Governing the Commons
... Common pool resources are natural resources which are in use by a group of people or households and not held by any individual. Elinor Ostrom (1990) defines common pool resources as the resource systems from which it is difficult to exclude access or use by its potential beneficiaries. As clarified by Schlager and Ostrom (1992), the term common pool resources (hereinafter referred to as 'commons') refers to the physical characteristics of resources, non-excludable and rivalrous, while the governance of these resources is examined under the different property regimes. ...
... On the other hand, Elinor Ostrom (1990) and scholars following her work have shown that the community-based management of commons to be more sustainable. Communities dependent upon commons possess certain knowledge about these resources acquired through their long-standing association with these resources (Ostrom, 1994). ...
... While some of these diverse associations are unregulated, others may be governed by customary or de facto rules, at times unsaid and unwritten (Barry & Meinzen-Dick, 2008). Research by Ostrom and other commons scholars demonstrates that local, self-organised institutions leverage collective action to sustainably manage and govern commons through their customary regimes (Meinzen-Dick et al., 2020;Ostrom, 1990;Sandler, 2010). ...
Communities across the world interact with common pool resources in distinct ways, including for economic as well as social and cultural purposes. The involvement of local communities in the conservation and management of these resources requires recognising and building upon their customary de facto governance arrangements. However, the absence of a comprehensive database around the customary governance arrangements hinders their recognition, also weakens these arrangements and the institutions around them. The absence of such a database weakens the trust of external stakeholders in these customary arrangements and in local communities’ abilities to act for sustainable management of resources. In an attempt to address this issue, this research was carried out for preparing such a database to record the customary governance arrangements around the common pool resources, namely the People’s Commons’ Register (PCR). This participatory action research was conducted at three locations in the central Indian states of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. This paper shares the methodology evolved as an outcome of the research. It also highlights some key insights into the complex relationships of different stakeholders around the common pool resources. The creation of a database such as PCR is an essential first step in creating awareness and collectivising local communities for the conservation and management of the common pool resources. PCR aims to become a people’s document by enabling them to access opportunities to secure their rights to use, protect, manage and establish claims on their resources.
... These human interventions have proven to decrease ecosystem health, compromising needed ecosystem services (Kingsford, Bino, and Porter 2017;UNESCO WWAP 2020;Wheeler et al. 2020;Vollmer and Harrison 2021). This means the relationship between social and ecological systems is reciprocal and changes in ecosystems lead to change in the social system, and vice versa (Adger 2000;Berkes, Colding, and Folke 2003;Berkes and Folke 1998;Folke 2006;Folke et al. 2010;Gunderson and Holling 2002;Ostrom 1990;Reyers et al. 2018). Given the complexity of these systems and their interactions, SES are also understood as unpredictable systems, which self-organise and adapt to change by modifying behavior (Biggs et al. 2012). ...
... Polycentricity defines a governance system that consists of multiple, nested decisionmaking centers which operate at different jurisdictional and organizational scales (Biggs et al. 2012;Carlisle and Gruby 2017). The SES scholarship on polycentricity has been strongly influenced by Ostrom's ideas (Ostrom 2001(Ostrom , 2010Dietz, Ostrom, and Stern 2008), which are rooted in Institutional Theory related to the governance of common pool resources (Ostrom 1990(Ostrom , 1999. This is also highlighted by the emphasis on institutional diversity (here indicated by 'different jurisdictional and organizational scales'), which means that the local, state, national or even international institutions as well as organization from civil and private sectors may be part of the polycentric governance system (Ostrom 2005;Huitema et al. 2009). ...
... However, in addition, there are other actors with the ability to impact groundwater such as those involved in mining, industrial, or agricultural activities. Effective governance requires the coordination of these actors, and although there is no onesize-fits-all approach, or "panacea" to governance (Ostrom 1991), certain methods have proven to be more successful than others. Typically, governance structures fall into one of three categories: (1) a top-down "command and control" strategy; ...
... Can lack access to funding, information, and technical expertise (GEF-GD 2016). Vulnerable to weak leadership, and stakeholder fatigue and frustration, owing to the significant commitment required Like top-down approaches, these can also reflect power imbalances, and become dominated by certain groups (Ostrom 1990) "From community to cabinet" (GEF-GD 2016), a combination of top-down and bottom-up approaches designed to mitigate their respective weaknesses and embrace their strengths A centrally driven and resourced, but locally consulted and endorsed approach can generate the most effective and manageable policies, with high perception of legitimacy ...
