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Protective Effects of Beetroot Extract against Phenyl Hydrazine Induced Anemia in Rats
Abstract
Background: Anemia can be regarded as one of the oldest blood malformation known over a century. Megaloblastic anemia arises due to curtailed formation of erythrocytes, which leads to formation of a large number of underdeveloped erythrocytes. Proper nutritional supplementation may be useful in such condition. Beta vulgaris or beetroot is one of the important vegetables consumed worldwide. The aim of the present work was to evaluate anti-anemic potential of beetroot. Methods: Beetroot was extracted with ethanol. Phytochemical and phytoanalytical studies were performed on extract. Anemia was induced by phenyl-hydrazine. Animals were treated with extract throughout the study for 24 days. The red blood cell (RBC) number and hemoglobin concentration were determined every 3 days for 24 days. Results: Extract was found to be rich in folic acid, ascorbic acid, and iron. Following the induction of anemia, the number of erythrocytes and the hemoglobin concentration decreased by 62.51% and 69.64%, respectively. Administration of standard hematinic preparation and extract (200 mg/kg) resulted in signifi cant increase (P < 0.001; P < 0.01) in the number of RBCs as well as hemoglobin concentration when compared to the untreated phenyl hydrazine-induced anemic rats. Conclusion: Extract effectively raised the level of hemoglobin and erythrocyte count at dose 200 mg/kg. Vitamin and minerals found in beetroot are most likely active ingredients responsible for its hematinic effects. Still, methodical studies are obligatory to derive its effects on humans.
... The dried beetroot was powdered, and about 150 gm of the powder was exposed to hot percolation in a Soxhlet apparatus by ethanol. The extract was dried and stored at 4°C till further use (Jaiswal et al. 2014). Subsequently, the extract was freshly dissolved in distilled water at the time of administration. ...
... In the anemic group, rats were injected with PHZ intraperitoneally (60 mg/kg b.wt., in 3 divided doses daily, for 3 consecutive days) (Diallo et al. 2008). The beetroot extract group was injected with PHZ as the anemic group and then treated daily with beetroot extract (200 mg/kg b.wt) by stomach tube (Jaiswal et al. 2014) for 24 days. The beetroot powder group was injected with PHZ as the anemic group and then treated daily with beetroot powder (1 gm/kg diet) mixed with basal diet (Sarfaraz and Ikram 2019) for 24 days. ...
... However, treatment with beetroot powder or extract significantly improved the levels of RBCs and Hb. This could be due to the presence of vitamins, minerals, and other constituents in beetroot which are responsible for its hematinic effects (Jaiswal et al. 2014). Beetroot also contains folic acid which is necessary for the absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract for the synthesis of Hb (Beshel et al. 2018). ...
Anemia is a public health problem that affects many people worldwide. Beetroot (Beta vulgaris) is a plant supposed to have many healthy features. The present study was done to evaluate the anti-anemic effect of beetroot supplement on anemia induced by phenylhydrazine in albino rats. Fifty rats were randomly divided into five equal groups. The control group was kept normal rats. In the second group, anemia was induced in rats by intraperitoneal injection of phenylhydrazine at 60 mg/kg in 3 divided doses daily, for 3 consecutive days. The last three groups received phenylhydrazine as the anemic group. Then, the third group received beetroot extract in dose 200 mg/kg for 24 days. The fourth group received beetroot powder in dose 1000 mg/kg for 24 days. The last group received iron (III) hydroxide polymaltose complex in dose 5mg/kg for 24 days. Our results showed that hemolytic anemia induced by phenylhydrazine in rats caused alteration in the blood picture, iron indices, serum biochemical parameters, antioxidant biomarkers, and histopathological picture. However, the supplementation with beetroot ameliorated these alterations, especially beetroot powder which showed powerful health effects compared to beetroot extract and iron preparation.
... Their study showed that beetroot significantly increased the total number of bone marrow cells, red blood cell (RBC) count, haemoglobin (Hb) concentration and packed cell volume (PCV) compared to the irradiated group thus demonstrating the anti-anaemic effect of beetroot. In another study conducted by Jaiswal and others 14 where phenylhydrazine was used to induce anaemia in rats, beetroot (200mg/kg) demonstrated anti-anaemic effect by significantly increasing RBC count and Hb concentration in DOI: 10.9790/1959-0704102730 www.iosrjournals.org 28 | Page anaemic rats treated with beetroot compared with the phenylhydrazine-induced anaemic rats. ...
... In addition, the control group received 0.2mL normal saline orally. Anemia was induced using intraperitoneal injection of phenylhydrazine(60mg/kg body weight) on days 1-3 14 . The beet (only) group received only mean dose of beetroot extract (200mg/kg body weight) with no induction of anaemia [14]. ...
... Anemia was induced using intraperitoneal injection of phenylhydrazine(60mg/kg body weight) on days 1-3 14 . The beet (only) group received only mean dose of beetroot extract (200mg/kg body weight) with no induction of anaemia [14]. In the Beet (LD) group, anemia was induced in the same way as in the anaemic group and the rats received low dose of beetroot ethanolic extract (100mg/kg body weight). ...
CITATIONS 0 READS 155 2 authors, including: Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Effect of chronic consumption of thermoxidized palm oil on the renal Na/K ATPases View project Favour Beshel Abstract: Beetroot is a plant with high nutritional and medicinal value. This study investigated the anti-anaemic effect of beetroot on wistar rats. 25 male wistar rats were randomly assigned into 5 groups (n=5) thus: control, anaemic, beet (only) , beet (LD) and beet (HD) groups. Except for control (0.2ml normal saline) and beet (only) groups, other groups were induced with anaemia using phenylhydrazine (60mg/kg) intraperitoneally on days 1-3. Beet (only) , beet (LD) and beet (HD) groups received oral standard (200mg/kg), low (100mg/kg) and high (400mg/kg) doses of beetroot extract respectively daily for 14 days. Results show that RBC count, Hb concentration and PCV decreased by (38%, 31% and 20% respectively) in anaemic group compared with control. RBC, Hb concentration and PCV increased in beet (LD) (68%, 57% and 30% respectively) and beet (HD) (87%, 69%,and 35%respectively) groups compared with anaemic group. MCV increased (36%) in anaemic group compared with the control but decreased in beet (LD) (23%) and beet (HD) (24%) groups compared with anaemic. MCHC, decreased in the anaemic (8%) but increased slightly in the Beet LD (7%) and Beet HD (8%) groups compared with the anaemic group. All the red cell indices increased slightly in the beet ONLY group compared with control. Beetroot extract demonstrated anti-anaemic effect and is effective in defending the body against anaemia associated diseases.
... Their study showed that beetroot significantly increased the total number of bone marrow cells, red blood cell (RBC) count, haemoglobin (Hb) concentration and packed cell volume (PCV) compared to the irradiated group thus demonstrating the anti-anaemic effect of beetroot. In another study conducted by Jaiswal and others 14 where phenylhydrazine was used to induce anaemia in rats, beetroot (200mg/kg) demonstrated anti-anaemic effect by significantly increasing RBC count and Hb concentration in DOI: 10.9790/1959-0704102730 www.iosrjournals.org 28 | Page anaemic rats treated with beetroot compared with the phenylhydrazine-induced anaemic rats. ...
... In addition, the control group received 0.2mL normal saline orally. Anemia was induced using intraperitoneal injection of phenylhydrazine(60mg/kg body weight) on days 1-3 14 . The beet (only) group received only mean dose of beetroot extract (200mg/kg body weight) with no induction of anaemia [14]. ...
... Anemia was induced using intraperitoneal injection of phenylhydrazine(60mg/kg body weight) on days 1-3 14 . The beet (only) group received only mean dose of beetroot extract (200mg/kg body weight) with no induction of anaemia [14]. In the Beet (LD) group, anemia was induced in the same way as in the anaemic group and the rats received low dose of beetroot ethanolic extract (100mg/kg body weight). ...
... This beetroot slices were dispersed in a tray to be dried absolutely at room temperature. Two weeks later the dried beetroot was collected and ground in the grinder to get a fine powder (Jaiswal A, et al., 2014). ...
