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Impact of Computer Technology on Health: Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS)
Abstract
In today’s society, the use of computer as a tool at workplaces, academic institutions, recreation facilities and homes has become very common. It is estimated that globally, about 45 – 70 million people spend hours staring into a video display terminal popularly known as computer screen. Several studies, mainly in developed countries, have shown an association between computer use and visual health related symptoms (Computer Vision Syndrome – CVS) in both children and adults. In this report, a review of literature on CVS was undertaken to determine the prevalence of CVS and compare the prevalence between studies. The risk factors associated with the syndrome range from individual visual problems and poor ergonomics. The most common symptoms include headache, eye strain, double vision, dry eyes, eye fatigue and other symptoms of eye strain. The prevalence of the symptoms has varied between studies.
It is concluded that, as computer users are increasing rapidly, they are at risk of CVS. A better understanding of the pathophysiology underlying CVS is necessary to empower practitioners to accurately diagnose and treat patients with CVS; necessary precautions and care should be exercised to prevent serious impact of CVS on productivity and sustainable economic development of countries in Africa. In addition, special attention should be given to the young population including children and students in schools, colleges and universities.
... The resulting group of eye and vision difficulties encountered during computer activities and stressed close vision are known as Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) [5]. Musculoskeletal issues like neck stiffness, headaches, backaches and shoulder pain are closely related to inappropriate computer screen placement, which causes muscle sprain [6]. CVS is a widely prevalent health problem as most people who frequently use computers suffer from such symptoms [7]. ...
... Workers with computer vision syndrome symptoms frequently are recommended to receive a thorough eye exam and assessment from an optometrist [11]. Many studies were conducted to measure the prevalence of CVS in the workers of a single institution in different populations, as in final year medical and engineering university students in Chennai, India, medical sector students in King Saud Bin Abdul-Aziz University, Saudi Arabia, staff members of an institution in Abuja, Nigeria, workers of Alawkaf markets in Khartoum, Sudan, University students in Ajman, United Arab Emirate, public higher learning institution in Malaysia, institutional office workers in New York city, USA and civil servants in Spain [3,4,6,8,12,[13][14][15]. Based on this, the current study was designed to assess CVS prevalence and risk factors among university students in Bisha, Saudi Arabia. ...
... Ranasinghe, et al. and Chennai performed their studies on a larger sample size of students drawn from all colleges in their universities and showed the prevalence of symptoms 67,4% and 78,6%, respectively [1,7]. Also, a prevalence of 89,9% and 74% were reported in the studies that were carried out on all Malaysian staff (both academic and administrative) in a university at the center of Peninsular Malaysia and all the staff members of the Securities and Exchange Commission in Abuja, Nigeria [6,13]. In the current study, the students experienced various symptoms with marked overlap. ...
Background: Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) is a common problem among students, with very little conducted research about it on Saudi users. The aim of this study was to determine the awareness, prevalence and risk factors of CVS among medical students at the University of Bisha, Saudi Arabia.
... The resulting group of eye and vision difficulties encountered during computer activities and stressed close vision are known as Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) [5]. Musculoskeletal issues like neck stiffness, headaches, backaches and shoulder pain are closely related to inappropriate computer screen placement, which causes muscle sprain [6]. CVS is a widely prevalent health problem as most people who frequently use computers suffer from such symptoms [7]. ...
... Workers with computer vision syndrome symptoms frequently are recommended to receive a thorough eye exam and assessment from an optometrist [11]. Many studies were conducted to measure the prevalence of CVS in the workers of a single institution in different populations, as in final year medical and engineering university students in Chennai, India, medical sector students in King Saud Bin Abdul-Aziz University, Saudi Arabia, staff members of an institution in Abuja, Nigeria, workers of Alawkaf markets in Khartoum, Sudan, University students in Ajman, United Arab Emirate, public higher learning institution in Malaysia, institutional office workers in New York city, USA and civil servants in Spain [3,4,6,8,12,[13][14][15]. Based on this, the current study was designed to assess CVS prevalence and risk factors among university students in Bisha, Saudi Arabia. ...
... Ranasinghe, et al. and Chennai performed their studies on a larger sample size of students drawn from all colleges in their universities and showed the prevalence of symptoms 67,4% and 78,6%, respectively [1,7]. Also, a prevalence of 89,9% and 74% were reported in the studies that were carried out on all Malaysian staff (both academic and administrative) in a university at the center of Peninsular Malaysia and all the staff members of the Securities and Exchange Commission in Abuja, Nigeria [6,13]. In the current study, the students experienced various symptoms with marked overlap. ...
Background: Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) is a common problem among students, with very little conducted research about it on Saudi users. The aim of this study was to determine the awareness, prevalence and risk factors of CVS among medical students at the University of Bisha, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on the students registered in the faculty of medicine at the University of Bisha, Saudi Arabia. Two hundred thirty-four students were asked to fill out a predesigned online questionnaire covering sociodemographic characters, frequency of using computers, the associated symptoms and the relieving strategies. Results: The participation rate was 87.5% (n=196), of which males formed 78.1% (n=153) and females 21.9% (n=43). The age ranged from 18 to 27 years, with a mean ± SD of 21.3 ± 2.1. Participants spent variable hours using their computers with a mean ± SD of 5.1 ± 1.37. Most respondents experienced diverse symptoms (92.1%), including neck pain, headache, eye strain, redness of the eyes, dry eyes, backache and shoulder pain. Significant relationships were confirmed between the average time spent on computers daily, the onset of symptoms, the awareness of bad effects and the different symptoms encountered. Conclusion: Symptoms of computer vision syndrome are widely distributed among medical students at the University of Bisha, especially headaches which might be misinterpreted. Students’ awareness is acceptable but needs more persuasion to relieve eye stress by taking short, frequent breaks.
... Renesinghe, et al. (2016) found that on average, office workers who use computers for 6-9 hours per day, often experience headaches (45.7%), followed by dry eyes (31.1%), and pain around the eyes ( 28.7%). While Akinbinu and Mashalla (2014) found that working too long in front of a computer can cause headaches (30.9%), tense eyes (30.9%), double vision (12.9%), watery eyes (10.8%), glaze (10.1%), and redness (4.3%). Reddy, et al. (2013) said that working for 2 hours or more continuously with a computer is more likely to experience CVS, a symptom that often arises is a headache followed by tense eyes. ...
... The increased need for ocular convergence when reading through the computer was associated to higher internal ocular symptoms (Gawrisankaran and Sheedy, 2014). Close distance lead to excess accommodation which results in hard work of the ciliary muscles of the eye which were manifested as tension and headaches (Akinbinu and Mashalla, 2014). ...
Background: Occupational health is a key component of an industry. This is because a strong safety culture boosts productivity, employee morale, and employee retention. A strong ergonomics integration prevents injuries and increases productivity. They make the workplace safer and reduce costs. Ergonomics also must be incorporated and seen as a value. It needs to be built into a corporate culture and be integrated into everything any company does on a daily basis, including that in the administrative office where workers frequently use computers. This study aimed to analyze difference in computer-attributed vision problem between laptop and desktop computer users.Subjects and Method: This was a cross sectional study conducted in North Sumatera. A sample of 60 subjects consisting of 30 laptop users and 30 desktop users were selected for this study by purposive sampling. The dependent variable was vision problem. The independent variable was computer type. The data were collected by questionnaire and tested by Mann Whitney test.Results: Among the laptop users, 80% experienced neck pain, 77% eye strain, and 70% low back pain. Among the desktop-computer user, 50% experienced neck pain, 77% eye fatigue, and 33% eye irritation. Mean score of complaints in the laptop user group was 2.54 units higher than the desktop-computer user group (p= 0.001).Conclusion: Laptop users experienced more complaints than desktop-computer users. Workers using computers are suggested to have regular break to allow body organs to take a rest. Workers are also suggested to work at an ample distance between eyes and computer screen. Employers are responsible for providing a safe and healthful workplace for their workers.Keywords: vision problem, computer-attributed, laptop, desktop computer, agronomyCorrespondence:
... Renesinghe, et al. (2016) found that on average, office workers who use computers for 6-9 hours per day, often experience headaches (45.7%), followed by dry eyes (31.1%), and pain around the eyes ( 28.7%). While Akinbinu and Mashalla (2014) found that working too long in front of a computer can cause headaches (30.9%), tense eyes (30.9%), double vision (12.9%), watery eyes (10.8%), glaze (10.1%), and redness (4.3%). Reddy, et al. (2013) said that working for 2 hours or more continuously with a computer is more likely to experience CVS, a symptom that often arises is a headache followed by tense eyes. ...
... The increased need for ocular convergence when reading through the computer was associated to higher internal ocular symptoms (Gawrisankaran and Sheedy, 2014). Close distance lead to excess accommodation which results in hard work of the ciliary muscles of the eye which were manifested as tension and headaches (Akinbinu and Mashalla, 2014). ...
