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INTERIOR/EXTERIOR OF MODERN HOUSES IN CONSIDERATION OF FORM AND PROPERTY
Abstract
The space of construction a certain place has been formed by the fact that it is divided into the external space and the internal space(territory) by the material boundary of the roof and the wall open part etc. Shape has occurred in the building as a substance, the building contour which forms the boundary aspect inside and outside directly is a relationship. Because of that, the designer changes relationship by the construction contour and the fact that form of the inside and outside space is operated. In addition, as a use there is a function in those segmentation. You can do the arrangement of the space where it corresponds to the respective function in those, furthermore in the material boundary the various elements which respond to function exist. We use the concept of interior/exterior that internal space and the external space and boundary are caught continually.
Since different concessions in China have different climate, culture, society, foreign power and so on, the concession houses also show different characters from concession to concession. Because of these differences, it is important to consider the potential relationships between the internal space and the external environment for the architectural design. Compared to the European buildings or traditional Chinese houses in the same decade, concession houses in China have the space that mixes the character of the western architecture and Chinese architecture in the form. For this reason, concession houses use the boundaries that combine the adaptability to the environment and the form of different countries such as the curved walls or the tower form used as a staircase to create various relationship between internal space and the surroundings. This research focuses on the concession housed in different regions in China, and is aimed to clarify the similarities and differences among them.
In the present study, the concept of “interior/exterior” is used to obtain a comprehensive understanding on the differences and commons of spatial composition among concession Chinese houses in different regions by analyzing how to capture the internal and external space, and their boundaries.
Flow of research:
1) Research target selection. As a subject of this research, a concession house should have enough data such as the plan of each floor, the elevation, to analyze the character of plan. There are totally 100 concession houses selected as subject of this research from 4 regions in eastern China that used to be the concession.
2) Extract < the form of ambit > of the target buildings, to typify the configuration.
3) Extract < the property of ambit > of the target buildings, to typify the configuration.
4) The configuration format of the “interior/exterior” is derived from the relation between form and property. With the consideration of region, climate, culture, original country of the form and so on, the differences of “interior/exterior” character in different configuration format are analyzed.
About the composition of internal/external in concession houses in China, the concession houses with character of buildings in different countries show a balance of internal/external character by the influence of different regions in China, which means they adapt the environment. When the houses with character of buildings in different countries were introduced to different regions in China, the original internal/external character were maintained. On the other hand, when the internal/external character of concession houses cannot adapt the regionally, the new internal/external was derived. Above all, the adaption and developmental process of the internal/external transition of concession houses are clarified.
Industrial Revolution became a major turning point for architecture and the invention of new building materials has enabled new ways of opening windows as seen in horizontally continuous windows. Following that, boundaries between interior and exterior of buildings are diversified. In the design of main room of modern houses, architect's understanding and thoughts on its relationship to the surroundings and adjacent rooms are observed thorough the boundary conditions. The objective of this paper is to reveal spatial configuration of modern houses from comprehensive understanding of interior/exterior ambit which is composed of a main room, adjacent spaces and surroundings.
The flow of this research is as below:
1) Select 72 modern houses as the examples to represent the research objective.
2) Extract the form of ambit of the selected modern houses, and typify the configuration.
3) Extract the characteristic of the ambit, and typify the configuration.
4) Create a matrix by the types of the form and the characteristic of the ambit to derive the configuration format of the main room of modern houses based on the interior/exterior ambits. Through the investigation of the genealogy of the format, the major spatial configurations of the main room in the overall modern houses were analyzed.
As a result, 15 configuration format of the main room of modern houses in consideration of the form and characteristic of the interior/exterior ambits are derived. In addition, 5 major frameworks are grasped as below:
1) The building element of the main room significantly stipulates the use of the room (composition and space).
2) The relationship between the main room and the surroundings diversifies human behavior (human and surroundings).
3) The main room and human behavior create strong relationship entirely (human and space).
4) The main room and spatial composition support human act in the room (composition and act).
5) Various border elements in interior/exterior enhance the relationship of the interior/exterior (act and relationship).
