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Sexual Behavior in the Human Male
... Historically, the study of sexual attraction has focused on single assessments where participants indicate whether they are currently, or in general, attracted to men or women (e.g., Bailey et al., 2000;Casey, 2022;Kinsey et al., 1948;Klein et al., 1985;Morales Knight & Hope, 2012;Savin-Williams, 2014). Participants in such studies are often asked to select a number from one to seven to indicate the degree or direction of their attractions. ...
... The most frequently used measure of sexual attraction was originally conceptualized as a measure of sexual orientation, the Heterosexual-Homosexual Rating Scale, or, as it is more commonly known, the Kinsey scale (Kinsey et al., 1948). The Kinsey scale challenged the view that sexual orientation was binary (e.g., people were categorically either heterosexual or homosexual) and provided the foundation for subsequent continuous measures (e.g., Klein Sexual Orientation Grid [KSOG]; Klein et al., 1985). ...
... According to this review and synthesis, the Kinsey scale continues to be the measure of sexual attraction most often used to classify participants. In developing the Kinsey scale, Kinsey et al. (1948) intended to create a research classification system to describe the sexualities of nearly 12,000 participants. The resulting 0-6 scale challenged the social norms at the time that sexual orientation was binary and that non-heterosexual attraction was rare and pathological. ...
Does sexual attraction to specific targets change over the lifetime? This study consisted of a systematic review and narrative synthesis of longitudinal studies published before 2022 to examine this question. A novel definition of sexual attraction was drafted to guide our search: an orienting response to a stimulus (persons, attributes, contexts, acts, etc.) that generates sexual states (e.g., sexual arousal, fantasy, or interest). Studies published in English or French that reported empirical, longitudinal, and prospective data on sexual attraction were included. Of 5,475 potential studies identified, 24 met the inclusion criteria for analyses (15 independent samples of 11,943 participants). Each study was coded for descriptive statistics, definitions and measures of sexual attraction used, the period between assessments, and the number of participants who experienced any change in sexual attraction. All the included studies exclusively measured gender-based attractions; no studies assessed other targets of sexual attraction. Researchers typically did not define sexual attraction in their articles and, when they did, offered diverse definitions and conceptualizations. The Kinsey scale was the most frequently used measure of sexual attraction. In a pooled sample of 8,008 participants, 18% experienced some change in self-reported sexual attractions over a median period of approximately 20 months. These findings have implications for future research, highlighting the need for a clear definition and better measurement of sexual attraction.
... Kinsey Scale For the present study, the Kinsey scale (Kinsey et al., 1948) comprised a single item in which all participants rated their current sexual feelings on a 7-point scale (0 = sexual feelings toward females only to 6 = sexual feelings toward males only). Scores for cisgender female controls were reversed (i.e., 0 = sexual feelings toward males only to 6 = sexual feelings toward females only) such that higher scores for all participants reflected more non-heterosexual attraction with respect to sex assigned at birth. ...
... Regarding Contrast 1, tests were one-tailed in the direction of male cross-dressers for the following measures, because we expected that they would score higher than transfeminine participants: the Core Autogynephilia Scale (Blanchard, 1989b), the General Autogynephilia Scale (Hsu et al., 2015), the Paraphilic Interests Scale (Hsu et al., 2015), the revised Sociosexual Orientation Inventory (Penke & Asendorpf, 2008), the Sexual Compulsivity Scale (Kalichman et al., 1994), the Cyber Pornography Use Inventory-9 (Grubbs et al., 2015), and the Mate Value Scale (Edlund & Sagarin, 2014). Tests were one-tailed in the direction of transfeminine participants for the Kinsey scale (Kinsey et al., 1948), the Sexual Orientation Self-Concept Ambiguity Scale (Talley & Stevens, 2017), and the Analloeroticism Scale (Bailey & Hsu, 2024), because we expected that they would score higher than male cross-dressers on these measures. Regarding Contrasts 2 and 3, tests were one-tailed in the direction of both male cross-dressers and transfeminine participants for all measures except the Mate Value Scale (Edlund & Sagarin, 2014), because we expected that they would score higher than either cisgender male or female controls. ...
... For those participants who were missing 25% or less of the data for a given measure, we replaced their missing values with the mean of their non-missing values, rounding to the nearest whole number for measures that required a sum score. Participants who reported current sexual feelings toward neither females nor males were further excluded from analyses involving the Kinsey scale (Kinsey et al., 1948). ...
Autogynephilia is a natal male’s propensity to be sexually aroused by the thought or fantasy of being a woman. Both male cross-dressers and transfeminine individuals (a broad range of individuals born male with a feminine gender identity; e.g., trans women) have been shown to be motivated or characterized by autogynephilia. Although there is a lack of research on whether other potentially related aspects of sexuality are comparable between them, the conceptual framework of autogynephilia offers several predictions that can be tested empirically. Following these predictions, the present study examined whether 10 diverse aspects of sexuality differed between 519 male cross-dressers and 288 transfeminine individuals recruited from online communities, as well as between both groups and 293 cisgender men and 301 cisgender women recruited as control groups. The overwhelming majority of male cross-dresser and transfeminine participants identified as heterosexual, bisexual, asexual, or pansexual. Compared with transfeminine participants, male cross-dressers reported more core and general autogynephilia, paraphilic interests, sociosexual orientation, sexual compulsivity, and problematic pornography use, but less bisexual attraction. Compared with cisgender men and women, male cross-dressers and transfeminine participants as a combined sample reported more bisexual attraction, sexual orientation ambiguity, core and general autogynephilia, paraphilic interests, analloeroticism, sexual compulsivity, and problematic pornography use, but less perceived desirability as a partner. Differences were larger comparing male cross-dressers and transfeminine participants with either control group than with each other. Results suggest that while autogynephilia is especially important to the sexuality of male cross-dressers, it also figures importantly in the sexuality of transfeminine individuals, even if it is expressed and organized differently.
... Contemporary understandings of sexual orientation have evolved beyond discrete categories like straight, gay, or bisexual. Pioneering work by Kinsey et al. (1948Kinsey et al. ( , 1953 introduced the idea that sexual orientation exists on a bipolar, unidimensional continuum, ranging from exclusively heterosexual to exclusively homosexual. More recent scholarship has expanded this view, suggesting that sexual orientation is multidimensional, encompassing cognition, affect, and behaviors (Berkey et al., 1990). ...
... Similarly, Merritt et al. (2024) found that even cisgender listeners perceive speaker gender as multidimensional and gradient rather than binary. Contemporary understandings of sexual orientation are that it may be fluid and gradient within individuals (e.g., Kinsey et al., 1948). Consequently, listeners' perceptions of sexual orientation may mirror such a continuum. ...
Purpose
Recent scholarship suggests that acoustic-phonetic variation and its perceptual representation cannot be understood through a traditional gender binary or assumption of straight sexual orientation. However, there is still limited representation of gender and sexually diverse (GSD) perspectives in speech science research and educational resources. This review article argues for the incorporation of a more expansive view of gender and sexuality into research paradigms and classroom teaching, which is essential for capturing rich sociophonetic variation and promoting justice for these underrepresented and often marginalized communities.
Method
The first section of this review article provides an overview of GSD perspectives and their implications for acoustic-phonetic variation. The second section examines the representation of GSD in speech science textbooks. An informal survey was conducted to identify three commonly used textbooks in communication sciences and disorders speech science courses. For each text, references pertaining to so-called “normative” acoustic-phonetic data were reviewed for participant demographics, including sex, gender, and sexual orientation. Participant demographic characteristics are summarized. The third section of this review article provides resources and strategies for increasing representation of GSD persons in research and pedagogy.
Conclusions
A pervasive disregard of GSD persons was found in the acoustic-phonetic literature on which much of our existing knowledge and practice in communication sciences and disorders is based. Results emphasize the need for greater GSD representation in acoustic-phonetic research and pedagogy. Gender and sexually affirming pedagogical tools and practices are presented that can promote equitable representation of these diverse communities in communication sciences and disorders.
... Mogą jednakże również tę zmianę opóźnić poprzez wywalczenie jedynie symbolicznych zdobyczy lub przez zmobilizowanie opozycji (ze strony rządzących lub kontrruchów). 34 Teorie mobilizacji zasobów znacznie poszerzyły obszar wiedzy o ruchach społecznych, spotkały się jednak z krytyką ze względu na zawarty w nich redukcjonizm, sprowadzający ludzką motywację do działania do racjonalności instrumentalnej. Argumentowano, że jednostki zbyt często angażują się w działania zbiorowe, których wynik jest niepewny, niezbyt jasno zdefiniowany lub nie przynoszący im bezpośrednich korzyści, dodatkowo ponosząc przy tym ogromne koszty (czasem aż tak wysokie jak ryzyko utraty mienia, wolności, a nawet życia), by model nie uwzględniający roli czynników społecznych, emocjonalnych i symbolicznych w wyjaśnianiu ich zachowania można było uznać za wystarczający. ...
... Powstały one jako "bezpośrednia teoretyczna reakcja na zjawiska aktywności zbiorowej wywołane rozruchami studenckimi z roku 1968, obejmujące przede wszystkim ruchy praw człowieka, pokojowe, feministyczne, ekologiczne, komunalne" 37 . Ze względu na jakościową odmienność tych ruchów od dotychczas obserwowanych, pojawiła się potrzeba stworzenia ram teoretycznych, które uwzględniałyby problematykę "przyczyn i mechanizmów powstawania tych ruchów na poziomie jednostkowym i grupowym, ukazania ich na tle34 C. Tilly, Social Movements as Political Struggle, Palo Alto 1997. struktury społecznej współczesnych państw kapitalistycznych, ujawnienia zasad działania oraz relacji do państwa i innych podmiotów polityki" 38 . ...
