Article

A Phase I/II Study of a Ganoderma lucidum (Curt.: Fr.) P. Karst. (Ling Zhi, Reishi Mushroom) Extract in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis ?

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Abstract

The polysaccharide fractions and triterpenes isolated from Ganoderma lucidum have shown protection effects on the liver in animal studies. This double-blind, randomised, and multicentered study aimed to evaluate the safety and effect of a G. lucidum extraction, Ganopoly, in chronic hepatitis B. Ninety patients with chronic hepatitis B, hepatitis В viral (HBV) DNA positivity, and aminotransferase elevation were included in this multicenter prospective randomized Phase I/II study. Patients were randomized to be given Ganopoly (n = 60) or placebo (n = 30) for 12 weeks, then followed up for 13 weeks. Effect of therapy on levels of HBV DNA and aminotransferase activities in serum and hepatitis В е antigen (HBeAg) status were investigated. There were 78 assessable patients who entered the trial for efficacy and safety; 13 of 52 (25%) patients receiving Ganopoly responded by reducing HBeAg and HBV DNA, compared to 1 of 26 (4%) in the control group (P < 0.05). Among those with serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) values < 100 U/L (n = 29), 41% (12/29) responded, and among those with AST values > 100 U/L (n = 23), 65% (15/23) responded. Within the 6-month study period, 33% (17/ 52) of treated patients had normal aminotransferase (ALT) values, and 13% (7/52) had cleared hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) from serum, whereas none of the controls had normal ALT values or had lost HBsAg. Eight of 60 patients in Ganopoly group and 4 of 30 in the controls were unable to be followed up due to loss or withdrawal. Our study indicates that Ganopoly is well tolerated and appears to be active against HBV in patients with chronic hepatitis B.

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... Chronic hepatitis, particularly hepatitis B and C, can progress to fibrosis and cirrhosis, further impairing liver function and increasing the risk of complications such as liver failure and cancer. The immune response plays a crucial role in clearing the virus in viral hepatitis but can also contribute to ongoing inflammation and liver damage (Gao et al., 2002). Early detection, appropriate medical intervention and lifestyle changes are essential for managing hepatitis and preventing long-term complications. ...
... Numerous preclinical studies and clinical trials have investigated the efficacy of mushrooms in hepatitis management. For instance, research on reishi mushroom extract has demonstrated its antiviral activity against hepatitis B and C viruses, as well as its ability to reduce liver enzyme levels and improve liver function in hepatitis patients (Gao et al., 2002). Similarly, turkey tail mushroom extract has shown promising results in clinical trials for its immunomodulatory effects and ability to enhance the efficacy of conventional hepatitis treatments (Wasser, 2011). ...
Article
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Hepatitis, which is liver inflammation, presents a considerable health concern on a global scale, often necessitating treatment with medications that may carry adverse effects. This has stimulated the exploration of alternative therapeutic avenues. In recent years, mushrooms have emerged as a subject of interest due to their perceived health-promoting properties, particularly in supporting liver function. This article aims to delve into the potential of mushrooms as a treatment option for hepatitis, shedding light on their medicinal attributes and plausible therapeutic uses. This article highlights the potential of mushrooms to provide a natural and potentially safer method for managing hepatitis. By knowing about the various mycochemical compounds found in mushrooms and their proven ability to protect the liver, the aim is to understand how mushrooms work and establish their role in treating hepatitis. This offers hope for better patient outcomes and reduced dependence on conventional medications that may have side effects.
... From ancient civilizations and modern medicine raised by Hippocrates who stated that our food should be our first medicine, people have always been trying to merge natural remedies like herbs and spices with conventional medicine even though they failed to cure many diseases such cancer, some infections and allergies [1][2][3]. Chinese and Egyptians were among the first peoples to appreciate the medicinal value of mushrooms. Egyptians associated mushrooms with immortality and since they revered their Pharaohs, they included mushrooms as a specialty in the diet of the royal family [4]. ...
... In animal investigation, polysaccharide and terpenoids fractions of G. lucidum have shown protective effects on liver. In a study carried out by Gao et al. [1], ganopoly (G. lucidum extract) appeared to be active against hepatitis В viral (HBV) in patients with chronic hepatitis B. ...
... Ganoderma species constituents (e.g.: polysaccharides and triterpenoids) may inhibit viral replication of HSV, HBV, HIV, and other types of viruses by interfering with their adsorption, virus-hepatocyte fusion and endocytosis, viral integration, assembly, and release. Immunomodulating effects of G. lucidum are considered to play a role in antimicrobial activity, (9,40). Activation of immune effector cells (e.g., T cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells) by both pathogen infection and G. lucidum administration caused an enhanced production of cytokines, radicals, and NO, facilitating the killing of viruses and bacteria. ...
... These B cells were enlarged, expressed CD71 and CD25 on the cell surface, and showed an increase in the production of immunoglobulins. Therefore, Ganoderma species may stimulate B cells in vivo, producing immunoglobulins, which can neutralize HBV (9,40). Furthermore, the immunosuppressive activity of G. lucidum constituents may decrease tissue and cellular damage following infection. ...
