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Errors in Linguistic Performance: Slips of the Tongue, Ear, Pen, and Hand
... Speech errors are mistakes that one makes when uttering a word, sentence or phrase. Fromkin (1973) defines speech errors as utterances which in some way deviate from the intended or otherwise targeted (conventional) utterance. Altiparmak and Kuruoglu (2014) as well as Forrester and Rodriguez (2015) refer to speech errors as slips of the tongue (SOTs); further, they explain that these mistakes are a type of speech disfluency in which sounds, syllables or whole words change their location between two or more words in an utterance. ...
... In such incidents it is quite clear that the speaker wants to say something but erroneously says something else. Moreover, Poulisse (1999) as quoted in Fromkin (1973) asserts that for these to be properly classed as slips of the tongue, there must first be an error and secondly the speaker must be able to correct that error of his or her own accord. Some of the earliest pioneering work in speech error studies emerged with the dawn of psychoanalytic theory itself -including Freud (1901) in psychology and Sturtevant (1947) in linguistics (see Mackay, 1980). ...
... Some of the earliest pioneering work in speech error studies emerged with the dawn of psychoanalytic theory itself -including Freud (1901) in psychology and Sturtevant (1947) in linguistics (see Mackay, 1980). When speech errors occur, they can provide us with limited linguistic evidence pertaining to the mechanisms of language production and the mental lexicon (Fromkin, 1973). Linguists are interested in speech errors because they presume that language in a broken-down state may be more revealing than language when it is utilized perfectly (Aitchison, 2008: 237). ...
Due to the lack of cohesive data in linguistics revealing how the human brain functions, researchers make use of various disciplines including biology, neuroscience and psycholinguistics to investigate the relationship between language and the brain. Within the purview of psycholinguistics, this study presupposes optimality theory and Levelt’s theory of speech production, in order to analyse speech errors committed by non-brain damaged speakers of Kiswahili. These are mistakes made inadvertently during episodes of normal speech articulation. Speech errors are a natural and universal phenomenon across all human languages. Alongside the conventions constituting language games, speech errors can provide insightful evidence of intricate processes in the mental lexicon essential to speech production generally. It is noteworthy that the bulk of speech errors analysed in this study were premature cut-offs, since the speakers corrected their speech after their errors.
... The variety and complexity of the apes' behaviors also provided another mechanism to explore their mental representations of their symbols, through vocabulary errors (analogous to speech errors, e.g., Fromkin, 1980). The premise of speech error research is that, like priming, specific information activates all associated knowledge in the brain. ...
... If you do not substitute another month, you are still more likely to replace June with another label associated with time, like a day of the week. This is hierarchical categorical replacement, taken by researchers to indicate complex mental webs of information that are attached to the symbols in question (Fromkin, 1980;MacKay, 1980;Nelson, 1974). Other frequent speech errors similarly indicate the mental webs associated with symbols and can include functionally related terms (cereal and milk), auditorily related words, and visually related words or referents (so the printed word might resemble the erroneous word or the two referents might look alike, Fromkin, 1980;MacKay, 1980;Nelson, 1974). ...
... This is hierarchical categorical replacement, taken by researchers to indicate complex mental webs of information that are attached to the symbols in question (Fromkin, 1980;MacKay, 1980;Nelson, 1974). Other frequent speech errors similarly indicate the mental webs associated with symbols and can include functionally related terms (cereal and milk), auditorily related words, and visually related words or referents (so the printed word might resemble the erroneous word or the two referents might look alike, Fromkin, 1980;MacKay, 1980;Nelson, 1974). All these errors serve to inform scientists about the concepts that exist within the mind of the speaker. ...
Seyfarth, Cheney, and Marler (1980) were the first researchers to delineate a nonhuman animal communication system that seemed to include linguistic reference (signals with specific meanings). Arguments continue, however, over the use of linguistic terms as well as the specific nature of those calls. Frequently dismissed or ignored in the discussion of the usefulness of animal communication to the study of human language evolution is the wealth of data from the language research projects that show remarkable levels of symbolic behavior in animals reared in enriched, enculturated environments. These data show that the capacity for semantic communication systems is not unique to humans. Discussions surrounding semanticity and human language evolution would therefore benefit by switching focus to the environmental factors that support the expression of biologically extant semantic capacities.
