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Anticonvulsant activity of ethanolic extract of fruits of Terminalia Chebula on experimental animals
Abstract and Figures
Objective: To study the anticonvulsant activity of ethanolic extract of Terminalia chebula in albino mice.
Methods: The anticonvulsant activity of ethanolic extract of fruits of Terminalia chebula
(200 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) in mice was assessed by using maximum electroshock seizure (MES) test, Pentylenetetrazol
(PTZ), and picrotoxin (PC) test.
Results: The ethanolic extract of Terminalia chebula significantly reduced the duration of seizures induced by
maximal electroshock (MES). The ethanol extract in doses of 200 and 500 mg/kg conferred protection (17 and 50%,
respectively) on the mice. The same doses also protected animals from pentylenetetrazole-induced tonic seizures and
significantly delayed the onset of tonic seizures produced by picrotoxin.
Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of Terminalia chebula (EETC) possess anticonvulsant activity since it reduced the
duration of seizures produced by maximal electroshock as well as delayed the latency of seizures produced by
pentylenetetrazole and picrotoxin.
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... All the test groups were compared with the control group. Characteristic hind limb extension followed by clonic phase, a tonic flexor phase, a tonic extensor phase with protected from hind limb tonic extension seizure (HLTE) and the time spent in this position were determined for each dose group [5]. ...
... Characteristic hind limb extension followed by clonic phase, a tonic flexor phase, a tonic extensor phase with protected from hind limb tonic extension seizure (HLTE) and the time spent in this position were determined for each dose group [5]. ...
... S post hoc test. p<0.05 was considered as significant [5]. ...
Background: Hydro ethanolic extract of Coccinia grandis leaves was assumed to have anticonvulsant activity. Objective: To evaluate the anticonvulsant activity of Coccinia grandis by using some animal models like maximal electric shock model, pentylenetetrazole induced seizures, Isoniazid induced seizures. Materials and Methods: Various equipment and apparatus were used in the present study. Hydroethanolic extract of Coccinia grandis was done by Soxhlet apparatus. Phytochemical investigation of the leaf extract of Coccinia grandis was performed. Anticonvulsant activity was determined by using different animal models like maximal electric shock model, pentylenetetrazole induced seizures, Isoniazid induced seizures. Results: Anticonvulsant activity was determined by using different animal models like Maximal electric shock model, pentylenetetrazole induced seizures & Isoniazid induced model. Percentage of protection, Duration of hind limb tonic extension (HLTE), Latency of onset of convulsions were taken as a indication of anticonvulsant activity. Phenytoin and Diazepam showed significant anticonvulsant activity. In the present study the test samples exhibited significant (P < 0.0001) anticonvulsant activity and antioxidant activity at a dose of 200,400mg/kg. It may due to the presence of alkaloids, Phenols, carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins and flavonoids terpenoids. Conclusion: In present study leaves of Coccinia grandis extract was collected and anticonvulsant activity was examined in a doses of 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg. The results clearly shown that the low dose 200mg/kg of plant extract shown appropriate anticonvulsant activity and the high dose 400mg/kg shown specific anticonvulsant activity when compared to control and standard groups.
... Herbal remedies like Carum carvi extract hold potential as an effective anticonvulsant and treatment of epilepsy associated complications like depression and memory loss. Numerous herbs exhibit anti-convulsant properties and other beneficial effects, as outlined in Table 1 [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. ...
... It also helped in delaying the onset of seizures. [16] Zingerber officanale PTZ Chronic administration of Zingerber officanale extract, seizure threshold increased its intensity decreased significantly. [17] Carum carvi PTZ Carum Carvi administration resulted in a significant reduction PTZ-induced seizure activity. ...
Background: Epilepsy is a disease characterized by unprovoked seizures, and it affects around 70 million people worldwide. Standard treatment is ineffective in one third of all epilepsy patients. Temporal Lobe Epilepsy with Hippocampal Sclerosis (TLE-HS) is the most drug-resistant form of epilepsy, and it also impacts physical, mental, and psychological well-being of patients. Carum carvi extract has demonstrated anti-convulsant, anti-depressant, and anxiolytic properties. This study was designed to investigate if Carum carvi extract can alleviate depression and memory loss symptoms in a TLE-HS animal model. Methods: Male Sprague Dawley rats were used to create a model of TLE-HS and Carum carvi extract treatment, along with appropriate controls, was used to test the efficacy of this herbal extract in reducing the symptoms of depression and memory loss. Results: Forced swim test showed that Carum carvi extract treated TLE-HS rats resulted in significant improvement of the symptoms of depression. However, novel object recognition test showed that memory improvement did not occur. Conclusion: Depression significantly impacts the quality of life in TLE-HS patients, and this study has shown that Carum carvi extract should be explored further as an adjuvant treatment for TLE-HS patients to improve their quality of life.