Background: Occupational health is a key component of an industry. This is because a strong safety culture boosts productivity, employee morale, and employee retention. A strong ergonomics integration prevents injuries and increases productivity. They make the workplace safer and reduce costs. Ergonomics also must be incorporated and seen as a value. It needs to be built into a corporate culture and be integrated into everything any company does on a daily basis, including that in the administrative office where workers frequently use computers. This study aimed to analyze difference in computer-attributed vision problem between laptop and desktop computer users.Subjects and Method: This was a cross sectional study conducted in North Sumatera. A sample of 60 subjects consisting of 30 laptop users and 30 desktop users were selected for this study by purposive sampling. The dependent variable was vision problem. The independent variable was computer type. The data were collected by questionnaire and tested by Mann Whitney test.Results: Among the laptop users, 80% experienced neck pain, 77% eye strain, and 70% low back pain. Among the desktop-computer user, 50% experienced neck pain, 77% eye fatigue, and 33% eye irritation. Mean score of complaints in the laptop user group was 2.54 units higher than the desktop-computer user group (p= 0.001).Conclusion: Laptop users experienced more complaints than desktop-computer users. Workers using computers are suggested to have regular break to allow body organs to take a rest. Workers are also suggested to work at an ample distance between eyes and computer screen. Employers are responsible for providing a safe and healthful workplace for their workers.Keywords: vision problem, computer-attributed, laptop, desktop computer, agronomyCorrespondence:
... But it is known that use of digital screen guard protects against CVS. [32] It is therefore recommended that the computer screen guard should be the minimum preventive measure for long-term computer users. [32] In conclusion, the present study shows that CVS is common among bank workers. ...
... [32] It is therefore recommended that the computer screen guard should be the minimum preventive measure for long-term computer users. [32] In conclusion, the present study shows that CVS is common among bank workers. We therefore recommend that more elaborate research should be carried out especially on the risk factors that predispose to development of CVS and how to curb them with the advent of dependency on visual display units at workplaces. ...
Objectives:
This study aimed to determine the awareness, prevalence, and pattern of ocular problems related to computer [computer vision syndrome (CVS)] use among bank workers in Onitsha, Nigeria.
Materials and methods:
This was a cross-sectional study involving bank staff in Onitsha metropolis who were selected using a simple random technique. A validated CVS questionnaire was used to obtain information on sociodemographic characteristics, frequency and duration of computer use, eye symptoms, and preventive measures.
Results:
There were 150 bank staff selected: 81 (54.0%) females and 69 (46.0%) males, aged 20-49 years (mean= 33.2 ± 7.2 years). All participants used computer daily. Daily computer use was 1-16 h. Seventy-nine (53.4%) workers were aware of CVS; 127 (84.7%) used preventive measures which included anti-reflective eye glasses (12.7%) and computer screen guard (22.3%). Symptoms with computer use were reported by 103 (68.7%) participants. The prevalence of CVS was 29.3%. Headache (45.4%), itching (38.6%), photophobia (38.0%), visual blur (37.3%), and eye pains (28.0%) were the commonest symptoms. There was a trend towards CVS being commoner in female gender (P = 0.059), with prolonged computer use, and failure to use preventive measures. CVS is 6-fold more likely to occur in individuals who wear corrective lenses.
Conclusion:
CVS is common among the bank workers studied. Use of protective measures that minimize exposure to electromagnetic force radiation from computer screens is suggested. A computer screen guard is recommended as a minimum preventive measure for long-term computer users.
... Aqueous tear-deficient dry eye implies that dry eye is due to a failure of the lacrimal tear secretion. In any form of dry eye due to lacrimal acinar destruction or dysfunction, dryness results from reduced lacrimal tear secretion and volume 9 . This causes tear hyperosmolarity, because although the water evaporates from the ocular surface at normal rates, it is from a reduced aqueous tear pool. ...
... It also showed that lacrimal hypofunction was the critical mechanism involved in the progressive worsening of the computer-users' dry eye. The findings from previous studies show that the incidence of dry eye has been on the increase with computer use and it is associated with an increase in the number of working periods 9,11 . However, the slight difference in the present study was that there was no decline in the tear production after 1 hour of computer use but the decline was noted 2 hours after the use of computer. ...
... Long-term use of computer screens, tablets, e-readers, and mobile phones-Video Display Terminals (VDT)-has been related to vision problems affecting more than 60 million people around the world [10]. ...
... The Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) [10] is a name for a group of computer-related eye problems. CVS is bidirectional in that it affects individuals differently depending on their symptoms. ...
These Post-COVID days, seventy percent of businesses have or are working on a digital transformation, which make us to spend more time with media interaction [1]. Media has always existed in much of our history; the shape and function of such media instruments may have evolved over time, but human nature has always been drawn to them. Social networking is one of the most common and addictive media resources available today. They have only been around for a decade, but they're more appealing and addictive in nature. According to a recent survey, there are approximately 400 million social media users, and 5 to 10% of the world's population suffers from gaming or internet addiction [2]. Addiction is described as a person's neurotic behavior that contributes to harmful behavior – social media addiction cannot be the exception. This research explores human brain signals, electroencephalogram (EEG) of addictive media abusers and compare it to that of alcoholics to draw a distinction between these two different types of addictions. We performed brain signal analysis in rest stage and working stages. The magnitude and spatial distribution of beta power in the resting EEG were examined to address the possibility of an excitation-inhibition imbalance in the central nervous system of alcoholics with compared to medica addiction. Similar increase in Beta absolute power was observed in alcohol dependent as well as media addictive subjects. In addition, we observed that human eye blink rates that reflects human attention, also reflects media addiction – especially the Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS). While performing attentive tasks on digital screens causes a decrease in eye blink rate (EBR), which leads to the fundamental symptom of eye strain or the CVS.
... Long-term use of computer screens, tablets, e-readers, and mobile phones-Video Display Terminals (VDT)-has been related to vision problems affecting more than 60 million people around the world [10]. ...
... The Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) [10] is a name for a group of computer-related eye problems. CVS is bidirectional in that it affects individuals differently depending on their symptoms. ...
These Post-COVID days, seventy percent of businesses have or are working on a digital transformation, which make us to spend more time with media interaction [1]. Media has always existed in much of our history; the shape and function of such media instruments may have evolved over time, but human nature has always been drawn to them. Social networking is one of the most common and addictive media resources available today. They have only been around for a decade, but they're more appealing and addictive in nature. According to a recent survey, there are approximately 400 million social media users, and 5 to 10% of the world's population suffers from gaming or internet addiction [2]. Addiction is described as a person's neurotic behavior that contributes to harmful behavior – social media addiction cannot be the exception. This research explores human brain signals, electroencephalogram (EEG) of addictive media abusers and compare it to that of alcoholics to draw a distinction between these two different types of addictions. We performed brain signal analysis in rest stage and working stages. The magnitude and spatial distribution of beta power in the resting EEG were examined to address the possibility of an excitation-inhibition imbalance in the central nervous system of alcoholics with compared to medica addiction. Similar increase in Beta absolute power was observed in alcohol dependent as well as media addictive subjects. In addition, we observed that human eye blink rates that reflects human attention, also reflects media addiction – especially the Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS). While performing attentive tasks on digital screens causes a decrease in eye blink rate (EBR), which leads to the fundamental symptom of eye strain or the CVS.
... The increased need for ocular convergence when reading on a computer is associated with higher internal ocular symptoms (Gowrisankaran and Sheedy, 2015). The physiological explanation is that close distances cause excess accommodation, resulting in overwork of the ciliary muscles of the eye, which manifests as eye tension and headaches (Akinbinu and Mashalla, 2014). ...
Background: Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) symptoms can result from improper computer use. The manifestation of symptoms may encompass ocular strain, cephalalgia, ocular pain, xerophthalmia, diplopia, and visual blurring, influencing occupational efficiency. Purpose: To analyze factors related to CVS complaints among programmers at an IT consulting company in Jakarta. Method: A cross-sectional quantitative descriptive research involving 60 participants was conducted. The research examined the relationship between CVS complaints among programmers and several independent variables, including individual characteristics such as gender, age, visual aids, rest time, duration of computer use, work period, and workstation factors such as viewing distance from the screen to the horizontal eye line. The Spearman rank correlation test was utilized for data analysis. Result: Specifically, gender (sig.= 0.000), visual aids (sig.= 0.003), and the position of the top screen with the horizontal line of the eye (sig.= 0.029) were significantly related to CVS complaints. Age (sig.= 0.608), length of rest (sig.=0.055), duration of computer use (sig.= 0.138), work period (sig.= 0.717), and screen viewing distance (sig.= 0.058) did not show a significant relationship with CVS complaints. Conclusion: There is a relationship between gender, visual aids, and the position of the top of the screen with the horizontal line of the eye with CVS complaints. There is no relationship between age, length of rest, duration of computer use, working time, and screen viewing distance. Companies are expected to provide education regarding the correct use of computers, regular eye health checks, and enforce a 20-20-20 rule (20 minutes of rest, looking at objects 20 feet away for 20 seconds).
... CVS is a recurring eye strain disorder that appears to be growing rapidly, with some studies estimating that 90 percent of the 70 million US workers who use computers for more than 3 hours per day experience CVS of some form or another. 8 CVS can reduce a worker's job performance by as much as 40 percent. These include reduced accuracy in work and decreased work volume. ...