... The major immunomodulating effects include mitogenecity and activation of immune effector cells such as T lymphocytes, macrophages and NK cells, leading to the production of cytokines including interleukins, tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferons (Zhou et. al. 2002a). G. lucidum contains more than 140 triterpenes (Yue et. al. 2010), which inhibit histamine release, viral induction and cholesterol synthesis and show hepatoprotective, anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatory, apoptosis inducing, antioxidative, anti-tumour, anti-microbial and immunomodulating activity (Boh et al. 2007, Powell 2010). Tyro ...
... C. militaris was used traditionally as a natural medicine and for treating cancer (Ng and Wang 2005). Cordycepin is considered as a main bioactive metabolite of C. militaris (Hung et al. 2009) and is reported to exhibit anti-viral, anti-tumor, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-leucemic activities as well as anti-metastatic action and prevention of alcoholinduced hepatotoxicity (Koc et al. 1996, Kim et al. 2002, Zhou et al. 2002b, Nakamura et al. 2006, Lee et al. 2013, Cha et al. 2013). ...
Article
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Abstract: Slovenia with its diverse environment is home to more than 2400 fungal species out of which especially many macromycetes have for millennia been used worldwide as natural remedies. These species of mushrooms were in the past picked from the nature, but today can be cultivated as fruiting bodies or fungal biomass on different substrates. They possess immunomodulating, antiviral, antibacterial and anticancer activities and can be used against allergies, dementia, Alzheimer disease and in many other diseases. They represent a vast potential as natural remedies with no or very little adverse effects and can be processed into food supplement or further developed into medicines. These mushrooms are a natural treasure, which enables us to be more self-sufficient if we cultivate them for medical and certain species for nutritional purposes as well.
... According to Valverde et al. [27], β-glucans bind to membrane receptors to induce a wide range of physiological actions. For instance, ganopoly, a β-glucan polysaccharide from Ganoderma lucidum, has been demonstrated to confer hepatoprotective effects on individuals with chronic hepatitis B [30]. Furthermore, it has been reported that β-glucans exhibit antimicrobial immune-mediated response, acting specifically on immune receptors such as dectin-1, complement receptor (CR3), and Toll-like receptor-2/6 (TLR-2/6) [8,31]. ...
Chapter
Edible mushrooms constitute a small fraction (about 21%) of the total documented macroscopic species of fungi. A lesser proportion of these nutrient-rich delicacies have been identified to confer therapeutic benefits. Although harvesting from the wild was historically the predominant way of obtaining these mushrooms, commercial cultivation of species such as oyster, giant panus, maitake, and button mushrooms is currently a common practice. Edible mushrooms are gaining pharmaceutical relevance over synthetic drugs due to the proven efficacy and harmless effect of their polysaccharide, protein, phenolic, sterol, terpene, and terpenoid constituents. Numerous studies have reported on the ability of mushroom-derived compounds to prevent and/or remedy ailments that are of global concern. Among these ailments are hypercholesterolemia, hepatotoxicity, and immunodeficiency, which are in one way or another linked to the development of other severe health issues. The naturally derived compounds from edible mushrooms have been demonstrated in several in vivo (animal and clinical) and in vitro investigations to combat the organ and/or organ system dysfunctionality associated with the aforementioned abnormalities. Some of the well-studied examples across the class of bioactive compounds found effective against these conditions include β-glucan, lectins, FIPs, eritadenine, lovastatin, ergosterol, and triterpenoids. This chapter provides detailed information on the activities of bioactive compounds derived from edible mushrooms, emphasizing on their potential as hypocholesterolemic, hepatoprotective, and immunomodulatory agents. The wealth of available information on the emphasized therapeutic effects of these active compounds could potentially serve as a basis for their consideration in the development of pharmacognostic products.
... Triterpenoids such as ursolic acid can serve as a starting material for synthesis of more potent bioactive derivatives, such as experimental antitumor agents [175]. Also, several studies indicated that polysaccharides and triterpenoids exhibit protective activities against liver injuries induced xenobiotics [176,177]. Finally, Kaempferol reduces the risk of chronic diseases, especially cancer, augments human body's antioxidant defense against free radicals, and modulates apoptosis, angiogenesis, inflammation and metastasis [178]. ...
... Triterpenoids can serve as a starting material for synthesis of more potent bioactive derivatives, such as experimental antitumor agents [81]. Also, several studies indicated that polysaccharides and triterpenoids exhibited protective activities against liver injuries induced xenobiotics [82,83]. The bioactive compound, Kaempferol, reduces the risk of chronic diseases, especially cancer, augments human body's antioxidant defense against free radicals, and modulates apoptosis, angiogenesis, inflammation and metastasis [84]. ...