An analysis of expert perspectives on groundwater governance arrangements in South Africa is presented, particularly those arrangements that are pertinent to the complex and socially and ecologically significant implications of exploiting unconventional oil and gas (UOG). The paper presents a detailed assessment of literature on groundwater governance research, the findings of which are applied as a framework for a series of expert interviews, comprising hydrogeologists, lawyers, engineers, and governance specialists. This methodological approach was adopted as a means to enable an analysis of opinions on the current situation of groundwater governance in South Africa and how fit-for-purpose this is for managing the exploitation of UOG. The analysis was also informed by observation of participants at several relevant decision-making and stakeholder events. Whilst the findings indicated a generally positive evaluation of the initial steps taken to assess UOG impacts and engage relevant communities, recurrent criticisms also are featured across the interviews. Key implications arising from the research include: (1) the need for continued stakeholder engagement, and government follow-through on the outcomes of these processes, (2) the necessity for detailed groundwater-specific regulations to be drafted at the earliest opportunity, to ensure that the energy policy vacuum does not have a negative knock-on effect for effective groundwater management, and (3) the prevalence of significant governance gaps, particularly regarding regulatory and institutional capacity, and the need for continued development of a functional network of institutions to effectively manage UOG exploitation alongside groundwater resources.
... Environmental governance has a rich literature of examining multi-level, multi-scale and polycentric collaborative arrangements and the different roles of governments, self-organized communities, the private sector and societal stakeholders within them 90,[98][99][100][101] . A central premise for improving governance is collective action -finding ways to work together effectively to co-create goals and develop mechanisms and structures to enable their actualization by those involved 102 . However, the lack of coordination and communication have led to fragmented ocean governance approaches 103,104 . ...
Ocean sustainability initiatives – in research, policy, management and development – will be more effective in delivering comprehensive benefits when they proactively engage with, invest in and use social knowledge. We synthesize five intervention areas for social engagement and collaboration with marine social scientists, and in doing so we appeal to all ocean science disciplines and non-academics working in ocean initiatives in industry, government, funding agencies and civil society. The five social intervention areas are: (1) Using ethics to guide decision-making, (2) Improving governance, (3) Aligning human behavior with goals and values, (4) Addressing impacts on people, and (5) Building transdisciplinary partnerships and co-producing sustainability transformation pathways. These focal areas can guide the four phases of most ocean sustainability initiatives (Intention, Design, Implementation, Evaluation) to improve social benefits and avoid harm. Early integration of social knowledge from the five areas during intention setting and design phases offers the deepest potential for delivering benefits. Later stage collaborations can leverage opportunities in existing projects to reflect and learn while improving impact assessments, transparency and reporting for future activities.
Prompted by the increasing public focus on environmental policy and the continuous inability of States to reach environmental targets agreed upon in the context of the United Nations and the European Union, we explore the development of discourses within the Danish public agenda regarding nature management 2016–2021. This is done through a mixed-methods framework of discourse analysis and structural topic modeling based on documents from the Danish Parliament’s Environmental committee 2016–2021, estimating topic prevalence, and analyzing the discourses within each topic, resulting in a qualitative overview of 21 identified topics and their associated discourses and an overview of how the different topic proportions changed over time. A shift in the public agenda was found: a change from discussions about untouched forest focused on trade-offs between timber extraction and biodiversity, to a discussion about different understandings of animal welfare in the context of large grazers in nature national parks in Denmark.
Sustaining future generations requires cooperation today. While individuals’ selfish interests threaten to undermine cooperation, social institutions can foster cooperation in intergenerational situations without ambiguity. However, in numerous settings, from climate change to the biodiversity crisis, there exists considerable ambiguity in the degree of cooperation required. Such ambiguity limits the extent to which people typically cooperate. We present the results of an intergenerational public goods game, which show that a democratic institution can promote cooperation, even in the face of ambiguity. While ambiguity in previous work has proved a challenge to cooperation (although we find sometimes only small and non-significant effects of ambiguity), voting is consistently able to maintain sustainable group-level outcomes in our study. Additional analyses demonstrate that this form of democracy has an effect over and above the impact on beliefs alone and over and above the structural effects of the voting institution. Our results provide evidence that social institutions, such as democracy, can buffer against selfishness and sustain cooperation to provide time-delayed benefits to the future.