Background: Presenteeism is the presence of workers in the workplace without full working capacity due to health factors, but several studies also link it to organizational influence. The government staffing system in Indonesia has two types of work status (permanent and non-permanent) and policy changes related to increasing the use of Visual Display Terminal (VDT), will certainly affect worker presenteeism. This study was conducted to assess the risk factors presenteeism in workers using VDT in the Indonesian government office. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional observational study using a questionnaire method using the Stanford Presenteeism Scale (SPS-6) to assess presenteeism and its association with organizational and health risk factors in a multivariate manner. Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) at one of associated factor, was assessed using Indonesian version of CVS Questionnaire (CVSQ). Analysis of this study used SPSS version 26. Results: Of the 201 research subjects, 44.28% of presenteeism was found. but complaints of computer vision syndrome (Positive CVSQ score) were found in almost all of the study subjects (84.5%). Risk factors for employment status and position have a strong relationship with presenteeism (p <0.001). Temporary worker status has a 7.08x risk (aOR=7.08 95% CI = 3.1-15.8) of experiencing presenteeism. Whereas for workers with a presenteeism risk position of 3.45x (aOR=3.45 95% CI = 1.3-8.5). Conclusion: Most government workers who use VDT continue to work even though they have health problems in the form of complaints of computer vision syndrome. Non permanent status (aOR=7.08 95% CI = 3.1-15.8) and low position (aOR=3.45 95% CI = 1.3-8.5) are determinant factors for presenteeism.
... Health Concerns and Solutions for Computer Users. Extensive computer use, especially among developers, can lead to various health issues like Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) [2] and Carpal Tunnel Syndrome [5]. To address physical strain, ergonomic tools like adjustable chairs and desks [10], along with regular breaks [14], are commonly recommended. ...
Long sessions of computer use introduce physical and mental health risks, particularly for programmers and intensive computer users. Breathing exercises can improve focus, reduce stress, and overall well-being. However, existing tools for such practices are often app-based, requiring users to leave their workspace. In this technical report, we introduce Nafas, a command-line interface (CLI) application designed specifically for computer users, enabling them to perform breathing exercises directly within the terminal. Nafas offers structured breathing programs with various levels tailored to the needs of busy developers and other intensive computer users.
... Our finding revealed that the non-ocular symptoms of shoulder pain (90%), and neck pain (88.6%) were most commonly experienced, followed by ocular symptoms of headache (82.9%). Talwar et al. similarly found neck pain as the most disturbing non-ocular symptom among professional computer users in Delhi while Akinbinu and Mashalla also found headache as most disturbing ocular complaint among office workers in Nigeria [13], [14]. Computer-related problems, especially musculoskeletal, can be prevented by proper workstation strategies such as seating posture, appropriate viewing distances, and viewing angle, and computer screen. ...
Introduction: Computer vision syndrome is prevalent among computer users, particularly office workers. Proper workstation design and good posture are essential preventive measures of computer vision syndrome among office workers to increase their work productivity and quality of life. A cross-sectional study was done to determine the symptoms of computer vision syndrome experienced by office workers in UiTM Selangor Puncak Alam Campus and their ergonomic practices and posture. Material and Methods: A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 140 administrative staffs from 8 faculties. Results: The most common symptoms experienced by the office workers were shoulder pain (90%), followed by neck pain (88.6%), and headache (82.9%). Neck pain (p=0.004) and shoulder pain (p=0.027) was significantly related to using a laptop on the thigh. Headache was significantly associated with viewing computer screen at a distance lesser than 30 inches (p=0.038). Conclusion: High prevalence of CVS among the office workers is preventable by implementing strategies focusing on awareness of the visual ergonomics and adjustment to the workstation.
... 8 The duration of computer usage, insufficient illumination, screen brightness, visual difficulties, and an unsuitable workplace arrangement all contribute to the risk of developing CVS. 9 There is a lack of evidence that CVS symptoms cause irreversible damage to the eyes, it may have an impact on workplace inefficiencies. 10,11 Nowadays, a large percentage of university teachers use computers for teaching and research. This study will demonstrate the extent and predictors of CVS, and technology managers and eye care experts may utilize this information to plan for CVS risk reduction. ...
Objective: To determine the prevalence of computer vision syndrome (CVS) and the risk factors associated with it among university teachers. Methodology: A self-administered questionnaire was used for this cross-sectional study which included 195 lecturers at public and private institutions in Pakistan. The questionnaire comprised symptoms and risk factors for developing CVS that have been validated. Results: We found that 90.8% individuals had experienced neck or shoulder discomfort as a result of extended computer use. As a whole, 77% participants had a mild, moderate, or severe headache, and 62.7% had burning eyes. Teachers at public institutions were 1.7 times more likely to be affected from CVS than teachers at private universities. Conclusion: The majority of teachers experienced one or more of the symptoms of CVS when working on computers. Because the use of computers has grown widespread in higher education institutions, the topic of CVS prevention and accompanying pain should be included in the curriculum.
... In particular, the increased reliance on screens and digital interfaces in professional environments has led to a higher prevalence of computer-related health issues [5]. This paper examines computer vision syndrome (CVS), a significant issue that arises from the prolonged use of electronic devices [6], particularly in engineering and IT fields where professionals rely on computers for complex tasks. 2 of 13 CVS is a complex eyesight syndrome resulting from protracted watching of the display [7] of a computer or other electronic devices [8,9]. This syndrome manifests as headaches, blurred vision, tired and dry eyes, neck and shoulder pains, and sleep disorders [10,11] and is presumed to affect 70% of computer users [12][13][14]. ...
Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) is a highly prevalent syndrome today, yet it remains relatively understudied, leading to limited awareness among users about this syndrome and its preventive measures. This study aims to draw attention to this syndrome among authors and researchers and encourage further research in this area. Data were retrieved from the databases PubMed, Lens, Scopus, and Google Scholar, compiling existing articles and publications from the CVS domain. Analyses cover the period from 1 January to 31 December 2023. Zotero 6.0.27, VOSviewer 1.6.20, and Microsoft Excel software were used for data analysis. A total of 893 papers were reviewed, with 578 papers included in our analysis. The study presents five different analyses showing top authors and publishers, publication trends over the years, as well as papers by source, and, finally, the most frequently used keywords. The results highlight trends in various aspects related to this issue, through the analysis of published articles over the years, along with prominent authors and their respective countries. The focus of this research is on computer vision syndrome and its representation in scientific databases. What is clearly evident from this study is the increasing trend in research over the years, as well as the leading countries in these studies. However, it is also apparent that further research in this area is needed to bring new insights to researchers and raise awareness among users who encounter computers in their daily work.
... The primary causes of computer vision syndrome-associated dry eye include office environmental conditions (especially heating, cooling, humidity, and air flow), increased corneal exposure, and a reduced blink rate. 6,7 Recent publications have focused on the latter as a primary mechanism for computer vision syndromeassociated dry eye due to the 50 to 60% reduction in blink rate that occurs as a result of the increased cognitive load needed to perform common digital device tasks. 8,9 It has been proposed that the role of blinking in tear film maintenance could be a key factor in computer vision syndromeassociated dry eye, as it stimulates the production of meibum from the Meibomian glands in the eyelids, replenishes the tear lipid layer and aqueous, and respreads the tear film uniformly over the ocular surface. ...
SIGNIFICANCE
This study examines a potential stress test of repeated blink refrainment and its effects on the interblink period and the rate of evaporative ocular surface cooling. Such a test could aid in the study of computer vision syndrome, in which screen users unconsciously delay blinking, leading to onset of symptoms.
PURPOSE
This study aimed to examine the relationship between the length of the maximum achievable interblink time and the rate of ocular surface cooling under stress test conditions of repeated refrainment from blinking for as long as possible.
METHODS
Subjects acclimated to the examination room for 10 minutes before measurement and then were asked to hold the eyes open and refrain from blinking for as long as possible (the maximum blink interval), while ocular surface temperature was recorded using an infrared thermographic video camera. Subjects completed 20 trials with four successive blinks separating each trial.
RESULTS
Fifteen subjects (8 female and 7 male subjects) completed the study. The grand mean ocular surface cooling rate was −0.027°C/s (range, −0.338 to +0.014°C/s). A faster ocular surface cooling rate was significantly related to an exponentially shorter maximum blink interval (p<0.001). An increasing number of trials was related to a clinically insignificant increase in the length of the maximum blink interval overall, and a post hoc analysis revealed subject subgroups for whom the stress test was effective or ineffective.
CONCLUSIONS
The ocular surface evaporatively cools exponentially during periods of blink refrainment. With a subgroup of subjects with initially stable tear films and normal lipid layer thickness, cumulative tear film stress from repeated, longer-term blink refrainment could contribute to tear evaporation and symptoms of computer vision syndrome.
... 19,20 Previous studies have highlighted that DES decreases the quality of life and work performance resulting in lower productivity. 15,[21][22][23] There are salient differences when reading and/or working with digital devices than with printed materials. When reading on smartphones, users need to make additional eye movements because of the scrolling text. ...
Purpose
Smartphones are the most frequently used digital devices globally with ~6.80 billion users. Despite the ubiquitous use of smartphones, limited information is known on the preferred viewing distance and font size of smartphone users. This study investigated viewing distance, font size and symptoms of eyestrain in non‐presbyopic and presbyopic smartphone users.
Methods
In this quantitative research study, viewing distance and font size were measured in a group of non‐presbyopes (n = 107) and presbyopes (n = 53), whilst participants viewed a text message and a web page on their own smartphone. Subjects also responded to a verbal questionnaire related to the characteristics of their smartphone and the computer vision syndrome questionnaire to assess symptoms of eyestrain. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics.