Through the investigation on genealogy of the format of the selected modern houses based on the interior/exterior ambits, the transitions of each architect's thoughts in each period were found as well. Moreover, the differences of modern houses' composition of whole house and main room were found through the comparison with preceding investigation.
Text description of architecture behaving by itself is one of the major forms of communication for architect to express their intention. It could express conceptual and abstract phenomenon like the role of architecture, the design method and the reaction towards the surrounding. Text description can add behavior towards architecture, acting like a creature with feelings that cannot be described through practical object. The objective of this paper is to reveal the relationship between architecture and the conceptual phenomenon by typifying the aspect of architecture from the view of active expression through the text description. The flow of this research is as below: 1. Extract the sentence which contains active expression as if a living thing used by architect to explain their architectural concept. 2. Extract Subject, Behavior and Target. Subject is an architectural object behaving by itself. Behavior is a verb which expresses the influence to others with object as a transitive verb, or expresses the motion of Subject itself as an intransitive verb. Target is the most relevant modifier of Behavior. 3. Consider the relationship between subject and behavior, behavior and target. After that, derive the tendency of their properties. 4. Create a matrix in which the cross axle is the tendency of subject and behavior, the vertical axis is behavior and subject, and derive the aspect type of architecture from the view of active expression. As a result, between subject and behavior, 4 types of the tendencies were found. : Involving form which tries to have a relationship with others, growing space which keeps to move by itself, reflecting form which reacts to the surrounding change by changing its property, symbolizing form. And between behavior and target, 4 type of tendencies were found. : Creation of direction by creating concrete origin, materialization of space by components of the space move to compose their space, Application of surrounding by taking the surrounding property and adding new property to others, effect to emotion by giving their conceptual image to people. Through the investigation of the tendency matrix, 17 types of the frameworks were derived. Within these types, five major aspects were found as below. 1. The behavior of the architecture property which is changeable to surrounding by subject itself moving. 2. The functional component which creates specific property by behaving as an alien element in the component which composes the architectural space. 3. The constitutive component which expresses design methods by behaving as the element creating architectural space. 4. The space which takes in the surrounding to add the alien property. As the expression, how it moves is the original property of architecture. This is because the active expression in the text is non-existent within architect's community. Therefore, these types of the frameworks are revealed as intrinsic properties of architecture when architect express their own design.
The traditional houses in China have significant features in each region. These features are due to the regional difference in the climate, culture, economy, society and so on. Based on these differences, various relationships between interior space and external environment can be found, for instance lattice windows to create ambiguous space and intermediate region used as a living room to connect courtyard and private room. In this study, by using the concept of "interior/exterior" to comprehensively capture the internal/external space and barrier including intermediate region, the differences and commonalities among Chinese traditional houses in different regions are revealed.
The main purpose of this study is to propose a planning method and requirements for the integrated planning of internal and external residential areas in order to create a residential environment that reflects the living requirements of the residents. This report clarifies the requirements for various lifestyles (dwelling style) as the design planning methods. Ten spatial models are presented, with different layouts, spatial volumes, numbers of spatial area divisions, and spatial areas inside and outside the residence, and with different wall heights. The authors are thus able to obtain the requirements for creating an area according to lifestyle (dwelling style) Using these design planning methods, and derive the relationships in the daily and temporary living spaces of the residents.
This study is intended to clarify the relation between house and site by analyzing the composition of indoor and outdoor spaces of modern houses. The way of composing house and site is analyzed in relations to streets, comparing the contrast between indoor and outdoor spaces, as well as personal and common spaces. As the result of classification, 9 types of compositional schemes are identified among the houses of Schindler and Neutra. As of these schemes, the architects' interpretation of sites and locations could be described as the regional feature of modern movement. The schemes of their houses are typical characteristics in California modern houses. The typical schemes share a back-outdoor-living space, sometimes with variations around the house, with no compositional difference between personal and common spaces.
