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Aristolochia indica L.: A Review
Abstract
Aristolochia indica L. (Aristolochiaceae) has long been used in Indian subcontinent in the traditional system of medicine to treat cholera, fever, bowel troubles, ulcers, leprosy, skin diseases, menstrual problems and snakebites. The plant is also used as emmenagogue, abortifacient, antineoplastic, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antipyretic, antifertility and antispermatogenic agent. Aristolochic acid, a major active constituent of the plant is reported to cause cancer, nephropathy, sister chromatid exchange and is a potent abortifacient. The present review deals with the different scientific studies and reports available in different aspects of this plant in the areas of Morpho-taxonomy, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Medicoethnobotany, Tissue culture and Chromosomal study.
... This species is native for central and South America. Another species Aristolochia indica is found throughout tropical, subtropical and Mediterranean countries including India, Nepal and Bangladesh (Dey and De 2011;Sarma et al. 2018). In Africa, generally on the western side, Madagascar favours the growth of 11 species which include A. albida, A. baetica, A. bracteolate, A. embergeri, A. heppi, A. hockii, A. fontanesii, A. paucinervis, A. pistolochia, A. rigida and A. sempervirens (de Groot et al. 2006). ...
... β-Sitosterol and stigmasterol were two major steroids extracted from different plant parts of Aristolochia sp. Terpenoids are beneficial for its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral and antirheumatic effects and have neutralizing potency against haemorrhagic effect (Dey and De 2011). Aristolochic acid has antisnake venom properties, but recently some reports have highlighted carcinogenic and nephrotoxic effects (Dey et al. 2020). ...
Aristolochia, belonging to the family Aristolochiaceae, has immense ecological significance due to its large size and huge geographic distribution. In the context of dealing with a genus with a huge number of species like Aristolochia, these markers come in handy to precisely identify a particular species and enumerate the genetic diversity. Also, certain species of Aristolochia are economically important due to the presence of secondary metabolites and vast use in traditional and modern medicine. But, the presence of profitable biochemical constituents in Aristolochia is very low and the breeding process of the plant is highly dependable on pollinators. Hence, identifying different biotechnological approaches to fasten the reproductive cycle of Aristolochia and increase the secondary metabolites is of great interest to the researchers. In this study, a comprehensive review has been established on different types of morphological/anatomical markers (starch grains with “Maltese cross”), phytochemical markers (aristolochic acid, triterpenoid, aristolactam etc.) and genetic markers (ISSR, SSR, DNA bar-coding) for various Aristolochia spp. We have also discussed the applications of different biotechnological tools in Aristolochia spp. which include discrete approaches to promote in vitro germination, in vitro shooting, root induction, somatic embryogenesis, synthetic seed production, acclimatization and hardening and sustainable production of secondary metabolites. In a nutshell, the present review is a first of kind approach to comprehensively demonstrate the genetic diversity studies and biotechnological aspects in Aristolochia spp.
Key points
• Insights into the in vitro propagation of Aristolochia spp.
• In vitro production and optimization of secondary metabolites.
• Assessment of genetic diversity by molecular markers.
... Aristolochia indica L., a member of the plant family Aristolochiaceae has popularly been known in Indian ethnobotany in the treatment of diverse medical conditions such as snakebites, ulcers, bowel troubles, cholera, fever, dermatological disorders, leprosy, menstrual anomalies etc. The plant has also been reported as anti-fertility, abortifacient, emmenagogue, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, anti-neoplastic, anti-pyretic, anti-microbial, and anti-spermatogenic (Dey and De, 2011). Besides A. indica, A. serpentaria, A. debilis, A. acuminata, A. trilobata, A. clematitis and A. bracteolata are also being used medicinally (Heinrich et al., 2009). ...
... Besides, AA toxicity may also be exploited against the malarial vector (Pradeepa et al., 2015). The species is being threatened in its natural habitat due to its overexploitation as raw materials for pharmaceuticals (Dey and De, 2011;Pattar and Jayaraj, 2012). ...
The present investigation was conducted to find out the influence of different polyamines (PAs) viz. spermine (spm), spermidine (spd) and putrescine (put) and plant growth regulators (PGRs) on multiplication, rooting, callusing and regeneration in Aristolochia indica L. in vitro. Firstly, the A. indica plants were collected, surface sterilized and cultured in Schenk and Hildebrandt (SH) media fortified with various PGRs and PAs in different concentrations and combinations. SH media fortified with benzylaminopurine (BAP) (2.0 mg/l)+put (0.5 mM) and in another experiment, BAP (2.0 mg/l)+spd (1 mM) produced best results with 41.00 and 39.2 axillary shoots/ nodal explant respectively. Following 4-6 weeks of incubation, explants propagated in SH media augmented with various combinations and concentrations of BAP and kinetin (kin) (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mg/l), spm, spd and put (0.5 and 1 mM) generated white friable callus. SH media supplemented with BAP (2.0 mg/l)+spd (0.5 mM) displayed best response with an average number of 47.5 base callus derived shoots . Following 6 weeks of incubation, SH+ indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) (1.0 mg/l)+spd (0.5 mM) resulted maximum average number (7) of roots per shoot. The genetic homogeneity of the mother plant (MP), hardened plant (HP) and in vitro regenerated plants was ascertained employing random-amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. In this present study, in randomly selected A. indica plants, by using 6 ISSR and 5 RAPD primers, 63 scorable bands were derived, 59 of which were recorded as monomorphic with a degree of monomorphism of 90%. High-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) revealed aristolochic acid (AA) content in in vitro grown A. indica roots and the roots from the mother plant (MP) as 6074.54 µg/g and 5891.14 µg/g respectively.
... This plant species is listed in a red data list of South Indian medicinal herbs. It is aromatic in nature and used to treat fever, cholera, ulcer, skin diseases, leprosy, snakebite, and cancers (Dey and De 2011;Anilkumar et al. 2014). Some of the major phytoconstituents of A. indica include ishwarane, aristolochen, ishwarone, aristololactam N-β-D-glucoside, 6β-hydroxy-stigmast-4-en-3-one, 3β-hydroxy-stigmast-5-en-7-one, aristolochine alkaline, isoaristolochic acid, allantoin, pinocarvone, and α-pinene (Dey and De 2011;Kuo et al. 2012). ...
... It is aromatic in nature and used to treat fever, cholera, ulcer, skin diseases, leprosy, snakebite, and cancers (Dey and De 2011;Anilkumar et al. 2014). Some of the major phytoconstituents of A. indica include ishwarane, aristolochen, ishwarone, aristololactam N-β-D-glucoside, 6β-hydroxy-stigmast-4-en-3-one, 3β-hydroxy-stigmast-5-en-7-one, aristolochine alkaline, isoaristolochic acid, allantoin, pinocarvone, and α-pinene (Dey and De 2011;Kuo et al. 2012). Various solvent extracts of this plant possess antiproliferative activity against MCF-7, the human breast cancer cell line (Anilkumar et al. 2014;Subramaniyan et al. 2015). ...
Globally, cancer is a constant battle which severely affects the human population. The major limitations of the anticancer drugs are the deleterious side effects on the quality of life. Plants play a vital role in curing many diseases with minimal or no side effects. Phytocompounds derived from various medicinal plants serve as the best source of drugs to treat cancer. The global demand for phytomedicines is mostly reached by the medicinal herbs from the tropical nations of the world even though many plant species are threatened with extinction. India is one of the mega diverse countries of the world due to its ecological habitats, latitudinal variation, and diverse climatic range. Western Ghats of India is one of the most important depositories of endemic herbs. It is found along the stretch of south western part of India and constitutes rain forest with more than 4000 diverse medicinal plant species. In recent times, many of these therapeutically valued herbs have become endangered and are being included under the red-listed plant category in this region. Due to a sharp rise in the demand for plant-based products, this rich collection is diminishing at an alarming rate that eventually triggered dangerous to biodiversity. Thus, conservation of the endangered medicinal plants has become a matter of importance. The conservation by using only in situ approaches may not be sufficient enough to safeguard such a huge bio-resource of endangered medicinal plants. Hence, the use of biotechnological methods would be vital to complement the ex vitro protection programs and help to reestablish endangered plant species. In this backdrop, the key tools of biotechnology that could assist plant conservation were developed in terms of in vitro regeneration, seed banking, DNA storage, pollen storage, germplasm storage, gene bank (field gene banking), tissue bank, and cryopreservation. In this chapter, an attempt has been made to critically review major endangered medicinal plants that possess anticancer compounds and their conservation aspects by integrating various biotechnological tools.
... Aristolochia indica L., commonly known as Ishwari, Nakuli and Gandhanakuli, is one of the 500 different species of Aristolochiaceae family. This creeper plant is distributed throughout the Mediterranean, tropical and sub-tropical countries and available in different parts of Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Sri Lanka in Indian subcontinent (Dey and De 2011;Yasmin et al. 2016). Phytoconstituents like ceryl alcohol, stigmas-4-en-3-one, β-sitosterol, friedelin etc. have been isolated from various parts of Aristolochia indica L. ( Sati et al. 2011). ...
