Available via license: CC BY-NC 4.0
Content may be subject to copyright.
102 Med J Indones
Handajani et al.
The effect of oxygenated water in Diabetes Mellitus
Yvonne S. Handajani,1 Riki Tenggara,2 Fransiscus D. Suyatna,3 Charles Surjadi,1 Nelly T. Widjaja1
1 Center for Health Research, Atma Jaya Catholic University, Jakarta
2 Departement of Interna, Faculty of Medicine, Atma Jaya Catholic University, Jakarta
3 Departement of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta
Abstrak
Tujuan Mendapatkan gambaran pengaruh air oksigen terhadap diabetes mellitus.
Metode Penelitian ini menggunakan disain uji klinik acak tersamar ganda, dengan 108 subyek diabetes mellitus.
Setiap kelompok dibagi secara acak menjadi 2 sub kelompok. Satu subkelompok diberikan air oksigen dan subkelompok
lain diberikan bukan air oksigen dalam 2 tahap intervensi, 45 hari dan 90 hari. Variabel yang diukur adalah kadar
gula darah dan malondialdehyde (MDA) dengan pengendalian enam faktor perancu : jenis kelamin, umur, merokok,
olah raga, konsumsi vitamin dan status gizi.
Hasil Didapatkan bahwa konsumsi air oksigen selama 90 hari, dapat menurunkan kadar gula darah postprandial
pada subyek diabetes mellitus. Kadar MDA pada subyek diabetes mellitus dengan status gizi normal, cenderung
menurun pada subyek yang mengkonsumsi air oksigen selama 45 hari. Sebagian besar subyek merasa lebih sehat
dan lebih segar setelah mengkonsumsi air oksigen.
Kesimpulan Air oksigen dapat meningkatkan proses penyembuhan subyek dengan diabetes mellitus. (Med J Indones
2009; 18: 102-7)
Abstract
Aim To examine those claims, i.e the effects of oxygenated water on hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus (DM).
Methods In this clinical trial, 108 subjects of Diabetes Mellitus were recruited. Each group was divided randomly into
2 subgroups. One subgroup was given oxygenated water and the other subgroup was given non-oxygenated water for 2
period of intervention, 45 days and 90 days. Measured variables were, blood sugar and malondialdehyde (MDA).
Results The study showed that oxygenated water could reduce post-prandial glucose in DM subjects. DM subjects
with normal nutritional states, also had greater tendency of MDA reduction after consuming oxygenated water for 45
days. Most of subjects felt healthier after consuming oxygenated water.
Conclusion The consumption of oxygenated water could improve the healing process for patients with diabetes
mellitus. (Med J Indones 2009; 18: 102-7)
Key words: oxygenated water, diabetes mellitus, MDA, free radicals
On the era of globalization, the development has happened
in several sectors, such as economic, social , industrial, etc.
It brings some impacts in the community, like diet pattern
and life style. The alteration of life style is followed by a
signicant increase of prevalence of certain diseases, like
diabetes mellitus and other chronic diseases.
Diabetes mellitus affects a large numbers of people
in a wide range of ethnic groups and at all social and
economic levels worldwide. The Prevalence of DM keep
increases ing in the last two decades and estimated to
increase continually. The American Diabetes Association
estimate that the DM prevalence is about 7,4% in 1995
and still increase to near 9% in 2025. Thus, there is an
urgent need for srategies to prevent the emerging global
epidemic of type 2 diabetes.1
A steady stream of reports on a variety of populations
have continued to highlight the explotion of type 2
diabetes in relation to lifestyle change, especially in
diet. Appropriate nutrition is needed besides other
healthy life style to reduce the social and economic
burden of type 2 diabetes.1
103
Vol.18, No.2, April - June 2009 The effects of Oxygenated Water
Diabetes mellitus is a leading cause of morbidity and
mortality, largely because of its vascular complications.