... The Beetroot powder was subjected to hot percolation in a Soxhlet apparatus using ethanol. The extract was then dried and stored at 4°C till further use (Jaiswal A, et al., 2014). ...
Objective: Comparison of beetroot extract and iron supplement (Iberet Folic) effects on iron andhaemoglobin levels among iron deficient anaemic rats.Methodology: In this study a natural source of iron, beetroot extract, and iron supplement (Iberetfolic) was administrated to phenyl-hydrazine induced anaemic rats for 21 days. Beetroot was firstdried, powdered, then extracted by ethanol.Results: The beetroot in current experimental study showed improvements in haemoglobin, red bloodcells, and iron serum as mean values of 23.8±0.69 g/dL, 15.16 ±0.54 106 /μL, and 31.5 ±1.5 μg/dL,respectively. As compared to beetroot, minor changes could be seen in mean values of haemoglobin,red blood cells, and serum iron of iron supplemented anaemic rats as; 22.4 ±0.443 g/dL, 13.69 ±0.5106 /μL, and 30.1 ±0.9 μg/dL, correspondingly.Conclusion: The Beetroot extract in this study presented as a viable replacement to the conventionallocal iron supplement.
... After acclimatization for 2 weeks, the rats were randomly divided into four groups, with six rats in each group, as shown in Table 1: Group I (Cont): Rats received single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of normal saline. Group II (BRE): Rats received 200 mg/kg/day of beetroot extract for 20 days (Jaiswal et al. 2014). Group III (IFOS): Rats received 50 mg/kg ifosfamide intraperitoneally daily for 5 consecutive days (El Kalawy et al. 2017) from the 16th until the 20th day of experiment. ...
... In contrast, there were non-significant changes in blood parameters after administration of ifosfamide nanostructured lipid carriers in Wistar albino rats by Velmurug and Nair (2018). In our study, administration of beetroot extract ameliorates the reduction of hematological parameters produced by IFO-induced toxicity (Jaiswal et al. 2014;Beshel et al. 2018). ...
Hepatotoxicity restricts the therapeutic benefit of many anti-tumor agents in clinic. Ifosfamide is a widely used antineoplastic drug which could cause toxicity of normal cells due to its toxic metabolites mainly via induction of oxidative stress. Regarding established antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of beetroot extract, we aimed to investigate its possible protective effect against ifosfamide-induced hepatotoxicity in the rat model through hematological, histopathological, biochemical, and immunohistochemical evaluation of oxidative and inflammatory biomarkers. A total of twenty-four male albino rats were divided into four groups: Group 1: served as control (Cont); Group II: beetroot extract (BRE); Group III: ifosfamide only (IFOS); Group IV: ifosfamide + beetroot extract (IFOS + BRE). Results of the present study revealed that ifosfamide administration caused hematological toxicity and liver injury evidenced by elevated serum ALT, AST, and ALP and decreased TP, and marked elevation of liver MDA and NO levels with depletion of GSH and reduction of SOD and CAT activities along with several deleterious histopathological and immunohistochemical alterations in liver tissue compared to control rats. Our findings suggest that co-treatment with BRE has showed considerable protection but not full protection against ifosfamide-induced toxicity and all markers showed a regression trend towards control values. The mechanism of this protection seems to be partially based on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, it is recommended to use beetroot extract as dietary natural supplement in the clinic to approve its benefit in patients undertaking ifosfamide therapy to minimize its toxicity.
... Decrease levels of iron is one of the major indexes of anaemia. This condition is observed when iron demand by body is more than its availability in body 26 . This could also be due to in sufficient iron intake, impairment in the mechanism of iron absorption and transportation and/or chronic blood loss 27 . ...
... It could also be due to other compounds as folic acid and ascorbic acid. Indeed, deficiency of folic acid in the body and the reduced level of ascorbic acid and/or its decreased catabolism is also a condition observed during anaemia 26 . These constituents may act as haemopoietic factors that have directly influenced on the production of blood in the bone marrow. ...
Anaemia globally affects 1.62 billion peoples in the world. To treat anaemia, Hibiscus acetosella is sometimes used traditionally. This study has been conducted to evaluate the anti-anaemic effects of the aqueous leaves extract of Hibiscus acetosella, on two experimental models of anaemia. Bleeding anaemia was induced by retro-orbital puncture of 2-2.5 mL of blood during two days, while haemolyticanaemia was induced by intra-peritoneal injection of 2. 4 dinitro-phenylhydrazine (40 mg.kg bw) during 7 days. After induction, plant extract (100; 200 or 400 mg.kg bw) was daily administrated by oral route for 14 days. During experience, haematological analysis was done at the beginning, at the end of induction and every week during treatment. During haemolytic anaemia; aqueous extract significantly increased haematocrit and red blood cell with the maximum of 45% and 32% respectively at the dose of 400 mg.kg.bw; haemoglobin significantly increased in rats with a maximum of 32% at the dose of 200 mg.kg bw. In bleeding anaemia model, H. acetosella significantly increased the haematocrit as well as red blood cell with a maximum increase of 14% and 31%, respectively as compared to the anaemic group. This result suggests that H. acetosella would have an important anti-anaemic effect. INTRODUCTION: Anaemia is a pathological state in which the number of erythrocytes is insufficient to cover the physiological needs of the organism, characterize by a reduction of the normal quantity of haemoglobin in blood's circulation less than 13 g/dl or 12 g/dl respectively for men and women 1 .
... Iron deficiency results in decreased formation of red blood cells, which causes anaemia. Based on the research by Jaiswal et al. (2014), the ethanol extract of beetroot contains high iron, folic acid, and vitamin C. These contents are presumed related to the extract hematinic effect on phenylhydrazine-induced rats. ...
... In this study, the extracted beetroot activity was tested using a variety of solvents as anti-anaemia and antioxidants. A previous study by Jaiswal et al. (2014) reported that ethanol extract of beetroot (200 mg.Kg -1 BW) extracted in a Soxhlet apparatus effectively increases the levels of haemoglobin and erythrocytes. Vitamins (such as Vitamin C and folic acid) and minerals (one of them is iron) in beetroots are active ingredients responsible for these activities. ...
Aim
evaluate antioxidant and anti-anaemia activity of dichloromethane, hydroethanolic, and alkaloids-free hydroethanolic extracts of beetroot ( Beta vulgaris (L.) subsp. vulgaris ) on phenylhydrazine-induced rats.
Methods
Male rats were divided into five groups: normal control group, negative control group, dichloromethane extract group, hydroethanolic extract group, and alkaloids-free hydroethanolic extract group. All groups were induced with phenylhydrazine (30 mg.Kg ⁻¹ BW) for three days, except for the normal control group. After induction, each treatment group received each extract (200 mg.Kg ⁻¹ BW) for 21 days. The haematology parameters (haemoglobin levels, the number of erythrocytes, and haematocrit levels) were measured using Haematology Analyzer, and the antioxidant activity was measured through MDA level parameters in rats. Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA and then continued with the Tukey test.
Results
The results showed that the hydroethanolic extract of beetroot increased the percentage of erythrocytes (33.5%), haemoglobin (25%), and haematocrit (24.4%) to the negative control group, which was comparable to the normal control group (p > 0.05). In addition, the best antioxidant activity was shown in the hydroethanolic extract of beetroot, which is comparable to the normal group (p > 0.05).
Conclusion
The beetroot hydroethanolic crude extract could be potentially produced in a natural pharmaceutical product as a beneficial resource within anti-anaemia and antioxidant activities.
... The blood samples were collected under mild pet ether anesthesia on the first, third, seventh and fourteenth day by the retro-orbital route into EDTA coated vials. Blood samples were analyzed for erythrocyte, hemoglobin and hematocrit (HCT) 22 . ...