... Bortfeld, et al (2001) mention several factors influencing speech disfluency. The first factor is processing load in which the normal speakers produced speech disfluencies due to a cognitive process of speech planning (Bock, 1986;Bock & Levelt, 1994;Dell, 1986;Fromkin, 1971Fromkin, , 1973Fromkin, , 1980Garrett, 1975;Goldman-Eisler, 1958;Levelt, 1989;MacKay, 1970MacKay, , 1972MacKay, , 1973Maclay & Osgood, 1959;Nooteboom, 1969;Shattuck-Hufnagel, 1979, 1982Shattuck-Hufnagel &Klatt, 1979). The topics being discussed in the conversations also influence the load process. ...
... The researchers believe that the participants had the awareness on grammatical mistakes they did while they were speaking (Fromkin, 1971(Fromkin, , 1973(Fromkin, , 1980. Therefore, the participants eventually changed the tenses of the sentences into the correct one and changed will to into am going to. ...
... The participants were also aware of their mistakes when they said the words or phrases. They changed or replaced them with the correct one (Fromkin, 1971(Fromkin, , 1973(Fromkin, , 1980Dell, 1986). Therefore, they made substitutions and deletions. ...
English Education Master Program (EEMP) students are required to master listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills. Regarding the speaking skill, they must have fluency and clarity in speaking English since they should be good models for their students. However, the minimal use of English in their oral communication during the courses leads to the speech disfluency. They are aware of their disfluency but they do not understand the specific aspects of it. Thus, this study aimed to discuss the speech disfluency produced by the master students in oral communication. There was one formulated research question: What are the speech disfluencies which commonly occur in groups presentations among EEMP students? To examine the speech disfluencies, the researchers employed document analysis as the method of the study. The transcription of their groups presentations were analyzed based on the types of disfluency (Shriberg, 1994; Bailoor, John, & Laxman, 2015). The findings showed that there were five disfluency types found in this study namely unfilled pause, filled pause, repetition, substitution, and deletion.
... Verbal slips have been widely studied (see the collections of articles in Fromkin, 1973Fromkin, , 1980. In the present article I concentrate on slips of actions rather than of words. ...
... Thus, this example stretches credulity. Nonetheless, the basic phenomenon is real and numerous examples are well documented (seeFromkin, 1973Fromkin, , 1980. For example, one of my colleagues said "Ruman and Normalhart" instead of "Norman and Rumelhart." ...
Outlines a theory of action in which an action sequence is represented by a parent schema and numerous child schemas, in which several action schemas can be active at any one time, and in which each schema has a set of triggering conditions and an activation value. The path from intention to action consists of the activation of the parent schema that corresponds to the intention, the activation of child schemas for the component parts of the action sequence, and then the appropriate triggering of schemas when the conditions match those required for their operations. This action system allows slips to be organized into 3 major categories and a number of subcategories. The 3 major categories of slips are (a) errors in the formation of the intention (e.g., mode and description errors); (b) faulty activation of schemas (e.g., loss of intention and misordering of action components); and (c) faulty triggering (e.g., spoonerisms, blends, and intrusions of thoughts). (35 ref)
... For example, word exchanges can span some distance and tend to occur only between complete words of the same syntactic category, while sound exchanges ignore syntactic category and involve words that are close to each other (Garrett, 1975). Additionally, word substitution errors usually involve words that are semantically similar, suggesting that at an abstract "semantic level", similar words can be confused, possibly provoking the production of an unintended but semantically similar word (Fromkin, 1973). ...
... This structure is created prior to lexical selection in order to account for the fact that word switches occur only within and not across clauses (Fromkin, 1973). Additionally, creating a syntactic structure before lexical selection would account for the fact that word exchanges only occur between words of the same syntactic category. ...
This dissertation approaches the task of modeling human sentence production from a connectionist point of view, and using distributed semantic representations. The main questions it tries to address are: (i) whether the distributed semantic representations defined by Frank et al. (2009) are suitable to model sentence production using artificial neural networks, (ii) the behavior and internal mechanism of a model that uses this representations and recurrent neural networks, and (iii) a mechanistic account of the Uniform Information Density Hypothesis (UID; Jaeger, 2006; Levy and Jaeger, 2007).