This paper evaluates the extent to which public interest or public choice rationales explain timber industry regulation in the Pacific Northwest. Two key regulations are examined: the listing of the Northern Spotted Owl (NSO) under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) in 1990, and the implementation of the Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) in 1994. Support for the public interest theory of regulation relies on the assumption that (A) demand for environmental protection is driven by local populations directly impacted by regulation, (B) declining timber production is driven by technological factors unrelated to environmental policy, and (C) prevention of logging under timber regulations is effective at supporting ecological diversity and endangered populations. I argue there is little evidence to support any of these propositions. In contrast, evidence suggests that various interest groups benefitted significantly from the reduction in federal timber output resulting from environmental regulation, including owners of private timberlands—particularly institutional investors such as timberland investment management organizations (TIMOs) and timberland real-estate investment trusts (REITs)—and Southern timber producers, suggesting a “bootleggers and Baptists” explanation that fits within the public choice framework. Finally, I argue that even if one accepts the public interest rationale for timber regulation, regulation of the timber industry suffers from both knowledge and incentive problems that make it unlikely to succeed.
The current internet economy is characterised by a historically unprecedented bundling of private sector power over infrastructures. This situation is harmful for overcoming problems where collective action is needed, such as for governing digital commons. Organisations that run on collectively owned decentralised infrastructure are able to overcome this centralisation of power. These common decentralised autonomous organisations (DAOs) could help in fostering digitally enabled collective action. However, currently we have no clear view of how a DAO designed for commons governance would operate and be governed. By creating a conceptual prototype of a DAO governing a common, we provide a clear path of how common DAOs should mature and which tools are needed to create them. In this research, we created a governance framework for common DAOs by combining 16 works on technology for commons governance. The framework reveals that common DAO governance consists of three areas: 1) Governance structure, 2) Enabling technology, and 3) Community governance. We provide governance mechanisms that together describe an implementation of Ostrom’s common governance principles in a DAO. This work is a synthesis of previous research on technology for collective action. The proposed framework aids in standardising DAO governance for the common good and may contribute to a large scale roll-out of commons DAOs.
This paper investigates the relationship between measures of environmental performance and of social preferences, thanks to the availability of a recently published dataset on global pref- erences. Using cross-sectional observations from 76 countries, this study finds evidence from macro data of a positive and statistically significant relationship between measures of proso- cial preferences, such as positive reciprocity, trust, and altruism, and environmental policy indicators in the categories of agriculture, forestry, and climate change after controlling for economic and geospatial factors. At the micro level, the results presented in this paper suggest a broader theory of collective action that is based on a behavioral approach to climate policy to mitigate motivational crowd out in settings of high reciprocity and trust. At the macro level, the results presented in this paper suggest a broader theory of climate clubs that includes pro- social preferences, such as positive reciprocity, trust, and altruism, as key cooperation mech- anisms in International Environmental Agreements.
This paper advances a general and unified framework to explain the patterns of entry in an industry. The specificity of a type of entrant is examined based on the match between the entrant’s prior experience, in terms of knowledge endowment, and the target industry context. The knowledge endowment is analyzed by focusing on its content—market, technological, organizational, and scientific—and its generic and specific nature. The target industry context is examined by looking at four basic dimensions: the stage of development of the target industry (the time dimension); the specific technological regime and related innovation patterns (the technological dimension); the demand regime (the demand dimension); and the institutional regime (the institutional dimension). These dimensions moderate the matching between the knowledge endowment of the type of entrants and the features of the industrial contexts. Our newly proposed taxonomy offers a more systematic and nuanced explanation of how the complex relationship between pre-entry experience and knowledge, entrants and the chosen target industry evolves over time.
It is now abundantly clear that social norms channel behaviour and impact economic development. This insight leads to the question: How do social norms evolve? This survey examines research that relies on geography to explain the development of social norms. It turns out that many social norms are either directly or indirectly determined by geography broadly conceived and can, hence, be considered largely time invariant. Given that successful economic development presupposes the congruence between formal institutions and social norms, this insight is highly relevant for all policy interventions designed to foster economic development. In a companion paper, the role of religion and family organization as potential mediators between geography and social norms assumes centre stage.