... Phytoconstituents like ceryl alcohol, stigmas-4-en-3-one, β-sitosterol, friedelin etc. have been isolated from various parts of Aristolochia indica L. ( Sati et al. 2011). Isolation of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons like ishwarane and aristolochene from the roots of the plant have also been reported ( Dey and De 2011). Aristolochic acid obtained from this plant is a rodent carcinogen and thus it may have potentials for causing Balkan nephropathy. ...
Objective: To investigate the possible analgesic, antidiarrheal, antioxidant, cytotoxic and oral glucose tolerance activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Aristolochia indica (A. indica) L.
Methods: Analgesic activity was evaluated by acetic acid induced writhing method in mice. Castor oil induced diarrheal model mice were used to investigate antidiarrheal activity of the leaf extract. Qualitative in vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated by thin layer chromatography (TLC) technique. Cytotoxic activity was investigated on the basis of brine shrimp lethality bioassay. Finally, the hypoglycemic activity of the leaf extract was evaluated by oral glucose tolerance test.
Results: The plant extract showed dose dependent analgesic activity by acetic acid induced writhing inhibition in mice model. In vivo antidiarrheal activity was substantiated by significant prolongation of latent period and decreased in total number of stools compared to control. In the TLC-based qualitative antioxidant assay using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), the plant extract showed the free radical scavenging properties indicated by the presence of strong yellow spot on a purple background on the TLC plate. In the cytotoxicity assay, the LC50 obtained for the extract was low enough which indicates that the extract may contain cytotoxic activity. The plant extract at the dose of 500 mg/kg showed significant glucose lowering activity compared to control.
Conclusion: These results suggest that the extract possesses analgesic, antidiarrheal, antioxidant, cytotoxic and oral glucose tolerance activity.
... Dozens of species in Aristolochiaceae family (e.g., A. contorta, A. debilis, A. fangchi and A. manshuriensis) have been used in traditional Chinese medicine as anti-rheumatics, expectorant, antitussive, analgesic, and antiasthmatic, and for the treatment of snakebite and pneumonia [1][2][3]. Species of Aristolochia are also commonly used as herbal medicines in many other parts of the world, especially in Central America and the Indian Subcontinent [2,4,5]. In Europe, Aristolochia clematitis has been employed to treat dropsy by Hippocrates since ~ 400 BC [6]. ...
Aristolochic acid (AA)-containing herbs have been prescribed for thousands of years as anti-inflammatory drugs, despite the active pharmaceutical ingredients remaining unclear. However, exposure to AAI and AAII has been proven to be a significant risk factor for severe nephropathy and carcinogenicity. AAIVa, an analogue abundant in AA-containing herbs, showed neither carcinogenicity nor nephrotoxicity in our study and other reports, implying that the pharmacological effects of AAIVa on inflammation are worth studying. Herein, we employed RAW 264.7 cells, the ear edema mouse model, and the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systematic inflammation model in TNF-IRES-Luc mice (tracking TNFα luciferase activities in real-time) to evaluate the anti-inframammary effect of AAIVa. Our results showed that AAIVa could decrease pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα and IL-6) production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, indicating its anti-inflammatory effects in vitro. Furthermore, the application of AAIVa (400 and 600 μg/ear) could significantly inhibit phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced ear edema, suggesting its topical anti-inflammatory activity in vivo. Moreover, LPS-stimulated TNF-IRES-Luc mice were used to investigate the onset and duration of AAIVa on systematic inflammation. A single dosage of AAIVa (100 mg/kg, i.g.) could suppress LPS-triggered inflammation, by decreasing luciferase activities of TNFα at 3 h in TNF-IRES-Luc mice. In addition, the online pharmacological databases predicted that AAIVa might target the regulation of T cell activation-related protein (ADA, ADORA2A, ERBB2) to exhibit anti-inflammatory effect. In conclusion, we demonstrated that AAIVa had anti-inflammatory effect for the first time; our findings are constructive for further studies on pharmacological mechanism of AAIVa.
... However, it is necessary to investigate the true medicinal potential, especially concerning its toxicity profile. Despite the therapeutic reports, harmful effects have already been described and reported for plants of this genus acting as a nephrotoxic, antispermatogenic, and antifertility agent (Dey & De, 2011), in addition to demonstrating toxicity and cytotoxicity in bioassays (Silva et al., 2019). ...
The Brazilian flora harbors extensive plant biodiversity with the possibility of therapeutic use. In this context, the genus Aristolochia is widely used in folk medicine. From this perspective, the study aims to demonstrate important characteristics of these vegetables in the current literature. It was observed that the genus has promising medicinal properties that are directly related to its biological and chemical composition. However, it is notable that more research is needed to guide the safe use and encourage the synthesis of new pharmaceutical products derived from these herbs.
... Of the traditional uses cited, the most common uses are anticancer (33 articles) , antibacterial (31 articles) [23,25,29,30,38,39,45,49,, antioxidants (18 articles) [22,25,29,33,34,46,55,60,61,70,73,74,[77][78][79][80][81][82], snake anti-venom (13 articles) [21,22,39,40,76,[83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90], anti-inflammatory (11 articles) [22,40,46,47,74,86,[91][92][93][94][95], abdominal pain (11 articles) [17,[21][22][23]39,40,48,76,[96][97][98], antiparasitic (7 articles) [18,39,75,83,[99][100][101], insecticide an predator protection (7 articles) [40,[102][103][104][105][106][107], anti-malarial (5 articles) [21,40,48,108,109], skin diseases (5 articles) [22,23,40,76,86], fever (4 articles) [7,21,22,48], headache (4 articles) [21,22,48,85]. Other beneficial effects such as, antifungal activities [45,62,110], antinociceptive [94,111,112], changes in the estrous cycle [113,114], antifibrosis [115,116], hepatoprotection, nephroprotection [117], neuroprotective effect [118], antiurcer [119], antiallergic [120], immune effect [121], angiogenic [122], osteogenic differentiation of gingival mesenchymal stem cells [123], antidiabetic [22,124,125], control of melanogenesis [126], antihemorrhagic [127], antispasmodic [97], antitoxin [128], liver protector [100], bronchitis, constipation, rheumatism and bladder diseases [129], heart protector [130], antidyslipidemic [82], healing of wounds [98], acaricide [131], expectorant, antitussive, antihistamine and pain reliever [89]. ...
Different ethnomedicinal studies have investigated the relationship between various phytochemicals as well as organic extracts and their bioactive aspects. Studies on biological effects are attributed to secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, phenolic compounds, and terpenes. Since there have been no reviews in the literature on the traditional, phytochemical, and ethnomedicinal uses of the genus Aristolochia so far, this article systematically reviews 141 published studies that analyze the associations between secondary metabolites present in organic extracts and their beneficial effects. Most studies found associations between individual secondary metabolites and beneficial effects such as anticancer activity, antibacterial, antioxidant activity, snake anti-venom and anti-inflammatory activity. The aim of this review was to analyze studies carried out in the period 2005–2021 to update the existing knowledge on different species of the genus Aristolochia for ethnomedicinal uses, as well as pharmacological aspects and therapeutic uses.
... In the Greek language, the word Aristolochia is derived from the words aristos, which means best or most appropriate, and lochia, which implies delivery. The plant Aristolochia indica belongs to the Aristolochiaceae family (Dey and De, 2011). As a prominent medicinal plant, its therapeutic value has been well-known in India since ancient times, when it was first discovered. ...
The historic usage of medicinal herbs in India includes the treatment of cancer. About 6000 medicinal plants are said to be utilised in folk and herbal remedies in India. Three thousand of them have been identified as having therapeutic uses, while the rest are unknown. Most of the plants' therapeutic effects are attributable to bioactive chemicals that they create as a by-product. Medical plants are used by more than 80 per cent of the world population. Comparatively, just 1-3 per cent of contemporary medications are used to treat skin conditions. Chinese, Ayurvedic, Unani and Biomedicine are useful in treating a variety of illnesses, especially in rural regions.This review provide phytochemical constituents of the plant Aristolochia. Citation: Babu M., Ashok K. and Kuberan: Medicinal importance and phytochemical constituents of Aristolochia plant: A short review. Intern. J. Zool. Invest. 7 (2): 863-865, 2021.
... It is used to induce vomiting and to treat various poisons such as snake bites, scorpion stings and envenomation by other poisonous insects as well as intestinal parasite, swelling, menstrual irregularities, dropsy, low appetite, ulcers and fever. (7,8,9) The Roots, leaves and whole plant has been used in skin diseases. It is also used as an appetiser, aphrodisiac and anthelmintic medicine. ...