... In this study, 2-gallotannins, 2triterpenoids and arjunolic acid effectively reduced the production of nitric oxide [42] . Anti-convulsant activity: Debnath, et al. (2010) reported the anti-convulsant effect of ethanolic extract of fruits of Terminalia chebula in albino mice. The activity was assessed by giving maximal electric shock (MES) to experimental animals as well as by pentylenetetrazol and picrotoxin. ...
... The activity was assessed by giving maximal electric shock (MES) to experimental animals as well as by pentylenetetrazol and picrotoxin. The extract significantly reduced the duration of convulsions produced by MES and latency of seizures produced by pentylenetetrazol and picrotoxin [43] . Cardioprotective activity: Devi, et al. (2004) suggested that ethanolic extract of T. chebula for the prevention of myocardial injury induced by isoproterenol in rats. ...
The Unani System of Medicine (USM) has long employed terminalia chebula, a significant medicinal plant in pharmaceutics, to treat a wide range of illnesses and infections. The distinctive phytoconstituents (chebulenic acid, corilagin and casuarinin) found in this herb are thought to be a valuable and affordable source. These phytoconstituents are commonly used in the production of medications with higher safety margins and fewer harmful effects against various ailments. The mature dried fruits of terminalia chebula belong to the combretaceae family. It is also referred to as Halīlaj Asfar in Arabic, Halela Zard in Persian, Haritāki in Hindi and Chebulic Myrobalan in English. According to their level of maturation, each of these varieties can take on different forms, making this categorisation well-known in the USM. Halela has been used in Unani medicine for a very long period, either alone or in different compound formulations like Itrīfal or Triphala. The entire plant, with its great medicinal potential, has been used by Unani physicians to treat a wide range of conditions in humans. It is used as a blood purifier, astringent, cholagogue, carminative, brain tonic, eye tonic, cardiotonic, stomach tonic, gastrointestinal motility, kidney tonic and digestive anthelmintic. Terminalia chebula possesses a multitude of pharmacological and therapeutic qualities, including hepatoprotective, wound-healing, anti-oxidant and anti-diabetic effects. In an effort to clarify further research in this field, this study aims to shed light on T. chebula by describing its widely recognised medicinal benefits.
... Debnath et al. performed a study on Swiss albino mice administering an ethanol extract of T. chebula at inat00 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg, which conferred anticonvulsant properties. It was found that T. chebula fruit extract provided a protective effect to the experimental models from seizures induced by the maximal electrical shock (MES) as well as slowed down the latency of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and picrotoxin (PC) instigated seizures, possibly with the help of the opening of chloride channel on GABA receptors [118]. ...
... However, a combination dose of T. chebula fruit extract (1000 mg/kg) with valproate and phenytoin (150 mg/kg) conferred complete protection and suggested its utility as an adjunct to antiepileptic drugs to prevent cognitive decline and oxidative stress [119]. Ethanol extract of T. chebula reduces seizures' duration and may delay the latency of attack, hopeful for benefits of anticonvulsant and proconvulsant activity [118]. These investigations pharmacologically justified the usage of T. chebula in treating epilepsy as traditional medicine in India [21]. ...
Terminalia chebula Retz, commonly known as 'Haritaki/Myrobalan,' has been utilised as a traditional medicine for a long time. It has been extensively exercised in various indigenous medicine practices like Unani, Tibb, Ayur-veda, and Siddha to remedy human ailments such as bleeding, carminative, dysentery, liver tonic, digestive, antidiarrheal, analgesic, anthelmintic, antibacterial and helpful in skin disorders. Studies on the pharmacological effects of T. chebula and its phytoconstituents documented between January, 1996 and December, 2021 were explored using various electronic databases. During the time mentioned above, several laboratory approaches revealed the biological properties of T. chebula, including antioxidative, antiproliferative, anti-microbial, proap-optotic, anti-diabetic, anti-ageing, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antiepileptic. It is also beneficial in glucose and lipid metabolism and prevents atherogenesis and endothelial dysfunction. Different parts of T. chebula such as fruits, seeds, galls, barks extracted with various solvent systems (aqueous, ethanol, methanol, chloroform, ethyl-acetate) revealed major bioactive compounds like chebulic acid, chebulinic acid, and chebulaginic acid, which in turn proved to have valuable pharmacological properties through broad scientific investigations. There is a common link between chebulagic acid and chebulanin with its antioxidant property, antiaging activity, antiinflammatory, antidiabetic activity, and cardioprotective activity. The actions may be through neutralizing the free radicals responsible for producing tissue damage alongside interconnecting many other diseases. The current review summarises the scientifically documented literature on pharmacological potentials and chemical compositions of T. chebula, which is expected to investigate further studies on this subject.