Article
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The present study aims to investigate the effect of Sargassum subrepandum powder feeding intervention on biochemical, molecular and histological liver damage induced by benzo[a]pyrene in rats. Sargassum subrepandum powder showed a high nutritional composition through its high of essential nutrients (carbohydrates, fiber, protein and ash). It also contains many of the following bioactive constituents: polyphenols, Anthocyanin's, Carotenoids, Kaempherol, polysaccharides, terpenoids, triterpenoids, flavonoids, carotenoids, tannins, and dietary fiber, which resulted in high biological activates including antioxidant and peroxyl radical (ROO-)-scavenging activities and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. For biological experiments, rats (n=36), were randomly assigned to six groups of 6 rats per each. Group 1 served as normal control. Groups 2 to 6 were injected intraperitoneally with B[a]P for 14 days and group (2) acted as a model control, while groups (3-6) received Sargassum subrepandum powder at concentrations of 1, 2, 3, and 4 g/100g diet for 28 days each, respectively. B[a]P-injected rats exhibiting significantly (p≤0.05) increased levels of AST (117.02%), ALT (120.24%) and ALP (115.75%) as well as decreased levels of serum albumin (45.67%) compared to the normal group. Also, data indicated that B[a]P induced significantly (p≤0.05) decreasing in liver GSH level by the ratio of-40.42% whereas, the liver MDA concentration was exhibited the opposite direction, increased by the rate of 195.54% compared to the normal group. Intervention with brown algae (Sargassum subrepandum powder (1-4.0 g/100g diet) for 28 days significantly (p≤0.05) decreased the levels of liver function enzymes activities (AAST, ALT and ALP) and liver level of MDA, and increased serum albumin and liver level of GSH by different rates compared to the model group. Also, improvement in both molecular and histological parameters was recorded. The rate of improving in all of these parameters exhibited a dose-dependent manner with the Sargassum subrepandum powder intervention. The results of this study suggest that treatment with Sargassum subrepandum powder in the tested concentrations proved beneficial on manipulation of the liver biochemical, molecular and histological injuries induced by B[a]P.
... Triterpenoids can serve as a starting material for synthesis of more potent bioactive derivatives, such as experimental antitumor agents [81]. Also, several studies indicated that polysaccharides and triterpenoids exhibited protective activities against liver injuries induced xenobiotics [82,83]. The bioactive compound, Kaempferol, reduces the risk of chronic diseases, especially cancer, augments human body's antioxidant defense against free radicals, and modulates apoptosis, angiogenesis, inflammation and metastasis [84]. ...
Article
Full-text available
The present study aims to investigate the effect of Sargassum subrepandum powder feeding intervention on biochemical, molecular and histological liver damage induced by benzo[a]pyrene in rats. Sargassum subrepandum powder showed a high nutritional composition through its high of essential nutrients (carbohydrates, fiber, protein and ash). It also contains many of the following bioactive constituents: polyphenols, Anthocyanin's, Carotenoids, Kaempherol, polysaccharides, terpenoids, triterpenoids, flavonoids, carotenoids, tannins, and dietary fiber, which resulted in high biological activates including antioxidant and peroxyl radical (ROO-)-scavenging activities and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. For biological experiments, rats (n=36), were randomly assigned to six groups of 6 rats per each. Group 1 served as normal control. Groups 2 to 6 were injected intraperitoneally with B[a]P for 14 days and group (2) acted as a model control, while groups (3-6) received Sargassum subrepandum powder at concentrations of 1, 2, 3, and 4 g/100g diet for 28 days each, respectively. B[a]P-injected rats exhibiting significantly (p≤0.05) increased levels of AST (117.02%), ALT (120.24%) and ALP (115.75%) as well as decreased levels of serum albumin (45.67%) compared to the normal group. Also, data indicated that B[a]P induced significantly (p≤0.05) decreasing in liver GSH level by the ratio of-40.42% whereas, the liver MDA concentration was exhibited the opposite direction, increased by the rate of 195.54% compared to the normal group. Intervention with brown algae (Sargassum subrepandum powder (1-4.0 g/100g diet) for 28 days significantly (p≤0.05) decreased the levels of liver function enzymes activities (AAST, ALT and ALP) and liver level of MDA, and increased serum albumin and liver level of GSH by different rates compared to the model group. Also, improvement in both molecular and histological parameters was recorded. The rate of improving in all of these parameters exhibited a dose-dependent manner with the Sargassum subrepandum powder intervention. The results of this study suggest that treatment with Sargassum subrepandum powder in the tested concentrations proved beneficial on manipulation of the liver biochemical, molecular and histological injuries induced by B[a]P.
... Numerous preclinical studies and clinical trials have investigated the efficacy of mushrooms in hepatitis management. For instance, research on reishi mushroom extract has demonstrated its antiviral activity against hepatitis B and C viruses, as well as its ability to reduce liver enzyme levels and improve liver function in hepatitis patients (Gao et al., 2002). Similarly, turkey tail mushroom extract has shown promising results in clinical trials for its immunomodulatory effects and ability to enhance the efficacy of conventional hepatitis treatments (Wasser, 2011). ...
Technical Report
This article aims to delve into the potential of mushrooms as a treatment option for hepatitis, shedding light on their medicinal attributes and plausible therapeutic uses.
... In vitro and in vivo studies have shown protective activity of the liver against the toxicity induced by various toxic substances. Further-more, the in vivo protective power against hepatic necrosis induced by noxious substances has been highlighted [35][36][37]. Positive effects on patients with chronic Hepatitis B has been highlighted by the polysaccharide fraction of the mushroom [38]. ...