The most common cause of death among people with
diabetes today is atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
(CVD). The numerous potential mechanisms that could
mediate premature atherogenesis in diabetes include
oxidative stress. Factors that may promote oxidative
stress in diabetes include antioxidant deciencies and
increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS).2
The increase of free radical ectivities is associated with
aldehyde production which is also reactive, the so called
malondialdehyde (MDA). The increasing MDA, also
generaly reects the decrease of the bodies antioxidant
capacity against free radical.
In the past several years, a number of oxygenated
water beverages have been launched on the markets
in Indonesia and other countries. After that, there are
many reports about the benet of oxygen water for
human health, but there are still no convincing evidence.
However, the people continue to use oxygen water
because they believe that oxygenated water, can make
better health, increase oxygen capacity in blood, and
increase body endurance against polutan and drugs.
Research on oxygenated water in human is still lacking
till now, but there are some research in animal such as
rabbit which give us information that administration
of oxygenated water to the rabbits with 45 mg O2/L
concentration, make minimal increase consentration in
abdomen. But, with 80 or 150 mg O2/L water, oksigen in
abdomen increase by 20 mmHg, and in portal vein increase
by 14 mmHg. Oxygen penetration occur difusily and are
inuence by physical factor and siological factors.
In this study, giving oxygen water to the DM patients
was conducted under asumption that the intervention can
reduce oxydative stress that already happend and can
inuence on blood glucose. It was carry out by performing
sical examination and laboratory examination such as
fasting and after meal blood glucose, ureum, creatinin,
lipid prole, rutin hematology, urinalysis, SGOT &
SPGT and chest x-ray. as well as by measuring oxidative
stress, before and after oxigen water consumption.
METHODS
There were 224 subjects consisted of 108 DM patients
and 116 non DM subjects. All patients were selected
by 12 doctors (7 of them work in Community Health
Centers and the others as private general practitioners).
The subjects were selected according to the following
inclusion and exclusion criteria: fasting glucose > 126
mg/dl and/or post-prandial glucose > 200 mg/dl or
under oral hypoglycemia therapy.
Exclusion criteria were: (1) DM with severe
complication e.g. non ketotic hyperglycemic coma,
diabetic ketoacidosis, (2) DM with other severe illness
e.g. coronary heart disease, diabetic nephropathy, etc.
The subjects were randomly divided into 2 subgroups,
one was given oxygenated water and the other was
given non-oxygenated water (common potable water)
for 2 periods of intervention, 45 days and 90 days. Each
subject obtained 4 bottles of 235 ml oxygenated water
or non-oxygenated water everyday during this study.
Then, the blood pressure, blood sugar and plasma
malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were measured at
the beginning of the study, after 45, and 90 days of
intervention. The 6 confounding factors that might
be correlated with the study, i.e.: sex, age, smoking,
exercise, vitamin, and nutritional state were also put
into analysis. Statistical Analysis was performed by the
GLM ( General Linear Model) Repeated Measure. and
Chi square (Pallant Julie, 20054, SPSS Inc, 19995).
RESULTS
In DM group, almost half of them were 51-59 yrs
old, only graduated from junior and senior high
school and they were not working. The demographic
characteristics of the subjects who participated in the
study are presented in Table 1.
The characteristic of each subjects related to
confounding factors are shown in Tables 2.
104 Med J Indones
Handajani et al.
4
also put into analysis. Statistical Analysis was performed by the GLM ( General Linear
Model) Repeated Measure. and Chi square (Pallant Julie, 2005
4
, SPSS Inc, 1999
5
).
RESULTS
In DM group, almost half of them were 51-59 yrs old, only graduated from junior and senior
high school and they were not working. The demographic characteristics of the subjects who
participated in the study are presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Demographic characteristic of the subjects
Sex n %
Male 44 40.7
Female 64 59.3
Total 108 100.0
Age
50 yr 35 32.4
51 – 59 yr 46 42.6
60 yr 27 25.0
Total 108 100.0
Education
No education 42 38.9
Junior high school graduate 24 22.2
Senior high school graduate 27 25.0
Academy or University graduate 15 13.9
Total 108 100.0
Occupation
Not working 45 41.7
Entrepreneur 5 4.6
Goverment worker 12 11.1
Employee 19 17.6
Laborer 2 1.9
Others (retired, housewife) 25 23.1
Total 108 100.0
The characteristic of each subjects related to confounding factors are shown in Tables 2
It is shown that in DM group, there were no significant differences on confounding factors
between non-oxygenated water subgroup and oxygenated water subgroup (p> 0.05). These
subgroups were also equal since the beginning of study.