... Debnath et al. performed a study on Swiss albino mice administering an ethanol extract of T. chebula at inat00 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg, which conferred anticonvulsant properties. It was found that T. chebula fruit extract provided a protective effect to the experimental models from seizures induced by the maximal electrical shock (MES) as well as slowed down the latency of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and picrotoxin (PC) instigated seizures, possibly with the help of the opening of chloride channel on GABA receptors [118]. ...
... However, a combination dose of T. chebula fruit extract (1000 mg/kg) with valproate and phenytoin (150 mg/kg) conferred complete protection and suggested its utility as an adjunct to antiepileptic drugs to prevent cognitive decline and oxidative stress [119]. Ethanol extract of T. chebula reduces seizures' duration and may delay the latency of attack, hopeful for benefits of anticonvulsant and proconvulsant activity [118]. These investigations pharmacologically justified the usage of T. chebula in treating epilepsy as traditional medicine in India [21]. ...
Terminalia chebula Retz, commonly known as ‘Haritaki/Myrobalan,’ has been utilised as a
traditional medicine for a long time. It has been extensively exercised in various indigenous
medicine practices like Unani, Tibb, Ayurveda, and Siddha to remedy human ailments such as
bleeding, carminative, dysentery, liver tonic, digestive, antidiarrheal, analgesic,
anthelmintic, antibacterial and helpful in skin disorders. Studies on the pharmacological
effects of T. chebula and its phytoconstituents documented between January, 1996 and
December, 2021 were explored using various electronic databases. During the time mentioned
above, several laboratory approaches revealed the biological properties of T. chebula, including
antioxidative, antiproliferative, anti-microbial, proapoptotic, anti-diabetic, anti-ageing,
hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antiepileptic. It is also beneficial in glucose and lipid
metabolism and prevents atherogenesis and endothelial dysfunction. Different parts of T. chebula
such as fruits, seeds, galls, barks extracted with various solvent systems (aqueous, ethanol,
methanol, chloroform, ethyl-acetate) revealed major bioactive compounds like chebulic acid,
chebulinic acid, and chebulaginic acid, which in turn proved to have valuable pharmacological
properties through broad scientific investigations. There is a common link between chebulagic
acid and chebulanin with its antioxidant property, antiaging activity, antiinflammatory,
antidiabetic activity, and cardioprotective activity. The actions may be through neutralizing the
free radicals responsible for producing tissue damage alongside interconnecting many other
diseases. The current review summarises the scientifically documented literature on
pharmacological potentials and chemical compositions of T. chebula, which is expected to
investigate further studies on this subject.
... Anti-convulsant activity [20] -The ethanolic extract of Terminalia chebula significantly reduced the duration of seizures induced by maximal electroshok (MES). Jatamamsi Jatamansin ,Jatamansinol, Actinidine,J Antidepressantactivity [22] -extract of Nordostachys jatamansi shows antidepressant -like effect due to interaction with GABA receptor, resulting in decrease in the level of GABA in mouse brain. ...
In the present era every human being who is running for survival is facing some kind of mental or psychological disturbances. According to the WHO, by the year 2020, depression will constitute the second largest disease burden worldwide. The COVID-19 pandemic has posed a serious threat to global mental health. A finding suggest a link between COVID-19 and a higher risk for later mental health and neurological disorders. It includes Cognitive and emotional problems such as anxiety, depression, stress, guilt, fear, anger and confusion then behavioural troubles like changes in attitude and social withdrawal and Somatic problems such as migraine, loss of appetite, fatigue and insomnia. In spite of great advancement in the science of psychiatry for decades the problems with the management of a certain mental problems have remain unsolved .In addition to this, adverse effects of anti-psychotic, anxiolytic medications are creating considerable amount of discomfort to the patient. So that peoples are searching towards the best treatments those are more effective and less harmful. Ayurveda are one of the best therapy to cure the mental health issues as it has a lots of herbal plants which acts on mental health like nervine tonics such as Brhami, Ashwagandha, Guduchi, Yasthimadhu, Vacha etc. Present study is a review to update knowledge on pharmacological properties, major chemical constituents, therapeutic actions, safety and possible mode of action of the selected herbs from ayurvedic pharmacopoeia.