... Finally, Kaempferol reduces the risk of chronic diseases, especially cancer, augments human body's antioxidant defense against free radicals, and modulates apoptosis, angiogenesis, inflammation and metastasis agents [100]. Also, several studies indicated that polysaccharides and triterpenoids exhibite protective activities against liver injuries induced xenobiotics [101,102]. Finally, Kaempferol reduces the risk of chronic diseases, especially cancer, augments human body's antioxidant defense against free radicals, and modulates apoptosis, angiogenesis, inflammation and metastasis [103]. ...
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Obesity is a medical problem that increases the risk of other diseases and health problems known as complications of obesity. In view of the side effects that resulted from the use of drug therapy and surgical interventions in the treatment of obesity, some of which posed a threat to health, which called for the search for safe and alternative alternative/natural methods. Therefore, the current study was conducted with the aim of exploring the effect of dietary intervention using marine algae (Sargassum subrepandum) on obesity and its complications in experimental rats. Sargassum subrepandum powder (SSP) showed a high nutritional composition through its high of essential nutrients (carbohydrates, fiber, protein and ash), minerals (K, Na, Ca, Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn) and vitamins (A, C, B2, B3, B9, E). It also contains many of the following bioactive constituents: polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, tannins, terpenoids, triterpenoids, polysaccharides, anthocyanin’s and kaempherol, which resulted in high antioxidant activity. On the other side, biological experiment indicated that rats of the model obese group recorded 335.01 g i.e. increased by the rate of 115.60% when compared to the base line. Intervention with SSP by 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0% lead to significant (p≤0.05) decreasing on body weight of the model obese rats which recorded 108.06, 94.46, 77.28 and 73.18 %, respectively when compared to the base line. Also, SSP was effective in protecting against obese complications including inhibit liver disorders through liver serum enzymes-lowering activity, improvement of the serum antioxidant status (increase the glutathione fractions and decrease the formation of malonaldehyde and reactive oxygen species). The histological examinations of the heart and adipose tissue confirmed these results. In conclusion, we recommended SSP by a concentration up to 6% to be included in daily diets, drinks and food supplementation of normal and obese people.
... Finally, Kaempferol reduces the risk of chronic diseases, especially cancer, augments human body's antioxidant defense against free radicals, and modulates apoptosis, angiogenesis, inflammation and metastasis agents [100]. Also, several studies indicated that polysaccharides and triterpenoids exhibite protective activities against liver injuries induced xenobiotics [101,102]. Finally, Kaempferol reduces the risk of chronic diseases, especially cancer, augments human body's antioxidant defense against free radicals, and modulates apoptosis, angiogenesis, inflammation and metastasis [103]. ...
Article
Full-text available
The study analyzed the effects of pesticides on selected vegetable crops grown in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State Nigeria. The pesticide Dichlorvos (DD Force) was used to treat sites planted with Amaranth, cucumber, and okra. Soil and vegetable samples were randomly collected after 30 days of incorporation and tested for traces of chloride and phosphate. The results of the analysis showed that amaranth, cucumber, and okra residue concentration exceeded the maximum residual limit. Chloride and phosphate residues exceed the Maximum Residue Limit in vegetable crops. The amount of chloride in the soil sample exceeded the Maximum Permissible Limit. The amount of phosphate in the soil samples was lower than the Maximum Permissible Limit. The fact that vegetables are often grown and used with pesticides to control pests requires caution. Therefore, it is recommended that there should be limits and controls on the use and production of pesticides.
... However, the rudimentary framework of GL polysaccharides (GLPs) is made up of a high-molecular-mass β-(1→3)-d-glucan coupled with (1→6)-β-d-glucosyl branches, and the key sugar components remain mannose, rhamnose, glucose, and galactose . β-Glucans of higher molecular weights have been revealed to be more efficacious than glucans that have low molecular mass (Gao et al., 2002;Chang and Lu, 2004;Huie and Di, 2004). The presence of chitosan in GL has worthwhile features in specialized sectors including Frontiers in Pharmacology frontiersin.org ...
Article
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Ganoderma lucidum is a well-known medicinal mushroom that has been used for the prevention and treatment of different ailments to enhance longevity and health specifically in China, Japan, and Korea. It was known as “God’s herb” in ancient China as it was believed to prolong life, enhance the youthful spirit and sustain/preserve vitality. G. lucidum is seldom collected from nature and is substantially cultivated on wood logs and sawdust in plastic bags or bottles to meet the international market demand. Both in vitro and in vivo studies on the copious metabolic activities of G. lucidum have been carried out. Varied groups of chemical compounds including triterpenoids, polysaccharides, proteins, amino acids, nucleosides, alkaloids, steroids, lactones, lectins, fatty acids, and enzymes with potent pharmacological activities have been isolated from the mycelia and fruiting bodies of G. lucidum. Several researchers have reported the abundance and diversification of its biological actions triggered by these chemical compounds. Triterpenoids and polysaccharides of G. lucidum have been reported to possess cytotoxic, hepatoprotective, antihypertensive, hypocholesterolemic, antihistaminic effects, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic antiallergic, neuroprotective, antitumor, immunomodulatory and antiangiogenic activities. Various formulations have been developed, patented, and utilized as nutraceuticals, cosmeceuticals, and pharmaceuticals from G. lucidum extracts and active compounds. Thus, this review presents current updates on emerging infectious diseases and highlights the scope, dynamics, and advances in infectious disease management with a particular focus on Ganoderma lucidum, an unutilized natural medicine as a promising future solution to emerging diseases in Africa. However, details such as the chemical compound and mode of action of each bioactive against different emerging diseases were not discussed in this study.