Results
For the total sample, the mean viewing distance for a text message was 37.13 ± 8.82 cm (median 36.00 cm), and for a web page was 36.11 ± 7.98 cm (median 36.00 cm). Presbyopes had longer median viewing distances compared with non‐presbyopes for a text message (41 cm vs. 34 cm, p < 0.001) and web page (40 cm vs. 34 cm, p < 0.001). The font size for non‐presbyopes were <1.0 M whilst for presbyopes were >1.2 M. More than twice the percentage of non‐presbyopes were classified with digital eyestrain (DES) compared with presbyopes.
Conclusions
Non‐presbyopes used shorter viewing distances, smaller font sizes and were more predisposed to DES than presbyopes. The viewing distances adopted by presbyopes were similar to the conventional near‐working distance of 40 cm. Eye care practitioners should consider viewing distances when assessing near‐visual functions and prescribing a near refractive correction, particularly in non‐presbyopes. There should be greater awareness of the importance of adopting appropriate viewing distances when using smartphones.
... In addition, extended working hours without sufficient breaks can lead to fatigue, raising the likelihood of accidents and cognitive decline (Goode 2003;Caldwell et al. 2019). In sedentary or computer-based roles, poor ergonomics and a lack of health awareness can cause physical injuries, whereas digital eye strain from excessive screen use may lead to headaches, vision issues, and dry eyes, all detrimental to productivity and overall health (Dainoff et al. 2012;Akinbinu and Mashalla 2014). Effective workload management is essential for maintaining safety standards, yet boards with gender diversity might not prioritize measures to prevent overworking, possibly due to external pressures such as market competitiveness and a focus on short-term financial returns that often overshadow the long-term benefits of safety investments. ...
Research Questions/Issue
This paper examines the impact of board gender diversity on workplace safety in an international setting from 2002 to 2019. Utilizing gender quotas on corporate boards as a quasi-natural experiment, we explore the causal effects of gender diversity on workplace safety, highlighting the significant influence of corporate board gender quotas on corporate policies.
Research Findings/Results
Using a sample of 13,124 firm-year observations from 48 countries, our findings reveal that gender quotas on corporate boards are linked to higher rates of work-related injuries. The association is particularly strong in financially constrained firms, as well as in those with high workloads and low investments in workplace safety. In contrast, this effect is mitigated in firms located in countries with strong institutional frameworks and high union representation. The results hold across various regression specifications and remain robust when considering different measures of workplace injuries, board gender diversity, and additional control variables.
Theoretical Implications
Our study draws on gender behavior theory, social role theory, and gender socialization theory, with findings particularly aligning with gender behavior theory. It advances understanding of how changes in corporate governance structures related to board diversity influence workplace safety. This research underscores the importance of further empirical work to expand this area of study, suggesting valuable directions for future research through cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses.
Practical Implications
The findings provide critical insights for policymakers considering the implementation of gender quotas in boardrooms. Additionally, this research highlights the need for further exploration of unexamined aspects within governance studies, which will significantly influence future policy debates, legislative processes, and corporate practices in promoting gender diversity and enhancing workplace safety.
... A growing body of literature suggests that excessive use of electronic devices could lead to poor eye health [8,9], risks of chronic disease such as obesity [10,11], hypertension [12,13], and insulin resistance [14], poor sleep [9], depression and anxiety [15,16]. 95% U.S. adolescents reported having or accessing to a smartphone [17]. ...
Background
The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between sedentary behavior, screen time and MetS among Chinese children and adolescents aged 7–17 years. Data was obtained from the China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance of Children and Lactating Mothers in 2016–2017.
Methods
Data on sedentary time, screen time, and MetS indicators were obtained through physical and health questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, and clinical examinations. MetS was defined according to the Cook’s criteria. Wilcoxon rank sum test and chi-square test were applied for comparisons of measurement data and counting data, respectively. The relationship between sedentary time, screen time, and MetS and its components was analyzed using a multivariate logistic regression model.
Results
The prevalence of MetS among 7-17-year-old students in 2016–2017 was 5.45%. Compared to those with low sedentary behavior, in high sedentary behavior groups, the prevalence of abdominal obesity, high TG, low HDL-C, and MetS was high in boys, and the prevalence of abdominal obesity, high TG, hyperglycemia, and MetS was high in girls. Moreover, for those who reported ≥ 3 h/day of screen time, the prevalence of abdominal obesity, low HDL-C, and MetS was higher in boys, and the prevalence of abdominal obesity and MetS was higher in girls. After adjusting for confounding variables, the risks of abdominal obesity, high TG, low HDL-C, and MetS were higher in high-level sedentary time group, and the risks of abdominal obesity and MetS were 1.15 and 1.14 times higher for those who spent ≥ 3 h/day on screen time, respectively.
Conclusions
This study shows that high levels of sedentary time and screen time were associated with an increased likelihood of MetS among Chinese children and adolescents aged 7–17 years. Reducing sedentary behavior and screen time may contribute to the prevention of metabolic diseases.
... Although trading costs have come down dramatically for the individual investor, the possibility of doing serious damage to your nest egg is even greater. Mashalla, Y. J. (2014). claim that innovation requires a process of co-evolution between technology and cultural perspectives, technology exerts a significant influence on the ability to innovate and is viewed both as a major source of competitive advantage and of new product innovation (Gunasekaran et al.,2019;Johnson, A. (2001). ...
Financial engineering activities are well-thought-out as the driving force behind business achievement and overall economic development. However, no research has been done on the impact of financial engineering on the financial performance of commercial banks in Ghana; This treatise sought to enhance the understanding of financial instruments used in project financing and the process of financial engineering. This treatise embraced a descriptive survey design which used a quantitative approach to amass data on the impact of financial engineering on building project finance among commercial banks in Ghana. The treatise concentrated on the banking industry with a spotlight on banks listed on Ghana Stock Exchange with operations in the Accra Metropolitan Assembly only, and both primary (questionnaire) and secondary (audited financial records) data were employed to analyse the treatise. The secondary data were analysed descriptively, while the analysed data were analysed proportionally. The regression technique was adopted to explore the relationship between financial engineering and building project finance. The results show a significant but negative association between the project finance market and project finance. Also, there was a powerful but positive association among the selected commercial banks between project finance instruments, market innovation and project finance. The treatise concludes that commercial banks in Ghana have adopted various financial engineering strategies to improve project finance and, by extension, financial performance. This treatise recommends that commercial banks in Ghana employ product innovation strategies such as product range extension, product replacement, product improvement, product repositioning and new product introduction to enable the banks to be more productive, grow faster, invest more and earn more profit.
... Because of the increasing reliance on computers, every small and large firm has begun computer-based services that encourage workers to work from home by working and connecting from their digital screens. (6) Prolonged exposure to digital screens can pose a number of health risks. Long periods of computer use put individuals at greater risk of developing computer vision syndrome (CVS). ...
... "Indistinct, fuzzy visual images or a lack of sharpness of vision resulting in the inability to see fine detail" (19). ...
Background
Computer vision syndrome (CVS) is the most pressing public health concern that affects vision and reduces quality of life and productivity, particularly in developing countries. Most of the previous studies conducted in Ethiopia focus on the knowledge and personal risk factors of bank workers. Moreover, ergonomic workstation design was not objectively assessed, which could hinder the implementation of effective intervention strategies. Therefore, this study aimed to determine CVS and ergonomic factors among commercial bank workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Methods
An institutional-based cross-sectional study was carried out among 466 study participants from May 26 to July 24, 2022. A multistage sampling technique was applied to select the study participants. Data were collected via a standardized tool of CVS (CVS-Q). Besides, workstation ergonomics were pertinently assessed. The collected data was entered into EpiData version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 26 for data analysis and cleaning. Multivariable logistics regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with CVS. The variables with a p-value < 0.05 were considered statistically significant factors.
Results
Prevalence of CVS was 75.3% (95% CI: 71.2–79.2%). Blurred vision, eye redness, and headache, 59.8%, 53.7%, and 50.7%, respectively, were frequently reported symptoms. Glare (AOR = 4.45: 95% CI: 2.45–8.08), 20–20–20 principle (AOR = 1.98, 95% CI: 1.06–3.67), wearing non-prescription eyeglasses (AOR = 4.17; 95% CI: 1.92–9.06), and poor workstation (AOR = 7.39; 95% CI: 4.05–13.49) was significantly associated with CVS.
Conclusion
The prevalence of CVS was found to be high. Glare at work, ignoring the 20–20–20 principle, wearing non-prescription eyeglasses, and poor workstation ergonomic design were independent predictors of CVS. Therefore, comprehensive interventional activities like adhering to the 20–20–20 principle, avoiding the use of non-prescription glasses, minimizing glare, and improving workstation ergonomic setup are essential to prevent CVS.
... Considerable computer screen viewing can lead to eye fatigue, blurred vision, eye dryness, headaches, and discomfort. Such symptoms can be a result of glare, poor lighting or improper viewing setting (Akinbinu & Mashalla, 2014). ...
Since technology has been entering into human beings’ everyday life, individuals established a deep relationship with digital technology, thus an embodied link between people and digital instruments has been born. This is particularly evidenced by recent literature about screen time (duration of time spent by the individual in using electronic/digital media like television, smartphone, tablet or computer), it significantly influences different human beings’ dimensions: physical, psychological and neurological functions. Impact of digital technology on human beings can be considered as a result of syntonic functioning in order to improve different people’s life areas (e.g., work, social or intimate relationship, learning), while the dystonic relationship is evidenced as a result of human addiction to digital technology. The present study aims to provide a cognitive and social psychology perspective on how screen time is changing our existences, defining digital technology as a gift which people should be aware of in terms of positive but even negative consequences in everyday life.