Zjawisko homoseksualizmu w Polsce jest zazwyczaj analizowane przez badaczy społecznych w kategoriach dewiacji lub mniejszości kulturowej. Dotychczas nie powstała żadna monografia analizująca całościowo polski ruch LGBT na gruncie teorii ruchów społecznych. Wynika to częściowo z wątpliwości, czy działalność organizacji LGBT w Polsce spełnia podstawowe warunki stawiane tego typu zjawiskom. Niniejsza praca poświęcona jest analizie ruchu LGBT w Polsce jako nowego ruchu społecznego. Badam, na ile działalność polskiego ruchu LGBT odpowiada założeniom teorii ruchów społecznyvch, a szczególnie nowych ruchów społecznych, uwagę poświęcając zagadnieniom struktury organizacyjnej, członkostwa, celów i programu. Podejmuję również próbę wyjaśnienia z czego wynikają trudności w działalności ruchu i stawiam prognozy dla jego przyszłej działalności.
... Although there are behaviors that could be called homosexual, for example, an erotic kiss between two men, there are authors who consider that their sexual orientation does not have to be homosexual or bisexual. To understand this, reference is made to Alfred C. Kinsey andhis collaborators who between 1948 and1953 published what is known as the Kinsey Report, which from its results, a scale was elaborated where the minimum score, 0, represented complete heterosexuality and the maximum score, 6, was homosexuality without more; on the other hand, if they obtained between 1 and 5, it was considered bisexuality, with 3 being the degree of complete bisexuality (Kinsey, 1948;Kinsey et al., 1953). In this way, sexual orientation can be seen as a spectrum. ...
... Although there are behaviors that could be called homosexual, for example, an erotic kiss between two men, there are authors who consider that their sexual orientation does not have to be homosexual or bisexual. To understand this, reference is made to Alfred C. Kinsey andhis collaborators who between 1948 and1953 published what is known as the Kinsey Report, which from its results, a scale was elaborated where the minimum score, 0, represented complete heterosexuality and the maximum score, 6, was homosexuality without more; on the other hand, if they obtained between 1 and 5, it was considered bisexuality, with 3 being the degree of complete bisexuality (Kinsey, 1948;Kinsey et al., 1953). In this way, sexual orientation can be seen as a spectrum. ...
Introduction
Non-normative sexual behaviors were traditionally studied from a psychopathological perspective, although nowadays a distinction is made between paraphilia (nonpathological) and paraphilic disorder (mental disorder).
Methods
The present study aims to examine the differences between a group of millennials ( n = 173) and centennials ( n = 159) in their appetite for these sexual behaviors without the preconception of these behaviors as harmful or pathological.
Results
Differences in appetite related to exhibitionism and foot fetishism were found in the first instance, with millennials showing a greater appetite for these. When including sexual orientation in the analysis, in addition to exhibitionism and foot fetishism, differences were found in behaviors related to asphyxiation, bestiality and urophilia. Millennials and homobisexual centennials showed the highest appetite for exhibitionism behaviors, homo-bisexual centennials for choking behaviors and bestiality and homo-bisexual millennials for foot fetishism and urophilia-related behaviors.
Discussion
Exploring nonnormative behaviors from a non-psychopathological perspective will help us to understand the evolution of sexual appetite as part of human sexual diversity and to prevent risky behaviors.
... Studying these acts and the actors involved under the moral and legal framework of the time, as clinicians and researchers usually did, arguably led to invalid science, however (Rind, 2023b). Valid scientific understanding of sexual behavior requires separating out morals and the law (Ford & Beach, 1951;Kinsey et al., 1948), particularly given the strong human tendency to infer harmfulness from "wrongfulness" in sexual matters (Money, 1979). This bias and its potency have been demonstrated experimentally (e.g., Gray et al., 2014) and documented cross-culturally (e.g., Douglas, 1966). ...
... The later 1970s and onwards brought in the "CSA revolution," as Jenkins (1998) called it, in which adult-minor sex was transformed from a minor hazard in terms of its assumed effects to an extreme harm in the eyes of advocates, professionals, and then the public. Before the 1980s sexual relations that occurred between men and adolescent boys frequently went on outside public knowledge and without incident (Tindall, 1978) and formed an active element within gay culture during the period when men in the present sample had their GBMS experiences (Chauncey, 1994;Kinsey et al., 1948). This situation markedly changed by 1980, when feminist views consolidated to influentially condemn such relations, based on defining sexual exploitation in general in terms of power differences and declaring sexual relations between men and adolescent boys as necessarily "exploitation or violence" (Jenkins, 1998, p. 125). ...
A dominant view among researchers is that boys’ sexual interactions with adult men are traumatizing. In contrast, many gay men recall childhood sexual experiences with adult males as positive. The current study tested for both of these outcomes by examining recalled boyhood sexual experiences of older gay men. Interviews were conducted in the 1970–1980s, and thus, before the public view became popular that child–adult sexual interactions must be traumatizing. Quantitative analyses suggested that gay men with boyhood sexual experiences with adult males (n = 7, mostly aged 11–16 at first experience with men aged 20s to 50s) were as well adjusted as those without these experiences (n = 10), and these experiences were usually viewed positively (71%). Narrative analyses indicated that adjustment problems in adulthood were not related to these early sexual experiences but to other factors such as parental abusiveness, societal intolerance, internalized homophobia, or social isolation.
... The earliest prospective studies examined the consequences of childhood gender atypicality in boys who were considered "at risk" for feminine behaviors (Bailey & Zucker, 1995). Base rates for male homosexuality were roughly known in the general population (Kinsey et al., 1948), and rates of homosexuality in adulthood for effeminate boys were consistently much higher than those base rates (e.g., Money & Russo, 1979;Zuger, 1984). Researchers used these findings to confirm that gender atypicality in boys was symptomatic of "a high risk for homosexuality" (Bakwin, 1968, p. 620). ...
... Some studies have included measures that capture, along a straight-LG continuum, the sexual identity of targets (Bjornsdottir et al., 2022;Kachel et al., 2020;Rieger et al., 2022) and the perception of sexuality of those targets (e.g., Gaudio, 1994). This approach assumes (as do others; e.g., Kinsey et al., 1948;Savin-Williams, 2014) that bisexuality is represented by middle options on this continuum. Yet even that approach may be too simplistic. ...
This paper integrates evidence across a range of research programs to make the case that gender nonconformity and sexual orientation are interconnected in a way that reflects a degree of reality. One body of research concerns the accurate judgments of sexual orientation of adult targets based on nonverbal gendered cues, focusing on targets’ spontaneous presentation of the self that includes cues from body shape, movement, the face, and the voice. A second body of research examines the perceived gender atypicality of child targets who later come out as lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB) in adulthood. This research points to growing evidence concerning the reality of gender atypicality for members of the LGB community on the aggregate. The scope of this reality, as well as implications for the LGB community, are discussed.
... Sexual identity will be measured using four validated scales: the Kinsey Scale [30], the Heterosexual Self-Presentation Subscale of the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory-46 (CMNI-46, α = 0.90) [31], the Measure of Sexual Identity Exploration and Commitment (MoSIEC, α = 0.75-0.93) [32], and the Sexual Orientation Identity Development Scale (α = 0.61-0.81) ...
... The Kinsey Scale will be used to examine differences in identity questions, as it captures the continuum of sexual experiences, demonstrating that sexuality cannot be easily categorized [30]. The Heterosexual Self-Presentation Subscale of the CMNI-46 [31] measures conformity to traditional masculine norms, a common ideal among H-MSM, and has shown good internal consistency. ...
BACKGROUND
Sexuality is multidimensional and complex, comprised of identity development, attraction, and behaviour. Heterosexual-identified men who have sex with men (H-MSM) experience sexual identity and behaviour discordance yet it is unknown how H-MSM compare to concordant heterosexual men as well as gay, bisexual, and queer (GBQ+) men regarding sexuality constructs.
OBJECTIVE
To survey adult cisgender men in Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom to gain greater insight into how different demographics, identity development, attractions, behaviours, technology use, relationship negotiation and communication skills, and PrEP and life satisfaction relate to each other, and then to interview H-MSM for in-depth follow-up on survey concepts.
METHODS
Purposive sampling will be utilized to recruit men via online and offline venues. Data collection will be multifaceted and include an online questionnaire for adult cisgender men and subsequent interview for H-MSM. The survey will be available in English, French, and Spanish. Structural equation modeling, underpinned by hegemonic masculinity and sexual scripts theory, will be performed to test the relationships between the survey’s variables. Interpretive phenomenology will be employed on the qualitative data to consider how unique sociocultural factors influence H-MSM’s sexuality and experiences, allowing for similarities and differences across participants to be identified and explored.
RESULTS
This research will broaden the scope of existing literature and contribute to advancements in interventions and knowledge to support the overall health and well-being of H-MSM. An examination of potential differences between H-MSM, concordant heterosexual men, and GBQ+ men will also strengthen understanding of H-MSM and reaffirm the need to include them in further research and practice without dismissing them as closeted GBQ+ men.