... Polysaccharide extracts from Cordyceps ( Ophiocordyceps sinensis/Cordyceps militaris ), Coriolus ( Trametes versicolor ), Shiitake ( Lentinula edodes ), and Maitake ( Grifola frondosa ) mushrooms have all been shown to have an inhibitory effect on flu infection in vivo . Different extracts from Zhu Ling ( Polyporus umbellatus ), Sun Agaric ( Agaricus subrufescens ), Reishi ( Ganoderma lucidum ), and Cordyceps have also shown promise in the treatment of Hepatitis B in clinical trials ( Gao et al., 2002 ;Hsu et al., 2008 ;Liu et al., 2001 ;Yan, 1988 ). In individuals with recurrent genital herpes, supplementing with Coriolus extract resulted in enhanced invulnerability and fewer days off, and clinical research have demonstrated that Coriolus, Reishi, and mixed mushroom polysaccharide derivatives all help to prolong the freedom of high-risk HPV strains ( Couto & da Silva, 2008 ;Donatini, 2014 ;Kawana & Hashido, 1988 ). ...
Article
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The World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 as a pandemic on March 11, 2020, because of its widespread transmission and infection rates. The unique severe disease was found in Wuhan, China, since December 2019, and swiftly spread throughout the world. The effectiveness of ordinary goods as antiviral medicines has been shown in a number of investigations. In this research, successful dietary treatments for different COVID illnesses were compared to potential of mushroom products in its therapy. In Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed, and Scopus, search phrases like COVID, COVID-19, SARS, MERS, mushrooms, and their compounds were utilized. To enhance the resistance response, mushrooms including Agaricus subrufescens Peck, Agaricus blazei Murill, Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc., Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis.) P. Karst., Grifola frondosa (Dicks.) Gray, Hericium erinaceus (Bull.) Pers., Inonotus obliquus (Arch. Ex Pers.) Pilát., Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler, Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm., Poria cocos F.A. Wolf, and Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd., were utilized. Changed forms of β-Glucan seem to have a good impact on viral replication suppression and might be used in future studies. Furthermore, COVID-19 antagonists were found in concentrated form in terpenoids, lectins, glycoproteins, lentinan, galactomannan, and polysaccharides. Based on prior research, mushrooms may be proposed as a preventative and therapeutic agent in the battle against COVID–19.
... In addition, it also secretes enzymes that can effectively decompose both cellulose and lignin. It has an abundance of bioactive components, which have numerous positive effects in diseases with little side effects (Sanodiya et al., 2009;Gao et al., 2002;Wasser et al., 1999;Ko et al., 2008). Furthermore, this fungus has been used as a potent resource for lignocellulose degrading enzymes for many years (Ko et al., 2008;Wang and Ng, 2006). ...
Research
Species of Ganoderma lucidum are well known for the formulation of nutraceuticals and functional foods due to their health beneficial effects. In the present study genetic variability within G. lucidum found in different agro climatic regions of Haryana (India) were analyzed by using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). This study revealed that there is diversification between the isolates of Ganoderma from different zones of Haryana. All the isolates from different zones were clearly clustered according to respective four zones, Isolates from each agro-climatic zone were found to be genetically close within the individual zones but showed variation among themselves. Isolates of G. lucidum from this study with essential nutrients can be used as an effective dietary supplement.
... The glucans ganoderan A and B from Ganoderma lucidum show hypoglycemic properties, as reported by Rathee et al. [14]. Moreover, ganopoly of G. lucidum revealed hepatoprotective actions in patients with chronic hepatitis B [102]. Immunomodulating properties have also been demonstrated for G. lucidum glucans. ...
... The glucans ganoderan A and B from Ganoderma lucidum show hypoglycemic properties, as reported by Rathee et al. [14]. Moreover, ganopoly of G. lucidum revealed hepatoprotective actions in patients with chronic hepatitis B [102]. Immunomodulating properties have also been demonstrated for G. lucidum glucans. ...
Chapter
Mushrooms are macro‐fungi that bear spores enclosed within a fruiting body. They are a well‐known food for humans and have very important nutritional components. They also have great esthetic, culinary, ecological, and commercial importance. Human survival depends upon food, and humans have consumed mushrooms since prehistoric times because edible mushrooms contain an abundance of vitamin B and other several important minerals; they are also low in calories. Several birds and other animals also consume mushrooms, and thus mushrooms are considered an important component of the terrestrial food chain. However, many mushroom species contain toxins and have caused numerous diseases, and death in rare cases.