Table 1 . Demographic characteristic of the subject
5
Table 2: Distribution of DM subjects related to confounding factors and intervention
Non-
oxygenated
water
n = 53
oxygenated
water
n = 55
Confounding factors
n % n %
U
Sex male 24 45.3 20 36.4
female 29 54. 7 35 63.6 0.346
16 30.2 19 34.5
Age d 50 yr
51-59 yr
t 60 yr
22
15
41.5
28.3
24
12
43.6
21.8
0.726
Smoking status Yes
No
5
48
9.4
90.6
5
50
9.1
90.9 0.951
Exercise Yes 33 62.3 31 56.4
No 20 37.7 24 43.6 0.533
Vitamin Yes
No
10
42
14.2
80.8
9
46
16.4
63.6 0.695
Nuritional Status
(kg/m
2
)
Underweight
(BMI<18,5)
1 1.9 1 1.8
Normal
(18,5 < BMI < 25)
26 49.1 33 60.0
Overweight
( 25 < BMI < 30)
22 41.5 18 32.7
Obese
(BMI 30)
4 7.5 3 5.5
0.720
Blood Glucose and MDA
The measurement was being conducted 3 times, at the beginning of the study, after 1
st
intervention (after consuming the water for 45 days) and after 2
nd
intervention (after
consuming the water for 90 days)
There has not been any established standard normal value of MDA. In order to make one,
MDA values of 60 normal subjects (no illness) ( men and women equally with age range 25 -
60 years old) were determined and used as normal values. Mean value of MDA in normal
subjects was 0.180 Pmol/Ɛ plasma.
According to Table 3, there were no significant difference in the decline of Fasting Plasma
Glucose (FPG)(insert values) and Post-prandial Glucose (PPG) (insert values) in both
Table 2. Distribution of DM subjects related to confounding factors and intervention
105
Vol.18, No.2, April - June 2009 The effects of Oxygenated Water
It is shown that in DM group, there were no signicant
differences on confounding factors between non-
oxygenated water subgroup and oxygenated water
subgroup (p> 0.05). These subgroups were also equal
since the beginning of study.
Blood Glucose and MDA
The measurement was conducted 3 times, at the
beginning of the study, after 1st intervention (after
consuming the water for 45 days) and after 2nd
intervention (after consuming the water for 90 days).
There has not been any established standard normal
value of MDA. In order to make one, MDA values of 60
normal subjects (no illness) ( men and women equally
with age range 25 -60 years old) were determined and
used as normal values. Mean value of MDA in normal
subjects was 0.180 μmol/ℓ plasma.
According to Table 3, there were no signicant difference
in the decline of Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)(insert
values) and Post-prandial Glucose (PPG) (insert values)
in both subgroups. But within the oxygenated water
subgroup there were a signicant decline of FPG after
1st (insert values)and 2nd (insert values) interventions
(p < 0.05) and the decline for PPG (insert values) was
signicant after 2nd intervention (p < 0.05).
On the contrary with FG and PPG decline analysis,
there were signicant reduction of MDA between
oxygenated water subgroup(insert values) and non-
oxygenated water subgroup (insert values) after 2nd
intervention (p < 0.05).
Perception of DM Subjects
Interviews by questioners showed that most of subjects
in the oxygenated water subgroup felt healthier and
fresher after consuming oxygenated water (63.1%) than
before. And about 60.3% subjects in non-oxygenated
water subgroup also felt healthier and fresher after
consuming their water.