Plants have been used as healing agents since humanity began. This review presents the plant profiles inhabiting the world regarding their traditional usage by various tribes/ethnic groups for the treatment of epilepsy. The bibliographic investigation was carried out by analyzing standard reference textbooks, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Scopus, Medline, Web of Science, and PubMed databases. Search terms and keywords used for the search were epilepsy, medicinal plants for epilepsy, herbal remedies used in the treatment of epilepsy, and traditional antiepilepsy medication. This review article was prepared by including the biological names of plants/their parts/extracts/compounds/doses/models/results. Further, experimentally explored 15 potential medicinal plants have also been explored in detail. The present review was prepared by including 114 plants from 3 books, 83 research, and 59 review articles. This review indicates that the list of medicinal plants presented in this review might be useful to researchers for preliminary screening of potential antiepileptic agents.
Globalization witnessed changing trends in consumer markets. However, their long-term impacts include lifestyle and dietary changes. Although research in the pharmaceutical and chemical sciences led to the discovery and development of drugs saving millions of lives, their persistent use led to safety and toxicological issues. The plants previously used in Chinese and Ayurveda medicines received attention of the researchers to validate their traditional therapeutic applications. As a result, the reliance of communities on complementary and alternative medicines started to recover in the last few decades. The myrobalan (Terminalia chebula) is one such example that was renowned as the king of medicinal plants in Ayurveda due to its wide range of utilization in herbal decoctions to treat various health disparities. The current review showed phytochemical profile, that includes phenolic acids, casuarinin, chebulagic acid, chebulinic acid, rutin, and corilagin. Phytochemistry is linked with its medicinal applications and several research studies validated its antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, and digestive tonic. The facts presented in the current article are derived from cell culture, animal, and human studies. Moreover, conceptualized framework regarding the effectiveness against cardiovascular disorders, immune dysfunction, cancer insurgence, and neurological disorders is in the limelight of the article. In last, a comprehensive discussion regarding its potential inclusion in the modern-day functional food market and presents its future applications.
Unani Medicine System is one of the oldest systems with its potent and effective drugs from animal, plant, and mineral sources. Over 2400 years ago, Hippocrates, the founder of medicine, practiced it; however, his medicine includes many ancient Egyptian medications and important components of ancient Mesopotamian customs and traditions. Neurological problems are a significant cause of death, comprising 12% of all deaths globally. Sar' is used for epilepsy in USM, which means falling. Convulsions occur after the patient has fallen due to partial occlusion in the passage of Rūh Nafsānī (psychic pneuma). A vast number of single and multi-ingredient medicines were referenced for epilepsy treatment. Majoon Zabeeb (MZ) is possibly the most presumed polyherbal preparation used in epilepsy. This polyherbal compound has eight components used as a strong anticonvulsant, antispasmodic, antioxidant, deobstruent, memory enhancer, neuroprotective, nervine tonic, and anti-inflammatory agent.
Teucrium polium (Labiatae) is a plant that widely grows in Iran. Some of species of Teucrium are used for a considerable range of actions in traditional medicine and T. polium has frequently been used as anticonvulsant. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of T. polium ethanolic aqueous extracts and related fractions on seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and maximal electroshock stimulation (MES). Moreover, presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins and flavonoid contents were evaluated. It was found that aqueous extract (ED50 = 22.4 mg/kg body weight) and related n-butanol fraction (ED50 = 12.6 mg/kg body weight) have antiseizure effects comparing to control groups. There was no difference between preventing of PTZ-induced death and MES-induced hindlimb tonic extension (HLTE) in ethanolic extract comparing to control groups. Our results showed that the amount of flavonoid quantity present in aqueous extract is higher than that of ethanolic extract. These data also showed that the quantity of the flavonoid in n-butanol fraction of aqueous extract is more than other fractions. In conclusion, it was realized that flavonoid rich extracts are more potent than other fractions in showing antiseizure effects.