... β-Glucans of higher molecular mass are more effective than that of glucans with low molecular mass [72,73]. β-Glucans also exist with heteropolysaccharide chains of xylose, mannose, galactose, uronic acids, and β, D-glucan-protein complexes which are present in the dry fruiting body (10-50%) [74,75]. ...
... Lavi et al. [129] reported that ganoderan A and B glucans of Ganoderma lucidum fruiting bodies showed hypoglycemic effects. On the other hand, ganopoly, the polysaccharidecontaining preparation of G. lucidum, exhibited hepatoprotective effects in patients with chronic hepatitis B [130]. A β-glucan isolated from the fruiting bodies of P. ostreatus has also been proven to exert antitumor activity against Hela tumor cell [131]. ...
... Modern research also verified that Ganoderma lucidum spores (GLS) has multiple functions, such as blocking histamine release and inhibiting an overstimulated immune system, and has an effect on regulating cellular and humoral immunity [4][5][6]. GLS has many bioactive components including bioactive compounds like polysaccharides, triterpenoids, alkaloids, amino acids, enzymes and proteins [7,8]. The diversity of bioactive ingredients in GLS is associated with the universality of its multiple effects. ...
Chapter
Full-text available
Although many studies have been conducted on the chemistry and pharmacological activities of Ganoderma lucidum spores (GLS), there is a lack of systematic review on the health promoting functions especially immunomodulatory effects of GLS. In the current study, we constructed a data model and utilized R modules and PERL language to implement a pipeline that is capable of carrying out multiple meta-analyses automatically. Using GLS as the study subject, we carried out meta-analyses on 53 outcome measures using the automatic meta-analysis pipeline. Among them, 19 outcome measures were found to be significantly affected after GLS treatment (with p value < 0.05). 8 of them have I^2 less than 50%, indicating low level of study heterogeneity. Through the analysis of GLS, the automatic meta-analysis pipeline has been shown to be suitable for high-throughput meta-analysis and visualization. Also, the information derived from this study could assist policy-makers and functional food consumers to determine whether GLS could be a recommended choice for immunomodulatory effect.
... It is worth noting that Ganopoly®, polysaccharides from G. lucidum, had been completed in seven clinical trials, including treatment of chronic hepatitis B, advanced lung cancer, type II diabetes, coronary heart disease, and neurasthenia (Gao et al. 2003a;Gao et al. 2004;Gao et al. 2002a;Gao et al. 2002b;Zhou et al. 2005). Clinical results suggested that polysaccharides of G. lucidum were well tolerated; Ganopoly ® (1.8 g three time daily) was given orally to 100 patients with advanced cancer for 12 weeks, and there were no obvious adverse effects after treatment of Ganopoly® (Gao et al. 2002a). ...
Article
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Ganoderma spp. are medical mushrooms with various pharmacological compounds which are regarded as a nutraceutical for improving health and treating diseases. This review summarizes current progress in the studies of Gamoderma ranging from bioactive metabolites, bioactivities, production techniques to clinical trials. Traditionally, polysaccharides and ganoderic acids have been reported as the major bioactive metabolites of Ganoderma possessing anti-tumor and immunomodulation functions. Moreover, recent studies indicate that Gandoerma also exerts other bioactivities such as skin lighting, gut microbiota regulation, and anti-virus effects. However, since these medical fungi are rare in natural environment, and that the cost of cultivation of fruiting bodies is high, industrial submerged fermentation of Ganoderma mycelia promotes the development of Ganoderma by dint of an increase of biomass and bioactive metabolites used for further application. In addition, various strategies for production of different metabolites are well developed, such as gene regulation, bi-stage pH, and oxygen control. To date, Ganoderma not only has become one of the most popular nutraceuticals worldwide but also has been applied to clinical trials for advanced diseases such as breast and non-small-cell lung cancer.
... β-Glucans of higher molecular mass are more effective than that of glucans with low molecular mass [72,73]. β-Glucans also exist with heteropolysaccharide chains of xylose, mannose, galactose, uronic acids, and β, D-glucan-protein complexes which are present in the dry fruiting body (10-50%) [74,75]. ...
... Lavi et al. [129] reported that ganoderan A and B glucans of Ganoderma lucidum fruiting bodies showed hypoglycemic effects. On the other hand, ganopoly, the polysaccharidecontaining preparation of G. lucidum, exhibited hepatoprotective effects in patients with chronic hepatitis B [130]. A β-glucan isolated from the fruiting bodies of P. ostreatus has also been proven to exert antitumor activity against Hela tumor cell [131]. ...
... Extract from Reishi containing triterpenoids in studies on mice showed a hepatoprotective effect, resulting probably from an enhanced capacity to remove free radicals from this organ [62]. In clinical trials within 6 months, preparation from G. lucidum containing polysaccharides normalised levels of aminotransferases in patients with chronic hepatitis B [63]. ...