Nonetheless, other effects like polyuria, numbness,
gastric distention and nausea also were reported during
the interviews. Twenty percent subjects in oxygenated
water subgroup and 13.8% subjects in non-oxygenated
water subgroup complain other effects.
6
subgroups. But within the oxygenated water subgroup there were a significant decline of
FPG after 1st (insert values)and 2nd(insert values) interventions (U < 0.05) and the decline for
PPG(insert values) was significant after 2nd intervention (U < 0.05).
On the contrary with FG and PPG decline analysis, there were significant reduction of MDA
between oxygenated water subgroup(insert values) and non-oxygenated water subgroup
(insert values) after 2nd intervention (U < 0.05).
Table 3. Mean Value of Fasting Plasma Glucose(FPG), Post-Prandial Glucose (PPG) and
MDA in DM Subjects
Subgroup
Item & time evalueted Non-
oxygenated
water
Oxygenated
water Both
U value among
subgroups
U value on intervention
between oxygenated
water groups
FPG (mg/dL)
* Beginning (X r SD) 168 r 57 169 r 60 168 r 58 > 0.05
* 1st Intervention (X r SD) 159 r 56 154 r 55 157 r 55 > 0.05 0.05
* 2nd Intervention (X r SD) 154 r 54 140 r 53 147 r 53 > 0.05 0.05
PPG (mg/dL)
* Beginning (X r SD) 269 r 88 273 r 97 271 r 92 > 0.05
* 1st Intervention (X r SD) 257 r 75 263 r 81 260 r 78 > 0.05 0.05
* 2nd Intervention (X r SD) 168 r 57 243 r 87 248 r 78 > 0.05 0.05
MDA (P mol/ l )*
* Beginning (X r SD) 0.195 r 0.083 0.231 r 0.009 0.214 r 0.087 0.05
* 1st Intervention (X r SD) 0.154 r 0.070 0.145 r 0.059 0.149 r 0.064 > 0.05 0.05
* 2nd Intervention (X r SD) 0.181 r 0.072 0.137 r 0.041 0.158 r 0.062 0.05 0.05
* Normal MDA at the
beginning: 0.180 r 0.060 (P
mol/ l
* Comparison of mean value parameter between oxygenated subgroup and non-oxygenated
subgroup where performed in the beginning of the study, 1st intervention and 2nd
intervention.
Perception of DM Subjects
Interviews by questioners showed that most of subjects in the oxygenated water subgroup felt
healthier and fresher after consuming oxygenated water (63.1%) than before. And about
60.3% subjects in non-oxygenated water subgroup also felt healthier and fresher after
consuming their water.
Table 3. Mean Value of Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG), Post- Prandial Glucose (PPG) and MDA in DM Subjects
* Comparison of mean value parameter between oxygenated subgroup and non-oxygenated subgroup where performed
in the beginning of the study, 1st intervention and 2nd intervention.
6
subgroups. But within the oxygenated water subgroup there were a significant decline of
FPG after 1st (insert values)and 2nd(insert values) interventions (U < 0.05) and the decline for
PPG(insert values) was significant after 2nd intervention (U < 0.05).
On the contrary with FG and PPG decline analysis, there were significant reduction of MDA
between oxygenated water subgroup(insert values) and non-oxygenated water subgroup
(insert values) after 2nd intervention (U < 0.05).