This research was conducted to study the effects of Beta vulgaris L (Beetroot) aqueous extract (BRAE) on both anemia and muscle coordination. Beetroot has been renowned for its abundant nutrient profile making it a promising candidate for diverse health benefits. In this research, we explore the impact of Beetroot aqueous extract (BRAE) on muscle coordination, its potential as an anti-anemic agent, and antioxidant properties. Results of preliminary phytochemical screening of BRAE showed presence of different phytoconstituents. Antioxidant activity of BRAE was confirmed by DPPH assay. BRAE at 400mg/kg dose showed significantly augment in the hematological parameters which includes erythrocyte count, blood hemoglobin level and hematocrit percentage. In anemia where the oxygen carrying capacity of blood gets reduced, because of less oxygen supply to muscle cells the physical performance also decreases. To evaluate this phenomenon, two models of muscular coordination namely, rota rod apparatus and grip strength measurement were used. Administration of 400 mg/kg dose of BRAE showed remarkable progress in the time spent on rotating rod indicating muscle strengthening effect and boosted grip strength. These findings could contribute to the development of innovative therapeutic approaches and dietary supplements to improve overall health and well-being.
... Bit merah kaya serat, vit C, vit K vit E, B dan asam folat yang berfungsi menumbuhkan dan mengganti sel yang rusak (Odoh, 2012 . Ekstrak etanol bit 96% dengan dosis 200 mg mampu meningkatkan hemoglobin dan eritrosit yang diinduksi fenilhidrasin (Jaiswal, 2014). ...
Pestisida meningkatkan jumlah radikal bebas, memicu stress oksidatif penyebab inflamasi dan abnormalitas profil darah seperti anemia, agranulocytosis, neutropenia dan thrombopenia. Salah satu tanaman yang kaya antioksidan dan zat gizi pembentuk sel darah adalah bit merah (Beta vulgaris L.). Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui kemampuan bit merah (Beta vulgaris L) terhadap perbaikan kelainan profil darah akibat paparan pestisida melalui uji invivo tikus jantan galur Wistar. Penelitian ini berjenis eksperimental laboratorik dengan rancangan post test only randomized control group design. Sampel penelitian sebanyak 25 tikus jantan galur Wistar yang dibagi secara random menjadi 5 kelompok perlakuan berbeda. Tikus diberi paparan pestisida 140 ml/hari dan ekstrak etanol bit merah berbagai dosis selama 14 hari. Profil darah yang diperiksa adalah kadar hemoglobin, hematokrit, jumlah eritrosit dan jumlah lekosit. Pemeriksaan parameter profil darah dengan cara manual dan otomatis. Analisis data dengan uji ANOVA dan Post Hoc. Hasil penelitian membuktikan ekstrak etanol bit merah mampu memperbaiki kelainan profil darah akibat paparan pestisida berupa peningkatan yang bermakna terhadap kadar hemoglobin, nilai hematokrit, jumlah ertirosit dan menurunkan jumlah lekosit total dari lekositosis dengan (P<0.05). Dosis optimal ekstrak etanol bit merah adalah 400 mg/kgBB. Bit merah mampu memperbaiki kelainan profil darah akibat paparan pestisida. Bit merah direkomendasikan sebagai alternatif non farmakologi untuk memperbaiki kelainan profil darah akibat paparan pestisida. Kata Kunci : Bit Merah (Beta vulgaris L), Profil Darah, Pestisida
... Folic acid is also an essential water-soluble vitamin, and its deficiency causes megaloblastic anemia due to macrocytosis of erythrocytes. Literature studies carried out on the anti-anemic effects of ethanolic extract of 200 mg/kg of beetroot have revealed positive effects 19 . It was also revealed in recent research that beetroot juice showed significant improvement in hemoglobin values in iron-deficient adolescent girls 20 . ...
Background: Beetroots are considered a vital source of nutrition and are usually incorporated into the daily diet to prevent different disease conditions. The therapeutic effect observed is due to the presence of active ingredients in the vegetables. The majority of our population, especially females, suffers from anemia due to malnutrition. The perseverance of this research was to explore the hematopoietic effects of lyophilized beetroot powder at different doses so they could be recommended as a nutritional supplement. Methodology: Albino rabbits weighing 1500-2000 gm of either gender were selected for the study and alienated into three sets. Set I was administered distilled water, whereas sets II and III were given lyophilized beetroot 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg, correspondingly. For hematopoietic evaluation of blood, automated huma count plus was utilized. After adjusting according to their weights, lyophilized beetroot powder was suspended in distilled water and given at 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg to rabbits. They were dosed once daily for two months. Results: The effects were verified before the dosing was scheduled and on the 30th day and 60th day of dosing. The outcomes presented a highly noteworthy increase (p<0.0001) in hemoglobin, erythrocyte count, hematocrit, leukocyte count, and thrombocytes by both doses. 500 mg/kg dose showed a more significant increase in leukocytes and thrombocyte count compared to 1000 mg/kg, whereas 1000 mg/kg showed a more substantial increase in erythrocytes and Hb as compared to 500 mg/kg at the conclusion of the study period. Conclusion: From the above, it can be concluded that beetroot possesses pronounced hematopoietic effects and might be beneficial as a non-pharmacological treatment for anemia and thrombocytopenia.
... 29 It is strongly suspected that it is caused by the action of polyphenols which are part of flavonoids. This assumption is in line with the study by Jaiswal et al. (2014), who found that flavonoids can increase the number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin levels, and the percentage of blood hematocrit. 30 The antioxidant properties of oxygen in flavonoids can act as a hydrogen atom donor (H+) to free radicals to become stable, non-destructive free radicals. ...
Introduction: Anemia is a public health problem in developing and emerging countries worldwide. Anemia is defined as an abnormal decrease in the number and size of erythrocytes and the hemoglobin and hematocrit concentrations below normal. In addition to blood (Fe) tablets, one alternative functional food is dates and bee pollen, which can increase hemoglobin and erythrocyte levels. Objective: To assess the difference in changes in erythrocyte index before and after the intervention between the group-administered combination syrup (dates and bee pollen) and the group-administered date syrup. Method: This experimental study employs a non-equivalent control group design. The sample consisted of 26 female adolescents with anemia who were taken using a total sampling technique, 13 in the date syrup and 13 in the combination syrup (dates and bee pollen). Data were analyzed using Paired T-Test, Independent Sample T-Test, Wilcoxon Test, and Mann-Whitney Test. Results: The combination syrup (dates and bee pollen) affected the increase in erythrocyte index (MCV, MCH, MCHC) in anemic female adolescents, with a pre-post significance value of P<0.05.
... Oxidative damage to RBC's leads to formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), premature aging of erythrocytes and predisposes to premature splenic sequestration. This leads to lack of circulating erythrocytes and hemoglobin [18,25] . ...
Introduction: Hemolytic anemia can cause systematic body dysfunctions. Hemoglobin
clearance occurred by kidneys after saturation of natural scavenging systems. Broccoli extract is
effective in treatment of human disorders as an antioxidant.
Aim: To assess the protective effect of Broccoli extract on renal cortical damage induced by
hemolytic anemia.
Materials & Methods: Forty eight adult male rats were divided into five groups. Group I
(control group): eighteen rats subdivided into three equal subgroups. Group II: twelve rats
received Phenylhydrazine in a dose 60 mg/kg via intraperitoneal injection then divided into two
equal subgroups. Group III: six rats received Broccoli extract 200 mg/kg via an oral gavage.
Group IV: six rats’ received Phenylhydrazine then Broccoli at a dose and route similar to the
previous groups. Group V: six rats received Broccoli then Phenylhydrazine at a dose and route
similar to the previous groups. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected then
kidneys were sampled for histopathological and ultrastructural studies.
Results: Examination of renal cortex sections from group IIa showed shrunken glomerulus,
thickened parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule, shedding of the tubular epithelium, vacuolation,
cellular infiltration and congested capillaries. Electron microscopic examination revealed
disorganization of renal cortex. On the other hand, examination of group IV and V section
showed apparent improvement in almost all layers
Conclusion: Broccoli extract had a protective effect better than the curative role against induced renal cortex damage by hemolytic anemia.