... However, the major contributor to computer vision syndrome symptoms by far appears to be dry eye [2]. The syndrome is manifested by symptoms of headache, eyestrain, tired eyes, blurred vision, irritation and burning sensation in the eyes, eye redness, and double vision [3]. The terms visual fatigue (VF) and digital eye strain (DES) are also used for the condition [4]. ...
Background: There is a rapid expansion of access to the Internet and digital technology today. The aim of the study
was to examine the health risks related to digital technology use in children, to estimate the time that children
spent with information technology (IT) device daily, and the time spent in exercising and sport.
Methods: This prospective study included a sample of 105 children, 59 males (56.2%) and 46 females (43.8%), aged
12-15 years (mean age of 13.5±0.6 years). A physical examination was performed to detect body deformities as
well as motor skills testing which included: test of balance (using balance cushion), test of coordination (putting
ball in a hoop), and test of accuracy (shooting at a dart target). A survey technique and unstructured interview
with parents were also used. For statistical data analysis we used ANOVA test and Chi-square test with a level of
significance p < 0.05.
Results: A total of 55 children (52.4%) had computer vision syndrome (CVS) without significant difference in terms
of the use of eye protection (p = 0.627). Other problems were: neck pain, back pain, less physical activity and
overweight, present in 12.4%, 14.3%, 47.6%, and 63.8%, respectively.
Conclusions: Extensive use of digital technology has negative effects on the children’s health. There is a need for
proper use of this technology because it can have many benefits. Majority of children that frequently use IT device
are overweight and experienced CVS. Other problems such as neck and back pain are less common.
... [3] Gejala utama Computer Vision Syndrome adalah mata kering, pandangan buram, sakit kepala, mata merah, mata gatal, pegal pada leher dan lengan, dan masalah pada okuler. Faktor-faktor yang mencetuskan Computer Vision Syndrome adalah frekuensi berkedip yang kurang, posisi duduk yang tidak nyaman, pencahayaan ruangan yang kurang bagus, ametropia, resolusi Visual Display Terminal, jangka waktu berhadapan dengan Visual Display Terminal dan penggunaan lensa kontak. ...
Pendahuluan. Computer Vision Syndrome merupakan sekumpulan gejala penglihatan yang disebabkan oleh paparan Visual Display Terminal berupa computer, smartphone, dan lain lain dalam jangka waktu yang lama. Mahasiswa selama pembelajaran daring terpapar Visual Display Terminal dalam jangka waktu yang panjang, membuat mereka rentan terkena Computer Vision Syndrome. Tujuan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh durasi penggunaan Visual Display Terminal terhadap Computer Vision Syndrome pada mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sumatera Utara. Metode. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik observasional dengan pendekatan cross-sectional. Penelitian dilakukan di Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sumatera Utara pada bulan Agustus 2022. Sampel penelitian yaitu Mahasiswa aktif Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sumatera Utara tahun ajaran 2019-2021 diperoleh dengan stratified random sampling. Hasil. Analisis data penelitian menggunakan uji korelasi spearman’s rho rank correlation. Penelitian menunjukkan terdapat adanya hubungan signifikan durasi penggunaan VDT terhadapat CVS (p = 0.03) dengan nilai korelasi yang lemah (d = 0.314). Kesimpulan. Ada hubungan durasi penggunaan lebih dari empat jam secara terus menerus atau pengunaan VDT selama 6 jam terhadap Computer Vision Syndrome, dengan sumber VDT yang paling sering digunakan adalah smartphone.
... Sekumpulan gejala visual ini disebut Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS). 2 American Optometric Association mendefinisikan CVS adalah sekumpulan keluhan pada mata dan penglihatan yang dialami ketika berhubungan atau pada saat menggunakan komputer. 3 CVS adalah serangkaian gejala klinis yang terkait dengan penggunaan Video Display Terminal (VDT) dan perangkat sampingannya sebagai device input seperti keyboard dan mouse. ...
Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) didefinisikan sebagai sekumpulan masalah mata dan penglihatan yang berhubungan dengan aktivitas penggunaan komputer. Ditandai adanya gejala visual sebagai hasil dari interaksi dengan tampilan komputer. Gejala okuler utama yang dilaporkan adalah mata tegang, iritasi, sensasi terbakar, mata merah, pandangan buram, penglihatan ganda. Prevalensi kejadian CVS pada mahasiswa teknik dan kedokteran cukup tinggi. Teori sebelumnya menyebutkan bahwa pengetahuan menjadi faktor predisposisi yang mempengaruhi kesehatan seseorang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan hubungan tingkat pengetahuan dengan kejadian CVS pada Mahasiswa Program Studi Informatika Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang. Metode penelitian adalah observasional analitik dengan desain penelitian cross-sectional. Penelitian dilakukan di Program Studi S1 Informatika Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang pada bulan Maret 2022. Sampel dipilih menggunakan teknik consecutive sampling. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah kuesioner tingkat pengetahuan dari penelitian sebelumnya yang telah dimodifikasi dan Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire (CVS-Q). Analisis bivariat menggunakan uji Chi Square. Jumlah responden yang sesuai kriteria ekslusi dan inklusi sebanyak 73 orang. Mayoritas responden memiliki tingkat pengetahuan kurang (57,5%), diikuti pengetahuan cukup (21,9%) dan terendah dengan tingkat pengetahuan baik sebanyak (20,5%). Sebanyak (63%) mengalami CVS dan sisanya yaitu (37 %) tidak mengalami CVS. Terdapat hubungan antara tingkat pengetahuan dengan kejadian Computer Vision Syndrome p = 0,000 (p < 0,05).
... Various problems related to computer screen were difficulty in focusing, tear flow, disappearance of words, burning sensation, double vision effect and eye strain. Eye strain is the important symptoms, which leads to permanent vision problem (Akinbinu and Mashalla, 2014) [1] . ...
Computer Vision syndrome is a group of symptoms experienced by a computer user as they performed prolong work on a computer. To study the socioeconomic characteristics and vision related problems of computer users. A pre structured questionnaire was prepared to collect all the data of computer users working in DRPCAU campus. The questionnaire contained demographic profile users and vision related problems of the computers. Half of the computer users were male and other half were female. Majority of the computer users were between the age group 20-30 years. 75 percent of computer users were post graduate having monthly income more than 20,000/-per month. All the respondents were using spectacles during their work. 78.33 percent of the computer users had experienced eye watering and 36.67 percent had blurred eyes while working with computer. 70 percent respondents had double vision, 46.66 percent had faced burning sensation while reading from computer screen. Age, Education and Income were positively significant, while work environment was negatively significant to the difficulties faced during both working with computer and reading from computer screen. CVS is a complex symptom. Most of the computer users are suffering from CVS, who worked more than 4 hrs in a day with computer.
... 3. Psychosocial symptoms// psychosocial stress, Fatigue, Dizziness, reduced attention span, poor behavior, irritability, headache, Vertigo // and these symptoms may be related to prolonging of computer use or as a result of exaggeration of Ophthalmic symptoms (1, 14,15). ...
Background
A complex of vision problems related to stress the vision is experienced during the use of the computer or any digital device. Many of the visual problems that users report is just transient and go away after they stop using computers or other digital devices. Even after stopping their computer job, some people may still have diminished visual abilities, such as blurry distance vision.
Subject and Method
This is a cross-sectional study conducted at the University of Kerbala College of Medicine, which was completed between November 2021 and January 2022, to students of the College of Medicine given student questionnaires about the effects of long-time use of computers, laptops, and mobile phones.
Result
The cross-section studies with questionnaires to 460 students of the College of the Medicine/ University of Karbala, included these studies, we drew lines for the criteria to identify a computer vision syndrome from these associated ocular and extraocular symptoms and recorded a high prevalence of the Computer Vision syndrome reached 91.6%.
... Taking breaks when using digital devices tends to relax the accommodating system. eyes that experience pressure from doing close work, thereby reducing eye fatigue and headaches (Akinbinu and Mashalla, 2014). ...
Introduction Since the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia, many activities have been carried out online from home. This change in activity causes the frequency of gadget use to increase. Looking constantly at gadgets such as laptops, desktops, and mobile phones can risk visual problems or visual fatigue. Aims: this research is to describe visual fatigue and the factors that affect students due to the increasing use of gadgets. Methods This study is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional approach—collected data from April to June 2021. The sample in this study was 200 people. The variables are visual fatigue, viewing distance, eye breaks, and refractive error. Data were collected using a questionnaire distributed to respondents using google Forms. Data were analyzed by univariate and bivariate with 95% CI (α = 0.05). Result The analysis showed that 87% of students experienced visual fatigue, 76% used gadgets at an unsafe distance, 92% did not rest their eyes, 39.5% had refractive errors. Statistical test results between visual fatigue with viewing distance (p-value = 0.53), eye breaks (p-value = 0.04) and refractive error (p-value = 0.44). There is a relationship between eye breaks and visual fatigue. Based on the results of this study, take eye breaks by applying 20-20-20, namely resting the eyes every 20 minutes by turning the eyes to see objects as far as 20 feet for 20 seconds when using gadgets to reduce the risk of visual fatigue.