Aristolochia indica Linn. is a plant belonging to the family Aristolochiaceae. The medicinal value of A. indica has been known in different system of traditional medicine including Ayurveda. A number of Aristolochiaspecies has been used in herbal medicines throughout the world for the cure of several ailments including metabolic diseases to venomous bites of snake and insects. The current work was executed with an objective to explore the in vitro antimicrobial, anti-fungal and anti-oxidant activity of A. indica. The relevant literature was also pursued for the justification and comparing the resemblances in the results. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of roots of Aristolochia indica Linn. were tested for their inhibitory effect against 6 bacterial strains [Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae & Shigella flexneri] and 3 fungi strains [Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans]. Agar-well method was used for the assessment of in-vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity of A. indica against selected standard bacterial strains. The minimum inhibitory concentration for each extract of various micro-organisms was also measured. Ethanolic extract of A. indica shows Minimum concentration (MIC) value of 50-100 μg/ml against selected bacterial strains which is better when compared to the aqueous extracts. Ethanolic extracts also showed moderate effects against the selected fungal strains, whereas the aqueous extracts failed to exhibit any effect even at higher concentrations.
... The medicinal role of this plant has been reviewed thoroughly. [18] There are reports of its antibacterial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antidiabetic, and antivenom. [19][20][21][22][23][24] The plant is shown to have good mast cell stabilizing, anti-inflammatory, and antipruritic activity. ...
GC MS analysis of herbal medicinal plant
... It is a twining herb, semi woody, leaves are cordate or ovate, exstipulate; flowers are irregular, often offensively smelling, perianth is globose with a purple dilated and trumpet-shaped mouth with a strapshaped brown purple appendage or lip behind; fruit is a sub globose capsule. It is used in India to induce vomiting and to treat poisons, intestinal parasite, swelling, menstrual irregularities, dropsy, low appetite, ulcers and fever Dey (2011) [3] . The roots of plant are used as antidote in scorpion sting, bites of poisonous insects and snake bite. ...
The present investigation was under taken to the study of Response of different culture medium on in vitro plant regeneration through different explants viz., Cotyledons, Stem segment and Leaf base in Ishwarmul (Aristolochia indica Linn). For In-Vitro regeneration of Ishwarmul, seven media were tested out of which five based on Murashige and Skoog's medium (MS), one on Gamborg's B5 and one on White's media for their response on induction of callus from Stem segment, Leaf base and Cotyledons. Media based on MS responded well irrespective of explants used. Leaf base proved to be the best for callusing percent and fresh weight of callus in MS based media. The highest callusing efficiency was observed in MS medium with full strength of MS salts, 5mg/l 2,4-D + 1.6mg/l BAP. Observation on shoot regeneration capacity suggested that MS medium contained MS salt +5mg/l 2,4-D+1.6 BAP has shown superior performance and was highly effective in inducing multiple shoots from callus. The MS medium with half strength of basic MS salts in combination with 1.2mg/l BAP/ 0.6 mg/l IBA was also found to be the best for root regeneration. The Darkness supports the fast root regeneration in Ishwarmul. The rooted plantlets were successfully transplanted in pots in poly house, after 25 days these plants with pots were transferred in to green house for further acclimatization under natural environments. The survival rate was 63%.
... It is a twining herb, semi woody, leaves are cordate or ovate, exstipulate; flowers are irregular, often offensively smelling, perianth is globose with a purple dilated and trumpet-shaped mouth with a strapshaped brown purple appendage or lip behind; fruit is a sub globose capsule. It is used in India to induce vomiting and to treat poisons, intestinal parasite, swelling, menstrual irregularities, dropsy, low appetite, ulcers and fever Dey (2011) [3] . The roots of plant are used as antidote in scorpion sting, bites of poisonous insects and snake bite. ...
... A. indica L.: It is a shrub or perennial herb, linear-oblong to obovateoblong leaves, inflorescence axillary racemes; bracts ovate, seed deltoid-ovate, flat, winged [22]. Other significant bioactivities of this plant are anticancer, abortifacient, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antifertility, etc. [23]. C. quadrangularis L.: It is a climber growing with tendrils leaves simple broad-ovate stems quadrangular, succulent with angles winged, each node bears a tendril, and flowers are whitish in hue. ...
Objective: The aim of this work is to document the various ethnomedicinal healing plant species used in traditional bone setting (TBS) practice of Rabha community of Assam.Methods: This has been done using interview method which includes semi-structured questionnaire and the field walks method.Results: The results reveal that eight healing plants wear employed to in the TBS practice. Among these, Cissus quadrangularis L. is the most commonly used plant species to treat bone fracture. In this study, two modes of preparation for the ethnomedicine have been served (i.e., paste and extract) where paste form has higher used (75%).Conclusions: It has been concluded that Rabha Hasong area of Assam is indeed rich in ethnomedicinal plants. People get benefited from the traditional practices performed by the medicine men. This is the chief reason TBS practice that is still running smoothly with full faith and hope even in the current time where sophisticated orthopedic treatments are obtainable. Moreover, systematic nutraceutical appraisal of these species would provide a remarkable research possibility in the fields of ethnopharmacology that would be useful in the modern orthopedic treatments.
... The fresh and dried leaves of Abrus precatorius, Acalypha indica, Justicia adhatoda, Aristolochia indica, Azadirachta indica, Carica papaya, Citrullus colocynthis, Datura metel, Delonix elata, Lawsonia inermis, Lannea coromandelica, Leucas aspera, Morinda citrifolia, Pongamia pinnata, Ocimum sanctum, Phyllanthus amarus, Psidium guajava, Solanum trilobatum, Syzygium cumini, Tamarindus indica and Vitex negundo, fresh flowers of Musa paradisiaca, rhizome of Curcuma longa and dried seeds of Oryza sativa are used to treat viral ailments (FMD, fever and flu) similar to their use for livestock (Selvaraju et al., 2011;Upadhyay et al., 2011;Malik et al., 2012;Sharma et al., 2012;Bhatt et al., 2013;Kumar and Bharati, 2013;Maheshwari et al., 2013;Dhanam and Elayaraj, 2014;Kannan et al., 2016;Parthiban et al., 2016). Fresh leaves of Alove vera, Aristolochia indica, Bambusa arundinacea, Citrullus colocynthis, Lawsonia inermis, Leucas aspera, Pedalium murex and Sesamum indicum, rhizome of Curcuma longa, dried seeds Oryza sativa are also used to treat reproductive disorders, and compare well with studies on captive Asian elephants (Jayakumar et al., 2017) and other livestock including cattle (Geetha et al., 2006;Dilshad et al., 2008;Tiwari and Pande, 2010;Dey and De, 2011;Velayuthan et al., 2012;Semwal et al., 2014;Kannan et al., 2016). The plant species, namely, Acalypha fruticosa, Azadirachta indica, Citrullus colocynthis, Clerodendrum phlomidis, Curcuma longa, Ficus benghalensis and Zingiber officinale are used to heal cracks in teats, abrasions, horn avulsion, hematomas, and blisters on udder and compare well with the observations on various livestock in India (Rajan and Sethuraman, 1997;Kiruba et al., 2006;Tiwari and Pande, 2006;Ganesan et al., 2008;Malik et al., 2012;Bhatt et al., 2013;Eswaran et al., 2013;Kumar and Bharati, 2013;Rao et al., 2014;Yadav et al., 2014). ...
Konar, an ethnic group of Yadav community, with cattle raising as its major occupation, is known for treating its cattle ailments using a wide range of traditional herbal medicines. The use of herbal medicine for human ailments has dwindled over the past few decades with the advent of allopathy, and if it is still being used as a viable practice for livestock ailment is not well known. The present study examines this issue by documenting the herbal plants used in ethno-veterinary practices by the Konar community. The study was carried out employing a questionnaire between May 2015 and April 2016 sampling 200 people from the Konar community. Data on cattle ailments and ethno-veterinary properties of plant species were analyzed and summarized using descriptive statistics. The study documented that Konar community uses 38 plant species belonging to 23 families as medicine for 20 ailments prevailing among the livestock. Curcuma longa, Azadirachta indica, Vitex negundo, Bambusa arundinacea, Justicia adhatoda and Zingiber officinale were the most commonly used plants either independently or in combination. Among them, Curcuma longa (30%) and Azadirachta indica (21%) had the highest usage. Of the 20 ailments reported, foot and mouth disease was the most common ailment (20%) followed by diarrhea (8%) and horn avulsion (8%).
Documentation of this indigenous knowledge is valuable for the communities for wider use of traditional practices in treating livestock ailments. This study shows that traditional medicine, mainly involving the use of medicinal plants, is playing a significant role in meeting the livestock healthcare needs of the Konar ethnic groups in Tamil Nadu, and hence is a viable practice. Easy access to herbal resources and their free or low cost along with acceptance to traditional herbal medicine and lack of modern healthcare facilities in the rural areas are viewed by the community as the reasons for herbal treatment being continued as a viable practice by the konars for cattle ailments. The knowledge documented from the livestock producers—Konar—could also be used to manage the country's livestock healthcare system, and improve the lives and livelihoods.
... 16 Since Aristolochia indica Linn is an important herbal remedy in the Indian traditional medicine, and it has extensively been investigated by various workers for its phytochemical, pharmacological, Morphotaxonomical, cytological, and organogenesis and micro-propagation studies. 17 However, the studies on the botanical pharmacognosy seem to be rare in literature, barring a few isolated studies on the aspects of ethono-biotanical, 18 folial stomatal development, 19 root morphology, 20 and root anatomy. Therefore, the present study was undertaken with the objectives of delineating the anatomical markers, and develop active constituent based on High-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) profile of the leaves of Aristolochia indica Linn. ...