Table 3. Mean Value of Fasting Plasma Glucose(FPG), Post-Prandial Glucose (PPG) and
MDA in DM Subjects
Subgroup
Item & time evalueted Non-
oxygenated
water
Oxygenated
water Both
U value among
subgroups
U value on intervention
between oxygenated
water groups
FPG (mg/dL)
* Beginning (X r SD) 168 r 57 169 r 60 168 r 58 > 0.05
* 1st Intervention (X r SD) 159 r 56 154 r 55 157 r 55 > 0.05 0.05
* 2nd Intervention (X r SD) 154 r 54 140 r 53 147 r 53 > 0.05 0.05
PPG (mg/dL)
* Beginning (X r SD) 269 r 88 273 r 97 271 r 92 > 0.05
* 1st Intervention (X r SD) 257 r 75 263 r 81 260 r 78 > 0.05 0.05
* 2nd Intervention (X r SD) 168 r 57 243 r 87 248 r 78 > 0.05 0.05
MDA (P mol/ l )*
* Beginning (X r SD) 0.195 r 0.083 0.231 r 0.009 0.214 r 0.087 0.05
* 1st Intervention (X r SD) 0.154 r 0.070 0.145 r 0.059 0.149 r 0.064 > 0.05 0.05
* 2nd Intervention (X r SD) 0.181 r 0.072 0.137 r 0.041 0.158 r 0.062 0.05 0.05
* Normal MDA at the
beginning: 0.180 r 0.060 (P
mol/ l
* Comparison of mean value parameter between oxygenated subgroup and non-oxygenated
subgroup where performed in the beginning of the study, 1st intervention and 2nd
intervention.
Perception of DM Subjects
Interviews by questioners showed that most of subjects in the oxygenated water subgroup felt
healthier and fresher after consuming oxygenated water (63.1%) than before. And about
60.3% subjects in non-oxygenated water subgroup also felt healthier and fresher after
consuming their water.
106 Med J Indones
Handajani et al.
DISCUSSION
Statistical analyses showed reductions of Fasting Plasma
Glucose (FPG), Post-Prandial Glucose (PPG) and MDA
level in both oxygenated and non oxygenated water
subgroup after consuming the water for 45 days and 90
days compared to baseline and after being controlled
with confounding factors. There was also signicant
MDA decline after the1st intervention, compared to
baseline. These data indicate that oxidative stress
reductions were more obvious in subjects who were
having higher level of oxidative stress. Further analyses
demonstrate greater effects of oxygenated water in
lowering FPG in DM obese subjects after consuming
oxygenated water for 45 days. The role of obesity on
oxidative stress can not be ascertained. According to
Frei & Higdon (2003) obesity is a condition related to
oxidative stress. Obese subjects might be able to have
advantages from antioxidant supplements.6
Besides the information above, the reductions of FPG
were also greater in the DM subjects who are vitamin
consumers and drank oxygenated water for 45 to 90
days. Similar results was also found in DM smoking
subjects who consumed oxygenated water for 90 days.
Greater reductions of MDA level was seen in oxygenated
water DM subgroup who performed regular exercise
after consuming oxygenated water for 45 and 90 days.
Other study revealed that consumption of vitamin E
was more benecial to young subjects than the elderly
in reducing MDA7 and the study by Purwantyastuti
(2000), showed that antioxidant consumption would
give greater effects in younger subjects, without any
distinction between male and female.8 Antioxidants
such as vitamin C and E have the ability to quench free
radicals. Levels of these vitamins may be decreased
in diabetes, although others have shown that measures
of total radical-trapping antioxidant patameter (TRAP)
are reduced in diabetes, with no change in vitamin E
or C levels.9 And other study also said, vitamin E is
more benecial for young age subject than old subjects
in reducing MDA. While this oxygenated water study
showed a better reduction in old subjects.
A free radical is a molecule containing one or more
unpaired electrons in its outer shell, rendering unstable
and therefore highly reactive. Oxygen containing free
radicals or reactive oxygen species are a major source
of free radical tissue damage in aerobic organisms - so
called ‘oxidative stress’. The susceptibility of tissue
to oxidative stress is related to the balance between
pro-oxidant and oxygen scavenging factors. Increased
damage from oxidative stress can therefore be due to an
increase in free radical production or a lack of available
antioxidant activity.