Objective: To study the anticonvulsant activity of ethanolic extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra in albino rats and mice. Methods: The anticonvulsant activity of ethanolic extract of roots and rhizomes of Glycyrrhiza glabra (10, 30, 100 and 500 mg/kg, i.p.) in mice was assessed using maximum electroshock seizure (MES) test and pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) using albino mice. The lithium-pilocarpine model of status epilepticus was also used to assess the anticonvulsant activity in rats. Results: The ethanolic extract of G. glabra did not reduce the duration of tonic hindleg extension in the MES test even in the dose of 500 mg/kg. However, the extract significantly and dose-dependently delayed the onset of clonic convulsions induced by pentylenetetrazol. The dose of 100 mg/kg afforded protection to all animals. The extract also protected rats against seizures induced by lithium-pilocarpine. Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of G. glabra inhibits PTZ and lithium-pilocarpine-induced convulsions but not MES-induced convulsions.
To study the anticonvulsant effect of different extracts of Centella asiatica (CA) in male albino rats with reference to Na(+)/K(+), Mg(2+) and Ca(2+)-ATPase activities.
Male Wistar rats (150+/-25 g b.w.) were divided into seven groups of six each i.e. (a) control rats treated with saline, (b) pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced epileptic group (60 mg/kg, i.p.), (c) epileptic group pretreated with n-hexane extract (n-HE), (d) epileptic group pretreated with chloroform extract (CE), (e) epileptic group pretreated with ethyl acetate extract (EAE), (f) epileptic group pretreated with n-butanol extract (n-BE), and (g) epileptic group pretreated with aqueous extract (AE).
The activities of three ATPases were decreased in different regions of brain during PTZ-induced epilepsy and were increased in epileptic rats pretreated with different extracts of CA except AE.
The extracts of C. asiatica, except AE, possess anticonvulsant and neuroprotective activity and thus can be used for effective management in treatment of epileptic seizures.
“Geriforte”, a combination of several plant ingredients is being used in India as a restorative tonic in old age. In the present study, this Ayurvedic drug has been evaluated for anti-stress (“Adaptogenic”) activity by inducing various stressful situations in animals.
The survival time of swimming mice increased with different doses of “Geriforte”. The drug also prevented changes in the adrenals (increase in weight and reduction of ascorbic acid and Cortisol contents) induced by stress (5 hr. swimming). Both restraint and chemically induced ulcers were prevented by 100 mg/kg of “Geriforte”. Furthermore, pretreatment with “Geriforte” prevented the increase of liver weight and volume induced by carbon tetrachloride and also the milk-induced leucocytosis. Gradual and constant increase in body weight was observed in rats taking the drug. However, no effect was observed on spontaneous motor activity and body temperature. It has some central nervous system stimulant activity as judged by the reduction of hexobarbital sleeping time. The LD50 as determined in acute toxicity studies on mice was between 5 and 6g/kg orally.
Prolongation of survival time, prevention of stress-induced changes in adrenals, restraint ulcers, liver toxicity, milk induced leucocytosis and the innocuous nature of the drug indicate the presence of anti-stress (“adaptogenic”) properties in “Geriforte”.
Terminalia chebula Retz. (Combretaceae) is called the "King of Medicines" in the Tibet and is always listed first in the Ayurvedic materia medica because of its extraordinary powers of healing with a wide spectrum of biological activity. The fruit of Terminalia chebula Retz. is being used for the treatment of different types of diseases and disorders since antiquity. During the last five decades, apart from the chemistry of Terminalia chebula compounds, considerable progress has been achieved regarding the biological activity and medicinal applications of Terminalia chebula. It is now considered as a valuable source of unique natural products for development of medicines against various diseases and also for the development of industrial products. This review gives a bird's eye view mainly on the biological and pharmacological activities of Terminalia chebula extracts and some of its isolated compounds, clinical studies, plausible medicinal applications along with their safety evaluation. INTRODUCTION Medicinal plants are part and parcel of human society to combat diseases, from the dawn of civilization. Herbal medicines are in great demand in the developed as well as developing countries for primary healthcare because of their wide biological and medicinal activities, higher safety margins and lesser costs. Terminalia chebula is a plant species belonging to the genous Terminalia, family Combretaceae. It is a flowering evergreen tree called in English the black myrobalan. It is also known as Haritaki (Sanskrit and Bengali), Harad (Hindi), Karkchettu (Telugu), Kadukkaya (Tamil), Harada (Marathi & Gujrati). It is native to Indian subcontinent and the adjacent areas such as Pakistan, Nepal and the South-West of China stretching as far south as Kerala or even Sri Lanka where it is called Aralu. The fruit of the tree has been used as traditional medicine for household remedy against various human ailments, since antiquity (1-8). Terminalia chebula has been extensively used in Ayurveda, Unani and Homoeopathic medicine and has become a cynosure of modern medicine. The Sanskrit name 'Haritaki' is rich with meaning, referring to the yellowish dye (harita) that contains, as well as indicating that it grows in the abode of the god Siva (Hari, i.e. the Himalayas), and that it cures (harayet) all diseases (6). Its other commonly used Sanskrit name , Abhaya, refers to the 'fearlessness' it provides in the face of the disease. According to Indian mythology, this plant originated from the drops of ambrosa (Amrita) which fell on the earth when Indra was drinking it (9).