... The obtained result showed an excellent enhancement after a short period of time (28 days) in all hematology parameters. The obtained results agreed with the results of Jaiswal et al. (2014) who observed a significant rise in red blood cells and hemoglobin content of rats fed with 200 mg/kg of beetroot extract after 24 days. However, the present study disagreed with the finding of Elaby and Ali (2018), who observed the enhancement after 42 days of treatment with 5% of beet greens. ...
The present study incorporated beetroot pomace powder in biscuit preparation at concentrations of 5-20%. Biscuits' chemical composition, and sensory were evaluated. A feeding experiment was conducted using three groups (n = 3); control and anemic (An+) groups fed a standard diet, and anemic group fed 90% standard-diet and 10% biscuit containing 15% pomace (AnB). Anemia induced by injecting rats with phenylhydrazine (40 mg/ kg) for two consecutive days. Hematological and biochemical blood parameters were determined at days 3, 14, and 28. An enhancement in protein, fiber, calcium, phosphorus, and iron was observed in the biscuit by increasing the pomace. Consuming biscuits containing 15% pomace increased hemoglobin, RBCs, and antioxi-dant enzymes in (AnB) rats after 28 days. The minor kidney and liver dysfunction in the anemic groups were recovered in (AnB) after 28 days. Consequently, incorporation beet pomace in biscuit revealed a promising role in anemia treatment and oxidative stress managing.
... Applications of several classical antioxidants as well as of different components of our daily intakes to get rid of deleterious effects of haemolytic anaemia and thalassaemia/toxic PHZ have further given conviction to the thought of well built association between ROS and haemolytic conditions [19][20][21][22]. Apart from different sources like nuts, fruits and oil seeds, olive oil is the richest source of oleic acid (OA). ...
Phenylhydrazine (PHZ), an intermediate in the synthesis of fine chemicals is toxic for human health and environment. Despite of having severe detrimental effects on different physiological systems, exposure of erythrocytes to PHZ cause destruction of haemoglobin and membrane proteins leading to iron release and complete haemolysis of red blood cells (RBC). Involvement of oxidative stress behind such action triggers the urge for searching a potent antioxidant. The benefits of consuming olive oil is attributed to its 75% oleic acid (OA) content in average. Olive oil is the basic component of Mediterranean diet. Hence, OA has been chosen in our present in vitro study to explore its efficacy against PHZ (1 mM) induced alterations in erythrocytes. Four different concentrations of OA (0.01 nM, 0.02 nM, 0.04 nM and 0.06 nM) were primarily experimented with, among which 0.06 nM OA has shown to give maximal protection. This study demonstrates the capability of OA in preserving the morphology, intracellular antioxidant status and the activities of metabolic enzymes of RBCs that have been diminished by PHZ, through its antioxidant mechanisms. The results of the present study firmly establish OA as a promising antioxidant for conserving the health of erythrocyte from PHZ toxicity which
indicate toward future possible use of OA either singly or in combination with other dietary components for protection of erythrocytes against PHZ induced toxic cellular changes.
... Normal red cell production requires diet containing protein, iron, copper, vitamin B 2 , B 6 , B 12 and folic acid (Nyaulingo, 2013). The study done by Jaiswal et al., (2014) reported that administration of 200 mg/kg beetroot extract to phenyl hydrazine-induced anemic rats significantly increased (p < 0.01) the number of RBCs as well as hemoglobin concentration when compared to the untreated group. Beetroot was found to be rich in folic acid, ascorbic acid, iron, vitamin and minerals which are most likely active ingredients responsible for its haematinic effects. ...
The study was conducted to assess the effects of sweet potato leaves, roselle calyces and beetroot tubers on body weight, selected hematological and biochemical parameters in broiler chickens. Eighty four (84) broiler chickens aged four weeks were randomly assigned into six groups of 14 chickens each. The first group (G0) remained as untreated control while the other groups were the treated groups which received 25% of ground sweet potato leaves (G1), rosella calyces (G2), beetroot tubers (G3) and their mixtures (G4 and G5) for 28 days. Following inclusion of these different vegetables, blood samples were collected and analyzed for selected hematological and biochemical parameters on day 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28. Results showed that consumption of the three vegetables caused significant decreases (p < 0.05) in body weight, serum glucose and cholesterol. On the other hand, hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume (PCV) and total white blood cell (WBC) counts were shown to increase significantly (p < 0.05) compared to the control group. It is concluded that the hypoglycemic and hypocholesteremic effects in chickens following consumption of the three vegetables together with their positive effects on PCV and WBC counts are important qualities which can be utilized in the management of conditions such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular diseases (atherosclerosis and coronary disease) in humans. Further studies in other animals are recommended.
... B 12 and folic acid in the beetroot leaf which could be reversed the effects of phenylhydrazine drug. These results are agreements with vitamin and minerals found in beetroot are most likely active ingredients responsible for its hematinic effects [45]. On the other hand, the highest significant increases of RBC count, HGB concentration and HCT percentage showed in group II compared with control group at D21 and D42 days. ...
Phenylhydrazine (PHZ) and its derivatives were used firstly as antipyretics but the toxic action on red blood cells made their use dangerous. The aim of this study was to estimate the contents of iron and vitamins in different parts of beetroot as root and beet green (leave and stalk together) as well as their ethanol extracts. Then, the biochemical evaluation for the highest iron and vitamins contents as an anti-anemic effect against anemic rats caused by phenylhydrazine were studied. Anemia induction caused by intraperitoneal injection of phenylhydrazine at 40 mg/kg for 2 days. Rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=10/group). Group, I fed a standard diet (normal control). Group II fed standard diet contained 5% dried beet green for normal rats. Group III fed a standard diet for anemic rats. Group IV fed a standard diet containing 5% dried beet green for anemic rats. It was assayed the complete blood count (CBC): red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin concentration (Hb) and haematocrit percentage (HCT) as indices measured of anaemia as well as white blood cell (WBC) count at the third day (D3), twenty-one day (D21) and forty-two day (D42). Also, the activity of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), the levels of serum urea, uric acid, creatinine and malondialdehyde (MDA), plasma hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and total antioxidants capacity (TAC) contents were analyzed according to manufacturer's instructions. The dried beet green is a rich source of iron and vitamins contents. After feeding on standard diet containing 5% dried beet green for anemic rats, showed that levels of RBC, HB and HCT were increased and the WBC count was improved compared to anemic control group. The activity of ALT, AST, and ALP, the levels of serum urea, creatinine and MDA and plasma H2O2 content were significantly ameliorated while the TAC was significantly increased compared to the anemic control group. In addition, the results of the histological examination coincided with the results of blood analysis. We conclude that nutrition of 5% dried beet green for forty-two days is safe, non-toxic and reduces anemia.
... The present findings may be consistent with the favorable effects of B. vulgaris that have been reported previously using different extract types and parts and in (25) showed that treatment of anemic rats with extracts of the plant root prepared by hot percolation in a Soxhlet apparatus significantly reversed the decrements of RBCs count and HGB concentration. More recently, Al-aboud (26) found that taking eight grams of beetroot for 20 days by female volunteers resulted in mild increase in hemoglobin, ferritin, and serum iron levels. ...
This study was designed to provide laboratory evidence supporting the hematopoietic effect of Beta vulgaris (beet) leaf aqueous extract in phenylhydrazine-induced anemia model in albino rats. Extraction of the leaves/stalks was done by maceration in 30% hydro-ethanol for 48 h. An intraperitoneal injection of 20 mg/kg phenylhydrazine was applied for two consecutive days to develop hemolytic anemia on the 4th day after the 1st injection in 24 of 30 male albino rats. The animals were divided into 5 groups and received the following treatments: standard (ferrous ascorbate + folic acid; 13.5 + 0.135 mg/kg), B. vulgaris extract (100 and 200 mg/kg), or left untreated (normal and diseased controls). Blood samples were taken at 0, 4, 8, and 12 days of the experiment for hematological and clinico-chemical analysis. Beet leaf extract significantly restored the levels of red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit in dose- and time-dependent manners. Blood indices have been significantly corrected. Erythropoietin level was maintained at higher levels. Erythrocytic membrane oxidation biomarker (malondialdehyde) level was significantly reduced compared to the anemic untreated group. The extract exhibited potent, concentration (4-512 μg/mL)-dependent antioxidant activity indicated by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay, with IC50 value of 37.91 μg/mL. Beet leaf extract resulted in detection of flavonoid and phenolic compounds that may underlie its hematinic properties. These findings may indicate B. vulgaris as a good natural source for pharmaceutical preparations with hematopoietic effects and treatment of anemia and/or associated conditions.