Background: Aristolochia indica Linn is now an endangered medicinal plant belonging to the family Aristolochiaceae. Many ethono-botanically important species of Aristolochia were found used in the traditional forms of medicine for the treatment of various illnesses. Aim: The present study concerns the microscopic, fluorescent, powder, quantitative microscopic characteristics of the leaves of Aristolichia indica Linn and its physico-chemical standards. Materials and Methods: Morpho-histological profile, Highperformance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) finger print profile, and heavy metals content of the leaves of Aristolichia indica Linn. Results: The presence of camptodromous pinnate venation with pentagonal shaped areoles with linear veinlet endings, non-glandular hooked trichomes, amphistomatic and anomocytic stomata, small palisade ratio, small stomatal index were the anatomical features characteristics of the taxon. Physico-chemical evaluation of the leaves gave moisture content of 10.5%, total ash 12.7%, acid insoluble ash 1.9%, acid soluble ash 10.8%. Highperformance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) identification of marker compound (Aristolochic acid I or (AAI)) in methanol extract of leaves was carried out. The developed HPTLC Chromatogram had revealed nine phytoconstutents in extract of leaf sample. The Rf value for Aristolochic acid I (C17H11NO7) was found to be 0.41 and densitometric scanning had shown λmax at 318 nm for the marker compound. The content of marker constituent (AA I) present in shade-dried leaves of Aristochia indica Linn was estimated as 0.049%. The Flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination of elements had shown appreciable amounts of the elements such as Fe (0.5442 mg/g), Zn (0.026.82 mg/g), Ni (0.008 mg/g,) and Cu (0.002 mg/g) by dry weight of the leaves of Aristolichia indica. Conclusion: The present study suggests that the delineated characteristics of the leaves of A. indica, could tag as the identifying parameters to substantiate and authenticate the raw drugs from the spurious/adulterants materials and could also be effectively used for the regulatory perspectives and quality assessment of Aristololic acid É in the medicinal formulation/finished products. The presence of important mineral elements inside this plant showed that it could be a nutritious plant and important to the human health.
... Aristolochia indica is distributed throughout the tropical, subtropical, and Mediterranean countries (Dey and De 2011a). In India it is found in the Bengal, Bangladesh, and Coromondal Coast (Kanjilal et al. 2009). ...
India, known as the herbal garden of the world, has a rich knowledge in plant-based medications. Ayurveda (Sanskrit, meaning "life knowledge") is a traditional system of medicine that deals with the treatment of various ailments using plant-based products. The inability of this system to compete with contemporary systems is attributed to the reason that many plant-based formulations lack scientific evaluation or proper clinical trials. However, most of the bioactive components isolated, characterized, and identified from these medicinal plants have shown promising pharmaceutical properties when evaluated under in vitro conditions and with animal models. In this chapter, rare and endangered medicinal plants such as Aegle marmelos, Aristolochia indica, Baliosprmum montanum, Coscinium fenestratum, Decalepis hamiltonii, Eugenia singampattiana, Holostemma ada-kodien, Pterocarpus santalinus, Rauvolfia serpentina, Trichopus zeylanicus, and Oroxylum indicum are discussed in light of their history, distribution, phytochemical constituents, and medicinal significance with the aim to attract researchers to work on active phytochemical constituents to validate and develop plant-based drugs.
... Apart from its eco-friendly strategy, plants own metabolic status which provides them strength to withstand such environmentally diverse habitats. These plant products have enormous significance for the surviving humanity in various manners such as pharmaceuticals and agriculture [19]. Plant phenolic compounds are well known because of its free radical scavenging, antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential [20]. ...
Nano fabrications from biological entities have a widespread application and emerging as dynamic area
in material science. In this study silver nanoparticles (AIAgNPs) was successfully synthesised using the
leaf extract of Aristolochia indica L. (Aristlochiceae) for their potential applications put in antimicrobial
therapy. Synthesized AIAgNPs were confirmed through formation of yellowish brown colour due to the
excitation of surface plasmonic vibrations (SPR). In UV-Visible spectroscopy it produces an absorbance
spectrum at 420 nm. Morphometric features of synthesized AIAgNPs were studied with Field emission
Scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and High resolution transmission electron microscope HRTEM.
It shows spherical AgNPs with the size range between 8-41nm with the mean size of 24 ± 9 nm. XRD
diffractogram planes confirms that the synthesized AgNPs were face cubic crystalline (Fcc) in nature.
EDAX analysis authorizes the presence of elemental metal signal for silver and FTIR results give an
idea about the possible biomolecule responsible for reduction of AgNO3. In addition, synthesized AgNPs
and aqueous leaf extract were screened for its antimicrobial activity against clinically isolated human
pathogens towards biomedical applications.
... The plant is also used as abortifacient, antiseptic, antipyretic and antifertility agent. 9 Bacillus subtilis a gram positive bacterium which has the ability to tolerate extreme environmental conditions by forming endospore was tested for antibacterial assay. Though it is not considered as human pathogen, it causes food poisoning by producing extracellular toxin, proteoloytic enzyme subtilisn. ...
Indiscriminate uses of commercial antimicrobial drugs are creating lot of side effects and pathogenic microbes are posing multidrug resistance, with this background an era has opened to evaluate antimicrobial activities of traditional medicinal plants. Aristolochia indica an Indian folklore medicinal plant was investigated to evaluate antibacterial activity of aqueous, acetone, butanol, DMF and ether extracts against food poisoning pathogen Bacillus subtilis by disc diffusion method. All crude root extracts exhibited antibacterial activity. Their inhibition efficacies were in turn compared to five different standard antibiotics (Ciprofloxacin, Nitrofurantoin, Ofloxacin, Pefloxacin and Sparfloxacin) and pure solvents antibacterial activity by Post Hoc Scheffe test. Among all root extracts butanol root extract activity was much closer to the standard antibiotics activity. Interestingly, butanol, ether and distilled water extracts were more active than Nitrofurantoin. The root extracts inhibitory activity was double when compared to solvents. The present study supports A. indica has a therapeutic potency and could be the source for new anti-infectious agent.
... Different plant groups have been recorded in the literature to possess antifungal efficacy against a number of plant and human pathogens (Sibtain et al., 2002;Saadabi, 2006). Investigations have also been conducted on the efficacy of members of lichen (Halama and Van Haluwin, 2004), pteridophyta (Sahayaraj et al., 2009), gymnosperms (Krauze- Baranowska et al., 2002), monocots and dicots (Dey, 2011a,b;Dey and De, 2011) against various pathogenic and some non-pathogenic fungi. ...
Abstract
Extracts from four Nigerian mosses; Barbula lambarenensis J. Hedwig, Octoblepharum albidum Hedw., Thuidium gratum (P. Beauv.) A. Jaeger, and Calymperes afzelli Swartz, Jahrv. Gewachsk were prepared using ethanol, petroleum ether, acetone and distilled water with the aid of soxhlet extractor and their antifungal effects tested on Penicillum chrysogenum and Rhizopus stolonifer. Agar diffusion method was used for P. chrysogenum while potato nutrient broth was used to grow Rhizopus stolonifer. All the four plant extracts tested had fungistatic effects against the test organisms but none was fungicidal to them. Moreover, ethanolic extracts generally recorded higher retardation of fungal growth than those of petroleum ether, acetone and distilled water.
... Vernacular names: Chhamboos/Bagmungri (Jaunsari tribe of Garhwal Himalaya, Uttaranchal) Jaunsari tribe of Garhwal Himalaya, Uttaranchal uses tuber paste externally to treat snakebite (Bhatt and Negi, 2006 A. indica has been described as an important ethnobotanical remedy against snakebite (Dey and De, 2011a). Gond Tribe of Naoradehi wild life sanctuary, Madhya Pradesh, India uses leaf paste externally. ...
Snakebite has been a major cause of mortality across the tropical countries including Indian subcontinent. The present review deals with the enormous amount of ethnobotanical work performed in the last few years involving use of different plants against snakebite in Indian subcontinent (India, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Nepal). From a variety of literature sources the data has been compiled mentioning the plants, parts used, dosage, mode of administration, name of the ethnic communities, geographical locations etc. depending on the availability of information.
Maintaining healthy skin is important for a healthy body. At present, skin diseases are numerous, representing a major health problem affecting all ages from neonates to the elderly worldwide. Many people may develop diseases that affect the skin, including cancer, herpes, and cellulitis. Long-term conventional treatment creates complicated disorders in vital organs of the body. It also imposes socioeconomic burdens on patients. Natural treatment is cheap and claimed to be safe. The use of plants is as old as mankind. Many medicinal plants and their parts are frequently used to treat these diseases, and they are also suitable raw materials for the production of new synthetic agents. A review of some plant families, viz., Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, etc., used in the treatment of skin diseases is provided with their most common compounds and in silico studies that summarize the recent data that have been collected in this area.