In Diabetes Mellitus (DM) patients, hyperglycaemia
may lead to an increased generation of free radicals
via multiple mechanisms. Glucose and other sugars are
capable of auto-oxidation, with the resulting formation
of reactive oxygen species including superoxide anion,
hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen peroxide, which
are all capable of causing lipid and protein damage.9
Factors that may promote oxidative stress in diabetes
include antioxidant deciencies, glycation and glycol-
oxidation, and increased production of reactive oxygen
species. Bucala and Cerami (1992) showed increased
AGE formation in diabetic LDL, with an increase in
lipid peroxidation as evidenced by malondialdehyde
(MDA) equivalents.2 Malondialdehyde is a stable end
product of lipid peroxidation, and as such can be used as
a marker of oxidative stress. Increased levels have been
found in red blood cell membranes of diabetic patients,
correlating with poor glycaemic control. In addition,
7
Nonetheless, other effects like polyuria, numbness, gastric distention and nausea also were
reported during the interviews. 20.0% subjects in oxygenated water subgroup complain other
effects, whereas 13.8% subjects in non-oxygenated water subgroup.
Tabel 4. DM Subjects Perception
non-oxygenated
water group
oxygenated water
group
Sensation of subjects
n % n %
U
Normal
Healthier/refresh
Others
15
35
8
25.9
60.3
13.8
11
41
13
16.9
63.1
20.0
Total 58 100.0 65 100.0
0.389
DISCUSSION
Statistical analyses showed reductions of Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG), Post-
Prandial Glucose (PPG) and MDA level in oxygenated water subgroup after consuming the
water for 45 days and 90 days compared to baseline and after being controlled with
confounding factors.In subjects there was also significant MDA decline after the1st
intervention, compared to baseline. These data indicate that oxidative stress reductions were
more obvious in subjects who were having higher level of oxidative stress. Further analyses
demonstrate greater effects of oxygenated water in lowering FPG in DM obese subjects after
consuming oxygenated water for 45 days. The role of obesity on oxidative stress can not be
ascertained. According to Frei & Higdon (2003) obesity is a condition related to oxidative
stress. Obese subjects might be able to have advantages from antioxidant supplements.6
Besides the information above, the reductions of FPG were also greater in the DM
subjects who are vitamin consumers and drank oxygenated water for 45 to 90 days. Similar
results was also found in DM smoking subjects who consumed oxygenated water for 90 days.
Greater reductions of MDA level was seen in oxygenated water DM subgroup who
performed regular exercise after consuming oxygenated water for 45 and 90 days. Other
study revealed that consumption of vitamin E was more beneficial to young subjects than the
elderly in reducing MDA7 and the study by Purwantyastuti (2000), showed that antioxidant
consumption would give greater effects in younger subjects, without any distinction between
male and female.8 Antioxidants such as vitamin C and E have the ability to quench free
Table 4. DM Subjects Perception
7
Nonetheless, other effects like polyuria, numbness, gastric distention and nausea also were
reported during the interviews. 20.0% subjects in oxygenated water subgroup complain other
effects, whereas 13.8% subjects in non-oxygenated water subgroup.
Tabel 4. DM Subjects Perception
non-oxygenated
water group
oxygenated water
group Sensation of subjects
n % n %
U
Normal
Healthier/refresh
Others
15
35
8
25.9
60.3
13.8
11
41
13
16.9
63.1
20.0
Total 58 100.0 65 100.0
0.389
DISCUSSION
Statistical analyses showed reductions of Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG), Post-
Prandial Glucose (PPG) and MDA level in oxygenated water subgroup after consuming the
water for 45 days and 90 days compared to baseline and after being controlled with
confounding factors.In subjects there was also significant MDA decline after the1st
intervention, compared to baseline. These data indicate that oxidative stress reductions were
more obvious in subjects who were having higher level of oxidative stress. Further analyses
demonstrate greater effects of oxygenated water in lowering FPG in DM obese subjects after
consuming oxygenated water for 45 days. The role of obesity on oxidative stress can not be
ascertained. According to Frei & Higdon (2003) obesity is a condition related to oxidative
stress. Obese subjects might be able to have advantages from antioxidant supplements.6
Besides the information above, the reductions of FPG were also greater in the DM
subjects who are vitamin consumers and drank oxygenated water for 45 to 90 days. Similar
results was also found in DM smoking subjects who consumed oxygenated water for 90 days.