CONCLUSIONS
This study aims to provide key insights into avenues for research and practice with men whose sexuality and sexual behaviours may be outside of commonly accepted norms.
... 351). Kinsey (1948Kinsey ( /1998, founder of the Institute for Sex Research, took a biological approach to understanding human sexual behavior and argued that: ...
... 351). Kinsey (1948Kinsey ( /1998, founder of the Institute for Sex Research, took a biological approach to understanding human sexual behavior and argued that: ...
There is a long history of institutional and interpersonal stigma, violence, and oppression of sexual and gender minority (SGM) individuals in the United States and around the world. Structural and sociocultural factors have served to promote and justify criminalization, discrimination, and violence targeting SGM groups. This commentary provides a brief chronological summary of laws and policies that served to pathologize, oppress, and justify violence and discrimination; the evolution of academic study and understanding; activism aimed at changing laws, questioning pathologizing assumptions and practices, and protecting human rights; current challenges; and recommendations for policy, research, and practice. This commentary pays particular attention to the roles the Global Alliance for Behavioral Health and Social Justice and its journal, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, have played to advocate for full recognition of the human rights of SGM individuals.
... Blanchard and colleagues (2012) explored the complex nature of sexual attraction by comparing two distinct models: one focusing on the level of attraction to specific traits (e.g., age, gender), and the other focusing on the level of attraction to global morphological similarities of individuals. Phallometric measures conducted on a sample of 2,278 men suggested men react sexually by regarding other humans as points along a single bipolar dimension of physical similarity (like the Kinsey Scale of erotic age preference; Kinsey, Pomeroy, & Martin, 1948); this dimension positions adult men at one end, children who have not reached puberty near the center, and adult women at the opposite end. The results provide evidence for a continuum of sexual attraction that incorporates both specific traits like age and gender, as well as more global morphological similarities. ...
Seto (2017) proposes sexual orientation not only varies as a function of gender, but also as a function of age. Few studies have examined the conceptualization of sexual age orientation. The current study evaluates the polymorphism of sexual interest in children (i.e., simultaneous attraction to multiple age categories), the exclusivity of sexual interest (i.e., attraction to children only or children and adults), and gender preference (i.e., preference for males or females) in the general population. Data were obtained through adult males ( N = 170) using online self-reports (overlapping sample from Mundy & Cioe, 2019). Findings revealed that most individuals reporting sexual attraction to multiple age categories had a higher degree of preference for one age group over others. When looking at sexual interest in children among teleiophilic individuals, the concordance indices were higher between adjacent age groups compared to distant age groups. Specifically, among individuals who reported teleiophilic sexual interest, 36% were also reporting hebephilic sexual interest (adjacent category), while 17.7% reported pedophilic sexual interest (non-adjacent category). Finally, there was a significant positive correlation between pedophilic interest and hebephilic interest (τ b = .602, p < .001). Together, results provide support for the chronophilia theory. Concordance indices in future studies may inform differences between exclusive and nonexclusive interest in children and aid the development of informed risk assessment tools and destigmatized prevention programs.
... La relevancia que destaco sobre los sujetos entrevistados en este estudio es el hecho de que sus fantasías sexuales que involucraban animales diferían absolutamente en función de otros estudios con muestras de individuos que también informaron albergar fantasías sexuales con animales: en el estudio realizado por Beetz [26], los sujetos experimentaban de alguna manera "disforia de especie" y, por lo tanto, ansiaban el sexo con animales más que con personas; en ambos estudios realizados por Miletski [27,28], la mayoría de los individuos informaron de que sus fantasías sexuales actuales involucraban principalmente o exclusivamente animales y, por lo tanto, disfrutaban y buscaban activamente fantasías que involucraban sexo con animales; en estudios más antiguos, Gebhard y colaboradores [29] o Kinsey y colaboradores [30] referían que las acciones de bestialidad de sus sujetos entrevistados operaban como un sustituto de su incapacidad para participar en el coito sexual con otros humanos o que sus fantasías y, a veces, acciones, caían en el campo de la experimentación sexual. En este estudio, ninguno de los sujetos cumple con ninguna de estas descripciones y funciones de los intereses zoofílicos. ...
Cita APA: Bueno-Guerra, N. (2025). Fantasías zoofílicas en agresores sexuales: comprensión de las motivaciones sexuales para la intervención clínica. Boletín de la Asociación de Técnicos de Instituciones Penitenciarias, 41, 28-38.
Las fantasías zoofílicas aisladas pueden parecer irrelevantes para los terapeutas que trabajan con agresores sexuales. Sin embargo, la diferenciación entre la topografía (contenido, descripción objetiva) y la función (motivación, interpretada por el investigador en conjunción con otra información individual) podría ayudar a revelar motivaciones sexuales desadaptativas, las cuales pueden dar lugar a conductas
criminales futuras. Además, topografías similares pueden tener funciones subyacentes distintas, por lo que desentrañar la motivación sexual desadaptativa concreta de las fantasías sexuales que tiene el sujeto se vuelve crucial para individualizar la terapia y reducir la reincidencia. En este breve estudio, tres agresores sexuales de menores informaron tener fantasías zoofílicas. Sin embargo, ninguno de ellos experimentó excitación sexual por el hecho de que fueran animales y no humanos quienes copulaban con humanos, por lo que no informaban de una zoofilia subyacente. Tras considerar los antecedentes de los internos, su historial
sexual y criminal, y sus distorsiones cognitivas sobre menores (escala SWCH) y mujeres y sexo forzado (escala RAPE), se reveló que sus fantasías zoofílicas reproducían el tipo de estímulos (en concreto: violencia, inocencia, novedad) a los que los sujetos se sentían principalmente atraídos, buscaban en otras fantasías no zoofílicas, mantenían en cogniciones distorsionadas y finalmente ejecutaban con consecuencias criminales. Por tanto, en este artículo intento mostrar cómo la comprensión de las motivaciones sexuales de los agresores sexuales a través del estudio de las fantasías sexuales y, en concreto, de la separación de la topografía y función, puede ser una fuente de intervención relevante con agresores sexuales.
... All the more so since Female Sexuality is obviously not the only place where she expresses this unconventional position for an orthodox psychoanalyst. She was indeed one of the few intellectuals in France to welcome with curiosity the Kinsey reports (Kinsey et al., 1948(Kinsey et al., , 1953 on human sexual behavior. Psychoanalysts harshly criticized Kinsey reports for being excessively behavioral, anatomically detailed, and lacking sufficient psychoanalytical depth (Amouroux, 2012, pp. ...
In 1924, Marie Bonaparte, who would later become a prominent French psychoanalyst, conducted one of the first scientific surveys of female sexual pleasure. In contemporary discourse, her work on women’s sexuality is characterized as an obsession, attributed to her allegedly frigid nature. This article draws on recently released archival materials from the Library of Congress in Washington, DC, to replace Bonaparte in the history of sexology and women’s struggles to make their voices heard in academic circles. Faced with misogyny and sometimes harassment, she was forced to bypass the male physician and create a “carnal network” through which she persuaded other women to be intimately measured and interrogated to understand the nature of female pleasure. Going back to the roots of Freud’s famous question, “What does woman want?” and examining Bonaparte’s quest for sexual freedom and her complex relationship with her famous analyst, we argue that Freud was not truly asking a question about femininity but rather warning his student about the restrictions women should place on themselves in the society. Overall, we suggest that Bonaparte’s theses can be better understood through the conceptual framework of “situated knowledges” as articulated by Donna Haraway. Indeed, it is from her and other women’s bodies that she produced a knowledge that competed with the dominating male gaze on women’s bodies. Far from being the product of a frigid neurotic or a Freudian zealot, Bonaparte’s work was an early manifestation of the collective empowerment of women in society throughout the 20th century.
... Over time, these potentialities of asexuality were described and labeled in various ways. For instance, Kinsey et al. (1948) identified Group "X" to categorize individuals who reported no socio-sexual response. Storms (1979Storms ( , 1980 was the first to explicitly introduce asexuality as a sexual orientation. ...
To understand Chinese asexual individuals’ mental health needs and service utilization, the present research aimed to explore Chinese asexual individuals’ navigation of their asexual identity within the Chinese sociocultural context and their experience of interacting with mental health practitioners on asexuality issues. A sample of 10 self-identified asexual individuals in China aged between 21 and 32 were recruited to participate in two semi-structured interviews. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was employed to explore the participants’ perspectives in depth. The analysis established four themes, including (1) identity exploration and negotiation, (2) service consideration, (3) satisfying experiences, and (4) unsatisfying experiences. Themes uncover the support needs of Chinese asexual individuals, their barriers and facilitators to help-seeking, and their interactions with mental health practitioners. Findings highlight the importance of incorporating cultural competence, cultural humility, and affirmative practice to assist asexual individuals’ navigation of identity and cultivation of resiliency. There is a pressing need to de-pathologize asexuality in mental health settings and integrate asexual issues in multicultural training and supervision.
... Once confined within rigid, binary classifications, these dimensions of identity have evolved into fluid, socially constructed paradigms. Pioneering sexologists such as Magnus Hirschfeld (1897) and Alfred Kinsey (1948) disrupted conventional categorizations of sexual orientation, laying the foundation for a more nuanced understanding. Theorists like Butler (1990) (Kaur, 2024). ...
Despite increasing global recognition of gender and sexual diversity, higher education institutions in India remain largely unexamined as sites of identity negotiation and inclusivity. The study addresses this gap by investigating the inclusivity of Dayalbagh Educational Institute’s socio cultural climate and its impact on students and faculty.