The North-eastern region of India encompasses eight states viz. Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura. It is perhaps the most extravagant store of medicinal plants in the World. It is considered that the medicinal plants are the foundation of the conventional medicine. Almost 80% of the world populaces depend on conventional medications for essential medical services, a large portion of which include the utilization of extracts of medicinal plants. This conventional practice of medication assumes a significant part in the medical care of rural people for a wide range of diseases. They practice their own traditional healthcare system as they have an in-depth knowledge and understanding about plants, both conventional and non-conventional for their food and for medicine. This review thus underlines the different medicinal plants found across the entire north-eastern region and their respective potential uses or medicinal plant utilization for the significant well-being of mankind.
The aim of this study was to examine the acute and sub-acute toxicity of the ethanolic extract of the stem and root of Aristolochia ringens and Securidaca longepedunculata, respectively, in Wistar rats. The animals were divided into 5 per group and oral administration of extract at doses of 100, 250, 500 mg/kg were given daily for 28 days. Control group was given distilled water and animals were weighed at 7 day intervals. Animals were kept under close observation for 24 h and 28 days for acute and sub acute toxicity study, respectively. Body and relative organ weight, biochemical and haemotological analysis and phytochemical screening were carried out. The extract did not exhibit significant change in the percentage body weight when compared to the control group. The stem extract of A. rigens did not show any significant difference in the weight of the organs, weight while the root extract of S. longepedunculata exhibited a significant dose-dependent decrease in the weight of the liver and heart in all the treated groups (p<0.05). Extract showed significant increase in red blood cell (RBC), haemoglobin (HGB) and haemotocrit (HCT) levels in A. ringens, while it decreased in S. longepedunculata extract in the study. There was no significant alteration in the haematological parameters (WBC, MCHC, MCV and MCH) of the treated rats when compared to the control rats. All blood serum biochemical parameters were not significantly (p<0.05) different as compared with the control group, except for a significant (p<0.05) non-dose-dependent increase of TP, HDL-c and LDL-c of A. ringens extract. The result indicate non toxicity of ethanolic stem and root extracts of A. ringens and S. longepedunculata, respectively, were found to be safe when orally administered.
Female primary infertility is a major global challenge known to be influenced by dietary factors, including caffeine intake. Moderate caffeine intake has been proposed to have beneficial health effects while excessive caffeine intake may represent health risks, with the reproductive system being one of them. However, studies regarding the association between high caffeine intake and reduced female infertility are still inconclusive. This evidence-based case report was investigated to know whether daily high caffeine consumption is associated with female primary infertility indicated by time to pregnancy (TTP) and spontaneous abortion (SAB).
A structured literature search for cohort, case-control and meta-analysis was performed using Pubmed and Scopus database. Selected articles were appraised using appraisal tools from CEBM for meta-analysis, and NOS assessment tool for cohort and casecontrol studies.
Four articles (one meta-analysis, two cohort studies, and one case-control study) were selected based on predefined selection criteria. High caffeine intake was not associated with 12 months TTP based on all studies, except for one case-control study. Whereas, based on the meta-analysis of 27 studies that provided sufficient data on SAB, it was shown that increased caffeine consumption significantly increased the risk of SAB. However, studies that assessed SAB had significant heterogeneity.
In conclusion, based on studies with the highest evidence level and appropriate NOS and CEBM scores, we found an insignificant association, if any, between high caffeine intake and primary infertility based on two indicators, which were TTP and SAB. Therefore, we recommend that women trying to achieve pregnancy do not necessarily need to restrict their caffeine intake.
Urena genus consists of two species named Urena lobata L. and Urena sinuata L. These plants have various pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti-diarrheal, anti-parasitic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities and a variety of phytochemicals. U. sinuata is a medicinal herb, which is frequently used by the traditional practitioners in Bangladesh, India and many other countries of the world for the treatment of various diseases. The plant roots are anti-rheumatic, anti-pyretic, emollient, refrigerant, maturant, and act as a cooling agent. In this study, we summarize a detailed overview of the U. sinuata based on the most recent available literature (till Jun 2020). Findings suggest that U. sinuata possesses many important phytochemical and pharmacological activities. According to scientific reports, U. sinuata possesses carbohydrates and gums, reducing sugars, alkaloids, steroids, glycosides and flavonoids. Pharmacological investigations suggest that the plant has antioxidant, antidiarrheal, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic, anxiolytic, analgesic, sedative, thrombolytic, insecticidal and repellent activities. In conclusion, U. sinuata may be one of the best sources of plant-based drugs.
Background:
Aristolochia indica L. of the family Aristolochiaceae is a twining perennial herbs with an ancient history of medicinal use. In the Indian Ayurvedic system, it is mentioned for the treatment of snake venom, scorpion venom, pimple, fever and worm infection.
Objective:
To make accessible the current information that is existing on the traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of Aristolochia indica . Additionally, to emphasize the potential uses of this plant to treat various diseases and to bring in a foundation for further research.
Methods:
The present review is carried out by compiling literature from 1935 to 2020, concerning the morphology, tradional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and toxicological aspects of Aristolochia indica.
Results:
Diverse chemical compounds including Aristolochic acids, aristolactam, Phenanthrenes, alkaloids, lignans, steroids and terpenes have been isolated from this plant. Mostly in-vivo models indicated several evidence in the use of this plant particularly to regulate fertility. Few in-vivo studies also proved usefulness of this plant in inflammation and diabetis. In some in-vitro studies the anti-snake venom, larvicidal, and anti-oxidant potential has been proved.
Conclusion:
Preclinical studies have demonstrated remarkable activity which support the conventional use of the plant as an antivenum, antifertility, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agent. Although few phytochemicals isolated (Aristolic acid, (12S)-7,12-secoishwaran-12-ol, Aristololactam-I N-β-D-glucoside, Aristolochic acids, β-sitosterol, (-) Hinokinin and Aristolactam-I) from the plant exhibited remarkable biological activity, it was only confined to preclinical study. Even though, the isolated aristolochic acids showed significant anti-snake venom activity but it was found to be nephrotoxic and mutagenic. More detailed safety data pertaining to dose of crude extracts or pure compounds needs to be generated.
The aim of this study was devoted, in the one hand, to determine a preliminary phytochemical screening of methanolic and aqueous root extracts of Aristolochia longa L. In the other hand, polyphenols and flavonoids contents, in vitro antioxidant, antitumor, and antibacterial activities of the organic extract of A. longa were determined. Phytochemical screening was carried out using standard methods of precipitation and coloration reactions. The total phenol content and flavonoid contents were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and Aluminum chloride colorimetric method, respectively. Antioxidant activity was studied using DPPH assay. The cytotoxic activity of extracts was evaluated against three cancerous cell lines using MTT assay, and antibacterial activity was tested against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Rhodococcus equi, and Staphylococcus aureus using the agar well diffusion assay. Preliminary phytochemical screening for aqueous and ethanolic extracts revealed the presence of starch, tannins, flavonoids, coumarins, and anthocyanins. The total phenol content of A. longa extracts showed that the methanol extract has the highest polyphenol and flavonoid concentrations with 101.4 mg GAE (Gallic acid equivalent)/g and 54.21 mg QE (Quercetin equivalent)/g extract, respectively. The methanolic extract also exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity of DPPH (IC 50 = 1.32 mg/mL). While hexane extract exhibited both a potent inhibitory effect on VERO cell growth with IC 50 = 15.125 μg/mL and a total inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus with inhibition zone 8.5 mm. The high content of polyphenols in A. longa explains their antioxidant, antitumor, and antibacterial activity. Thus, this plant could be a significant source of natural compounds in preventing the development of cancer.
Climbers are plants with weak stems that require support to grow upright. This group of plants develops various climbing mechanisms, classified as tendrillar, twiners, scramblers, clinging, adhesive and woody climbers (lianas). Although climbers are predominantly angiosperms, some are ferns, and one gymnosperm member Gnetum is included in this category. The angiosperm families mainly composed of climbers include Cucurbitaceae, Convolvulaceae and Dioscoreaceae. India’s biodiversity includes two regions, the Western Ghats and the Eastern Himalayas. According to the Botanical Survey of India, of approximately 18,000 species of angiosperms in India, 8000 of them are medicinal plants and several of them are climbers. Many climbers are medicinally important and used as herbal remedies in traditional systems of Indian medicine, including Ayurveda, Sidha and Unani. Several active phytochemicals from different parts of these plants are isolated and used as medicine either alone or in combination with other compounds. Unfortunately, many of these plants are under the threat of extinction due to habitat depletion and overexploitation and conservation efforts are required to ensure their long-term stability. In this review, we discuss in vitro propagation and conservation strategies for Indian medicinal climbers from diverse families including Fabaceae, Aristolochiaceae, Asparagaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Sapindaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Vitaceae, Ranunculaceae, Menispermaceae, Colchicaceae, Apocynaceae, Rubiaceae, Passifloraceae, Stemonaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Cucurbitaceae due to their high medicinal value.