... Fruit extract of Harungana madagascriensis possesses anti-anaemic activity which may be due to its phytochemical constituents such as saponins, alkaloids and flavonoids. This may be corroborated by the report of [24] that the beetroot extract raised the level of haemoglobin and erythrocyte and attributed this activity to its vitamin and mineral constituents. ...
... Effect of beet juice on haemoglobin among adolescent girls were evaluated and found improvement in haemoglobin level (g%) from 10 to 12.67 [3] . Ethanolic extract of beet root effectively raised the level of haemoglobin and erythrocyte count at dose 200 mg/kg in phenyl hydrazine induced anemia in rat [4] .With respect to antioxidant activity or beet root, it ranked among the ten most potent antioxidant vegetables. Betalains, chief constituent, provide protection against oxidative stress-related disorders by acting as antioxidants which confirmed by many in vitro and in vivo study [5] . ...
... [20] Jaiswal et al. 2014 concluded that after induction of anemia in rats, the number of RBCs as well as hemoglobin concentration have significantly increased (P < 0.001; P < 0.01) following administration of standard hematinic preparation and beetroot extract (200 mg/kg). [21] Tesoriere et al. 2005 indicated that level of betalains after ingestion of red beetroot was sufficiently high to protect red blood cells from oxidative damage and hemolysis in vitro. [22] From the present study, MTZ at 500mg/kg/day considered toxic dose and may induce abnormal sperm production in male albino rats. ...
ABSTRACT
This study aimed to evaluate the possible antitoxic effect of beetroots extract against the toxic influences of
metronidazole (MTZ) on Glutathione peroxidase activity, spermatogenesis and some of hematological indices in rats. Sixteen male Albino Wistar rats (56 days old, weighing 230–250 g) were randomly divided into four groups. Control group (GI) received distal water only. Group II (GII) rats received MTZ (500 mg/kg/day) for 25 days. Group III (GIII) rats received beetroot extracts (300mg/kg/day) for 25 days, 2 hours later, rats received MTZ (500 mg/kg/day) for 25 days. Group IV (GIV) rats received pure beetroots extract (300mg/ Animal/day) for 25 days. Blood samples were obtained by cardiac puncture into sterile vacuum tubes with and without anticoagulant under light ether anesthesia. Serum was separated and stored at −20°C. Levels of Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and blood cells (RBCs, WBCs) count are examined. At the end of experiment, rats were sacrificed for sperm examination. GII showed significant increase of sperm abnormalities, decreased in GPx activity and RBCs, WBCs count. However, rats in GIV showed significant decrease of sperm abnormalities, increase in RBCs, WBCs counts and GPx activity. Moreover, discernible protection effects of beetroot extract against MTZ influences have seen in GIII with an overall decline in the sperm abnormalities. High doses (500 mg/kg) of MTZ are most likely to induce infertility, anemia and inflammation in rats. Aqueous extracts of red beetroots protected against toxic effect induced by MTZ in rats and significantly raised the normal sperm production, RBCs, WBCs counts and GPx activity.
KEYWORD: Beta Vulgaris, Hematological Indices, Metronidazole, GPx, Spermatogenesis, Rats
Harungana madagascariensis Lam. ex Poiret et Zanthoxylum gilletii (De wild) P.G. Waterman are medicinal plants used in the traditional Congolese pharmacopoeia for the treatment of various diseases. They belong, for the first one, to the Hypericaceae family and, for the second one, to the family Rutaceae. The objective of our work was, (i) to carry out the micrographic study of the powder of leaves, stem and root bark from Zanthoxylum gilletii and the stem bark from Harungana madagascariensis harvested in the Luki Biosphere Reserve in the Bas-fleuve Territory, Kongo Central Province, DRC, (ii) to determine their phytochemical content by chromatographic technics (TLC and HPLC) and mineral composition by spectroscopic technics (AAS and ICP-AES), both qualitative and quantitative, (iii) to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-sickling and anti-bacterial activities of their different extracts (infusions). Microscopic analysis showed characteristic elements such are polycytic stomata, fragments of spiral vessels, smooth unicellular hairs enlarged in its middle part, sclereids, fragments of indistinct parenchyma, unicellular covering hairs, oxalate crystals calcium and other elements to be characterized. Phytochemical screening by thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography revealed that the different parts of these plants contained various secondary metabolites such as anthocyanins, flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, iridoids and terpenoids. The most abundant mineral salts were found in the different parts of Z. gillettii, in the leaves (Ca and K), in the stem bark (Ca and P) and in the root bark (Mg and Ca) and in the stem bark of H. madagascariensis (Ca and K). Iron and selenium are the most abundant trace elements in the different parts of the plants. Total polyphenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins contents in the different parts of these two studied species were significantly different. The infusions of the different parts of the tested plants showed high antisickling, anti- free radical and antibacterial activities. Zanthoxylum gilletii and Harungana madagascariensis are phytogenetic resources of the traditional Congolese pharmacopoeia with promising therapeutic potential for the management of various pathologies associated with oxidative stress such as sickle cell disease.
Introduction: Phenylhydrazine (PHZ)-induced anaemia is associated with oxidative damage to
erythrocytes and impaired renal function. Fresh palm oil (FPO) is a rich source of antioxidants and preserves renal function. This study investigated the possible reno-protective effects of FPO in PHZ-induced anaemic Wistar rats.
Methods: Eighteen male Wistar rats (165 – 180 g) aged 8 – 9 weeks were randomly assigned into normal control (NC), anaemic control (AC) (60 mg/kg of PHZ i.p) and anaemic treated (A + FPO) (60 mg/kg of PHZ + 15 % FPO diet) groups. PHZ was administered twice consecutively at 48 h interval while FPO diet was given throughout the study period (14 days).
Results: Erythrocyte count, haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit were increased (p < 0.05) in A + FPO compared with AC. FPO improved imbalances in the levels of glucose and electrolytes (Na+, Cl-, K+, HCO3-) in serum and urine of the anaemic rats. Urea and creatinine concentrations were decreased (p < 0.05) in serum and increased (p < 0.05) in urine in the A + FPO relative to AC. Proteinuria was decreased (p < 0.05) in A + FPO compared with AC. The levels of malondialdehyde, pro-inflammatory cytokines and caspase-3 were downregulated (p < 0.05) in A + FPO compared with AC while interleukin-10 concentration, enzymatic antioxidants activities, and total antioxidant capacity were upregulated (p < 0.05) in A + FPO compared with AC.
Conclusion: FPO demonstrated anti-anaemic effect and improved the impaired renal function
associated with PHZ-induced anaemia.