The imperative for inclusive higher education extends beyond policy discourse to its lived enactment within academic spaces. This study critically examines the socio-cultural climate of Dayalbagh Educational Institute (DEI), Agra, through institutional policies and norms and individual perspectives of sexual identity and gender expression to assess the level of inclusivity.
Employing a mixed-methods case study approach, the research integrates quantitative survey data (using the Gender Expression and Sexual Identity Perception Scale (GESIPS) and Gender Expression and Sexual Identity Inclusion Index (GESIII)) with qualitative semi-structured interviews and institutional policy analysis. Statistical methods will assess inclusivity trends across demographic groups, while thematic analysis will contextualize individual experiences.
The study is expected to reveal disparities in inclusivity perceptions across age, gender, and academic streams, as well as institutional barriers that constrain authentic identity expression. Findings will highlight systemic biases and areas where higher education policies fail to translate into inclusive practice.
This research contributes to higher education policy reform by identifying actionable
strategies for fostering inclusivity in Indian universities. Recommendations will address curriculum integration, faculty sensitization, mental health support, and gender-affirmative institutional policies. Aligning with NEP 2020 and UNESCO’s Sustainable Development Goals, the study advocates for a shift from passive tolerance to active affirmation, reinforcing education’s role in social transformation.
Keywords: Higher education, inclusivity, gender expression, sexual identity, institutional climate, Indian education.
... Participants were asked to indicate their sexual orientation from predetermined categories or write in the term they felt was most appropriate. They were then asked to answer questions adapted and translated from the Kinsey scale (Kinsey et al., 1948). The purpose of this scale was to determine participants' sexual attraction, romantic attraction, sexual fantasies, and sexual activities. ...
Plusieurs méthodes ont été mises au point pour évaluer les préférences sexuelles des hommes et des femmes. Les instruments directs (par exemple, pléthysmographie, questionnaires) sont les plus largement utilisés, mais ils présentent des lacunes notables, notamment un manque de spécificité des réponses dans certains groupes et un risque de fausses réponses. Les instruments indirects (par exemple, le temps de réaction), où les préférences sont évaluées de manière discrète, peuvent surmonter ces limitations et pourraient donc être utilisés pour mesurer les préférences sexuelles de manière plus efficace. Un instrument prometteur, publié par Jiang et al. (2006), utilise un paradigme de suppression oculaire qui expose les participants à des images sexuelles tout en les masquant de la perception consciente. Jiang et al. (2006) ont découvert que ces images « invisibles » attiraient l’attention visuelle lorsqu’elles correspondaient aux préférences sexuelles des participants pour les images d’hommes ou de femmes nus et, dans le cas des hommes hétérosexuels, repoussaient l’attention lorsqu’elles ne correspondaient pas aux préférences des participants. Nous tentons ici de reproduire ces résultats sur deux études. Dans la première expérience, réalisée à l’aide d’un appareil stéréoscopique avec 22 hommes et 25 femmes et d’un test de validation (temps passé à évaluer les mêmes images de personnes nues), nous n’avons constaté aucune attraction ou répulsion attentionnelle envers les images invisibles, même si les temps d’évaluation des mêmes images étaient liés à l’orientation sexuelle des participants. Dans la deuxième expérience, menée auprès de 32 hommes, nous avons remplacé l’appareil stéréoscopique par un casque de réalité virtuelle, offrant un meilleur contrôle sur la présentation des stimuli. Là encore, les images invisibles n’ont produit ni attraction ni répulsion attentionnelle. Nos résultats suggèrent que le paradigme de la suppression interoculaire n’est pas une méthode efficace pour évaluer les préférences sexuelles.
... For the main regression analysis, this categorical variable was dummified so that masculine was the reference category. c) Sexual orientation was determined by asking participants to identify themselves based on the Kinsey scale (Kinsey et al., 1948;Kinsey et al., 1953), with 8 response options: 0 = asexual, 1 = exclusively heterosexual; 2 = predominantly heterosexual, only incidentally homosexual, 3 = predominantly heterosexual, but more than incidentally homosexual; 4 = equally heterosexual and homosexual, 5 = predominantly homosexual, but more than incidentally heterosexual; 6 = predominantly homosexual, only incidentally heterosexual, 7 = exclusively homosexual. These responses were grouped into 4 categories: 1 = asexual; 2 = heterosexual; 3 = bisexual; 4 = homosexual. ...
Previous research has shown a positive association between BDSM/kink behaviors and sexual satisfaction. The present study further explored this relationship within a Chilean population of BDSM practitioners. A total of 543 participants responded to an online questionnaire about BDSM/kink roles, practices, and overall sexual satisfaction. The main regression analyses evaluated the associations between BDSM roles, the frequency and variety of BDSM/kink interests and behaviors and the degree of discordance between the BDSM/kink behaviors participants find arousing and those that they have engaged in, as well as the contributions of the socio-demographic factors such as gender, age, sexual orientation, educational level, and relationship status on sexual satisfaction levels. The results indicated that the frequency and diversity of BDSM and kink activities were linked with higher sexual satisfaction. While no significant differences were found in sexual satisfaction across dominant, submissive, and switch roles, individuals in both monogamous and non-monogamous relationships reported higher satisfaction levels in comparison to those not in a relationship. These results emphasize the importance of respecting and de-pathologizing "non-conventional" forms of sexuality, such as BDSM. Future research should focus on the long-term psychological and relational effects of BDSM participation and aim to include more diverse and representative samples.
... One important distinction in the literature is between zoophilia, which refers to an enduring sexual attraction to animals, and bestiality, which refers to sexual contact with animals (Beetz, 2008). Exact prevalence rates of sexual interest in and contact with animals are hard to ascertain, but the existing studies report rates ranging between 2 and 8%, depending on the sample and the definition used (Bártová et al., 2021;Hunt, 1974;Kinsey et al., 1948). Consistently, more atypical samples such as those in prison or those who frequent sadomasochist clubs are reported to have higher rates of contact with animals, ranging up to 20% (Henderson et al., 2011;Sandnabba et al., 2002). ...
Although there are growing bodies of literature on both zoophilia/bestiality and sexual fantasies, there is very little information available on individuals who fantasize about zoophilic behaviors. Thus, the current study explored potential differences between individuals who reported zoophilic fantasies and those who did not. Participants completed a series of questionnaires that measured constructs such as multiple perpetrator rape interest (M-PRIS), loneliness (UCLA Loneliness Scale), rape myth acceptance (SRMA-II), and psychopathy (SRP-III Short Form;). The results were then compared with participants’ responses to item 13 (“sex with an animal”) on the Sexual Fantasy Questionnaire (SFQ). The results indicated that 46% (n = 140) of participants reported having at least some zoophilic fantasies. Additionally, those with zoophilic fantasies scored higher than participants without zoophilic fantasies on interest in multiple perpetrator rape, rape myth acceptance, and self-reported psychopathy. Conversely, participants without zoophilic fantasies scored marginally higher on loneliness. This study was largely preliminary and exploratory, so more work needs to be done to investigate correlates of zoophilic fantasies in order to determine potential correlated problematic attitudes and treatment targets for clinicians.
... • Kinsey Scale is a tool used to classify an individual's sexual orientation on a continuum from exclusively heterosexual (0) to exclusively homosexual (6). This scale recognizes that sexual orientation is not binary but exists along a spectrum, allowing for a more nuanced understanding of human sexuality (15). • Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD-7) is a widely used seven-item screening tool for generalized anxiety disorder, quantifying the severity of anxiety symptoms experienced over the past two weeks (16). ...
Background
Sexual activity has been linked to various physical and psychological benefits, yet national surveys indicate a decrease in sexual engagement among American adults from the late 1990s to the early 2010s. The 2D:4D ratio, representing the relative lengths of the second and fourth digits, is commonly used as a biomarker for prenatal androgen exposure (PAE). This ratio may offer insights into the hormonal environment during fetal development, which could impact sexual attitudes and mental well-being. This study aimed to explore the associations between PAE, inferred via 2D:4D ratio, and various psychosocial factors, including sexual attitudes, mental health, and self-reported sexual satisfaction.
Methods
A cohort of male and female participants was assessed for 2D:4D ratios on both hands. Questionnaires captured a range of psychosocial and sexual measures, including the Arizona Sexual Experiences Scale (ASEX), the Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire (SSI), the Sapiosexual Questionnaire (SapioQ), the Kinsey Scale for sexual orientation, and tools assessing mental health and quality of life (SF-12, PHQ-9, GAD-7, MDQ, PSQI). Statistical analyses were conducted to identify correlations between PAE, mental health, and sexuality, with gender differences considered.
Results
Women reported higher ASEX and SSI scores but lower SF-12 mental and physical health scores than men, consistent with smaller 2D:4D effect sizes reported in previous research. Overall, PAE did not correlate strongly with general mental health or sexual satisfaction. However, high PAE was associated with a greater openness to casual relationships, particularly among women, while low-PAE individuals prioritized intelligence over physical traits in partner preferences.
Conclusions
These findings suggest that PAE, as measured by the 2D:4D ratio, may be associated with certain adult psychosocial traits. Although correlations were weak, this study contributes to understanding the subtle role of PAE in shaping sexual attitudes and mental health, highlighting the need for further research in more diverse populations.