The aim of this study was to examine the acute and sub-acute toxicity of the ethanolic extract of the stem and root of Aristolochia ringens and Securidaca longepedunculata, respectively, in Wistar rats. The animals were divided into 5 per group and oral administration of extract at doses of 100, 250, 500 mg/kg were given daily for 28 days. Control group was given distilled water and animals were weighed at 7 day intervals. Animals were kept under close observation for 24 h and 28 days for acute and sub acute toxicity study, respectively. body and relative organ weight, biochemical and haemotological analysis and phytochemical screening were carried out. The extract did not exhibit significant change in the percentage body weight when compared to the control group. The stem extract of A. rigens did not show any significant difference in the weight of the organs, weight while the root extract of S. longepedunculata exhibited a significant dose-dependent decrease in the weight of the liver and heart in all the treated groups (p<0.05). Extract showed significant increase in red blood cell (RBC), haemoglobin (HGB) and haemotocrit (HCT) levels in A. ringens, while it decreased in S. longepedunculata extract in the study. There was no significant alteration in the haematological parameters (WBC, MCHC, MCV and MCH) of the treated rats when compared to the control rats. All blood serum biochemical parameters were not significantly (p<0.05) different as compared with the control group, except for a significant (p<0.05) non-dose-dependent increase of TP, HDL-c and LDL-c of A. ringens extract. The result indicate non toxicity of ethanolic stem and root extracts of A. ringens and S. longepedunculata, respectively, were found to be safe when orally administered.
Venomous snakebite has been a major cause of mortality and morbidity across the Asian, African and Latin American countries. Lack of medical infrastructure, ineffectiveness of conventional antivenin and malpractice by the local quacks worsen the scenario. The present review deals with the pharmacological investigations performed in different botanicals for antiophidian principles. It also includes a list of certain traditionally used medicinal plants with potential anti snake venom efficacy. The authors have compiled a number of plants active in vitro and/or in vivo against the toxicity of various snake venoms causing an array of biological symptoms. This review also compiles the information regarding the possible use of plant derived natural product based antivenins in order to find cheap and effective alternative source of snake venom antidote especially for the third world tropical countries. From a variety of literature sources the data has been collected mentioning the plants alphabetically and their respective families with notes on plant parts and solvent system used, in vitro and in vivo analyses, activity against the toxicity and biological symptoms related to poisonous snakebite, dose dependence, experimental models, efficacy of the isolated compound(s), ethnobotanical and clinical relevance etc.
Astragalin was isolated for the first time along with ( - )hinokinin, aristolactam I and aristolochic acids (I & II) from the extracts of Aristolochia indica L. using a new, efficient preparative HPLC method. A reversed-phase HPLC method of analysis was developed to analyse the isolated compounds. The crude extracts and the isolated compounds were tested for their anti-inflammatory potential. We report here for the first time the anti-inflammatory effects of ( - )hinokinin and aristolactam I against IL-6 (IC50 = 20.5 ± 0.5 and 52 ± 8 μM) and TNFα (IC50 = 77.5 ± 27.5 and 116.8 ± 83.25 μM), respectively. ( - )Hinokinin exerted its anti-inflammatory effects via NFκB-dependent mechanism whereas aristolactam I may be effective via a mechanism independent of NFκB.
Objective
Ethnobotanical excursions were carried out among the tribals of Purulia district, West Bengal, India to explore the traditional use of medicinal plants against fever.Methods
With the help of a semi structured questionnaire, informants were interviewed and their indigenous knowledge regarding antipyretic use of plants was documented.ResultsA total number of 22 plants used as febrifuge were recorded along with their vernacular names, part(s) used, method of preparation and route of administration.Conclusions
Different tribal communities residing in the area were found to possess traditional knowledge of using phytotherapy in the treatment of fevers.
Purulia, the westernmost district of West Bengal, India is inhabited by a large number of tribals. A study on ethnomedicinal plants used against snakebite in the villages of the district was carried out. Using a questionnaire, personal interviews, and conversations, 15 plant species were found to be used by the ethnic groups as anti-snake venom ousethnobotanicals. Information, mostly collected from villagers, was documented with scientific names of the plants, families, vernacular names, parts used, mode of administration, and locality of use. A note on other reports of the plants used as antivenom and their pharmacological significance were added to bridge the traditional knowledge and scientific investigations.
Medicinal plants serve as sources of valuable compounds with therapeutic potential. Plumeria rubra L. (Apocynaceae) is a medicinally important tree which has been reported as ethnomedicinal cure of different ailments. In the current investigation, n-hexane fraction of crude methanolic extract of P. rubra stem bark was investigated against four ATCC (American type culture collection) bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Enterobacter cloacae (ATCC 13047), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and Serratia marcescens (ATCC 13880). Inhibitions of the plant extract against all the four microorganisms were tested by both agar-diffusion assay and broth microdilution method. The n-hexane fraction of crude methanolic extract of P. rubra stem bark showed MICs of 13.5, 11.8, 8.5 and 16.9 mg mL-1 and induced a maximum of 91.53, 92.84, 94.69 and 85.29% growth inhibition against S. aureus (ATCC 25923), E. cloacae (ATCC 13047), P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and S. marcescens (ATCC 13880), respectively. The active plant extract in this study showed significant antibacterial activities against all the human pathogenic strains, adding credence to the ethnomedicinal uses of the plant, as well as, suggesting towards its specific use against the tested microorganisms.
Bangladesh is a deltaic country with about 150 large and small rivers flowing through various sections of the country. Due to absence or lack of access to modern medical facilities, the people residing in villages adjoining the river banks rely mostly on folk medicinal practitioners for their primary health-care needs. We conducted an ethnomedicinal survey among the folk medicinal practitioners (Kavirajes) of Rahmatpur village (beside the Ghaghot river, Rangpur district), Narshe, Koobtola, Fakhirpara, Mazipara, Kothubpoor, Bethdangha, Chondhonpara, and Mothurapara villages (beside the Bangali river, Bogra district) and the villages of Narayanpur, Kalidaskhali, Durduria, Khayarhat, Alaipur, and Bagha (beside the Padma river, Rajshahi district). The objective of the study was to analyze whether differences exist in the use of medicinal plants for treatment of various ailments among the Kavirajes of villages adjoining the three different rivers. Interviews were conducted with the help of a semi-structured questionnaire and the guided-field walk method. Plant specimens were identified at the Bangladesh National Herbarium. We did not find any appreciable differences in the total number of medicinal plants used in the three areas of survey. The Kavirajes by the Ghaghot river used 48 medicinal plants distributed into 33 families, which is nearly the same with 50 medicinal plants distributed into 33 families used by the Kavirajes of Bangali river villages, and 54 plants distributed into 40 families used by the Kavirajes of Padma river villages. However, considerable differences existed in the selection and use of plants for treatment of various ailments. Out of a total of 125 plant species obtained from the three survey areas, only two plants - Heliotropium indicum and Piper longum were commonly used by Kavirajes in all three survey areas, and even then they were used to treat different ailments. The use of plant parts also differed considerably between the three survey areas. Whole plants accounted for 10.3% of total use at Ghaghat versus 25.9% at Bangali and 7.9% use at Padma river adjoining villages. Use of stems of medicinal plants comprised 17.2% of total use at Ghaghot, while at Bangali and Padma river adjoining villages, the figures were, respectively, 6.2% and 0. The ailments treated also varied considerably, with more plants being used for ethnoveterinary purposes observed in Bangali river adjoining villages. The considerable differences between use of plants cannot be attributed to climate conditions and absence of any given plant species in any given area. All 125 plant species noted in the present survey were present in all three survey areas. Interviews conducted with the Kavirajes indicated that the observed variations in plant use may result from an individual Kavirajes' experimentation with plants and then confining the experimentally gained knowledge to himself, which is closely guarded and only passed from generation to generation within the immediate family.
The essential oil of the aerial parts of Aristolochia indica Linn. (Aristolochiaceae) from South-India was analyzed by gas chromatographic-spectroscopic (GC-FID and GC-MS) and olfactoric methods to identify those compounds responsible for the characteristic odor as well as partly for the folk medicinal use of this plant. Especially sesqui- and monoterpenes were found to be dominating constituents of this essential oil, such as: β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, ishwarone, caryophyllene oxide I, ishwarol, ishwarane and aristolochene as well as linalool and α-terpinolene. The odor impression of the sample is described and the possible biological activity of some single volatiles shortly discussed.
Bangladesh has over 86,000 villages spread throughout the country. The primary health-care providers of
the village inhabitants are usually folk medicinal practitioners (Kavirajes) since the villagers either lack access to modern medical facilities or cannot afford the price of modern medicines. Kavirajes rely on simple
preparations of medicinal plants for treatment; the use of medicinal plants can vary widely between Kavirajes
of different villages. We conducted an ethnomedicinal survey among the Kavirajes of Vasu Bihar village
located within Bogra district, Bangladesh to know about the folk medicinal practices of the village Kavirajes.