This study is intended to clarify the architect's vocabulary to represent building materials and frameworks in modern architecture in Southern California. The way to arrange such building elements is typological analyzed and identified some rules based on some axes to compose functional spaces such as living room. In this paper, the spatial composition in R. M. Schindler's residential designs are described by these rules, then their combination revealed the prototypical design principles of Schimdler. By analyzing these principles, the relationship between inside and external living space appeared to be the basis of his actual design, as he described in his theory.
This study is intended to clarify the relation between house and site by analyzing the composition of outdoor spaces of modern California houses. The characteristics of outdoor spaces are defined by relation to indoor spaces. The way of composing site and house is analyzed in relations to streets, comparing the characteristics of outdoor spaces. As the result of classification, 6 types of circulation schemes and 9 types of compositional schemes of outdoor spaces are identified in the houses of Schindler and Neutra. Typical circulation schemes are the type in which personal and common spaces are separated in indoor space as well as in outdoor space. And typical compositional schemes share a back-outdoor-living space protecting personal indoor and outdoor spaces.
This study intends to propose A PLANNING METHOD OF LIVING ENVIRONMENT from analysis of the viewpoint of interaction of two planning methods for an area of living space of interior and exterior factors. THESE TWO PLANNING METHODS are, namely planning of taste, and planning of intersociality by constructing method of sphere of space, and sphere of consciousness around openings. THE NUMBER OF LAYERS for each sphere of space around openings, THE PATTERN OF CONSTRUCTION for space form, and THE UNIT SPACE OF LIVING are derived from a concept of the element of living space for connection of 'interior space'-'openings'-'exterior space of housing. In this paper, analyzed the formation and means on sphere of space based on the combination of each sphere of space around openings.
This study intends to propose A PLANNING METHOD OF LIVING ENVIRONMENT from analysis of the viewpoint of interaction of two planning methods for an area of living space of interior and exterior factors. THESE TWO PLANNING METHODS are, namely planning of taste , and planning of intersociality by constructing method of sphere of space, and sphere of consciousness around openings. THE NUMBER OF LAYERS for each sphere of space around openings, THE PATTERN OF CONSTRUCTION for space form, and THE UNIT SPACE OF LIVING are derived from a concept of the element of living space for connection of "interior space" - "openings" - "exterior space" of housing. In this paper, analyzed of the pattern of construction for SPACE FORM and the number of layers, for instance, in each sphere of space around openings.
Cleaved NiO(1 0 0) surfaces were imaged with atomic force microscopy (AFM) to determine defect concentrations and morphology. Random and oriented steps, which have been previously characterized, were the most common defect observed on the cleaved surface and formed with step heights in multiples of 2.1 Å, the Ni O nearest-neighbor distance, and terrace widths in the range of 25 100 nm. In addition, the surface showed novel mesoscale (˜0.5 2 mum) square pyramidal defects with the pyramid base oriented along symmetry related directions. Upon etching, the pyramidal defects converted to more stable cubic pits, consistent with (1 0 0) symmetry related walls. The square pyramidal pits tended to cluster or to form along step edges, where the weakened structure is more susceptible to surface deformations. Also, a small concentration of square pyramidal pits, oriented with the base of the pyramid along , was observed on the cleaved NiO surfaces. For comparison purposes, chemical mechanical polished (CMP) NiO(1 0 0) substrates were imaged with AFM. Defect concentrations were of comparable levels to the cleaved surface, but showed a different distribution of defect types. Long-ranged stepped defects were much less common on CMP substrates, and the predominant defects observed were cubic pits with sidewalls steeper than could be accurately measured by the AFM tip. These defects were similar in size and structure to those observed on cleaved NiO(1 0 0) surfaces that had been acid etched, although pit clustering was more pronounced for the CMP surfaces.
42) 二川幸夫:GA,HOUSES SPECIAL 01 MASTERPIECES 1945-1970
- A D A Edita
- Tokyo
- Co
- Ltd
40) 二川幸夫:GA, HOUSES SPECIAL 02 MASTERPIECES
- A D A Edita
- Tokyo
- Co
- Ltd