A necessary condition for agriculture to provide environmental public goods at the level desired by the society is the existence and compliance with appropriate “rules of the game” (institutions). Undoubtedly, institutions are of fundamental importance for agriculture in areas with natural or other specific constraints (ANCs), the new delimitation of which was recommended by the European Commission to all EU member states under the CAP 2014–2020 and which is valid under the CAP 2023–2027. The aim of the study is to indicate the role of institutions in the new institutional economics (NIE) approach in the context of supporting agriculture in ANCs. The specific goals consist of indicating a method for determining the current ANCs in the EU, including Poland; characterizing their current state in Poland, as compared to other EU countries; determining their role in the implementation of the agri-environment-climate measure (AECM) and organic farming under the EU CAP (they are particularly predestined to provide environmental public goods) and also determining the determinants encouraging farmers in ANCs to participate in the activities; assessing the production and economic situation of agriculture in these areas in individual EU countries. The data source was data from the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation—State Research Institute in Puławy and the Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics—National Research Institute, Agency for Restructuring and Modernization of Agriculture, European Commission FADN—FSDN. The research period covered the years 2016–2022. Descriptive methods were used to analyze and present the materials. Tabular graphic logistic regression model, the Wald test, the Cox–Snell pseudo-R2 measure and its additional variant proposed by Nagelkerke were used. The study is intended to fill the research gap regarding the determination of the ability of agriculture in ANCs to reconcile the market function, which is reflected in its economic situation, with the provision of environmental public goods to the society. It was determined that in communes with a high saturation of lowland ANCs, farms achieving worse production results in the form of lower wheat yields and lower income calculated without subsidies per 1 ha of utilized agricultural area (UAA) had a greater tendency to implement AECM activities and organic operational farming. In most EU countries, agriculture in ANCs is characterized by extensification of agricultural production compared to other agriculture. It generally incurs lower costs and, as a result, obtains lower production effects and income from agricultural activities per 1 ha of UAA. The study provides arguments supporting the thesis that for agriculture in ANCs to achieve satisfactory economic effects and at the same time be able to provide the public with environmental public goods to a wide extent, it is necessary to have public financial incentives in the form of subsidies from the EU CAP.
The fully updated second edition of this innovative textbook provides a system analysis approach to sustainability for advanced undergraduate and graduate students. To an extent unparalleled in other textbooks, the latest scientific data and insights are integrated into a broad and deep transdisciplinary framework. Readers are encouraged to explore and engage with sustainability issues through the lenses of a cultural and methodological pluralism which promotes dialogue and alliances in the search for a (more) sustainable future. Ideal for students and their teachers in sustainable development, environmental science and policy, ecology, conservation, natural resources and geopolitics, the book will also appeal to interested citizens, activists, and policymakers, exposing them to the variety of perspectives on sustainability issues. Review questions and exercises provide the opportunity for consolidation and reflection. Online resources include appendices with more advanced mathematical material, model answers, and a wealth of recommended additional sources.
The fully updated second edition of this innovative textbook provides a system analysis approach to sustainability for advanced undergraduate and graduate students. To an extent unparalleled in other textbooks, the latest scientific data and insights are integrated into a broad and deep transdisciplinary framework. Readers are encouraged to explore and engage with sustainability issues through the lenses of a cultural and methodological pluralism which promotes dialogue and alliances in the search for a (more) sustainable future. Ideal for students and their teachers in sustainable development, environmental science and policy, ecology, conservation, natural resources and geopolitics, the book will also appeal to interested citizens, activists, and policymakers, exposing them to the variety of perspectives on sustainability issues. Review questions and exercises provide the opportunity for consolidation and reflection. Online resources include appendices with more advanced mathematical material, model answers, and a wealth of recommended additional sources.
The quest for sustainable development should build upon scientific knowledge - as the title of this book indicates. However, (scientific) knowledge is itself framed differently in different worldviews. The concept of complexity, and its increasing role in science, can assist in exploring some epistemological issues and approaches about the quality of (scientific) knowledge (post-normal and Mode-1 Mode-2 science, NUSAP) - important in times of ’alternative facts’. It also influences the scientific and engineering endeavour par excellence: (formal) modelling. In sustainability science, it shows up in intense efforts to complement natural science models with models that include (human) behaviour (next chapter). Communicating complexity happens also in less formal ways, with metamodels, analogues and metaphors, and organizing concepts (transition theory, social dilemmas and others).
Sustainable management of common pool resources requires local information and participation. We develop a framework for managing commons based on threats, consequences, and solutions (TCS). The status of the community’s interaction with their local commons is critical in developing viable solutions to avoiding the loss of natural resources, enhancing the benefits they provide, and sustaining the functions they perform. Threats to natural resources, the consequences of their depletion, and the solutions local communities perceive as most effective to prevent this loss are assessed as related to socioeconomic and landscape factors to develop strategies for the resilience of commons. Communities and representative stakeholders (224 respondents) participated in a survey in Honduras’s Lake Yojoa watershed. The community’s perception was also evaluated for impacts of changes in land use and climate on local commons. An ordinal logistic regression analysis was used to determine the effect of land use, geographic, and demographic factors on community perceptions. Distance to the lake, landcover percentages, slope, type of work, age, and importance of tourism were significant in influencing community interaction and perception of TCS. The involvement of communities in deriving knowledge on TCS is critical to increasing the resilience of local commons to emerging threats.