The need for the rational development of newer and adjuvant drugs to treat epilepsy has prompted this study of the potential anticonvulsant effect of amlodipine.
The acute effect was studied in mice in single doses of 1 mg/kg, 2 mg/kg and 4 mg/kg of amlodipine and the chronic effect was studied in doses of 1 mg/kg and 4 mg/kg (administered daily for 21 days) using the maximal electroshock seizure and pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure models of epilepsy. Sodium valproate and normal saline were used as the standard and control, respectively.
For the acute study, in the maximal electroshock seizure model, the administration of 1 mg/kg of amlodipine resulted in the complete abolition of seizures in 33 percent of the mice, and this was increased to 67 percent with the administration of 4 mg/kg. In the pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure model, the administration of 1 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg amlodipine protected 33 percent of the animals from mortality, and 67 percent were protected with the administration of 4 mg/kg. For the chronic study, in the maximal electroshock seizure model, the administration of 1 mg/kg amlodipine resulted in the complete abolition of seizures in 40 percent of the mice and in 60 percent, with the administration of 4 mg/kg. In the pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure model, 50 percent of the mice were protected from mortality with 1 mg/kg amlodipine and 60 percent, with 4 mg/kg amlodipine.
These findings indicate that amlodipine may be a good candidate as an add-on therapy for epilepsy.
Purpose: The aim of the present study was to investigate anticonvulsant effect of the ethanolic extract of the roots of Carissa carandas (ERCC) on electrically and chemically induced seizures. Methods: The ethanolic extract of the roots of C. carandas (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, i.p.) was studied for its anticonvulsant effect on maximal electroshock-induced seizures and pentylenetetrazole-, picrotoxin-, bicuculline-and N-methyl-dl-aspartic acid-induced seizures in mice. The latency of tonic convulsions and the number of animals protected from tonic convulsions were noted. Results: ERCC (100-400 mg/kg) significantly reduced the duration of seizures induced by maximal electroshock (MES). However, only 200 and 400mg/kg of the extract conferred protection (25 and 50%, respectively) on the mice. The same doses also protected animals from pentylenetetrazole-induced tonic seizures and significantly delayed the onset of tonic seizures produced by picrotoxin and N-methyl-dl-aspartic acid. The extract had no effect on bicuculline-induced seizures. Conclusion: The data suggest that the ethanolic root extract of C. carandas may produce its anticonvulsant effects via non-specific mechanisms since it reduced the duration of seizures produced by maximal electroshock as well as delayed the latency of seizures produced by pentylenetetrazole and picrotoxin.
The effects of muscimol, aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA), diamino-n-butyric acid (DABA), baclofen, bicuculline, picrotoxin, strychnine, diazepam, phenobarbitone and phenytoin on cimetidine-induced seizures were studied in mice. Cimetidine (400-1000 mg/kg, i.p.) induced dose-dependent tonic convulsion. Muscimol, AOAA and DABA effectively protected mice against cimetidine-induced seizures. Bicuculline and picrotoxin significantly potentiated the seizures induced by cimetidine and effectively antagonized the protective effects of muscimol, AOAA and DABA against the seizures. Diazepam and phenobarbitone significantly protected the mice against cimetidine-induced seizures while phenytoin and strychnine did not significantly alter the seizures. These results indicate that the attenuation of central gamma-aminobutyric acid neurotransmission may underlie cimetidine-induced seizures in mice.