Regarding the first point, the semantic representations of Frank et al. (2009), called situation vectors are points in a vector space where each vector contains information about the observations in which an event and a corresponding sentence are true. These representations have been successfully used to model language comprehension (e.g., Frank et al., 2009; Venhuizen et al., 2018). During the construction of these vectors, however, a dimensionality reduction process introduces some loss of information, which causes some aspects to be no longer recognizable, reducing the performance of a model that utilizes them. In order to address this issue, belief vectors are introduced, which could be regarded as an alternative way to obtain semantic representations of manageable dimensionality. These two types of representations (situation and belief vectors) are evaluated using them as input for a sentence production model that implements an extension of a Simple Recurrent Neural network (Elman, 1990). This model was tested under different conditions corresponding to different levels of systematicity, which is the ability of a model to generalize from a set of known items to a set of novel ones. Systematicity is an essential attribute that a model of sentence processing has to possess, considering that the number of sentences that can be generated for a given language is infinite, and therefore it is not feasible to memorize all possible message-sentence pairs. The results showed that the model was able to generalize with a very high performance in all test conditions, demonstrating a systematic behavior. Furthermore, the errors that it elicited were related to very similar semantic representations, reflecting the speech error literature, which states that speech errors involve elements with semantic or phonological similarity. This result further demonstrates the systematic behavior of the model, as it processes similar semantic representations in a similar way, even if they are new to the model.
Regarding the second point, the sentence production model was analyzed in two different ways. First, by looking at the sentences it produces, including the errors elicited, highlighting difficulties and preferences of the model. The results revealed that the model learns the syntactic patterns of the language, reflecting its statistical nature, and that its main difficulty is related to very similar semantic representations, sometimes producing unintended sentences that are however very semantically related to the intended ones. Second, the connection weights and activation patterns of the model were also analyzed, reaching an algorithmic account of the internal processing of the model. According to this, the input semantic representation activates the words that are related to its content, giving an idea of their order by providing relatively more activation to words that are likely to appear early in the sentence. Then, at each time step the word that was previously produced activates syntactic and semantic constraints on the next word productions, while the context units of the recurrence preserve information through time, allowing the model to enforce long distance dependencies. We propose that these results can inform about the internal processing of models with similar architecture.
Regarding the third point, an extension of the model is proposed with the goal of modeling UID. According to UID, language production is an efficient process affected by a tendency to produce linguistic units distributing the information as uniformly as possible and close to the capacity of the communication channel, given the encoding possibilities of the language, thus optimizing the amount of information that is transmitted per time unit. This extension of the model approaches UID by balancing two different production strategies: one where the model produces the word with highest probability given the semantics and the previously produced words, and another one where the model produces the word that would minimize the sentence length given the semantic representation and the previously produced words. By combining these two strategies, the model was able to produce sentences with different levels of information density and uniformity, providing a first step to model UID at the algorithmic level of analysis.
In sum, the results show that the distributed semantic representations of Frank et al. (2009) can be used to model sentence production, exhibiting systematicity. Moreover, an algorithmic account of the internal behavior of the model was reached, with the potential to generalize to other models with similar architecture. Finally, a model of UID is presented, highlighting some important aspects about UID that need to be addressed in order to go from the formulation of UID at the computational level of analysis to a mechanistic account at the algorithmic level.
... What has not yet received focused attention is what these errors reveal about the physical and cognitive processes that underlie writing in braille. The aim of this article is to recast the analysis of brailling errors as the result of generalizable cognitive processes (Mattson & Baars, 1992) that are akin to those that can account for errors in speech (Fromkin, 1973(Fromkin, , 1980Stemberger, 1983) or typing (Cooper, 1983;Grudin, 1981;MacKay, 1993;Shaffer, 1975). This work is not directed at prescriptive aspects of orthography, such as incorrect spelling or rhetoric, that could arguably be attributed to a writer's lack of linguistic competence. ...