In the context of steadily declining Natural Capital and universal recognition of the imperative to reverse this trend before we get to the point that nature is not able to restore itself, cities have a crucial role to play. The UK Government commissioned a comprehensive study into the value of biodiversity, and by extension nature, reinforcing “why we should change our ways”—yet what is missing is the “how?”. This paper uniquely describes both the “how?” and a conclusive demonstration of the remarkable benefits of implementing it in a city. Critical to this process, it took a UK Parliamentary Inquiry to reveal that nature has become invisible within the economy, yet the ecological ecosystem services nature provides have enormous benefits to both people and the economy. Therefore integration—or seamless weaving—of urban greenspace and nature into people's lives and the places where they live, work, and spend their leisure time is vital. Moreover, what nature does not provide must be provided by engineered systems, and these have an economic cost; put another way, there are enormous cost savings to be made by taking advantage of what nature provides. In addressing these issues, this paper is the definitive paper from a 20-year portfolio of research on how to bring about transformative change in the complex system-of-systems that make up our cities, providing as it does the crucial in-depth research into the many diverse strands of governance—the last link in a chain of the creation, testing and proof of efficacy of methodologies underpinning a theory and practice of change for infrastructure and cities. The impact of this portfolio of research on Birmingham is two-fold: the Star Framework that placed natural environment considerations at the heart of all decision-making in the city, and the successful bid for the largest of the UK Future Parks Accelerator awards. While both are transformative in their different ways, yet mutually supportive, the latter enabled the design of a suite of system interventions from which the value of Birmingham's greenspaces is estimated to rise from £11.0 billion to £14.4 billion—a remarkable return on investment from the research's conceptualization of Birmingham's urban greenspace as a “business” (with its associated business models). In achieving this, the necessary enablers of thinking and practicing systemically, seamlessly working across disciplinary boundaries, an unusually strong focus on both the aspirations of all stakeholders and the context in question to define “the problem,” and the testing of proposed system intervention(s) both now and in the future have been iteratively combined. However, it is the critical enabling steps of identifying the complete range of value-generating opportunities that the interventions offer, formulating them into alternative business models to underpin the case for change and ensuring that they are synergistic with all the dimensions of governance that yielded the profound outcomes sought.
To encourage long-term cooperation in social dilemmas such as common-pool resources, the importance of sanctioning is often stressed. Elinor Ostrom advocates graduated sanctioning: the severity of a defector’s punishment is dependent on the extent of their history of deviant behaviour. In addition, endogenously chosen sanctioning is argued to induce cooperation due to a higher legitimacy. This study compares the effect of graduated and strict mutual sanctioning on cooperation in common-pool resources at the micro and macro level. In addition, we distinguish whether the type of mutual sanction is exogenously determined or endogenously chosen. A Common-Pool Resource game is used in a laboratory experiment, integrating crucial elements of social structure and rule-making mechanisms within a common. Results support the effectiveness of graduated sanctioning compared to strict sanctioning in the long term and partial support using endogenously chosen sanctioning mechanisms versus imposed sanctioning mechanisms.
Emissions trading schemes (ETS) have spread across the globe to tackle climate change. However, limited attention has been given to how ETS characteristics and designs differ and why. We use the concept of institutional complementarity to explore how the EU ETS and South Korea's ETS (K‐ETS) adapt to complement established political economy. The EU ETS is characterized as a market with stakeholder ownership, while the K‐ETS is more regulatory in nature with government leadership. The EU ETS complements a decentralized political system with liberalized energy market, and the K‐ETS became compatible with the centralized majoritarian politics and a regulated electricity market. The ETSs have evolved incrementally, and they are not likely to link in the foreseeable future due to divergence. We suggest a strong focus on “how to adapt” an ETS to its own institution rather than adopting the established blueprint model in countries with a strong regulatory style of governance.
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This study aims to develop a theoretical foundation for considering architecture as knowledge commons. The findings of commons research were applied by setting research questions on 1) how architecture can be considered as knowledge commons and 2) what kind of architecture can be defined as knowledge commons. The achievement of this study is to present an analytical framework called the AKC (Architecture Knowledge Commons) framework, which is an application of the IAD framework, the core methodology of commons research, to architecture, and to identify the theoretical conditions for considering architecture as knowledge commons.