... and age of first intercourse (329 females, and 141 males, indicated never having engaged in sexual intercourse). Sexual orientation was assessed using a seven-point Kinsey scale (Kinsey et al., 1948). Participants' response options ranged from "sexual feelings only towards females" (Kinsey rating = 0) to "sexual feelings only towards males" (Kinsey rating = 6). ...
Subclinical narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism are a cluster of manipulative, callous, and entitled traits known as the Dark Triad (DT). These traits have been repeatedly linked to short-term mating strategies and a tolerance for uncommitted sexual behavior (i.e., unrestricted sociosexuality) in both men and women, a pattern interpreted as consistent with life history theory. Alongside sociosexuality, individuals vary in their distinct capacities toward sexual excitation and sexual inhibition. Although much research has examined the relationships between DT traits and sociosexuality, and between sociosexuality and sexual excitation/inhibition, none has simultaneously evaluated the links among all three. In a large undergraduate sample, DT traits and sexual excitation/inhibition showed unique multivariate associations with sociosexuality, even when accounting for age, sex, relationship status, and sexual orientation. Results suggest that DT traits, elevated sexual excitation, lower inhibition and bisexuality, facilitate fast life history strategies in both males and females.
... This happened to the main character Freddy Mercury in the Bohemian Rhapsody film where at the beginning of the film Freddie showed sexual interest in the opposite sex by trying to attract the attention of Mary Austin. Based on Kinsey et al., (2003) article entitled Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, most humans have experiences or sensations of heterosexual or homosexual so that they are categorized as bisexual. Kinsey's research has consistently found that sexual orientation is something that develops in many aspects throughout a person's life. ...
This research focuses on analyzing the personality of Freddie Mercury from a Personality Theory perspective. The researchers use Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic perspective theory. This research method uses the qualitative to analyse the object of research leads to content analysis. It collects data through film transcripts (words, dialogues, sentences, and scenes) as a unit of analysis. After that the data is interpreted based on the point of view of the writers. The sample studied is Freddie Mercury character from the film entitled Bohemian Rhapsody directed by Bryan Singer. There will be two sources of data retrieved from the research object, sexual orientation and personality elements based on the psychoanalytic approach. For this research, the researchers will use deep qualitative methods collect data and sort it into parts. This study focuses on (1) types of sexual orientation based on Freddie Mercury’s character in the film Bohemian Rhapsody (2) types of personality based on Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory. The results of research on the main character in the Bohemian Rhapsody film are (1) the sexual orientation of the main character based on this film is a bisexual (2) Freddie Mercury Id personality is more dominantly in the Bohemian Rhapsody movie. Based on this analysis, the implication of this research is to help the reader to be able to find his own abilities in solving existing problems and forbid the very importance of childhood in the development of one's personality
... Sexual orientation was measured using the Kinsey scale (Kinsey et al., 1948), with participants reporting the following answers in relation to their sexual orientation: no participants declared to be exclusively heterosexual; 8 participants reported being predominantly heterosexual, sometimes homosexual (1.2%); 9 reported being predominantly heterosexual, but with a strong homosexual component (1.3%); 52 participants referred to identifying both as heterosexual and homosexual, equally (7.7%); 43 reported being predominantly homosexual, but with a strong heterosexual component (6.4%); 190 participants stated they were predominantly homosexual, but in some circumstances heterosexual (28.2%); finally, 372 reported identifying exclusively as homosexual (55.2%). ...
Introduction: Several studies point to an association between minority stress, especially internalized homonegativity and the quality of the couple relationship. However, the dimensions of psychological functioning that might moderate this relationship seem to be scarcely explored. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate the association between internalized homonegativity and relationship quality by examining the moderating role of adult attachment (dimensions of anxiety and avoidance) in lesbian and gay (LG) people. Materials and Methods: A total of 674 LG participants who had been in a couple relationship for at least 12 months were included in the study and completed self-report questionnaires. Results: The results show a direct negative effect of internalized homonegativity on relationship quality. Adult attachment seems to moderate this relationship: on the one hand, the negative relationship between internalized homonegativity and relationship quality is significant at high levels of anxious attachment, but not at low levels. On the other hand, the negative relationship between internalized homonegativity and relationship quality turns out to be significant at low levels of avoidant attachment, but not at high levels. Discussion: The results suggest that attachment anxiety and avoidance play different roles in the relationship between internalized homonegativity and relationship quality. While high levels of anxious attachment appear to be a risk factor, high levels of avoidant attachment seem to play a protective role. Although future studies are needed to investigate the present preliminary findings further, the results of the present study provide useful clinical and research insights.
... Od czasów badań Alfreda Kinseya stopniowo coraz wyraźniejsze staje się przekonanie o złożoności tożsamości seksualnej, która podobnie jak orientacja seksualna nie może być ujmowana w ramach prostych opozycyjnych kategoryzacji (Kinsey, Pomeroy i Martin, 1948). Dyskusji poddawana jest także relacja między tożsamością a orientacją. ...
Zasadniczym celem artykułu jest prezentacja wyników badań dotyczących tożsamości seksualnej gejów przeżywających dzieciństwo i młodość w czasach PRL. Wprowadzeniem do artykułu jest przedstawienie podstawowych definicji i koncepcji związanych z tożsamością seksualną i orientacją seksualną. Kreowanie tożsamości seksualnej związanej z wymiarem orientacji ukazane zostało w odniesieniu do osób nieheteroseksualnych. W badaniach zastosowano metodę wywiadów biograficznych. Przeprowadzone one zostały z dwudziestoma trzema mężczyznami w wieku wyższym niż 50 lat, identyfikującymi się jako geje. Na potrzeby artykułu wzięto pod uwagę jedynie te kategorie badawcze, które dotyczyły procesów kreowania tożsamości seksualnej. W artykule przedstawiono ilustracje badawcze specyfiki kreowania nieheteronormatywnej tożsamości w sytuacji tabuizacji i braku wiedzy na temat homoseksualności. Wnioski z badań potwierdzają adekwatność stosowania klasycznych tożsamościowych modeli sekwencyjnych do analizy doświadczeń homoseksualnych mężczyzn będących obecnie w dojrzałym i starszym wieku. Ilustrują, jak kluczowe znaczenie dla procesów kreowania nieheteronormatywnych tożsamości seksualnych mają warunki społeczno-kulturowe. Wskazują też na zasadność wprowadzania kwestii związanych z nienormatywną tożsamością seksualną w obszar andragogiki.
... Met het blootleggen van de kloof tussen het daadwerkelijke seksueel gedrag en de heersende moraal kwam aan het licht dat veel mensen zowel hetero-als homoseksueel gedrag vertoonden. Bovendien beschreef Kinsey dit niet als abnormaal of pathologisch (Kinsey, Pomeroy & Martin, 1948;Gooss, 1995, pp. 73-75;Angelides, 2001, pp. ...
Veranderingen in attitude en gedrag op seksueel gebied zijn op verschillende manieren, zowel kwantitatief als kwalitatief, te onderzoeken. Dit artikel over biseksualiteit is gebaseerd op een combinatie van historische, sociologische en discours-analytische benaderingen. Ten eerste belichten wij de geschiedenis van de seksuologische begripsvorming met betrekking tot biseksualiteit. Ten tweede analyseren wij de vraagstelling en uitkomsten van een tiental enquêtes naar attitudes en gedragingen op seksueel gebied, die tussen 1968 en 2005 in Nederland plaatsvonden. Het derde deel bestaat uit een casestudy naar de betekenisgeving van biseksuele gevoelens en gedragingen, zoals die in de jaren 1989-2005 zijn verwoord in een adviesrubriek van een populair jongerentijdschrift.
... This illustrates the natural capacity for bisexuality and a range of sexual behaviors that are not necessarily dictated by a sexual or gender identity (e.g. Kinsey et al., 1948;Mishel et al., 2020;Savin-Williams et al., 2017). ...
... Kinsey Scale. Sexual attraction was evaluated by a Kinsey scale [55] with seven options. Option 0 was labelled as "Exclusively attracted to the other gender", option 3 was labelled as "Equally attracted to both genders", and option 6 was labelled as "Exclusively attracted to the same gender". ...
Sexual stimuli are thought to be highly salient and have been shown to automatically attract attention at the cost of processing other stimuli. We examined whether this effect was greater for men and whether men would show a category-specific effect with greater effects due to female images than male images. In two studies, participants performed a simple perceptual task while trying to ignore a distractor stimulus that could have sexual or neutral content. As expected, sexual stimuli produced a slowing of decision times under all conditions. The effect of erotic stimuli was greater for men (Experiment 1) and was category-specific (Experiment 2) while the response of women was not category specific (Experiment 2). However, all indices of distraction showed poor levels of reliability. The results show that early automatic distraction from sexual images show both quantitative and qualitative gender differences.
... For the sake of clarity, in the results and discussion sections, we will refer to cisgender men and cisgender women using the abbreviated terms 'men' and 'women'. The Kinsey scale (Kinsey et al., 1948) was administered to evaluate sexual orientation including the options of 'exclusively heterosexual', 'mostly heterosexual', 'bisexual', 'mostly gay/lesbian', 'exclusively gay/lesbian', and 'other'. Participants were categorized into two groups: heterosexual coded as 0 and LGB+ coded as 1 (comprising individuals identifying as bisexual, mostly and exclusively gay/lesbian, and other). ...
Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) is characterized by an intense desire to continually stay connected with others and is strictly linked to motivational factors implicated in social interactions, particularly through online communication. FoMO represents a risk factor for problematic use of communication through social media platforms. Only a few studies have explored the relationship between FoMO and sexting. This study is the first to investigate the relationship between FoMO and three motivations for sexting (i.e., sexual purpose, body image reinforcement, and instrumental/aggravated reasons), while also examining the moderating effects of age, gender, and sexual orientation. The study involved 911 Italian heterosexual and LGB+ young adults aged 18–30 years ( M = 22.3; SD = 2.57; 74% women; 70.4% heterosexual). The findings reveal that FoMO predicts sexting across all its motivational components. No significant differences emerged between men and women in their levels of engagement in sexting for sexual purposes. However, women were more likely to engage in sexting for body image reinforcement compared to men. Conversely, men demonstrated a higher likelihood of sexting for instrumental/aggravated reasons than women. LGB+ people, compared to heterosexuals, demonstrated a higher propensity for engaging in sexting for sexual purposes, body image reinforcement, and instrumental/aggravated reasons. FoMO emerged as a strong predictor of sexting for body image reinforcement and instrumental/aggravated reasons, especially for LGB+ people. This study identifies FoMO as a predictor of sexting motivations, particularly among women and LGB+ individuals, who may seek validation or connection online. Preventive interventions are needed to foster autonomy, enhance body self-esteem, and promote mutual respect in online interactions, especially for people embodying marginalized identities.
... Through this process, Kinsey et al. explain that, in this early sex play, the child comes to understand that there are social values associated with the sex play activities. Without an erotic motivation (Kinsey et al. (1948); Lamb and Coakley, 1993), children can innocently navigate the roles they temporarily don and begin to establish meaning without agenda or consequence. ...
Mead (1934) claims that early selfhood is developed through a reflexive process of self-consciousness positioning self as both subject and object to itself, which is accomplished through social engagement with generalised others. In a reflexive process, the self is intrinsically interconnected to society and the social influences that act upon the self, which includes role-taking activities. For Mead, selfhood is not an accomplished structure, but rather developed through processual means (Blumer, 1969). “Play and Game” are early developmental stages in the processual occurrence. In play, children imitate adults, temporarily taking on roles, through which they begin to develop an organisation and structure in selfhood by conducting dialogues and behaviors made up of the reproduction of adult activities in their social sphere. In game, selfhood continues to be developed through role-taking, creating relationships with generalised others, and an understanding of norms and expectations. Sexual selfhood, in accordance with socio-sexual scripts, is developed through this process. Sexual histories obtained from research participants illustrate, through personal narrative, sexual self-development consistent with Mead’s notion of play and game. This project examines participants’ narratives from their first noted exposure to sexuality, through sexual role-taking activities, to consideration of how those moments of early development aided in the production of their current sexuality.
... All data for forensic psychiatric individuals was obtained from forensic records. For participants without victims sexual orientation concerning the preferred gender was assessed with the Kinsey-Scale (the 1948 version, Kinsey et al., 1948). For all other participants sexual orientation regarding the preferred gender was assessed based on the victims' gender. ...
Thirty-two forensic persons who have committed sexual offenses against children (FP-SOC), 26 non-forensic persons of whom most have committed sexual offenses against children (NFP-SOC), 14 forensic persons who have not committed sexual offenses against children but have committed other offenses (FP-NSOC), and 53 non-forensic persons who have not committed sexual offenses against children (NFP-NSOC) were instructed to solve a cognitive task, while sexual distractors were presented simultaneously. Behavioral performance and eye movements were measured. FP-SOC and NFP-SOC exhibit same age preference patterns for children and adults, but both groups differ significantly with respect to sexual attentional control. Moderate discrimination accuracy and moderate effect sizes resulted for sexual interest, and good discrimination accuracy and large effect sizes were found for attentional control. Good attentional control in the NFP-SOC, probably reflecting superior sexual self-control and self-regulation abilities, might contribute to a better recognition and control of environmental factors in sexual risk situations, preventing them from being detected and convicted. Otherwise, strong cognitive distortions might serve for them as offense justification. We conclude that those non-forensic persons with sexual offense histories against children (NFP-SOC) with sexual interest in children, good attentional self-control and strong cognitive distortions represent a problematic group which should receive more attention regarding further research but also therapy. Future studies should include more suitable and larger control groups, appropriate instruments to measure independent variables, and investigate whether different classifications of pedophilic interest would be better suited to describe the eye movement patterns of our study participants.
... In the public sphere, one hotly contested issue about sexual orientation is whether it exists in discrete groups with clean cut and nonoverlapping boundaries (e.g., gay vs. straight) or as a continuum, consisting of infinite gradations between opposite-sex attractions, anchored, for example, by "exclusively heterosexual" and "exclusively homosexual" at each pole (Kinsey et al., 1948). While many scholars would endorse the latter, little research has explored how lay people conceive of this dimension of sexual orientation (let alone its implications for their attitudes toward sexual minorities). ...
Scientific research suggests that sexual orientation is continuous in nature and can be fluid over time. Relatively little is known about how greater mainstream acceptance of such accounts of sexual orientation may influence lay people’s attitudes toward gay/lesbian and bisexual individuals. Two studies (N1 = 180; N2 = 460) examined whether attitudes toward sexual minority groups could be influenced by intentional exposure to these differing accounts of sexual orientation. Specifically, sexual orientation was presented as either existing in discrete categories versus along a continuum or as stable versus fluid over time. Sequential linear regression models were used to examine whether exposure to discrete, continuous, fluid, or stable accounts influenced heterosexual participants’ affective responses toward gay, lesbian, or bisexual men and women. Political orientation and gender were evaluated as potential moderators of possible exposure effects. Whereas significant effects were not observed in the pilot study (among university students), heterosexual individuals in Study 2 (based on a community sample) evaluate each of these sexual minority groups, except gay men, more positively after reading the continuous account, compared to the control group. Additional simple slopes analyses revealed men in the continuous condition were markedly warmer toward bisexual men relative to men in the control group. The findings suggest that presenting sexual orientation as continuous to heterosexual audiences is beneficial to improving perceptions of lesbian and bisexual people.
... Global interest in sexual orientation measures primarily began in the 20th century. One of the earliest sexuality measures can be traced back to North America, where Kinsey et al. (1948) developed a scale to measure White men's homosexual encounters and psychological responses. In the late 20th century, the scientific interest in sexuality was partly motivated by health concerns. ...
Despite growing global interest in lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, intersex, and queer/questioning (LGBTIQ+) research, variations in measurement practices across countries have remained underexplored. In this work, we focused on two fundamental aspects of measurement vital to understanding the experiences of LGBTIQ+ people. Specifically, we documented current measures of sex, gender, and sexual orientation used in national mental well‐being‐related surveys and reviewed whether the mental well‐being scales in those surveys have been validated for LGBTIQ+ people. We employed a stratified sampling strategy and evaluated national surveys from a list of randomly selected countries representing 10% of global nations (N = 21). Fewer than half of the countries measured sexual orientation and fewer than one‐third measured gender beyond the binary in their national surveys. Among the countries that measured gender or sexual orientation, the response options and question phrasing were often not inclusive. In addition, most of the mental well‐being scales lacked validity evidence for LGBTIQ+ populations. Finally, we outline recommendations for the future of reimagining LGBTIQ+ research in terms of measurement, highlighting the importance of research engagement with the global LGBTIQ+ community.
... La ricerca tramite strumenti quantitativi deve quindi sintetizzare e semplificare una molteplicità e fluidità di categorie di autoidentificazione. Numerosi studi hanno mostrato come le stime della popolazione LGB varino a seconda della dimensione considerata nell'operazionalizzare l'orientamento sessuale: identità o autoidentificazione, attrazione e comportamento (Kinsey et al. 1948(Kinsey et al. , 1953Laumann et al. 1994). Inoltre considerare l'orientamento sessuale secondo la classificazione a oggi maggiormente utilizzata, che distingue in etero-bi-omosessuale, non esaurisce la pluralità di orientamenti che comprende, ad esempio, l'asessualità, la pansessualità, la polisessualità e demisessualità. ...
Questo ebook ha origine dal progetto Istat-UNAR sulle discriminazioni lavorative nei confronti delle persone LGBT+ e le diversity policy (2018-2023); integra le informazioni già diffuse con i report Istat-UNAR del 2022 e 2023 relativi alle indagini indirizzate a target specifici di popolazione LGBT+.
L’ebook è strutturato in due parti. La prima parte analizza le principali questioni teoriche e metodologiche degli studi riguardanti le persone LGBT+ e le discriminazioni in base alle cosiddette Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Expression, and Sex Characteristics – SOGIESC (orientamento sessuale, identità ed espressione di genere e caratteristiche sessuali) secondo una prospettiva quantitativa, con particolare attenzione alla statistica ufficiale in tale ambito. Vengono inoltre illustrate le scelte metodologiche relative al disegno di ricerca dell’intero progetto che ha previsto la raccolta di informazioni presso stakeholder, datori di lavoro (imprese) e persone LGBT+. La seconda parte del lavoro si concentra sulla metodologia e i risultati della macro-area del progetto rivolta alle imprese e agli stakeholder, realizzata negli anni 2019-2020.