Following obtaining informed consent from the Kavirajes, interviews were conducted with the help of a semi-structured questionnaire and the guided field-walk method. All medicinal plants as pointed out by the Kavirajes were collected and identified at the Bangladesh National Herbarium. It was observed that the Kavirajes of Vasu Bihar village utilized 53 plant species distributed into 31 families for treatment of various ailments. The Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, and the Fabaceae families contributed four plants per family followed by the Rutaceae family with three plant species. 11 plants were used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, 6 for pain, and 5 plants for skin disorders, indicating that these are possibly the most common ailments prevalent within the village. Interestingly, the Kavirajes used 3 plants for treatment of cancers or tumors and 3 plants for treatment of diabetes, which are either incurable diseases or not completely cured with modern allopathic medicine. Leaves constituted 45.1% of total uses, followed by fruits (14.1%). Other plant parts used by the Kavirajes included whole plant, stem, shoot, root, flower, fruit, seed, bark, and rhizome. The folk medicinal use of plants offers tremendous potential for scientists to conduct further research on these plants to discover lead compounds and more efficacious drugs.
Floral phenology, pollination biology and breeding system were studied in Aristolochia tagala Cham. (Aristolochiaceae) grown under ex situ conditions. The flower exhibits structural features typical of fly-trap mechanism described for other Aristolochia species. Flowers show pronounced protogyny. Stigmas are receptive at anthesis and remain so for 24 h. Anthers dehisce 45-48 h after anthesis by which time stigma receptivity is lost. Chironomid fly (Diptera) is the pollinator. Attracted by the odour and colour of the flower, the flies enter it and are detained in the chamber of the perianth tube (where the anthers and stigma are located) for nearly 50 h. Their escape is prevented by the presence of dense downward-pointing hairs in the perianth tube. The nectaries provide food to the insects. Following anther dehiscence, the thorax of the flies becomes loaded with sticky pollen grains. Hairs on the inner wall of the perianth tube wither and facilitate the exit of the flies. When a fly carrying the pollen load enters a fresh flower, it brings about pollination. Manual pollinations showed that the species permits geitonogamous pollination. The percentage of fruit set in manually pollinated flowers is higher than that resulting from open pollination, confirming that pollination is a limitation for fruit set in the ex situ-grown population. Nevertheless, fruit and seed set is sufficiently high for ex situ conservation purposes.
Aristolochiaceae, a family of worldwide distribution comprising about 500 species, is a member of Piperales. Although Piperales is clearly monophyletic, the precise relationship within the order is ambiguous due to inconsistent placement of Lactoris fernandeziana. The appearance in some studies of Lactoris within Aristolochiaceae and the incongruence in generic treatments have also raised questions about the infrastructure of the family. This study addresses the overall generic relationships in Aristolochiaceae and its position in Piperales based on dense taxon sampling and sequence data from the plastid trnL-F region. The study resolved Piperales consisting of two major clades (Piperaceae plus Saururaceae and Lactoridaceae plus Aristolochiaceae) and Lactoris nested within Aristolochiaceae but with low support. The concept of two subfamilies in Aristolochiaceae, Asaroideae and Aristolochioideae, gains maximum statistical support. A generic treatment of Aristolochiaceae based on trnL-F is proposed which is congruent with recent analyses based on morphological characters.
The present study documents the traditional knowledge of medicinal plants that are in use in Seshachalam hill ranges in Cuddapah district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Ethnomedicinal uses of 48 plant species along with botanical name, vernacular name, family and mode of administration are presented. They belong to 44 genera and 30 families. These plants used to cure 32 types of ailments. Most remedies were taken orally, accounting for 78% of medicinal use. Most of the remedies were reported to have been from trees and climber species. The most widely sought after plant parts in the preparation of remedies in the study area are the leaves and root. High number of medicinal plant species available for the treatment of skin diseases and indigestion. The study emphasizes the potentials of the ethnobotanical research and the need for the documentation of traditional knowledge pertaining to the medicinal plant utilization for the greater benefit of mankind.
Essential oil from dry matured stem of Aristolochia indica Linn. family Aristolochiaceae was investigated by GC and GC/MS. A total of 15 compounds were identified, representing 91.2% of the total oil. The major constituents of oil were trans-pinocarveol (24.2%), α-pinene (16.4%) and pinocarvone (14.2%).
The present Ethnobotanical study represents the medicinal use of wild plants by tribal people of Rapur forest division of Nellore district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Tribal people of this area have authentic information on medicinal values of different plant parts like leaves, fruits, flowers, seeds, stem bark, tubers and roots. They have been using these parts in the form of paste, powder, juice, decoction, infusion and also in crude form, with other additives like ghee, sesame oil, cow urine, infant urine, cow milk and lime to get relief from different ailments. Present study discloses the ethnic practices of 61species belonging to 35 families of which, majorities are herbs followed by trees, climbers and shrubs. These herbal preparations are used in the treatment of different ailments like Skin diseases, Jaundice, Rheumatism, Burning micturation, Fevers, Intestinal worms, Menstrual problems ,Cough, Diabetes, Asthma, Ear-ache, Eye diseases, Dandruff, Stomach-ache, Insomnia, Indigestion, Constipation, Cuts, wounds, Sexual problems, Fractures and as Antidotes and Fish poison.
Many drugs are sold in the market which do not often correspond to the correspond to the established drugs used in the same formulations. The botanical identification, ayurvedic evaluation, chemical constituents of the drugs/plants sold under the names of Rasna, Bhunimba, Daru haridra, Murva, Bharngi, Sankhapupsi, Jivanti and Pasanabheda with relevanceto South Indian Crude Drug Markets are evaluated in this paper. The present attempt will aid in utilising the alternate drugs sold in the paper. The present attempt will aid in utilising the alternate drugs sold in the market gainfully instead of discarding them totally, thus enriching the ayurvedic materia-medica and also solve the controversial issue to certain extent.
Callus of Aristolochia indica was grown from stem explant on MS medium supplemented with different concentration of benzyladenine (0.1-10mg/l). Best callusing was obtained in the medium containing 1-5 mg/l BA. Bud and leaf initiation from the callus was also observed within 40 days of culture on MS medium with 2mg/l BA and 0.5 - 2mg/l NAA. Histological studies of callus was made and shoot initiation observed.
A comparative study of the development and morphology of the perianth in 42 species of Aristolochia is presented. These species represent all the subgenera, sections, and subsections formally proposed within this genus. Additional observations on the perianth of Asarum, Saruma and Thottea are also included because perianth morphology has been crucial for the classification of the Aristolochiaceae. The results support the interpretation of the perianth of Aristolochia, Euglypha and Holostylis as a trimerous calyx. Five main types of perianth development were found in Aristolochia which differ in the degree of fusion between the perianth lobes, the direction of floral curvature, and the symmetry of the perianth limb. The interpretation of the perianth of Aristolochia as a calyx is supported in terms of position, morphology, development, and comparison to related taxa.
The isolation and structure elucidation of Columbia have been reported from Aristolochia albida as well as from Aristolochiaceae family for the first time possessing antisnake venom activities, the structure of which was determined by special (UV, IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, MS) and elemental analysis. This is the first report of biological activities of Columbin.
The methanol and acetone extracts of 14 plants belonging to different families were evaluated for antimicrobial activity against five Gram-positive bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus flavus, seven Gram-negative bacteria: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhimurium, Citrobacter freundii; and three fungi: Candida tropicalis, Cryptococcus luteolus and Candida albicans. The in vitro antimicrobial activity was performed by agar disc diffusion method. The extractive yield was more in methanol than in acetone. The methanol extracts showed more antibacterial activity than acetone extracts. The most susceptible bacterium was K. pneumoniae and the most resistant were P. vulgaris, S. typhimurium, P. aeruginosa and E. coli. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, cardiac glycosides, steroids and saponins. Among the plant species screened, the best antimicrobial activity was shown by Aristolochia indica; hence, this plant can be further subjected to isolation of the therapeutic antimicrobials and to further pharmacological evaluation.
Methanolic extracts of Andrographis paniculata and Aristolochia indica plants were tested for antivenom activity against Daboia russelli venom. Both plant extracts effectively neutralized the D. russelli venom induced lethal activity. About 0.15 mg of A. paniculata and 0.14 mg of A. indica plant extracts were able to completely neutralize the lethal activity of 2LD50 of D. russelli venom. Various pharmacological activities including edema, haemorrhagic, coagulant, fibrinolytic and phospholipase activities were studied and these pharmacological activities were significantly neutralized by both the plant extracts. The above observations confirmed that A. paniculata and A. indica plant extracts possess potent snake venom neutralizing capacity and could potentially be used for therapeutic purposes in case of snakebite envenomation.
The experiment was conducted at Plant Biotechnology Laboratoty of Institute of Biological Sciences, Rajshahi University, Bangladesh. Subsequent regeneration performance of two medicinal plants (Aristolochia indica Linn and Hemidesmus indicus R.B were studied throughout the experimental period. Different concentrations and combinations of growth regulators were used in MS medium to observe the callus induction, Callus regeneration and root induction. Among the different concentrations and combinations of growth regulators, the highest percentage of callus induction was 90.00% on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L-1 NAA and 1.0 mg L-1 BAP from Aristolochia indica where as 95.00% on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg L-1 NAA and 2.0 mg L-1 Kn from Hemidesmus indicus. The highest percentage (85.00) of shoot regeneration was obtained in MS medium fortified with 1.0 mg L-1 BAP and 2.5 mg L-1 NAA from Aristolochia indica where as 95.00% on MS medium supplemented with 2.5 mg L-1 Kn and 1.0 mg L' NAA from Hemidesmus indicus. Regenerated shoots rooted best on MS medium containing 2.5 mg L-1 Kn and 2.0 mg L-1 IBA. Plantlets were transferred to pots containing sand and soil mixture, acclimatized in a culture room and finally rooted plants were transferred to soil.