Government's policies over the years to prevent land degradation have been to promote wide scale tree planting. In many cases, attempts at affor-esting degraded areas have adopted orthodox western conservation approaches for regeneration that yielded low results because there has been limited involvement of local institutional actors and their structures. The aim of this paper is to investigate the local institutional actors and local level governance structures that provide the enabling environment for promoting a sustained natural regeneration. A mixed study design involving a sample size of 200 farmers in Lawra Municipality was used. Interviews, observation , structured questionnaires, and nine focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted across three communities. The structured questionnaires were analyzed descriptively using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 22 while the interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. The results show that farmers' motivation for practicing natural regen-eration are attributed to improved crop productivity, provision of household livelihoods including food needs, improved soil fertility, fuel wood, fodder, and poles. Natural regeneration of trees were also found to resonate with traditional management practices in which farmers have maintained indigenous tree species alongside their food crops on their farms. The study recommends strict adherence to the local systems for self-governance and management, the insti-tutionalization of cross district bye-laws on natural regeneration, and strengthening farmers' capacity through learning and sharing of Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR) experiences in communities with best practices with assistance from the Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources.
Los sistemas de información de administración financiera (SIAF) son fundamentales para una gestión eficiente y transparente de los recursos financieros en el sector público. Debido a la escasez de publicaciones sobre esta temática en Colombia, este artículo pretende ser un aporte a la academia y a los profesionales que laboran en finanzas públicas al examinar la importancia de sistemas como SIIF, CHIP, Sireci, Épico, SIA Observa, el Mapa de Inversiones del Departamento Nacional de Planeación, la nueva plataforma PIIP, entre otros. También se abordan temas como gestión pública inteligente (GPI), gobierno digital, lucha contra la corrupción, interoperabilidad, ciberseguridad, inteligencia artificial (IA) y marketing público. La investigación ha utilizado una perspectiva interpretativa, de tipo teórico, documental, descriptivo y propositivo, con enfoques cualitativo y cuantitativo a partir de la aplicación de encuestas. Al final del artículo se plantea el desafío de mejorar la interoperabilidad y la seguridad de los SIAF en el Estado colombiano, resaltando la importancia de capacitar a los funcionarios en tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC), así como promover los sitios web y las plataformas relacionadas con las finanzas públicas estatales para fortalecer la transparencia y fomentar la participación ciudadana.
The ability to organize is our most valuable social technology and the successful organizational design of an enterprise can increase its efficiency, effectiveness, and ability to adapt. Modern organizations operate in increasingly complex, dynamic, and global environments, which puts a premium on rapid adaptation. Compared to traditional organizations, modern organizations are flatter and more open to their environments. Their processes are more generative and interactive – actors themselves generate and coordinate solutions rather than follow hierarchically devised plans and directives. They also search outside their boundaries for resources wherever they may exist, and co-produce products and services with suppliers, customers, and partners, collaborating – both internally and externally – to learn and become more capable. In this volume, leading voices in the field of organization design demonstrate how a combination of agile processes, artificial intelligence, and digital platforms can power adaptive, sustainable, and healthy organizations.
The ability to organize is our most valuable social technology and the successful organizational design of an enterprise can increase its efficiency, effectiveness, and ability to adapt. Modern organizations operate in increasingly complex, dynamic, and global environments, which puts a premium on rapid adaptation. Compared to traditional organizations, modern organizations are flatter and more open to their environments. Their processes are more generative and interactive – actors themselves generate and coordinate solutions rather than follow hierarchically devised plans and directives. They also search outside their boundaries for resources wherever they may exist, and co-produce products and services with suppliers, customers, and partners, collaborating – both internally and externally – to learn and become more capable. In this volume, leading voices in the field of organization design demonstrate how a combination of agile processes, artificial intelligence, and digital platforms can power adaptive, sustainable, and healthy organizations.
The ability to organize is our most valuable social technology and the successful organizational design of an enterprise can increase its efficiency, effectiveness, and ability to adapt. Modern organizations operate in increasingly complex, dynamic, and global environments, which puts a premium on rapid adaptation. Compared to traditional organizations, modern organizations are flatter and more open to their environments. Their processes are more generative and interactive – actors themselves generate and coordinate solutions rather than follow hierarchically devised plans and directives. They also search outside their boundaries for resources wherever they may exist, and co-produce products and services with suppliers, customers, and partners, collaborating – both internally and externally – to learn and become more capable. In this volume, leading voices in the field of organization design demonstrate how a combination of agile processes, artificial intelligence, and digital platforms can power adaptive, sustainable, and healthy organizations.