... Entretanto, os termos "sociossexualidade" e "orientação sociossexual" apresentam outras conceituações e são definidos como comportamentos sexuais desprovidos ou não de compromisso social e conexão emocional (Stoppa, 2018, p. 64), foram apresentados pelo biólogo Alfred Kinsey (1894Kinsey ( -1956, em seus estudos sobre comportamentos sexuais no macho e na fêmea humanos (Kinsey et al., 1948(Kinsey et al., , 1953. Mais tarde, os pesquisadores Simson e Gangestad (1991( , adup Schmitt, 2005 divulgaram, na comunidade científica, os referidos termos ao desenvolverem Inventário de Orientação Sociossexual, que mede a propensão ao sexo casual. ...
A Revista Brasileira de Sexualidade Humana (RBSH), lançada em 1990, pela Sociedade Brasileira de Estudos em Sexualidade Humana, tem enorme importância para a ciência, por ser reconhecida como a principal publicação periódica brasileira no campo de estudos da sexualidade humana dedicada à divulgação de artigos científicos com aderência à temática sexualidade, tornando esse conhecimento público e acessível. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo objetiva, a partir de estudos bibliométricos, conhecer a área e os temas de maior crescimento na produção científica da Sexologia, por meio da Revista Brasileira de Sexualidade Humana, nos últimos anos, período de 2012 a 2022. A Sexologia, ao longo de sua história no Brasil, teve uma forte influência de estudos normativos clínicos, culminando em um aumento do número de pesquisas e artigos científicos, dado esse confirmado no presente estudo. Após aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, 21 artigos satisfizeram o critério de elegibilidade, denotando a área sociossexualidade com maior quantidade de estudos publicados, em relação às outras áreas da Sexologia: educação em sexualidade e fisioterapia em sexualidade, razão pela qual essa área se tornou objeto de estudo. O presente trabalho justifica-se por conhecer os direcionamentos investigativos da Sexologia, no Brasil, por meio da RBSH. A maior quantidade de estudos na área da sociossexualidade sugere um crescente interesse em novos rumos sociais, na promoção de ações efetivas de proteção, de educação e de saúde, para que as pessoas, em destaque as pertencentes aos grupos mais vulneráveis, possam usufruir de uma sexualidade saudável, com menos riscos, livre de discriminação e de violências, alicerçada na defesa dos Direitos Humanos e dos Direitos Sexuais.
Over the past two decades, attention to LGBTQ+ adults and their families in the U.S. has grown significantly due to advocacy movements, policy debates, and improved data collection. Early U.S. Census Bureau efforts to collect data on same-sex households laid the foundation for demographic research. Despite progress, national datasets remain limited, and many surveys still lack comprehensive measures of sexual orientation and adequate measures of gender identity for families. However, the recent inclusion of these indicators in large-scale surveys and the availability of probability-based datasets offer new opportunities to address critical gaps in understanding LGBTQ+ families. This chapter reviews current research on LGBTQ+ families, examining how demographers conceptualize family structures and how sexual orientation and gender identity shape family life and demographic outcomes. It further highlights the evolving conceptualizations of LGBTQ+ families and how we study them to reflect their diversity. More work is needed to integrate LGBTQ+ family experiences fully into mainstream demographic research. Expanding research and collecting better data will help us understand LGBTQ+ families navigating shifting social, cultural, and legal realities, offering a fuller and more inclusive picture of U.S. family life.
The B4U-ACT Quarterly Review (B4QR) offers critical summaries of the latest publications concerning minor attracted people. The reviews are written by a team composed of MAP-research specialists (often PhD students) as well as MAPs themselves. This second issue of the fifth volume covers articles published between August 2024 and March 2025.
Sexuality is often perceived as either a result or a prerequisite of love, or as working in tandem with love within romantic relationships. Hendrick and Hendrick (2002) developed a measuring tool capturing the lay perceptions of the love-sex link. The PLSS (Perceptions of Love and Sex Scale) comprises four themes/subscales: a) Love is Most Important, b) Love Comes Before Sex (referred to as “love themes”), c) Sex is Declining, and d) Sex Demonstrates Love (referred to as “sex themes”). We examined the validity and reliability of the PLSS in the Greek context. Relationship Satisfaction was employed as the criterion variable in examining predictive validity for satisfaction with the relationship. Participants were N=631 individuals (18-66 years old). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed that the PLSS maintained its original fourfold structure in the Greek population, as in the USA (Hendrick & Hendrick, 2002) and Portugal (Neto, 2012). The PLSS sex themes correlated more strongly with relationship satisfaction than love themes. Specifically, Sex is (not) Declining, Love is Most Important, and Sex Demonstrates Love predicted satisfaction. Overall, the study corroborated the validity and reliability of the PLSS in the Greek context. The scale can be useful in studies of the various aspects of intimate relationships in the Greek context.
هدفت الدراسة إلى تقديم تحليل نقديٍّ للعوامل المؤثرة في تشكيل الميول والتوجه الجنسي، واستكشاف ما إذا كانت هذه الميول فطرية ثابتة نتيجة عوامل جينية، أم مكتسبة وقابلة للتوجيه والتغيير. تُعدّ هذه الدراسة دراسة كيفية وثائقية تحليلية، اعتمدت في منهجيتها على تحليل الدراسات العلمية والطبية، والتقارير، والمدونات، والمواقع الجنسية، وكتب التراث الإسلامي، والمقالات الصحفية، بالإضافة إلى تحليل السرديات الشخصية والتجارب المنشورة في وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي. تناولت الدراسة بالتحليل والنقد العديد من العوامل التي تسهم في تشكيل الميول الجنسية، والأبعاد المرتبطة بها مثل الدور الجنسي، وعوامل الإثارة الجنسية، ومراحل تشكيل الميول الجنسي، والعوامل التي تسهم في توجيه الميول الجنسي. حيث تبيّن أن المثيرات الجنسية ترتبط ارتباطًا قويًا بالحواس الخمس، كما تبين أن الاستجابة لتلك المثيرات وحدوث الانجذاب الجنسي يعتمد بدرجة رئيسة على الميول الجنسية للفرد. دحضت النتائج الادعاءات التي تقول إن الميول الجنسية فطرية وجينية وثابتة منذ الولادة، إذ تبين أنها مكتسبة ومتغيرة وتتأثر بعدد من العوامل الاجتماعية، البيئية، الثقافية، الاقتصادية والنفسية. كما تبين أن اختيار الدور الجنسي يكون نتيجة لعدد من العوامل مثل الملامح الجسدية، والفارق العمري، والقوة الجسدية والنفسية. أما عن العوامل الموجهة للميول الجنسية فقد أوضحت النتائج انها تتأثر وتتشكل بناء على عدد من العوامل ففيما يخص العوامل النفسية تبين أن نمط الشخصية (قوي أو هش) يُعدّ عاملًا مؤثرًا في تحديد الأدوار في التوجه الجنسي. في حين كشفت نتائج العوامل الاجتماعية أن هناك عددًا من العوامل مثل التنشئة والتربية الأسرية، والتفكك العائلي، وأسلوب المعاملة الوالدية، وجماعة الأقران لها اسهام رئيس في تشكيل الميول والتوجه الجنسي للأفراد. بينما تم رصد أثر البيئات الاجتماعية والثقافية في تشكيل ميول جنسية مؤقتة أو دائمة، كما في البيئات المغلقة والمؤقتة كالسجون، والمدارس، والمعسكرات، التي قد تُفرز ما يُعرف بـ"المثلية الظرفية"، تم أيضًا رصد تأثير البيئة الثقافية في نمطها القروي والحضري، وإسهام كل منهما في تبنّي الأفراد أدوارًا جنسية مختلفة، تبعًا لدرجة الضبط المجتمعي، والقيم الدينية، والأعراف السائدة. أما من الناحية الاقتصادية، فقد أوضحت النتائج أن الضغوط المعيشية، وعلى رأسها الفقر، قد تدفع بعض الأفراد — ذكورًا أو إناثًا — إلى الانخراط في ممارسات جنسية أو تبني أدوارًا وميولًا جنسية بهدف كسب المال، كما في حالات امتهان البغاء والدعارة، دون أن تكون هذه الممارسات نابعة من رغبة جنسية حقيقية، بل من الحاجة الاقتصادية الملحّة وغياب البدائل. وخلصت الدراسة إلى أن الميول الجنسية لا تُعدّ فطرية جينية ثابتة، وإنما تتشكل نتيجة تفاعل معقّد بين عوامل نفسية، واجتماعية، وبيئية، واقتصادية، وهي عوامل مكتسبة وقابلة للتوجيه والتعديل.
This chapter discusses issues from the study of human sexuality that influence the development of normative and non-normative sexual behavior and are important in understanding and treatment of sexual offending behavior. Authors review sexual communication, including sexual consent, the impact of culture and society on sexuality, and what is known about sexual behavior and sexual attitudes. Additionally, important topics that are often encountered in treatment, supervision, and incarceration, including gender identity, sexual dysfunction, and compulsive sexual behavior are reviewed. The chapter presents available empirical data, as well as conceptual and theoretical understanding of the issues. Finally, where appropriate, interventions and treatments are provided.
The lived experiences of sexual minority and gender diverse (SMGD) people in romantic relationships remain relatively understudied compared to their heterosexual and cisgender counterparts. Existing research has predominantly focused on cisgender gay or lesbian individuals, particularly those who identify as White, resulting in significant gaps in our understanding of diverse SMGD experiences. This volume pioneers an effort to address this gap by uniting interdisciplinary researchers to examine key aspects of SMGD individuals' lives and relationships across 12 countries. Specifically, this book focuses on the individual well-being, relational well-being, social support, and dyadic coping of SMGD people. The book's insightful findings are invaluable to researchers, practitioners, policymakers, and anyone striving for a more equitable global society.