Objective- Nutritional deficiency anemia mainly results from a lack of iron, but it also associated due to lack of folate/vitamin B12 and low vitamin C intake. From various studies this is found anemia in people is due to poor eating habits, such as not eating enough fruits and legumes such as beans and peas. Proper nutritional supplementation may be useful in such condition. The aim of the present work was to select a suitable iron rich food material, and prepared a suitable dosage form for management of anaemic condition and to evaluate anti-anaemic potential of nutritious supplementary food. Method- Anemia was induced by phenyl-hydrazine. Animals were treated with nutritious supplementary food throughout the study for 30 days. The haemoglobin concentration was determined after 30 days. Results- Nutritious supplementary food was found to be rich in folic acid, ascorbic acid, and iron. Following the induction of anaemia, the haemoglobin concentration decreased by 30%. Administration of standard hematinic preparation and nutritious supplementary food 2gm/day in divided dose resulted in significant increase (P ≤ 0.05) in haemoglobin concentration when compared to the untreated phenyl hydrazine-induced anaemic rats. Conclusion- Nutritious supplementary food effectively raised the level of haemoglobin. Vitamin and minerals found in nutritious supplementary food are most likely active ingredients responsible for its hematinic effects. Keywords- Anaemia, nutrition, nutritional anaemia, iron, phenyl hydrazine
Beetroot is a plant with high nutritional and medicinal value. This study investigated the anti-anaemic effect of beetroot on wistar rats. 25 male wistar rats were randomly assigned into 5 groups (n=5) thus: control, anaemic, beet(only), beet(LD) and beet(HD) groups. Except for control (0.2ml normal saline) and beet(only) groups, other groups were induced with anaemia using phenylhydrazine (60mg/kg) intraperitoneally on days 1-3. Beet(only), beet(LD) and beet(HD) groups received oral standard (200mg/kg), low (100mg/kg) and high (400mg/kg) doses of beetroot extract respectively daily for 14 days. Results show that RBC count, Hb concentration and PCV decreased by (38%, 31% and 20% respectively) in anaemic group compared with control. RBC, Hb concentration and PCV increased in beet(LD) (68%, 57% and 30% respectively) and beet(HD) (87%, 69%,and 35%respectively) groups compared with anaemic group. MCV increased (36%) in anaemic group compared with the control but decreased in beet(LD) (23%) and beet(HD) (24%) groups compared with anaemic. MCHC, decreased in the anaemic (8%) but increased slightly in the BeetLD (7%) and BeetHD (8%) groups compared with the anaemic group. All the red cell indices increased slightly in the beetONLY group compared with control. Beetroot extract demonstrated anti-anaemic effect and is effective in defending the body against anaemia associated diseases.
Amaranthus cruentus (Amaranthaceae) is one of the popularly grown leafy vegetables in the Indian subcontinent. Leaves of the plant are rich in polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, saponins, and betalains. The plant also contains rich amounts of protein, calcium, iron, vitamins A, E, and C, and folic acid. The present work was undertaken to evaluate the antianemic effect of Amaranthus cruentus. Ethanol extract of Amaranthus cruentus was prepared. Acute oral toxicity of the extract was determined by Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Guideline 423. Doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg were used in the present study. Phenylhydrazine (60 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection for three consecutive days) was used to induce anemia in rats. After anemia induction, animals were treated with standard preparation and extract. Amaranthus cruentus extract significantly aided in restoring the levels of red blood cells, white blood cells (WBCs), and hemoglobin. There was also an increase in hematocrit. Thus, it can be concluded that Amaranthus cruentus is a rich source of phytochemicals that are responsible for demonstrating hematopoietic effects. Isolation and structure elucidation of constituents, responsible for antianemic activity, is necessary to affirm the aforementioned effect.
The by-product of food processing is often utilized as feed, and for the preparation of dietary fiber and biofuel. However, these products are also promising sources of bioactive antioxidants and color giving compounds, which could be used as additives in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. The aim of this study was to investigate the phytochemical profile, and the antiradical, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of industrial beetroot pomace extract (BPE). The content of phenolics (45.68 mg gallic acid equivalents g(-1)), flavonoids (25.89 mg rutin equivalents g(-1)) and betalains (4.09 mg betanin g(-1); 7.32 mg vulgaxanthin I g(-1)) were determined spectrophotometrically. The antiradical activity on DPPH (EC(50)(DPPH)˙ = 0.0797 mg ml(-1)), hydroxyl (EC(50)˙(OH) = 0.0655 mg ml(-1)) and superoxide anion (EC(50)(O2)˙(-) = 1.0625 mg ml(-1)) radicals were measured by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. The antimicrobial activity was determined using the agar-well diffusion method. Gram(-) bacteria (Salmonella typhimurium, Citrobacter freundii) and Gram(+) bacteria, (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus sciuri, Bacillus cereus) showed high susceptibility, while yeasts and moulds were resistant. BPE exhibits cytotoxic properties against Ehrlich carcinoma (EAC) cells in vivo due to induction of oxidative stress. The largest decreases in EAC cell numbers were observed in the pre-treated male (approximately 53%) and female (approximately 47%) mice, and also the EAC cell viability was decreased after administration of BPE. The activities of the antioxidant enzymes, xanthine oxidase (XOD) and peroxidase (Px), were significantly different between the untreated EAC control group and all other groups that were treated with BPE. The XOD and Px activities were very low in untreated malignant cells, but increased significantly after administration of BPE. Our results show that BPE holds promise in the food industry as a source of bioactive compounds.
Nitrate ingestion improves exercise performance; however, it has also been linked to adverse health effects, except when consumed in the form of vegetables. The purpose of this study was to determine, in a double-blind crossover study, whether whole beetroot consumption, as a means for increasing nitrate intake, improves endurance exercise performance. Eleven recreationally fit men and women were studied in a double-blind placebo controlled crossover trial performed in 2010. Participants underwent two 5-km treadmill time trials in random sequence, once 75 minutes after consuming baked beetroot (200 g with ≥500 mg nitrate) and once 75 minutes after consuming cranberry relish as a eucaloric placebo. Based on paired t tests, mean running velocity during the 5-km run tended to be faster after beetroot consumption (12.3±2.7 vs 11.9±2.6 km/hour; P=0.06). During the last 1.1 miles (1.8 km) of the 5-km run, running velocity was 5% faster (12.7±3.0 vs 12.1±2.8 km/hour; P=0.02) in the beetroot trial, with no differences in velocity (P≥0.25) in the earlier portions of the 5-km run. No differences in exercise heart rate were observed between trials; however, at 1.8 km into the 5-km run, rating of perceived exertion was lower with beetroot (13.0±2.1 vs 13.7±1.9; P=0.04). Consumption of nitrate-rich, whole beetroot improves running performance in healthy adults. Because whole vegetables have been shown to have health benefits, whereas nitrates from other sources may have detrimental health effects, it would be prudent for individuals seeking performance benefits to obtain nitrates from whole vegetables, such as beetroot.
The effect of Solanum torvum (Fam: Solanaceae) on delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response, hemagglutinating antibody (HA) titer, white blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC) and hemoglobin concentration was investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats to establish immunomodulatory and erythropoietic activity.
Sheep red blood cells (SRBC)-immunized and challenged rats were treated with Solanum torvum extract, levamisole and dexamethasone. Phenylhydrazine (PHZ)-induced anemia in rats was treated with the extract.
The aqueous Solanum torvum extract and levamisole significantly enhanced DTH response, increased HA titer and WBC count, while dexamethasone significantly decreased DTH response, did not increase HA titer, and did not enhance WBC profile. The extract and Feroglobin, the reference heamatinic, were able to reverse PHZ-induced anemia, and increase the RBCs and Hb concentration above baseline values within 24 days.
Solanum torvum extract showed a concentration-dependent immunostimulant and erythropoietic activity.
Previous cancer chemoprevention studies from our laboratories and by other investigators have demonstrated that the extract of red beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.), the FDA approved red food color E162, can be effective in suppressing the development of multi-organ tumors in experimental animals. To further explore this finding, we have compared the cytotoxic effect of the red beetroot extract with anticancer drug, doxorubicin (adriamycin) in the androgen-independent human prostate cancer cells (PC-3) and in the well-established estrogen receptor-positive human breast cancer cells (MCF-7). This red colored anticancer antibiotic was selected for comparative cytotoxic study because its chemical structure with a planar configuration of an aromatic chromophore attached to a sugar molecule is remarkably similar to that of betanin, the beetroot extract constituent primarily responsible for its red color. Both doxorubicin and the beetroot extract exhibited a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect in the two cancer cell lines tested. Although the cytotoxicity of the beetroot extract was significantly lower when compared to doxorubicin, it continued to decrease the growth rate of the PC-3 cells (3.7% in 3 days vs. 12.5% in 7 days) when tested at the concentration of 29 µg/ml. In contrast, doxorubicin, at the same concentration level, completely inhibited the growth of the PC-3 cells in three days. Similarly, comparative studies in the normal human skin FC and liver HC cell lines showed that the beetroot extract had significantly lower cytotoxic effect than doxorubicin (8.6% vs. 100%, respectively, at 29 µg/ml concentration of each, three-day test period). The results suggest that betanin, the major betacyanin constituent, may play an important role in the cytotoxicity exhibited by the red beetroot extract. Further studies are needed to evaluate the chemopreventive potentials of the beetroot extract when used alone or in combination with doxorubicin to mitigate the toxic side-effects of the latter.