In previous chapters, Nestorovic considers that branches of geopolitics have the initiative since they propose concepts, and corporations do their shopping when they pick up something that can be relevant for their business. In this chapter, the author takes the opposite approach. He uses the triptych space-state-power and for each element finds out what business proposes and what geopolitics can be interested in. He states that corporations invent new spaces like the metaverse in which virtual worlds, NFTs, avatars, chatbots, or AI-generated content coexists with the real space. He also suggests that a corporation can be considered as a state, with all attributes like sovereignty, nationality, or legitimate use of coercive power, because some corporations are in fact more powerful than states.
We framed climate change (CC) discourse through its disruptions to local culture and livelihood in a subsistence riverine fishing community in Central Philippines. Our main goal was contextualizing how local communities' traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) related to climate, fisheries, and taboos can strengthen freshwater fisheries management and biodiversity conservation. We adopted a mixed-method purposive sampling of the 126 fishing households in the Nabaoy River Watershed in the municipality of Malay in Aklan province. The high CC awareness was associated with the increasing frequency and intensity of extreme climatological events and erratic weather patterns. These CC-driven perturbations were primarily attributed to the ballooning human population and deforestation. These threats, in turn, were linked to the diminishing state of the Nabaoy River, heralded by the perceived marked decline of frog and dragonfly populations believed to be indicators of river health. Riverine biodiversity was also perceived as dwindling, with fish catch and their sizes shrinking. Furthermore, the observed fishing taboos guiding local informal (de facto) institutions corroborated formal (de jure) temporal and spatial fisheries management measures. Indeed, local communities have relevant long-term knowledge of management (e.g., TEK) and development-oriented structures and systems (e.g., informal institutions). These invaluable social capital assets are crucial in building resilient governance systems to address local conservation issues and concerns, particularly in data-deficient areas or lacking formal management contexts. Hence, formal management interventions should integrate TEK and the informal institution in which it is embedded and engage local TEK holders as partners in freshwater conservation efforts.
Across Cairo, many co-operative housing projects once stood or still stand empty. This chapter examines their vacancy through the lens of time. It analyzes the multi-layered temporalities around collective governance to conceptualize vacancy beyond narratives of spatial surplus and to nuance experiences of co-op management beyond institutional analysis. It demonstrates how co-ops are caught between two harsh and conflicting temporalities: slow-moving settings of collective governance causing delay and temporally fast-moving construction markets. When co-ops, delayed by power imbalances or inefficient management, cannot pay construction costs in time, they fall into conflicts that escalate to legal standstills. The result, I argue, is a distinct category of vacant buildings trapped in temporal paralysis. Rather than being a static state, being stuck in time is a site of a complex assortment of financial pressures and governance power plays. If and when deadlocks are resolved, vacant projects are granted afterlives where they can be occupied.
In this work, we analyse a common-pool resource game with homogeneous players (both have boundedly rational expectations) and entanglement between players’ strategies. The quantum model with homogeneous expectations is a differential approach to the game since, to the best of our knowledge, it has hardly been considered in previous works. The game is represented using a Cournot type payoff functions, limited to the maximum capacity of the resource. The behaviour of the dynamics is studied considering how the fixed points (particularly the Nash equilibrium) and the stability of the system vary depending on the different values of the parameters involved in the model. In the analysis of this game, it is especially relevant to consider the extent to which the resource is exploited, since the output of the players is highly affected by this issue. It is studied in which cases the resource can be overexploited, adjusting the parameters of the model to avoid this scenario when it is possible. The results are obtained from an analytical point of view and also graphically using bifurcation diagrams to show the behaviour of the dynamics.
This chapter offers a detailed analysis of microinsurance (nowadays often called “inclusive insurance”), an innovative hybrid model combining grassroots initiatives with top-down approaches to reach populations not covered by government-operated social protection systems. With half of the global population, primarily in low and middle-income countries, lacking social protection, the chapter focuses on the potential of microinsurance to address this pressing issue. The commercial microinsurance attempts, often labeled as “insurance for the poor,” have been largely insufficient. An alternative lies in the “Collaborative and Contributive” (C&C) model of microinsurance, which harnesses social forces, typically more compelling than market forces in informal settings, to stimulate demand. The chapter evaluates microinsurance’s social and economic impacts, drawing insights from 25 years of progress. It underscores the need for policymakers, international development bankers, and the reinsurance industry to recognize the potential of the C and C model in providing comprehensive insurance to marginalized populations.