Existe una amplia variabilidad respecto a las fantasías, deseos, comportamientos y orientaciones sexuales mostradas por los seres humanos. Sin embargo, debido a la discriminación que sufren las personas con orientaciones no heterosexuales, y que frecuentemente se experimenta el fenómeno de homofobia internalizada, se hace necesario disponer de un instrumento para evaluar el malestar que pueden experimentar las personas derivado de sus fantasías, deseos, comportamientos y orientaciones sexuales. Por ello, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue elaborar y estudiar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala para Evaluar Disforia por Comportamientos, Fantasías y Orientaciones Sexuales (E-DCFOS). Se realizó un estudio de validez de contenido de los ítems. Luego se administraron los 17 ítems aprobados por jueces expertos a 464 estudiantes de preparatoria a los que se le administraron la E-DCFOS, y dos escalas; el Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) y la Escala de Depresión del Centro de Estudios Epidemiológicos (CES-D). Se estudió la estructura interna a través de un Análisis Factorial Exploratorio y la consistencia interna mediante la omega de McDonald. En los resultados se conservaron 10 reactivos que se distribuye en dos factores: Disforia con baja activación (DBA) y Disforia con alta activación (DAA) que explican el 37% de la varianza. El valor de omega de la escala general fue algo baja de ω =.676, así como la de los factores DBA (ω = .572) y DAA ( ω =.575). Se observó que la correlación de la E-DCFOS con el BAI (r = .48; p <.001) y con la CES-D (r = .47; p <.001) fueron moderadas. Se concluye que la E-DCFOS es un instrumento de utilidad para detectar jóvenes que experimentan malestares derivados de sus preferencias sexuales. Asimismo requiere de posteriores estudios, especialmente de un Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio.
ABSTRACT
RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY AND SPATIAL PREFERENCES OF
TRANSGENDER WOMEN IN THE CASE OF IZMIR.
Urban spatial use by LGBTI+, and more specifically transgender population, has
become an increasingly important research topic in recent years. Studies on this subject are
also increasing in Turkiye. In this research, residential mobility and urban spatial use among
transgender women were examined in the case of Izmir, the third largest city of Türkiye. 15
trans women over the age of 18, residing in Izmir, constitute the sample of the research. In
this qualitative research method, data was collected through in-depth interviews. Since trans
women are a difficult-to-reach population group, the snowball sampling method was
preferred. Participants were asked why and how they first left the family home they grew up
in, their housing careers to date, and why they chose the neighborhood and house they
currently reside in in Izmir. They were also asked questions about their spatial use in the city
of Izmir and their opinions about living in Izmir in general. Online interview videos and
written documents were also employed to understand trans women's urban experiences in
Izmir. Some of the trans women, in line with the literature, change their houses due to
reasonas such as employment, education, housing quality, accessibility, centrality, etc.
However, the vast majority are constantly displaced due to gender identity-based
discrimination. Residential careers characterized by short stays prevent them from developing
a permanent sense of home. Therefore, the development of place attachment and rootedness,
a basic human need, is difficult for trans women at every stage, starting with the family home.
In order to combat discriminatory behavior, they have developed some tactics during the
house changing process. Owning a house or being a tenant of a trans woman landlord seems
particularly important for trans women. Since most of them do not have formal employment,
it is rather diffcult for them to get a mortgage loan. The transgender women is concentrated
in the Alsancak and Hatay neighbourhoods of Konak, the central district of the city of Izmir.
Additionally, Bornova, Karabağlar, Buca and Bayraklı are among the other locations.
Keywords: trans women, residential mobility, LGBTI+, spatial preference, urban space,
Izmir.
Traditionally, the term impotence was used to describe the persistent inability to achieve erection with sufficient rigidity for penetrative sexual intercourse. However, following the National Institutes of Health (NIH) consensus conference in 1988, impotence was replaced by the broader term erectile dysfunction (ED) (1). Furthermore, the concept of successful vaginal penetration and ratio of failed attempts has been excluded (2). ED then, is the consistent inability to maintain a penile erection sufficient for adequate sexual relations (1). The effects of ED are profound and far-reaching, interfering with a man’s self-esteem, interpersonal relationships, and overall sense of well-being (3). One study estimated that ED affects 10–20 million men (4,5). Additionally, ED accounts for more than 400,000 outpatient visits, 30,000 hospital admissions, and a total financial burden of approx 146 million dollars annually in this country (6). These figures, published in 1985, have likely increased dramatically given the recent explosion in public interest and media exposure with the FDA approval of sildenafil citrate and public testimonies of many prominent political and sporting figures. Data from the National Health and Social Life Survey (NHSLS) published in early 1999 suggests that nearly one-third (31%) of men have some form of sexual dysfunction, a broad term encompassing seven different sexual problems, of which ED is one. These data further support the fact that sexual function is highly associated with overall well-being and dysfunctions represent a problem warranting recognition as a significant public health concern (7).
Die Fülle geschlechtlicher und sexueller Identitäten ist in jüngster Zeit gesellschaftlich deutlich sichtbarer geworden. Insbesondere digitale Medien haben dazu beigetragen. Denn sie erlauben es, auch solche Identitäten umfassend öffentlich darzustellen, die in Massenmedien allenfalls am Rande vorkommen. Die Effekte sind zwiespältig: Mediale Sichtbarkeit von Queerness geht mit Empowerment, aber auch mit zunehmender Anti Queerness einher. Welche Herausforderungen ergeben sich aus diesen Entwicklungen für die medienpädagogische Arbeit? https://doi.org/10.21240/merz/2024.2.8
The research in sexual sadism and masochism has been a part of the study of human sexuality for several centuries. However, consensual sadomasochism and its eventual acceptance as a sexual variation rather than as a disorder is a recent development in the history of human sexuality. The legal and especially the medicinal understanding are currently undergoing major shifts in Central Europe. Nevertheless, the question remains as to which sexual differences, despite their depathologization, are not only tolerated but actually accepted. Various media have substantially contributed to the normalization of the practices included in the abbreviation BDSM and have caused both the activities themselves and their symbolism to enter the mainstream culture. For this reason, it has become nearly impossible to draw the line between statistically average sexuality and specific sexual variation, both for the professionals and for the participants themselves.
This chapter discusses the importance of addressing sexuality within psychotherapy to enhance overall treatment outcomes. It emphasizes the need for therapists to conduct thorough sexological assessments and integrate sexual health into clinical practice. This chapter covers essential concepts such as biological sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, and the multidimensional nature of human sexuality. It also explores the relevance of attachment, metacognition, and the therapeutic relationship in understanding and treating sexual dysfunctions. Practical guidelines and a clinical case example illustrate how to effectively incorporate sexology into psychotherapy.
Homophobia is a set of disqualifying, violent and aversive behaviors with everything that refers to the homosexual universe, that is, any action or person that invisibilizes or inferiorizes members of the LGBTQIA+ community is considered homophobic. The objective of this work is to analyze the impacts of homophobia on the mental health of homosexuals, for this purpose it uses a bibliographic review of the literature on the psychosocial aspects in the mental health of homosexuals affected by homophobia. Most studies have consisted of analyzing the impacts of homophobia on the social and personal dynamics of these individuals and research evidence suggests that, compared to heterosexuals, homosexuals suffer from more mental health problems. Discrimination related to the status of social minorities creates a double risk for the development of mental illnesses, even more so when psychological therapies do not validate the feelings of this population and/or focus only on reducing symptoms.
This study examined the role of odors in sexual attraction and partner selection among non-heterosexual individuals. We searched using MESH terms in databases including PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, and Clinical Trials. We focused on experimental or quasi-experimental studies where olfactory cues were used in partner selection. The studies had to identify participants’ sexual orientation and include heterosexuals for comparison. Seven studies, published between 2005 and 2014, involving 345 participants (Mean age, 27.09 years), met the criteria. Results suggest that sexual orientation affects both preference for and production of human body odors and that human body odors appear to provide cues about the sex and sexual orientation of potential partners. Most participants were male, limiting conclusions about the role of pheromones in attraction among non-heterosexual women.
A dichotomy exists in the literature in relation to treating ego-dissonant gay clients who struggle to reconcile their same-sex attraction with opposing values and beliefs .Historically, the treatment of choice was conversion therapy,which aimed to treat the "condition" (homosexuality) by changing an individual's homosexual orientation to heterosexual. In recent years, as public opinion has shifted towards increased tolerance and acceptance of homosexuality, gay-affirmative therapy has gained popularity and advanced as the modality most likely to benefit the majority of ego-dissonant gay clients. However, each position has tended to offer a limited, exclusionary choice to either reject or accept one's sexual orientation. This dichotomised approach may not serve all clients who seek help in dealing with conflicts regarding sexual orientation. This two-part article begins with a review of gay-affirmative therapy: its history, the developing relationship between the mental health profession and homosexuality, and key concepts of practice from different theoretical perspectives. Secondly, emerging integrative solutions, including a sexual identity management model, are examined and a Kleinian perspective is offered as a way of working with individuals who are unable to accept, change, or integrate competing aspects of their identity. This study recognises that each approach caters, to some degree, to the unique needs of different individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of New Zealand Journal of Counselling is the property of New Zealand Association of Counsellors and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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