Lipid peroxidation and the accompanying translocation of phosphatidylserine (PS) from the inner to the outer leaflet of the lipid bilayer have recently been identified as key components of a signaling pathway for phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages. Drug-induced hemolytic anemia has long been known to be caused by an accelerated uptake of damaged (but intact) erythrocytes by macrophages in the spleen, and this process has been associated with enhanced formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the role of lipid peroxidation in hemolytic injury has remained unclear, and the effect of hemolytic agents on the distribution of PS in the erythrocyte membrane is unknown. The present studies were undertaken to determine whether lipid peroxidation and PS translocation could be detected in rat and human erythrocytes by three types of direct-acting hemolytic agents--dapsone hydroxylamine, divicine hydroquinone, and phenylhydrazine. 2',7'-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate was employed as a probe for intracellular ROS formation; lipid peroxidation was assessed by GC/MS analysis of F2-isoprostanes; and PS externalization was measured by annexin V labeling and the prothrombinase assay. The data confirmed that all three hemolytic agents generate ROS within erythrocytes under hemolytic conditions; however, no evidence for lipid peroxidation or PS translocation was detected. Instead, ROS production by these hemolytic agents was associated with extensive binding of oxidized and denatured hemoglobin to the membrane cytoskeleton. The data suggest that the transmembrane signal for macrophage recognition of hemolytic injury may be derived from oxidative alterations to erythrocyte proteins rather than to membrane lipids.
Diets including food products rich in inorganic nitrate are associated with lower blood pressure (BP). The evidence for the BP-lowering effects of inorganic nitrate and beetroot in randomized clinical trials has not been systematically assessed. The objective was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials that examined the effects of inorganic nitrate and beetroot supplementation on BP. Medline, EMBASE, and Scopus databases were searched from inception to February 2013. The specific inclusion criteria were: 1) randomized clinical trials; 2) trials reporting effects on systolic or diastolic BP or both; and 3) trials comparing inorganic nitrate or beetroot juice supplementation with placebo control groups. Random-effects models were used to assess the pooled BP effect sizes. Sixteen trials met the eligibility criteria for the systematic review. All studies had a crossover study design. The trials were conducted between 2006 and 2012 and included a total of 254 participants with 7-30 participants/study. The duration of each intervention ranged from 2 h to 15 d. Inorganic nitrate and beetroot juice consumption were associated with greater changes in systolic BP [-4.4 mm Hg (95% CI: -5.9, -2.8); P < 0.001] than diastolic BP [-1.1 mm Hg (95% CI: -2.2, 0.1); P = 0.06]. The meta-regression showed an association between daily dose of inorganic nitrate and changes in systolic BP (P < 0.05). Inorganic nitrate and beetroot juice supplementation was associated with a significant reduction in systolic BP. These findings need to be tested in long-term trials and in individuals at greater cardiovascular risk.
The present study was undertaken to investigate the hepatoprotective action of Beta vulgaris Linn. (BV, Chenopodiaceae) leaves against ethanol-mediated hepatotoxicity. Rat hepatocyte culture and rats were used as in vitro and in vivo screening models, respectively. In the in vitro studies, different extracts (i.e., petroleum ether, ethanol and aqueous) and fractions derived from ethanol extract (i.e., chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol) of BV leaves were screened. In vivo hepatoprotective activity was assessed in rats intoxicated with ethanol. Levels of serum markers enzymes together with antioxidants were measured to evaluate the extent of hepatic protection. Silymarin was taken as reference drug. In the in vitro studies, n-butanol fraction of BV leaves (BVBF) was found to be more potent than others. Moreover, in the in vivo evaluation, BVBF at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg showed marked protective action against ethanol-induced hepatic toxicity as evident by restoration of biochemical changes caused by ethanol. The present study concluded that BVBF possess potent hepatoprotective effect against ethanol-induced hepatic toxicity and it may have a great potential role in the management of alcoholic liver disease.
The kinetics of electron transfer from phenylhydrazine(S) to tris-(dimethylglyoximato) nickelate(IV), Ni(dmg) (dmg2− = dimethylglyoximate dianion), have been studied in aqueous medium in the range of 6.21 ⩽ pH ⩽ 12.2. The kinetics exhibit a pseudo-first-order disappearance of Ni(dmg) when excess S is present. The pseudo-first-order rate constants kobs are almost linearly dependent on [S]0 for varying concentrations of the reductant. At constant [S]0, the kobs−pH profile is U shaped. The kobs values register a decrease as the [H+] is increased in the pH range of ∽12.2–9.5, remain almost constant (minimum) in the range of ∽9–8, and then again linearly increase as [H+] is increased in the pH range of ∽7–6.21. Results are interpreted in terms of a probable mechanism involving outer-sphere electron transfer from the phenylhydrazine and phenylhydrazinium cation species to the unprotonated and one-protonated species of the Ni(IV) complex. The reduction rate appears to be dependent on the nature of the species (unprotonated and one-protonated) of the oxidant Ni(IV) complex. The phenylhydrazinium cation reduces the Ni(IV) complex at least one order of magnitude faster than does the neutral reductant species. The major product of the oxidation of phenylhydrazine by the Ni(IV) complex is 4-hydroxyazobenzene with a small amount of phenol.
Dietary nitrate administered in the form of beetroot juice decreases resting systolic blood pressure (SBP) and O(2) consumption during walking and running. The effects of dietary nitrate are thought to be mediated via reduction to biologically active nitrite and nitric oxide (NO) molecules. Potential mechanisms for dietary nitrate effects on O(2) cost of exercise are improved matching of O(2) delivery and consumption of active motor units, increased efficiency of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, and stoichiometry of calcium transport to ATP hydrolysis by the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium-ATPase.
Following the preliminary studies on the reactivity of the ambident nucleophile phenylhydrazine with dimethyl carbonate, investigations involving para-substituted phenylhydrazines were carried out in order to probe differences in the reactivity within this class of nucleophile. Phenylhydrazines substituted by electron withdrawing or donating substituents showed an increase in reactivity of the phenylhydrazine toward dimethyl carbonate. Under the basic conditions used, all phenylhydrazines displayed hard nucleophilicity, signifying that para-substitution on the phenyl ring has little effect on the hard-soft behavior of this class of nucleophile. This conclusion fits well within the results previously obtained using other para-substituted nucleophiles, i.e., phenols.
In addition to the well known effect of phenylhydrazine on red blood cells (methaemoglobin and Heinz body formation, autologous IgG binding, lipid peroxidation, etc.) an increased glucose utilization was observed. Measurement of 14CO2 formation from [1-14C]-glucose showed a maximum value at 2mM phenylhydrazine followed by a progressive inhibition on increasing the drug concentration to 16 mM. Concomitantly we found a reduction in the reduced glutathione concentration but not a corresponding increase in the level of oxidized glutathione. Phenylhydrazine also causes ATP depletion. The ATP is in part dephosphorylated to ADP and AMP and in part converted to inosine monophosphate and hypoxanthine. Measurement of the cell content of reduced and oxidized pyridine nucleotides was also performed and showed a progressive increase in the reduced forms of these coenzymes. Thus phenylhydrazine promotes cellular ATP depletion followed by adenine nucleotide catabolism that is not efficiently counteracted by an increase in glucose utilization. The relevance of these data to the mechanism of phenylhydrazine-induced anemia is discussed.