Greater reductions of MDA level was seen in oxygenated water DM subgroup who
performed regular exercise after consuming oxygenated water for 45 and 90 days. Other
study revealed that consumption of vitamin E was more beneficial to young subjects than the
elderly in reducing MDA7 and the study by Purwantyastuti (2000), showed that antioxidant
consumption would give greater effects in younger subjects, without any distinction between
male and female.8 Antioxidants such as vitamin C and E have the ability to quench free
107
Vol.18, No.2, April - June 2009 The effects of Oxygenated Water
circulating levels of malondialdehyde are higher in
the plasma of diabetic subjects compared with patients
without diabetic, although this way only the case in
poorly controlled diabetics in one study. Malodialdehyde
(MDA) is one of the most frequently used indicators of
lipid peroxydation (Nielsen F et all, 1997).10
Although oxidative stress and cell cycle reentry have
been implicated in the onset of later-onset neuro-
degenerative diseases and clearly occur together at the
cellular level in Hq mutant mice, the mechanism by which
oxidative stress may lead to cell cycle abnormalities
remains unknown. Cumulative DNA damage caused by
endogenous free radicals has been suggested to underlie
cancer and other age-related disorders, including
neuro degeneration. The progressive accumulation of
oxidative damaged DNA and the temporal increase in
cell cycle reentry in the retina and cerebellum of aging
Hq mutant mice are consistent with such a theory (Klein
JA & Ackerman SL, 2003).11
In conclusion, The oxygenated water have benecial
effects for those people with DM, further study is required
to nd out the mechanism on how oxygenated water work
in the human body to provide explanations of evidences
and there were some suggestion to clinical study in
vitamins to compare between young and adult subjects.
Acknowledgment
On this opportunity the appreciation is addressed to PT. Tirta
Alam Semesta for supplying their Airox, oxygenated water in
bottle, for this study
REFERENCES
1. Roger Detels, James McEwen, Robert Beaglehole and Heizo
Tanaka. Oxford Textbook of Public Health. Forth Edition.
New York: Oxford University Press, 2006; p. 1279-1307
2. Steven P. Marso and David M. Stern. Diabetes and Cardiovascular
Disease. Intergrating Science and Clinical Medicine. Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004; p. 19-35
3. W. Forth, Olaf Adam. Uptake of Oxygen from the Intestine
Experiments with Rabbits. Munich: Eur J Med Res 6 (2001):
488-92.
4. Pallant, Julie. SPSS Survival Manual, 2nd edition : a step
by step guide to data analysis using SPSS, 2005
5. Microsoft Corporation. SPSS Advanced ModelsTM 10.0.
Chicago: SPSS Inc, 1999.
6. Jane V. Higdon & Balz. Frei. Obesity and Oxidative Stres.
A Direct Link to CVD? Editorials of Arteriosclerosis,
Thrombosis and Vascular Biology. Corvallis, Oregon:
American Heart Association, Inc 2003;23:365.
7. Martinez, RMA and Ruiz Torres A. Homeostasis between
lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities in healthy
human aging. In: Mechanisms of Aging and Development.
Elsevier Publication. Ireland. 1992:213-22.
8. Purwantyastuti. Relations of lipid peroxides to food habits,
selected coronary heart disease risk factors and vitamin E
supplementation in the elderly. PhD Thesis, University of
Indonesia, 2000:105-29.
9. John Ross Turtle , Toshio Kaneko, Shuichi Osato . Diabetes
in the New Millenium. Sydney: National Library of
Australia, 2006.
10. Flemming Nielsen, Bo Borg Mikkelsen, Jesper Bo
Nielsen, Helle Rann Andersen, Philippe Grandjean.
Plasma Malondialdehyde as biomarker for oxidative
stress: reference interval and effects of life-style factors
Washington DC. Clinical chemistry 43:7 (1997): 1209-14
11. Jeffrey. A Klein, Susan L. Ackerman. Oxidative stress, cell
cycle and neurodegeneration. J. Clin. Invest. 111 (2003) :
785-93.