Article
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This paper presents the characteristics of the species Ganoderma lucidum in terms of health-promoting properties. This species is rare in Poland, and is subject to strict protection. Reishi is classified as a medicinal mushroom which fruiting bodies are characterized by a content of active substances with diverse positive effects on human health. G. lucidum is particularly rich source of bioactive compounds, which are obtained from fruiting bodies, mycelium and spores of this species. The therapeutic effect of G. lucidum extracts has been demonstrated in many scientific studies. The most important pharmacological and physiological effects include: immunomodulatory, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anti-atherosclerosis, antidiabetic and anti-aging. Reishi has also a beneficial effect on liver cells and the cardiovascular system and protects in case of stomach ulcers. Due to its properties G. lucidum can be used in the prevention and treatment of life-threatening diseases, such as cancer, stroke and heart diseases.
... Chitosan posses lot of properties like drug delivery, cell delivery systems, orthopaedics, wound healing, ophthalmology, bone healing, anti-microbial, heamostastic etc [12][13][14][15][16][17] ,Gelatin, aprotien derived from collagen and bones are translucent, colourless, odourless, brittle and tasteless. It has a very good film forming property and known for wound healing properties 18,-,22 , .Bio-Silver nanoparticles synthesized from Ganoderma lucidum posses lot of beneficial properties; Anti-microbial, anti-diabetic, Wound healing, anti-inflammatory and angiogenesis properties.The drug that are in nanosize help in easy transferred and targeted to specific site 23,24,25,262,27 . ...
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Chitosan prepared from natural polymer chitin and cast into transdermal patch with bio-silver nanoparticles isolated from Ganoderma lucidum as a drug has been tested for the wound healing activity. Chitosan prepared with 85% degree of deactyelyation and confirmed by FTIR (Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy) and XRD (Xray diffraction spectroscopy);Ganoderma lucidum used to synthesis silver nanoparticles and confirmation was done by TEM (Transmission electron microscope),EDAX (Energy dispersion xray spectroscopy) and XRD (Xray diffraction spectroscopy).An attempt has been made here to formulate transdermal patches.,Chitosan was added for the flexibility and permeation enchancer,Glycerol was used as plasticizer, Gelatin to give the moisturizing content and silver nanoparticles acts as cross linking agent.The prepared transdermal patch were then evaluated for biomedical parameters such as bioadhesion strength, heamocompability,in vitro degradeation and microbial penetration test. The results showed by transdermal patch could meet the essential requirements for reasonable wound dressing material with desirable characterstics and fulfilled the requirements to obtain the transdermal patch for wound management. © 2015, International Journal of ChemTech Research. All rights reserved.
... Efekt ochronny był związany ze zdolnością wygaszania wolnych rodników w wątrobie [87]. Preparat z lakownicy lśniącej zawierający frakcję polisacharydową, testowany w badaniach klinicznych z udziałem pacjentów z przewlekłym wirusowym zapaleniem wątroby typu B, powodował normalizację poziomu aminotransferaz [28]. Ekstrakty grzybowe oraz wyizolowane z nich związki wywierają wpływ na centralny układ nerwowy. ...
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Health-promoting value of mushrooms is the effect of readily available proteins, carbohydrates, essential unsaturated fatty acids, as well as minerals and vitamins contained in them. Many cultivated and wildgrowing species also exhibit salutogenic properties. They are to be attributed to the presence of bioactive substances, mainly polysaccharides, triterpenoids, and phenolic compounds. The immunostimulatory, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antidiabetic, and antiallergenic actions were documented for different mushroom species. Substances obtained from fungi are also capable of reducing blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels, they normalise blood pressure and protect the liver. At present, mushrooms are considered to be functional food. Beneficial health effects may be achieved through the direct consumption of fruiting bodies or the use of dietary supplements in the form of ready-to-use preparations containing mushroom extracts.
... Ganopoly, the polysaccharide-containing preparation of G. lucidum, was proven in a double-blind, randomized and multicentered study in patients with chronic hepatitis B (HBV DNA positive; application of Ganopoly for twelve weeks, then thirteen weeks followed up, 600 mg three times per day equal to 27 g fruiting body, p.o.). Within the six months study period, 33% (17/52) of treated patients had normal aminotransferase values and 13% (7/52) had cleared hepatitis B surface antigen from serum, whereas none of the controls had normal enzyme values (Gao et al., 2002). ...
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Mushrooms have been known for their nutritional and culinary values and used as medicines and tonics by humans for ages. In modern terms, they can be considered as functional foods which can provide health benefits beyond the traditional nutrients. There are monographs that cover the medicinal and healing properties of some individual traditional mushrooms. There has been a recent upsurge of interest in mushrooms not only as a health food which is rich in protein but also as a source of biologically active compounds of medicinal value which include complementary medicine/dietary supplements for anticancer, antiviral, hepatoprotective, immunopotentiating and hypocholesterolemic agents. However the mechanisms of the various health benefits of mushrooms to humans still require intensive investigation, especially given the emergence of new evidence of their health benefits. In the present paper the medicinal potential of mushrooms is being discussed.