Leucocyte ascorbic acid concentration declines with age. Patients with iron-deficiency anaemia have higher concentrations than normal while those with iron overload have a reduced concentration. It is suggested that these phenomena may be a result of reduced ascorbate catabolism in iron-deficiency anaemia and they provide support for the suggestion that the amount of iron in the tissues may be an important factor in determining ascorbic acid utilization.
Mild hyperhomocysteinemia has been considered a cardiovascular risk factor. However, recent prospective studies have not demonstrated that hyperhomocysteinemia or the underlying genetic defect on methylentetrahydrofolate reductase is associated with a higher risk of coronary or peripheral artery disease. We compared serum homocysteine, folate, and vitamin B(12) levels of patients with coronary and peripheral vascular disease with those of age- and sex-matched healthy individuals. Subjects taking multivitamins, with diabetes mellitus, or serum creatinine levels over 1.5 mg/dL were excluded from the study. Homocysteine was measured by fluorimetric high-performance liquid chromatography. Serum folate and vitamin B(12) levels were measured by an ion-capture method. We studied 32 patients with peripheral vascular disease (10 female), aged 69.6 +/- 11 y, 24 age- and sex-matched control subjects, 52 patients with coronary artery disease (7 female), aged 59.5 +/- 10.4 y, and 42 age- and sex-matched control subjects. Serum homocysteine levels were 11.7 +/- 7.4 and 9.3 +/- 4.5 micromol/L in vascular patients and in the control counterparts, respectively (not significant). The levels for coronary patients and the control counterparts were 9.0 +/- 3.9 and 8.6 +/- 3.6 micromol/L, respectively (not significant). Folate levels were 4.48 +/- 2.42 and 7.14 +/- 4.04 ng/mL in vascular patients and control subjects, respectively (P < 0.02); the levels in coronary patients and control counterparts were 5.15 +/- 1.9 and 6.59 +/- 2.49 ng/mL, respectively (P < 0.01). No differences in vitamin B(12) or tocopherol levels were observed between patients and control subjects. There were no differences in homocysteine levels, but lower serum folate levels were observed when comparing patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease and healthy control subjects.
Chard (Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla) is used as a hypoglycemic agent by diabetic patients in Turkey. The present study was carried out in order to detect whether this plant, used in folk remedies for decreasing blood glucose levels, affects pancreatic B cells and blood glucose. In the diabetic group, a decrease in the number of B cells of Langerhans islets and in the secretory materials, a swollen granular endoplasmic reticulum cisternae and widened intercellular areas in some of B cells were observed. But, in a diabetic group given chard extract, an increase in the number of B cells of Langerhans islets and in the secretory granules were noted, together with many hypertrophic Golgi apparatus and granules of low densities. The extract while having no effect on blood glucose and body weight in the normal group, reduced the blood glucose value in streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic animals. But, in a diabetic group given chard, the body weight significantly increased in comparison to the diabetic group; maximum reduction in blood glucose levels was observed on the 42nd day. According to the morphological and biochemical results obtained, it is concluded that the extract of this plant when administered by gavage may reduce blood glucose levels by regeneration of the B cells.
The data reported here were obtained from the case-control arm of a large, comprehensive, population-based investigation of colorectal cancer incidence, etiology, and survival, the Melbourne Colorectal Cancer Study, conducted in Melbourne, Australia. This part of the case-control study was designed to identify dietary factors associated with colorectal cancer risk in 715 incident cases compared with 727 age/sex frequency-matched randomly chosen community controls, in which a quantitative assessment of all foods eaten was made. New data are presented on the potential of two groups of micronutrients as protective agents, namely, those involved in DNA methylation, synthesis, and repair (folate, methionine, and vitamins B6 and B12) and those with antioxidant properties (selenium, vitamins E and C, and lycopene). The adjusted odds ratios showed that for folate there was significant protection for rectal cancer in second and third quintiles of consumption but not for colon cancer, and this was similar for methionine consumption. Vitamin B6 consumption was significantly protective for both colon and rectal cancer at the higher quintiles, and this was similar for vitamin B12. Dietary selenium was significantly protective at middle quintiles of consumption at both cancer sites. Dietary vitamins E and C were statistically significantly protective for both colon and rectal cancer at all levels of consumption, and for both vitamins there was a dose-response effect of increasing protection, particularly so for colon cancer. Lycopene was not associated with colorectal cancer risk. A combined model included vitamins E, C, and B12 and selenium as micronutrients protective for colorectal cancer and folate, which, however, showed an increased risk at the highest level of consumption. These data support the proposition that a diet containing the dietary micronutrients involved in DNA methylation (folate, methionine, and vitamins B6 and B12) and some of those with antioxidant properties (selenium and vitamins E and C) may have a role to play in lowering colorectal cancer risk and also that such protection can be achieved by dietary means alone.
Objective:
Table beet (Beta vulgaris var. rubra) contains important bioactive agents (betaine and polyphenols), which have a wide range of physiologic effects. Because nutritive antioxidants may reduce the occurrence of complications and postoperative mortality, dietary intake of polyphenols and vitamins before surgery may greatly contribute to the survival of patients. Our aim was to determine the liver-protecting properties of bioactive substances of table beet in a model of ischemia-reperfusion injury of the rat.
Methods:
Wistar rats were divided into two groups: non-treated (n = 24) and fed with table beet (n = 8). For 10 days the second group was treated with lyophilized table beet (2 g/kg body weight daily) mixed into the rat chow. Hepatic ischemia was maintained for 45 min, followed by 15 min of reperfusion. Ischemia-reperfusion was carried out on animals from both groups. Chemiluminescent intensity, H-donating ability, reducing power, free SH group concentration, Randox-total antioxidant status, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities were determined by luminometry and spectrophotometry. Fatty acid (Shimadzu GC) and metal ion (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry) concentrations were observed in the liver.
Results:
As a result of feeding, global parameters (H-donating ability, reducing power, free SH group concentration) and enzymatic antioxidants (glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) of the liver were found to increase significantly, which indicated that the treatment had a positive effect on its redox state. The increase found in zinc and copper content may protect the hepatocytes against oxidative stress because these elements are required for the function of superoxide dismutase enzymes. In the table beet group the concentration of short-chain fatty acids decreased, whereas that of long-chain fatty acids increased. The changes in metal element and fatty acid concentrations confirmed that these elements have an essential function in cellular pathways.
Conclusion:
It may be stated that a natural antioxidant-rich diet has a positive effect on redox homeostasis during hepatic ischemia-reperfusion.
The most severe consequence of iron depletion is iron deficiency anemia (IDA), and it is still considered the most common nutrition deficiency worldwide. Although the etiology of IDA is multifaceted, it generally results when the iron demands by the body are not met by iron absorption, regardless of the reason. Individuals with IDA have inadequate intake, impaired absorption or transport, physiologic losses associated with chronological or reproductive age, or chronic blood loss secondary to disease. In adults, IDA can result in a wide variety of adverse outcomes including diminished work or exercise capacity, impaired thermoregulation, immune dysfunction, GI disturbances, and neurocognitive impairment. In addition, IDA concomitant with chronic kidney disease or congestive heart failure can worsen the outcome of both conditions. In this review, the prevalence of IDA related to confounding medical conditions will be described along with its diverse etiologies. Distinguishing IDA from anemia of chronic disease using hematologic measures is reviewed as well. In addition, current diagnostic strategies that are inclusive of clinical presentation, biochemical tests, and differential diagnosis will be outlined, followed by a discussion of treatment modalities and future research recommendations.
Traditional oral report indicates that Tectona grandis is used in the treatment of anaemia in Togo. For this purpose, the extract of T. grandis leaves is evaluated on anaemia model of rat induced by intraperitoneal injection of phenylhydrazine at 40 mg/kg for 2 days. Oral administration of T. grandis extract at 1 g/kg/day and 2 g/kg/day, to the rats previously treated with phenylhydrazine, increased the concentration of haemoglobin, red blood cells number, haematocrit and reticulocytes rate. Moreover, the extract of T. grandis enhanced the osmotic resistance of the red blood cells that confirm the important presence of young red blood cells. These results support partially the traditional use of T. grandis in the treatment of anaemia.