... Electronic gadgets are being used regularly by all institutions, universities, colleges, agencies and homes for various day-to-day activities. 15 It has been observed that daily use of computer for three hours causes vision syndrome. 16 Higher level of learning at university especially amongst medical students demands more on-screen time. ...
Background: A refractive error is a very common eye disorder which occurs when the eye cannot clearly focus outside world images ending up with blurred vision but timely detection and intervention can enormously enhance student’s potential during his or her formative years. Medical student’s Refractive status is of immense importance considering the burden of medical studies and their role as future health care providers. Aim: To assess the Prevalence of Refractive errors among 4th Year Medical students of D.G. Khan Medical College, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. Study Design was Cross sectional Comparative. Place of study was D.G Khan Medical College, Dera Ghazi Khan Duration: Six months. Results: Myopic were 42/80 (52.5%) out of which 2/42(4.76 %) also had Astigmatism while 1/80(1.25%) had Hyperopia. Severe Myopic were 3.0/80 (3.8%) in both right and left eyes while 10/80 (12.5%) and 11/80(13.8%) fall in moderate category in right and left eyes respectively. Mild were 29/80 (36.3%) in right while 28/80(35.0%) in left eye. Only 2.0/80(2.5%) were having Astigmatism in both eyes along with mild Myopia. Significant association found between Age and sex of medical students with the Refractive errors. Conclusion: According to currents study findings High prevalence of Refractive Errors especially Myopia among female medical students tends to be alarming. It demands implementation of more structured student awareness campaigns focusing genetic factors to help prevent and control more cases of eye defect among medical students, society and Nation at large. Future study can be focused on causes of high Refractive Errors among female medical students. Key Words: Refractive Error, Myopia, Hypermetropia, Astigmatism and Medical Students.
... CVS occurs because the eyes and brain have different reactions to characters seen on a computer screen than to characters printed on paper. Changes may occur constantly on the computer screen, but the printed characters remain stable and have clear contrast and edges 18 . When the eyes are fixed on the computer for a long time, and the distance between the eyes and the computer is small, fatigue of the ciliary muscles can occur, which can cause headaches 19 . ...
Background/Aim. The visual and health problems associated with the use of computers and other digital devices are known as Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS). Advances in technology has led to increased use of computers so the prevalence of these symptoms is increasing. The aim of this study was to calculate the overall prevalence of CVS and CVS symptoms using meta-analysis. Methods. This study has been developed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Statement. Four databases were searched for articles collection: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched. The key search terms were: Computer vision syndrome, computer users, digital eyestrain, headache, dry eyes, red eyes, eyestrain, neck pain, back pain, and shoulder pain. The articles included in our study were limited to original articles written only in English that met the following inclusion criteria: 1) the research had to include computer users; 2) as a result, the prevalence of CVS or the prevalence of any of the symptoms of CVS had to be measured. Results. A systematic search of four electronic databases was conducted on July 2021. 43 articles were fully reviewed and 20 of them were included in the meta-analysis. The total overall prevalence for all studies was calculated to be 74.4%, while the prevalence for individual symptoms was: headache at 43%, dry eyes at 24.4%, eyestrain at 29%, red eyes at 20.7%, and neck, back, or shoulder pain at 46.3%. Conclusion. The results obtained are worrying and point to a necessity of multidisciplinary approach to solving CVS-related problems.
... The participants' exposure to screen-related risky behaviors was prevalent, as reported by other studies. [7,24] The percentage of the total variance explained by the questionnaire was 37.9%, ranging from 11.07% to 13.66% for the three factors; therefore, the result was acceptable. Due to the lack of a suitable instrument in this field, this instrument can be useful for preventing eye problems, which is an important matter. ...
Background:
Eye health is essential for quality-of-life. The present study aimed to design an eye care behaviors assessment instrument for the student community and evaluate its psychometric properties.
Methods:
The present mixed-method cross-sectional study was conducted in two sections using Creswell and Plano Clark methods for instrument development. The study was conducted in Isfahan, Iran, in 2021. The first section (textual analysis and qualitative research) explained and developed the instrument's fundamental items. This section included in-depth, semistructured interviews with 21 students and eight experts. The second section measured the psychometric properties of the instrument. Twenty students assessed the instrument's qualitative and quantitative face validity in this section. The instrument's content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) were evaluated. In addition, exploratory factor analysis (performed by 251 students) was used to establish construct validity. Internal and test-retest reliability was determined using Cronbach's alpha and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), respectively.
Results:
During face and content validity assessment, a 37-item questionnaire was finalized. Exploratory factor analysis led to the identification of three factors, including "examinations and glasses-related behaviors," "symptom-related behaviors," and "screen-related behaviors." The three extracted factors accounted for 37.9% of the variance. Cronbach's alpha was equal to 0.874 when evaluating internal consistency, and the ICC value for the total score of the questionnaire was 0.885 (0.810-0.941), indicating excellent test-retest reliability.
Conclusions:
These results demonstrate the questionnaire's validity and reliability. This instrument assesses the prevalence of university students' most significant eye health risk behaviors. Consequently, it helps prevent eye problems.
... CVS is described as a group of eye and vision-related problems that are experienced by subjects and that result from a prolonged use of a computer or other digital devices [4,9]. It has been related to a decrease in job satisfaction, poor visual function and physical well-being, increased stress levels, and reduced quality of life [10]. Therefore, CVS can significantly impair productivity in the workplace and increase absenteeism [11,12]. ...
With the increase in the number of people using digital devices, complaints about eye and vision problems have been increasing, making the problem of computer vision syndrome (CVS) more serious. Accompanying the increase in CVS in occupational settings, new and unobstructive solutions to assess the risk of this syndrome are of paramount importance. This study aims, through an exploratory approach, to determine if blinking data, collected using a computer webcam, can be used as a reliable indicator for predicting CVS on a real-time basis, considering real-life settings. A total of 13 students participated in the data collection. A software that collected and recorded users’ physiological data through the computer’s camera was installed on the participants’ computers. The CVS-Q was applied to determine the subjects with CVS and its severity. The results showed a decrease in the blinking rate to about 9 to 17 per minute, and for each additional blink the CVS score lowered by 1.26. These data suggest that the decrease in blinking rate was directly associated with CVS. These results are important for allowing the development of a CVS real-time detection algorithm and a related recommendation system that provides interventions to promote health, well-being, and improved performance.
... In a recent meta -analysis of data from 365 individuals, the prevalence of dry eye illness was estimated to be 49.5% overall among computer users, with a range of 9.5% to 87.5%. 12,13,14 ...
... In developing countries, such as Ethiopia, occupational health and safety, unfortunately, takes a back seat most of the time [35,36]. This study aimed to determine the pooled prevalence of computer vision syndrome and predictors among employees who use computers in Ethiopia. ...
Background
A computer is one of the most widely used office tools. The leading occupational health problem of the twenty-first century is computer vision syndrome (CVS). Research findings across Ethiopia on the magnitude and predictors of CVS among computer users are highly variable and inconsistent. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the overall prevalence of CVS and its predictors among computer users in Ethiopia.
Methods
We searched articles in all databases and other sources. Cochrane Q test statistics and I ² tests were used. A random-effect meta-analysis model was used. In addition, the association between risk factors and CVS among computer users was examined.
Results
Eight eligible studies were included. The pooled prevalence of CVS among computer users in Ethiopia was 73.21% (95% CI 70.32–76.11). Sub-group analysis by profession has shown that the highest prevalence of CVS was observed in bank employees [73.76% (95% CI 70.40–77.13)]. The most common reported symptoms of CVS were blurred vision (34.26%; 95% CI 22.08, 46.43). The previous history of eye disease (95% CI 2.30, 5.47), inappropriate sitting position (95% CI 1.76, 3.22), the frequent use of a computer (95% CI 2.04, 3.60), and using eyeglass/spectacles (95% CI 1.10, 3.91) were significantly associated with CVS among computer users in Ethiopia.
Conclusions
According to this study, computer vision syndrome was high among computer users in Ethiopia. Computer vision syndrome (CVS) was significantly associated with a previous history of eye disease, inappropriate sitting position, frequent use of a computer, and the use of spectacles. Based on the findings, it is suggested that efforts be made to optimize computer exposure time. It is also worth noting that employees should be properly seated when using a computer. Furthermore, people with vision problems should be extra cautious when using a computer. Finally, community awareness of the safety precautions that can be taken to reduce CVS is critical.
Background
Computers have become essential components of technology in the workplace. Therefore, the prevalence of Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) caused by interaction with computer screens has grown significantly. Prolonged work at a computer without adequate preventive measures can intensify its effects. This study aims to investigate the association between predictive factors and severe CVS among university support staff.
Methods
This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted with 160 university support staff. Participants were categorized into non-severe and severe CVS groups using self-administered questionnaires. The data were analyzed by multivariable logistic regression.
Results
The study findings revealed that 37.5% of participants experienced severe CVS. Certain characteristics were found to increase the risk of severe CVS: working on a computer for more than five hours per day (OR = 3.01, p = 0.048), time spent staring at a screen for ≥ 60 minutes (OR = 2.39, p = 0.024), tablet use (OR = 2.14, p = 0.042), and dry eyes (OR = 2.97, p = 0.004), with an area under the ROC curve (AuROC) of 75.54%.
