic flora of Vienna. Remarkable records or recent confirmations for a federal state or the Bohemian Massif are Blackstonia acuminata (Vorarlberg), Botrychium multifidum (Tyrol), Campanula latifolia (East Tyrol), Cicuta virosa (Styria), Dianthus carthusianorum × D. sylvestris (Carinthia), Filago vulgaris s. str. (Bohemian Massif), Glaucium corniculatum (Burgenland), Hieracium vindobonense (Lower Austria), Juncus tenageia (Lower Austria), Laphangium luteoalbum (Bohemian Massif), Listera cordata (Bohemian Massif), Minuartia rupestris (Vorarlberg), Orobanche minor (Vorarlberg), Primula auricula × P. clusiana (Styria) and Salix pentandra (Upper Austria). A new isolated locality of Stipa pennata s. str., very rare in Carinthia, is presented. New for Austria are local introductions or escapes of Acanthus hungaricus (Lower Austria, Tyrol), Allium stipitatum (Lower Austria, Vienna), Dittrichia viscosa (Lower Austria), Euonymus alatus (Vienna, Salzburg, Tyrol), Euphorbia characias (Lower Austria, Salzburg), Hieracium maculatum subsp. cruentum (Vienna), Nuphar advena (Lower Austria), Silene schafta (Salzburg), Staphylea colchica (Styria), Tagetes minuta (Lower Austria), Wolffia columbiana (Vienna) and Yucca flaccida (Burgenland). The following taxa are new to the alien flora of one federal state: Euphorbia myrsinites for Burgenland; Allium hollandicum, Crataegus coccinea, Iris sanguinea, Linaria purpurea, Mauranthemum paludosum, Orobanche hederae, Tulipa greigii and Tulipa praestans for Lower Austria; Beta trigyna, Bidens ferulifolia, Echium plantagineum, Malcolmia maritima, Mazus miquelii, Salix babylonica and Zinnia elegans for Vienna; Crataegus coccinea, Dipsacus strigosus, Physalis grisea, Rubus parviflorus and Spartium junceum for Styria; Aralia elata, Catalpa ovata, Juncus ensifolius and Pachysandra terminalis for Carinthia; Dianthus giganteus, Echium plantagineum, Erigeron bonariensis, Juglans nigra and Silphium perfoliatum for Salzburg; Sonchus palustris for Tyrol; Atriplex littoralis s. str. and Trifolium suaveolens for Vorarlberg.
Neu für Österreich sind Hieracium atrocalyx (Niederösterreich), die Hybride Primula auricula × P. minima (Kärnten) und Taraxacum pulchellum (Kärnten). Neu für ein Bundesland bzw. die Böhmische Masse sind Allium strictum (Kärnten), Draba stylaris (Vorarlberg), Rhamnus saxatilis (Böhmische Masse), Schoenoplectus mucronatus (Böhmische Masse, Status unklar) und Vicia cassubica (Kärnten). Arnica montana ist neu für die historische Flora Wiens. Bedeutende Wiederfunde für ein Bundesland bzw. einen Naturraum sind Blackstonia acuminata (Vorarlberg), Botrychium multifidum (Nordtirol), Campanula latifolia (Osttirol), Cicuta virosa (Steiermark), Dianthus carthusianorum × D. sylvestris (Kärnten), Filago vulgaris s. str. (Böhmische Masse), Glaucium corniculatum (Burgenland), Hieracium vindobonense (Niederösterreich), Juncus tenageia (Niederösterreich), Laphangium luteoalbum (Böhmische Masse), Listera cordata (Böhmische Masse), Minuartia rupestris (Vorarlberg), Orobanche minor (Vorarlberg), Primula auricula × P. clusiana (Steiermark) und Salix pentandra (Oberösterreich). Über einen neuen isolierten Fundort von der in Kärnten äußerst seltenen Stipa pennata s. str. wird ebenfalls berichtet. Neu für die Adventivflora von Österreich sind Acanthus hungaricus (Niederösterreich, Tirol), Allium stipitatum (Niederösterreich, Wien), Dittrichia viscosa (Niederösterreich), Euonymus alatus (Wien, Salzburg, Tirol), Euphorbia characias (Niederösterreich, Salzburg), Hieracium maculatum subsp. cruentum (Wien), Nuphar advena (Niederösterreich), Silene schafta (Salzburg), Staphylea colchica (Steiermark), Tagetes minuta (Niederösterreich), Wolffia columbiana (Wien) und Yucca flaccida (Burgenland). Folgende Arten und Unterarten sind neu für die Adventivflora eines Bundeslandes: Euphorbia myrsinites im Burgenland; Allium hollandicum, Crataegus coccinea, Iris sanguinea, Linaria purpurea, Mauranthemum paludosum, Orobanche hederae, Tulipa greigii und Tulipa praestans für Niederösterreich; Beta trigyna, Bidens ferulifolia, Echium plantagineum, Malcolmia maritima, Mazus miquelii, Salix babylonica und Zinnia elegans für Wien; Crataegus coccinea, Dipsacus strigosus, Physalis grisea, Rubus parviflorus und Spartium junceum für die Steiermark; Aralia elata, Catalpa ovata, Juncus ensifolius und Pachysandra terminalis für Kärnten; Dianthus giganteus, Echium plantagineum, Erigeron bonariensis, Juglans nigra und Silphium perfoliatum für Salzburg; Sonchus palustris für Tirol; Atriplex littoralis s. str. und Trifolium suaveolens für Vorarlberg.