The roots of have afforded a new naphthoquinone, aristolindiquinone (), whose structure was deduced through nmr spectroscopy.
From the roots of Aristolochia indica, two new sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, named ishwarane and aristolochene, have been isolated and assigned strutures II and III respectively.
A phenanthrene derivative, aristololactam N-β-d-glucoside, and the steroids 3β-hydroxy-stigmast-5-en-7-one and 6β-hydroxy-stigmast-4-en-3-one have been isolated from Aristolochia indica.
Two compounds isolated from the alcoholic extract of the roots of Linn were tested on day 6 pregnant mice. One of the compounds, p-coumaric acid showed 100% interceptive activity at the single oral dose of 50 mg/kg of body weight. The antifertility efficacy of these two compounds is discussed.
Four aristolochic acid esters of ent-elemane type sesquiterpene having a new carbon skeleton, aristophyllides A (1), B (2), C (3), and D (4), were isolated from the stems and roots of Aristolochia heterophylla. The esters were characterized by NMR and MS methods and included is a study of absolute configurations using the CD exciton chirality method.
The structure of a new clerodane diterpene, the C-5 epimer of populifolic acid, isolated from the roots of Aristolochia cymbifera was determined by spectroscopic data. From the same plant, 2-oxo-populifolic acid, kolavelool, (−)-cubebin, (−)-hinokinin, fargesin, magnoflorine and allantoin were isolated.
Phytochemical examination of Aristolochia cymbifera, A. esperanzae and A. galeata led to the isolation of furofuran and dibenzylbutyrolactone type lignans, as well as of clerodane and ent-labdane type diterpenes. Structural assignments for two new ent-labdans are presented and discussed.
Aristololide, a new phenatithroid lactone characterised as 1b, has been isolated from the roots of Aristolochia indica Linn., along with 5α-stigmastane-3,6-dione, (-)-cubebin and (-)-hinokinin.
From stems of Aristolochia chamissonis Duch., five new diterpenes, one rearranged (4→2)-abeo-clerodane and four ent-clerodanes, were isolated. Their structures were determined to be (+)-(4→2)-abeo-kolavelool-3-oic acid, (−)-13-epi-2-oxokolavelool, (−)-2β-hydroxykolavelool, (−)-2β-hydroperoxykolavelool and (+)-13-epi-2α-hydroxykolavelool. In addition, lignans, sesquiterpenes, steroids and two known ent-clerodane diterpenes were isolated.
Aristolochia krisagathra, a new species from the Western Ghats of Peninsular India is described, illustrated and included into a key to the four Indian species of the genus. Notes on the host-relationships of these species are also provided, paticularly ofA. indica to papilionid butterflies.
A total synthesis of (±)-ishwarane, a novel tetracyclic sesquiterpenoid possessing a tricyclo[3.2.1.02,7]octane system, is described. Completion of the synthesis of ishwarane firmly establishes the structure assigned to this sesquiterpenoid and provides corroboration of the structure assigned to the related sesquiterpenoid ishwarone. A total synthesis of (±)-isoishwarane, a transformation product of ishwarone, is also described.
The antifeedant activity of the metabolites of Aristolochia albida root extracts was examined against tobacco cutworm larvae (Spodoptera litura, Noctuidae) using a leaf-disk choice bioassay. The antifeedant activities of the crude methanolic extract and aristolochic acid were very strong. 6-Hydroxyaristolochic acid showed moderate activity, while aristolic acid, aristolactam, and aristolone did not demonstrate any antifeedant activity at a 0.1% concentration. Methyl aristolochiate and methyl 6-hydroxyaristolochiate prepared by diazomethane treatment of the acids showed significantly lower activities when compared with the parent acids. When the carboxylic acid group of aristolochic acid was decarboxylated or reduced to the benzyl alcohol or to the aldehyde, significantly lower antifeedant activities were observed for the compounds. These results suggest that a free carboxylic acid group in close proximity to a nitro group in the aristolochic acid ring structure is important to antifeedant activity. In a comparative experiment, aristolochic acid demonstrated a level of activity comparable to azadirachtin, a potent natural antifeedant.
This article is based on the results of a preliminary ethno-botanical research survey conducted in Makkah Al-Mukarramah area. The main objective of this paper was to enlist the wealth of crude drugs (botanical medicinal materials) available in the Attar shops (herbal drug stores) along with their folkloric uses. A total of 71 species, belonging to 40 families and 69 genera were enlisted and their therapeutic uses were also described.
A rapid and efficient in vitro plant regeneration method was developed for Aristolochia indica. Multiple shoot formation was induced from shoot tip and nodal explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 1 – 6 mg
dm−3 2-isopentenyl-adenine (2-iP) or 1 – 4 mg dm−3 6-benzyladenine (BA). Maximum number of shoots were induced with 5 mg dm−3 2-iP alone (about 12 – 14 shoots). Shoot differentiation occurred directly from the leaf bases as well as from the internodes
when cultured on 1 – 4 mg dm−3 BA and 0.8 – 2 mg dm−3 α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) containing medium. Regeneration from the callus occurred when the calli initiated on MS medium
containing 0.6 – 4 mg dm−3 NAA in combination with 0.8 – 3 mg dm−3 BA were transferred to 1 – 6 mg dm−3 BA alone containing medium. Elongated shoots were separated and rooted in MS medium containing 1 mg dm−3 indole-3-butyric acid. These were then transferred to soil after gradual acclimatization.
Protocols for in vitro plant regeneration via axillary and adventitious shoot regeneration were established in an important
medicinal plant, Aristolochia indica L. (Aristolochiaceae). Basal Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium supplemented with 0.54
µM α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 13.31 µM benzyladenine (BA) induced the maximum number of shoots (45-50) from shoot
tip and nodal segment cultures. Phenolic accumulation in leaf and internodal stem derived callus cultured in MS medium containing
NAA or 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and BA or kinetin was controlled by the addition of 1.0 mg l-1 phloroglucinol (PG) to the callus induction medium. Basal medium supplemented with 2.69 µM NAA, 13.31 µM BA and 1.0 mg l-1 PG induced the best results in terms of shoot bud regeneration from leaf derived callus. Direct de novo development of shoots
from leaf segments was achieved using 13.31 µM BA along with 50 mg l-1 activated charcoal. The microshoots were rooted in White's medium supplemented with 2.46 µM indolebutyric acid. More than
85% of rooted plants survived in the soil.
Male and female Wistar rats treated orally with 0.1, 1.0 or 10.0 mg/kg/day aristolochic acid as its sodium salt (AA) developed a high incidence of tumours dependent on dose and time. After 3 months' treatment 1.0 and 10.0 mg/kg AA led to severe papillomatosis of the forestomach with occasional signs of malignancy. Three to 6 months later without further treatment the rats developed squamous cell carcinomas in the forestomach with formation of metastases. At the same time anaplasia of the tubular epithelium and mainly adenomas appeared in the renal cortex. The transitional epithelium of the renal pelvis and the urinary bladder showed hyperplasia, papillomas or carcinomas. For the low dose (0.1 mg/kg) the treatment with AA varied between 3 and 12 months. No tumours were observed in the first 6 months of the study. After 12 and 16 months, however, papillomas or squamous cell carcinomas also occurred in the forestomach. In addition, hyperplasia of the transitional epithelium of the renal pelvis was found while the renal cortex and the urinary bladder remained normal.
Phytochemical examination of Aristolochia triangularis led to the isolation of allantoin, nerolidol, sitosterol, dibenzylbutyrolactone type lignans and ent-kaurane type diterpenes. This is the first report on the isolation of ent-kaurane from a natural source.
The investigation of Aristolochia brasiliensis and A. esperanzae afforded 12 clerodane derivatives, including the following six novel ones: rel (5S, 8R, 9S, 10R)-2-oxo-ent-3-cleroden-15-oic acid, rel (5S, 8R, 9S, 10R)-2-oxo-ent-clerod-3,13-dien-15-oic acid methyl ester, (5R, 8R, 9S, 10R)-ent-3-cleroden-15-oic acid, rel (5S, 8R, 9S, 10R)-ent-clerod-3,13-dien-15-oic acid, (2S, 5R, 8R, 9S, 10R)-2-hydroperoxy-ent-3-cleroden-15-oic acid methyl ester and (2S, 5R, 8R, 9S, 10R)-2-hydroperoxy-ent-clerod-3,13-dien-15-oic acid methyl ester. The structures were assigned on the basis of spectral data and derivatization by chemical reactions. The occurrence of this type of diterpene has not previously been reported in Aristolochiaceae.