Conclusion
The findings of this study suggest that four predictive factors of severe CVS could be used to develop an assessment system for forecasting and monitoring early severe CVS, potentially helping to reduce disease severity. Additionally, these findings could assist organizations in identifying risks and providing effective guidance for managing health issues related to computer use among staff.
Extended digital screen usage poses considerable health risks, with approximately 70% of users experiencing Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS). The prevalence of CVS among students varies globally, with reports of CVS affecting up to 90% of users. This study aims to assess CVS prevalence among students at Amity University, Manesar, and examine associations between CVS and demographic factors. Using a quantitative descriptive survey design, data was gathered from 50 students through structured questionnaire. Results indicate that 20% of participants are confirmed cases of CVS, 14% are at high risk, and 26% at low risk, underscoring a pressing need for awareness and preventive strategies.
Peningkatan kasus COVID-19 di Indonesia membuat pemerintah mengeluarkan kebijakan PMK No.9 Tahun 2020 yang menuntut masyarakat bekerja di rumah (Work from Home). Penerapan kebijakan meningkatkan intensitas waktu penggunaan gawai. Menatap layar komputer lebih dari 4 jam dapat menyebabkan gejala Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS). Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui tingkat pengetahuan mahasiswa S1 Perguruan Tinggi di Surabaya mengenai CVS. Penelitian menggunakan metode cross-sectional dengan variabel penelitian adalah pengetahuan mengenai CVS, pencegahan terhadap CVS, dan pengobatan terhadap CVS. Pengambilan data menggunakan survei daring dengan kuesioner berisi 23 pertanyaan pilihan ganda yang divalidasi menggunakan metode face validity dengan nilai minimum 0 dan nilai maksimum 23. Responden berjumlah 226 orang. Tingkat pengetahuan dikategorikan rendah untuk jawaban benar 0-8 pertanyaan, sedang 9-16 pertanyaan, dan tinggi 17-23 pertanyaan. Hasil menunjukkan 1 responden (0,4%) termasuk kategori rendah, 113 responden (50,0%) kategori sedang dan 112 responden (49,6%) kategori tinggi. Dilakukan perbandingan nilai pengetahuan mahasiswa kesehatan dan non kesehatan menggunakan analisis korelasi biserial. Terdapat korelasi yang signifikan (p = 0,021) antara variabel kategori jurusan dengan nilai total pengetahuan dengan nilai r = (-0,154). Mahasiswa non kesehatan paling banyak menjawab salah pada kuesioner, sehingga perlu adanya edukasi berupa promosi kesehatan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan CVS.
The Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations 1992 SI 1992/2792 (referred to here as the DSE Regulations) came into force on 1st January 1993. They implemented European Directive No. 90/270/EEC of 29th May 1990 on the minimum health and safety requirements for work with Display Screen Equipment (DSE). The Regulations were introduced to tackle potential ill-health associated with DSE work including, musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) such as back pain and upper limb disorders, and visual problems such as eye fatigue and dryness.
Since the DSE Regulations were first introduced, statistical evidence continues to suggest links between DSE work and negative health consequences. However, there have been major developments including changes in technology and diversified ways of working. Design features of DSE such as screen quality, have improved considerably.
There have been few studies to evaluate the efficacy of the Regulations among duty holders. These suggested a general lack of conviction from employers that the DSE Regulations were addressing an important health and safety issue, and that this had inhibited movement from inaction to action. Secondly, that there was a prevailing misperception that DSE could have a permanent detrimental effect on eyes and eyesight, and that there was no real consensus about anything specific that could be done to improve the Regulations.
HSE commissioned this research to support HSE in carrying out a review of the current DSE Regulations.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming the healthcare landscape, including the role of medical libraries. Understanding medical head librarians' perceived AI literacy and its potential impact on work performance is crucial for successful AI integration within medical institutions. This research aims to address this gap in knowledge by investigating the perceived AI literacy and its impact on the work performance of medical head librarians in Pakistan. The research adopted a quantitative survey method, utilizing a census method to approach the medical head librarians in Pakistan. Data collection was conducted through an online questionnaire administered to 124 medical head librarians employed in institutions recognized by the Pakistan Medical and Dental Council (PMDC) and the Higher Education Commission (HEC). The findings indicated that the medical head librarians displayed high levels of perceived AI literacy and work performance. Furthermore, the analysis revealed that AI literacy had a statistically significant and positive impact on work performance, suggesting that as medical head librarians' AI literacy increases, so does their work performance. These results provide valuable insights for governing bodies of medical institutions, AI developers, and other relevant stakeholders. The outcomes suggest that investing in AI-related training for medical librarians, creating user-friendly AI interfaces, and providing additional support from AI developers could play a crucial role in effectively implementing AI for information management in medical education in Pakistan. This study makes a significant contribution to the existing literature by addressing the paucity of research on AI literacy among medical librarians. Further research could deepen the understanding of AI literacy's impact on work performance and explore the mechanisms driving this relationship, offering additional guidance for policymakers and educators in enhancing AI-related skills among medical librarians.
Dry eye syndrome is a condition characterized by dryness of the surface of cornea and conjunctiva caused by reduced tear function. One the factors that cause this is cataract surgery. This study aims to look at the magnitude of the prevalence of dry eye syndrome after cataract surgery with phacoemulsification techniques at the Family Medical Center hospital in the July 2019 period. This study uses a quantitative descriptive method with a cross-sectional approach. Data collection was performed using primary data with a total sampling technique. Total samples obtained were 70 eyes with a total of 43 respondents. This data was processed using SPSS 16.0 for Windows. The results of this study showed that the majority of sufferers of dry eye syndrome after cataract surgery were mostly female (68.2%) and in the age group ≥ 50 years (72.7%), (48.8%) complained of a lump and (37, 2%) complained of watery eyes. The severity of the degree of dry eye that occurs in mild respondents (68.2), and moderate degrees (31.8).
Latar Belakang: PT. F merupakan perusahaan pertambangan bawah tanah yang memiliki risiko tinggi dalam pekerjaannya. PT. F menggunakan sistem pengambilan material tambang dengan kendali truck LHD (load, haul, dump) jarak jauh menggunakan sistem minegem. Pekerja operator minegem memiliki sistem kerja 1 shift 12 jam/hari dengan pendukung kerja berupa monitor >2 monitor setiap operator dan juga pengendalian minegem dengan menggunakan joystick. Kondisi tersebut membuat adany risiko untuk terjadinya computer vision syndrome pada pekerja operator minegem. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan kejadian computer vision syndrome pada pekerja operator minegem PT. F Pada Tahun 2023. Metode: Metode yang digunakan merupakan penelitian analitik observasional dengan pendekatan cross-sectional. Metode pengambilan data dengan observasi dan juga pengisian kuisioner yang sudah divalidasi. Pengambilan sampel dengan Teknik random sampling dari kalkulasi menggunakan rumus slovin. Hasil: Dari penelitian yang dilaksanakan menunjukan bahwa variabel yang memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan kejadian computer vision syndrome adalah variabel kelainan rerefraksi (p-value =0,027) dan durasi istirahat di sela penggunaan komputer (p-value =0,041). Kesimpulan: Kelainan rerefraksi dan durasi istirahat di sela penggunaan komputer memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan kejadian computer vusion syndrome pada pekerja operator minegem pada tahun 2023, Perusahaan diharapkan untuk memberikan informasi mengenai ergonomic pada pekerja operator minegem dan juga membuat gerakan 20-20-20 pada pekerja untuk mengurangi kemungkinan terjadinya computer vision syndrome pada pekerja operator minegem PT. F.
Background: Computer devices have become an important part of human life because they make work easier and thus increase output. However, the use of computer devices has led to the occurrence of computer vision syndrome (CVS). The current study was aimed at determining the demographic characteristics, influence of ABO blood groups, and diseases associated with CVS in Lagos, Nigeria.
Methods: Structured questionnaires were used to collect demographic information from 153 CVS patients at Unique Eyes Center, Lagos. The data collected includes age, gender, educational level, ethnicity, religion, type of device use, duration spent on devices, marital status, and diseases frequently expressed. The ABO blood groups of the participants were thereafter collected from their medical records.
Results: The results showed that 89 (58.70%) of the respondents were males, while 64 (41.83%) were females. Most of the respondents were > 40 years old, with 78 members (50.98%), followed by age class 21–40 with 48 representatives (31.37%) and age class 10–20 with 27 members (17.65%). Respondents with primary education were 2 (1.31%), those with secondary education were 28 (18.30%), and those with tertiary education consisted of 123 members (80.39%). Married participants were 72 (47.06%), singles were 48 (31.37%), divorced were 18 (11.76%), and widowed were 15 (9.80%). Christians were 81 (52.94%), while Muslims were 72 (47.06%). The Yoruba ethnic group made up 78 (50.98%), the Igbo made up 43 (28.10%), and the Hausa/Fulani were 32 (20.92%). 110 (71.90%) used desktops, 28 (18.30%) used androids, and 15 (9.80%) used laptops or iPads. 116 (75.82%) participants used computer devices continuously, while 37 (24.13%) used them intermittently. People with non-O blood types constituted the majority, of which those with type A blood were the most affected, having accounted for 51 (33.33%) of the overall population. Headache, blurred vision, eye strain, double vision, and neck/shoulder/back pain were strongly associated with CVS in the study area.