Flowering of Wolffia arrhiza was discovered for the first time in Germany. This record is also the first observation of flowers in this species for Central Europe. The locality is described and the plants are photographically documented. Hitherto, flowering W. arrhiza had never been reported for the whole of Europe, with the only exception being two records from the 1980s in Istria (former Yugoslavia, South-East Europe). A further report about alleged flowering plants in the northern forelands of the Caucasus turned out to be erroneous, due to mistranslation and the wrong citation of an original publication from 1957 in Slovak language.
Duckweed species are promising macrophytes for use in sustainable wastewater treatment due to their rapid growth, ease of harvest, and feed potential as a protein source. This paper reviews growth rates of different duckweed species on wastewater and ammonia toxicity to duckweed and summarizes insights into the mechanism of organic matter and nutrient removal. Results were gained from laboratory experiments in small, shallow, duckweed-covered semicontinuous batch systems. Growth rates on different types of wastewater vary considerably among different species. Ammonia is toxic for duckweed in both the ionized and un-ionized forms. Duckweed, however, can be used to treat wastewater containing very high total ammonia concentrations as long as certain pH levels are not exceeded. The degradation of organic material is enhanced by duckweed through both additional oxygen supply and additional surface for bacterial growth. The duckweed mat with attached bacteria and algae is, independent of the loading rates, responsible for three-quarters of the total nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loss in very shallow systems. Based on our results we suggest that full-scale pilot plants with duckweed should be shallower than the range encountered in the literature. A harvesting schedule that allows doubling times of 2 to 3.5 d, maintenance of a full coverage, and plug flow conditions are recommended.
Please view the pdf by using the Full Text (PDF) link under 'View' to the left. Copyright © 2003. American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society . ASA, CSSA, SSSA
The genusWolffia was surveyed electrophoretically at 14 allozyme loci. A total of 133 clones representing 10 of the 11 recognized species was examined. Genetic identities among most pairs of species are zero, with non-zero values ranging from 0.14 to 0.40.Wolffia angusta and the newly describedW. neglecta show the highest similarity, and the former species has an identity of 0.14 withW. australiana. The next highest similarity (0.34) occurs betweenW. globosa of Southeast Asia andW. cylindracea of southern Africa, which until recently, had generally been viewed as members of the same species. Other species showing some common alleles are members of a complex involvingW. arrhiza, W. columbiana, W. cylindracea, andW. globosa. WithinW. arrhiza, plants from South Africa and Europe are easily distinguished electrophoretically because each contains unique alleles at two loci. Strains from other parts of Africa vary at these loci and are not totally distinct from either the plants from South Africa or from Europe. Species ofWolffia are much more divergent at allozyme loci than the majority of congeners of flowering plants. This suggests that the species are quite old and that the difficulties in distinguishing taxa morphologically are the result of reduction rather than lack of divergence due to recent speciation. Because of the lack of shared alleles between the majority of species pairs inWolffia, enzyme electrophoresis provides limited resolution of species relationships in the genus.
THE development of new foods is vital to the needs of the rapidly expanding population in Asia. But apart from the necessity of being competitive in market price, they must be acceptable to the human palate, a requirement that has often frustrated attempts to introduce new foods. In this light, the improvement of production and processing of a commodity which is currently marketed for direct human consumption but on a small and inefficient scale has several advantages. Such a commodity is the aquatic plant, Wolffia arrhiza Wimm., Lemnaceae, known to have been used as a vegetable by the Burmese, Laotians and the people of northern Thailand for many generations. The local Thai name for the plant, ``khai-nam'', may be literally translated as eggs of the water and suggests the oval shape of the plant (length 1.5 mm, width 1.0 mm). Khai-nam is generally regarded as a poor people's food and has attracted little attention as a potentially significant source of human food. The species also occurs in India1, but no report has been made pertaining to its application as a food source in that country.
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