Die sozialökologische Transformation ist in aller Munde. Dies gilt sowohl für die politischen Debatten wie auch für die Wissenschaft. Dabei wird zunehmend deutlich: Multiple Krisen lassen sich nicht mehr nur mit Hilfe schrittweiser (Umwelt-)Politiken lösen, sondern es sind strukturelle Veränderungen notwendig. Die Beiträger*innen des Bandes arbeiten Gerechtigkeitsfragen und die gesellschaftspolitische Brisanz ökologischer Verteilungskonflikte im Kontext der Transformation heraus. Durch ihre Analysen unter Bezugnahme auf unterschiedliche Dimensionen von Umweltgerechtigkeit machen sie diese greifbar und liefern Kontextwissen für eine längst überfällige Diskussion.
Coupled human‐water systems (CHWS) are diverse and have been studied across a wide variety of disciplines. Integrating multiple disciplinary perspectives on CHWS provides a comprehensive and actionable understanding of these complex systems. While interdisciplinary integration has often remained elusive, specific combinations of disciplines might be comparably easier to integrate (compatible), and/or their combination might be particularly likely to uncover previously unobtainable insights (complementary). This paper systematically identifies such promising combinations by mapping disciplines along a common set of topical, philosophical, and methodological dimensions. It also identifies key challenges and lessons for multidisciplinary research teams seeking to integrate highly promising (complementary) but poorly compatible disciplines. Applied to eight disciplines that span the environmental physical sciences and the quantitative and qualitative social sciences, we found that promising combinations of disciplines identified by the typology broadly reproduce patterns of recent interdisciplinary collaborative research revealed by a bibliometric analysis. We also found that some disciplines are centrally located within the typology by being compatible and complementary to multiple other disciplines along distinct dimensions. This points to the potential for these disciplines to act as catalysts for wider interdisciplinary integration.
This article is categorized under: Engineering Water > Methods
Human Water > Methods
Science of Water > Methods
Water management in Australia’s Murray-Darling Basin is undergoing a highly contested shift from single use management for irrigation, to multiple use management for irrigation and environmental flows. Despite a requirement to ‘take account’ of Indigenous values, multiple use management does not yet include cultural flows – water flows for Aboriginal groups to maintain Indigenous cultural values. Within the economics literature, cultural values are treated as a passive ‘use’ of place for spiritual or cultural activities, with cultural flows framed as flows of water delivered to particular sites for cultural ‘uses’. Aboriginal groups, however, argue for cultural flows to be defined in terms of water entitlements – a property right to water. Property rights have evolved within a specific historic and cultural context, and reflect a Western ontology that is very different to Aboriginal ontologies. This article explores whether a property rights construct might be compatible with Aboriginal ontologies, and whether water entitlements could deliver cultural benefits in ways hoped for by Aboriginal peoples. We find that cultural flows need to extend beyond rights to flows of water to encompass a broader bundle of rights including management and governance rights, if Aboriginal groups are to obtain beneficial cultural outcomes from those flows.
Privatization, often proposed as a means to regulate natural resource use, sometimes paradoxically leads to overexploitation and social exclusion. Within the unique context of Ogan Komering Ilir (OKI) Regency, Indonesia, the privatization of swamp floodplains and rivers via the “Lelang Lebak, Lebung, Sungai” (L3S) system is a testament to this dilemma. L3S grants auction winners exclusive rights to fish, thereby privatizing common-pool resources. This study delves into the intricacies of the L3S mechanism, highlighting its significance in guiding inland fisheries’ management. Through stakeholder analysis, we pinpoint the crucial actors, as well as their interests, influence, and interrelationships. Our investigation revealed 20 distinct stakeholders, each playing different roles within the L3S framework. Based on their influence and vested interests, these stakeholders are categorized as key players, subjects, context setters, and crowds. This classification aids in discerning potential conflicts, cooperation, and synergies. Effective L3S execution hinges on collaboration, especially with pivotal entities such as fishery services, village and district heads, and village-owned enterprises. Insights gathered during the study indicate that while privatization has streamlined resource distribution, it intensifies overfishing and deepens socioeconomic divisions. This study calls for a harmonious blend of historical insights and modern governance, with a central focus on stakeholder collaboration and community involvement.
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