Conclusion: The results suggest that demographic characteristics and ABO blood groups genotypes influence susceptibility to CVS among computer users in Lagos. Non-O blood group individuals, mainly type A blood are particularly at risk. People are advised to limit time spend on computer devices and get regular eye tests.
Background:
Computer vision syndrome is a group of eye and vision-related problems that result from prolonged computer use. The worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) lockdown has led to an increase in the digital screen exposure as jobs as well as academic learning have majorly shifted online. This has caused an increase in digital eye strain (DES) globally. The aims and objectives of this study were to compare the knowledge, attitude, and practices among medical and nonmedical professionals with regard to DES in a background of COVID-19 lockdown.
Materials and methods:
A cross-sectional, observational, online questionnaire-based research survey analysis was conducted among medical professionals with age- and sex-matched nonmedical professionals. Responses were collected over a week and analyzed. The level of significance was set at a P < 0.05. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software version 23.0 was used for the result analysis.
Results:
Our study included 353 (50.4%) medical and 347 (49.6%) nonmedical personnel. It was noted that 266 (75.4%) of medical professionals and 268 (77.2%) of nonmedical professionals experienced eye problems after prolonged digital screen exposure. A significant proportion of respondents experienced an increase in symptoms following COVID-19 lockdown with 140 (52.6%) being medical professionals and 163 (60.8%) nonmedical professionals (P = 0.015).
Conclusions:
DES is a preventable lifestyle-associated disorder. Awareness among the masses can reduce the adverse effects. Proper lighting, adequate viewing distance, voluntary blinking, and using lubricating eye drops are a few ways to reduce the chances of DES. Further studies are needed to formulate standardized guidelines for the management of DES.
Background: Daily exposure and overuse of digital devices are associated with several health-related issues to human eye, muscles and bones that are collectively termed as Digital Eye Strain and related Musculoskeletal Disorders. These problems have become worse during covid-19 pandemic due to global shift towards working online. This paper introduces a validated research instrument called DESRIL-27 to be used in assessing digital eye strain and related musculoskeletal disorders, with their associated risk factors in the working population.
Methods: DESRIL-27 was developed from thorough review of salient literatures and in consultation with a team of experts to ensure the content validity. This 27-item tool consists of two scales, namely symptom severity and risk level scales. Reliability and validity analyses were conducted to assess the psychometric properties of DESRIL-27.
Results: Cronbach’s alpha was 0.91 for Symptom Severity and 0.88 for Risk Level from the scales in the questionnaire. Principal Component Analysis results ranged from acceptable to very good.
Conclusions:The procedures adopted for the validation and the results of the analysis reveal that DESRIL-27 is a reliable and valid research instrument. It can be safely used in future research studies to assess the visual and musculoskeletal problems and their risk factors in digital screen users. The resultant knowledge can help individuals, health practitioners, and related policy makers to prevent and control these problems at workplace.
The number of persons working with display screen equipment is constantly growing with many training to master the use of display screening equipment. Unfortunately, mane of the users are unaware of the health problems associated nor armed with measures to protect themselves against the numerous health problems. And the situation is worst in developing countries where Occupational health safety guidelines are poorly implemented, enforced and practices by industries. Hence, this paper explored the various health problems associated with the use display screen equipment with proper illustrations as well as proffered practices solution to preventing, controlling the health problems and the protection of the workers both small, medium and large-scale industries. It was also suggested among others that Proper health and safety training must be made available for all work stations which will basically Include how to adjust furniture and the most correct and comfortable way to sit while using the work station and employers should make available to their employees, ergonomic DSE work stations to help reduce the negative effect of work on the employees.
Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) is considered an occupational hazard in the 21st century resulting from the high utilization of computers, laptops, and mobile phones in the workplace. The current study aimed at determining the prevalence of computer vision syndrome and its associated factors among the academic staff of Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology (SLIIT), Malabe campus amidst the COVID-19 pandemic using a sample of 145 academics based on stratified random sampling procedure. Required data were collected through a structured questionnaire. The participants of the study comprised 50.3% of females and 49.7% of males. About 45% were 20-30 years irrespective of gender. Dryness in the eyes (52.4%), itching (54.5%), eye pain (65.5%), and headache (76.6%) were the most common symptoms reported by the staff members, while colored halos around objects and double vision were experienced by around 20%. Most of the academics (42.1%) work 6-8 hours in front of the digital screen. Taking breaks in-between the working time (73.8%), adjusting the screen (62.1%), and adjusting the chair and posture (60.0%) were the most common methods used by the participants to minimize CVS. The rate of prevalence of CVS among the academic staff of SLIIT is 42.8%. This figure is lower than the corresponding figure reported in other countries. However, no significant association was found between the prevalence of CVS and gender, type of faculty, type of devices used, duration spent, preferred time to utilize the device, awareness of CVS, and actions to minimize CVS, but a strong significant association (p< 0.01) was found between the prevalence of CVS and age of the academic staff members. The rate of prevalence of CVS among academics aged over 60 years is 87.5%. Thus, a regular ocular screening program is recommended to reduce the prevalence of CVS among the academic staff of SLIIT starting from higher age groups.
Penggunaan komputer dan perangkat elektronik digital mengalami peningkatan selama pandemi. Hal ini dapat menjadi risiko timbulnya Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS). Universitas Hang Tuah memiliki program untuk mendekatkan calon dokter dengan masyarakat pada saat pendidikan profesi dokter, yaitu melalui pengabdian masyarakat berupa penyuluhan tentang CVS. Pengabdian masyarakat dilaksanakan di Rumah Sakit Citra Medika Sidoarjo, bertujuan untuk memberikan pengetahuan kepada masyarakat awam untuk mencegah CVS, dan menurunkan kasus CVS. Materi yang diberikan meliputi pengenalan tentang CVS dan upaya pencegahannya. Dua puluh orang responden yang merupakan pasien di ruang tunggu Poliklinik Mata mengikuti penyuluhan dengan baik. Responden sebelumnya diberikan kuesioner mengenai CVS. Sebagian besar (17 orang) memiliki tingkat pengetahuan yang kurang mengenai CVS. Responden cukup antusias dalam sesi tanya jawab dan melalui observasi didapatkan pengetahuan mengenai CVS meningkat. Program penyuluhan tentang CVS dapat meningkatkan pengetahuan masyarakat tentang CVS.
The computer vision syndrome has become a burning issue in this modern world with the advancement of the technology and its wide use. This study was planned to determine the prevalence of computer vision syndrome among professional computer workers as well as it’s associated risk factors. The cross-sectional study was conducted in the Departments of Community Ophthalmology and Ophthalmology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka from September 2017 to February 2020. The professionals using computer on an average 4 hours per day for a duration of at least 1 year attending out patient department for having treatment for their ocular problems were the study population. A total of 77 such subjects were consecutively included in the study. In this present study, the preva- lence of computer vision syndrome (CVS) was 46.8%. The present study demonstrated that middle class and upper-middle class professionals were more likely to be associated with CVS than the lower-middle class computer professionals with risk of developing CVS in former cohort was observed to be almost 3-fold (95% CI=1.1–7.5) higher than that in the latter cohort (p = 0.027). The duration of working on computer predisposes the development of CVS with mean duration of working was on an average 1.2 years higher in subjects with CVS than that in subjects without CVS. Subjects who maintained their level of personal computer(PC) at or above their eye level (while working on computer) were more prone to develop CVS with odds of developing the condition in them being 3.6(95% CI = 1.3-9.7) times higher than the subjects who maintained the level of PC below their eye level (p = 0.010). Glare display also emerged as significant predictor of CVS with odds having the condition being 9.8(95% CI = 1.1-88.6) times higher than that with PCs without glare display (p = 0.016). Seating posture at computer also have its impact on the development of CVS. Computer workers with inappro- priate seating posture are more often associated with the development CVS. The study concluded that over one-quarter of the computer professionals suffer from computer vision syndrome (CVS). The predominant symptoms of CVS are eye strain, irritation of eye, blurred vision and headache. The factors that contribute to the development of CVS are middle class and upper-middle class professionals, prolonged working exposure to computer, level of PC at or above the eye level of the workers, glare display on the screen and inappropriate seating posture.
BSMMU J 2021; 14(3): 31-37
Background: There is growing body of evidence that use of computers can adversely affect the visual health. Objective: To study the frequency and risk factors of computer vision syndrome (CVS) among bank employees in Minia. Method: Community-based cross-sectional study of 218 bank employees who work on computer for at least one year preceding the date of the study. Two hundred and eighteen (218) computer workers working in seven different banks were selected randomly. Subjects were asked to fill a pre-tested structured questionnaire, and other relevant information was obtained by personal interview and inspection of workstation. Results: Among the 218 subjects studied, 85.2% suffer from ocular complaints. Headache (24.8%), eye strain (20.2%), diminution of vision (16.9%) were the most common ocular complaints and they have significant associations in subjects working for more than 4 hours, keeping a distance less than 20 inch from the computer, who do not take breaks and do not adjust the brightness. Conclusions: Prevalence of CVS was noted to be quite high among bank employee. Headache, eye strain, diminution of vision, blurred vision, double vision, itching and burning sensation were the factors independently associated with CVS.
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