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Ganoderma is a genus of medicinal mushroom traditionally used for treating various diseases. Ganoderic acid A is one of the major bioactive Ganoderma triterpenoids isolated from Ganoderma species. Herein, we produced a highly specific monoclonal antibody against ganoderic acid A (MAb 12 A) and developed an indirect competitive ELISA for the highly sensitive detection of ganoderic acid A in Ganoderma lingzhi, with a limit of detection of 6.10 ng/mL. Several validation analyses support the accuracy and reliability of the developed indirect competitive ELISA for use in the quality control of Ganoderma based on ganoderic acid A content. Furthermore, quantitative analysis of ganoderic acid A in G. lingzhi revealed that the pileus exhibits the highest ganoderic acid A content compared with the stipe and spore of the fruiting body; the best extraction efficiency was found when 50 % ethanol was used, which suggests the use of a strong liquor to completely harness the potential of Ganoderma triterpenoids in daily life. Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.
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Ganoderma spp. are very important therapeutic mushrooms and have been used traditionally for 4000 years in the treatment of various human disorders. Different species of Ganoderma possess bioactive compounds, which have already demonstrated antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal activities. Various bioactive compounds such as triterpenoids, colossolactones, and polysaccharides, which are responsible for the antimicrobial potential of the genus, are discussed here in detail. Some Ganoderma spp. have been reported to be potential agents for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles. These nanoparticles have demonstrated antimicrobial activity and also are reviewed herein. The main aim of this review is to discuss the possible use of Ganoderma extracts and their active principles in antimicrobial therapy.
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Ganoderma spp. are very important therapeutic mushrooms and have been used traditionally for 4000 years in the treatment of various human disorders. Different species of Ganoderma possess bioactive compounds, which have already demonstrated antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal activities. Various bioactive compounds such as triterpenoids, colossolactones, and polysaccharides, which are responsible for the antimicrobial potential of the genus, are discussed here in detail. Some Ganoderma spp. have been reported to be potential agents for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles. These nanoparticles have demonstrated antimicrobial activity and also are reviewed herein. The main aim of this review is to discuss the possible use of Ganoderma extracts and their active principles in antimicrobial therapy.
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A Basidiomycetes fungus belonging to polypore family of mushrooms, Ganoderma lucidum (GL), has been known since a long time for their myriad therapeutic indications. Renowned as an invaluable resource of cardinal mycoconstituents they encompass numerous terpenoids polysaccharides and proteins. Possessing the therapeutically potent lanosteroidal skeleton, terpenoids are upheld for their invariable participation in therapeutically diverse bioactivities. Polysaccharides and proteins exhibiting distinguishable bioactivities provide this oriental mushroom with additional edges over immune function and anti-cancer potential. This review is a concerted effort to throw light upon the therapeutic versatility of the fungus, shadowed by various other natural products. An effort has been made towards conglomerating the mycoconstituents decisive for the many activities portrayed by this fungus. More importantly, this review seeks to fathom the inextricable role played by derivatives in modulating signaling cascades such as downregulation of various mitogenic pathways, inhibiting growth factors, or upregulating certain pathways enhancing cellular integrity.
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Medicinal plants represent one approach in the management of liver injuries due to various factors such as infection, toxification, and immune damage in Oriental society. One of these plants, Ganoderma (Ling Zhi, Reishi mushroom; Aphyllophoromycetideae), has been widely used for the treatment of hepatopathy of various etiologies. This article highlights the hepatoprotective activity of Ganoderma mushroom, with an emphasis on the possible biochemical mechanisms. Preclinical studies demonstrated that Ganoderma extracts, which mainly contain polysaccharides or triterpenoids, protected the liver against injury caused by exposure to toxic chemicals (e.g., CCl4) or Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) plus lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Interestingly, Ganoderma extracts showed antihepatitis B virus (HBV) in a duckling model. A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial by our group showed that treatment with Ganoderma polysaccharides for 12 weeks significantly decreased hepatitis B e antigen (HbeAg) and HBV DNA levels in 25% (13/52) patients with HB. The underlying mechanisms for the hepatoprotective effects of Ganoderma are largely unclear, but several potential biochemical pathways have been implicated. For example, the hepatoprotective effect of Ganoderma has been ascribed to its antioxidant and radical-scavenging activity, inhibition of β-glucuronidase, modulation of nitric oxide production, modulation of hepatic phase I and II enzymes, antifibrotic and antiviral activity, maintenance of hepatocellular calcium homeostasis, and immunomodulating effect. Given that Ganoderma has shown promising efficacy and was well tolerated for the management of various hepatic injuries, further studies are needed to explore the kinetics and mechanisms of action of Ganoderma constituents with hepatoprotective activity.
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Organ transplantation is now a widely undertaken procedure. Life expectancy of patients who have undergone heart, lung, kidney, liver or bone marrow transplantation has improved dramatically over the past 10 to 20 years. The increase in the number of organ transplant patients has also had an impact on oral and dental services. Oral and dental problems that arise in these patients are usually consequences of drug induced immunosuppression. The successful management of various oral lesions associated with organ transplantation patients necessitates close co-operation of dental physician with the various transplant teams. This will also ensure general well being of these patients. Introduction: Transplantation has become a treatment of choice for restoration of body functions in the end stage organ diseases. Development of the immunosuppressive agents has reduced the morbidity associated with organ transplantation (OT) but at the same time has resulted in the appearance of several oral lesions.
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