... In linguistics, an error (or slip) is defined as an utterance (or portion of text) that differs from its target in some systematic way (Fromkin, 1973(Fromkin, , 1980. When the speaker's attention is drawn to what has been said or written, the speaker immediately recognizes that it was not what was intended. ...
This article analyzes a corpus of 1,600 brailling errors made by one expert braillist. It presents a testable model of braille writing and shows that the subject braillist stores standard braille contractions as part of the orthographic representation of words, rather than imposing contractions on a serially ordered string of letters.
... A kutatások elsősorban amerikai angol, brit angol és német, illetve Goldman-Eisler vizsgálatai révén dán nyelven indultak meg (vö. Mahl 1956;Goldman-Eisler 1958;Maclay-Osgood 1959;Bernstein 1962;Boomer 1965;Fromkin 1973Fromkin , 1980, majd teret hódítottak a világ számos más nyelvében is, mint a francia vagy a finn (vö. Ferber 1993;Guaïtella 1993;Nadeau 2001;Hokkanen 2001). ...
... A nemzetközi szakirodalomban azonban a rendszerezést illetően a szakemberek különböző állásponton vannak (vö. Dell 1986;Freud 1924Freud /1973Fromkin 1980;Motley 1985;Postma et al. 1990;Shriberg 1994;Dilger 2000). Dell (1986) például alapvetően abból indul ki, hogy milyen nyelvi egységet érint a hiba, így megkülönböztet hang-, szótag-és szóhibákat. ...
A köznapi nyelven nyelvbotlásoknak nevezett megakadásjelenségek vizsgálata kiemelt jelentőségű a beszédkutatás számára, mivel felfedik mindazokat a folyamatokat és működési mechanizmusokat, amelyekről a hibátlan közlések elemzésekor nem juthatunk közvetlen információhoz. Mind a magyar, mind a nemzetközi szakirodalomban számtalan kutatás irányul a megakadásjelenségek elemzésére, mégis számos kérdés vár még megválaszolásra. A kategóriarendszer nem csak nyelvenként, de egy nyelven belül is eltéréseket mutat. A jelen monográfia célja a témakörrel kapcsolatos, máig tisztázatlan kérdések, ellentmondások ismertetése, továbbá a spontán beszéd megakadásjelenségeinek minél részletesebb bemutatása.
A kötet eredményei jól alkalmazhatóak a beszédtudomány, a fonetika és a pszicholingvisztika számára, továbbá az alkalmazott nyelvészet számos területén, valamint a beszédtechnológiában. Átfogó jellege miatt a könyvet nem csupán a nyelvtudománnyal foglalkozó szakembereknek ajánljuk, de oktatási segédanyagként is alkalmazható a felsőoktatás különböző szintjein, illetve a beszédtudomány iránt érdeklődő olvasók is hasznos információkkal gazdagodhatnak általa.
... A megakadásjelenségek és javításuk vizsgálatakor befolyásoló tényező maga az elemző is, hiszen az információ az ő percepciós mechanizmusának szűrőjén megy keresztül (Fromkin 1980 Az élőbeszéd jellemzője, hogy a beszélők a nagyobb szerkezeti egységek határain, így a tagmondathatárokon szüneteket tartanak (Farkas 1962). Ez azért lehetséges, mert minden tagmondatban van egy elemi jelenet, amely egyrészt nagyobb figyelmet kíván, másrészt olyan grammatikalizálódott jelölői vannak, mint a kötőszó vagy az utalószó, a tipikus tagmondatsorrend stb., amely lehetővé teszi, hogy ne kelljen egy levegővel elmondani az egész összetett mondatot. ...
Fontos lehet a későbbi életükben, hogy a középiskolás tanulók hogyan képesek adott idő alatt megfogalmazni különböző szövegeket. Ha a fogalmazások megalkotásának a részleteit folyamatában vizsgáljuk, hozzájárulhat ahhoz, hogy a diákok szövegalkotási készségét hatékonyabban fejleszthessük. A jelen pilotkutatás feltáró vizsgálat, célja egy olyan módszer tesztelése, amely az írott szöveg produkcióját folyamatában követi nyomon. A kutatás tíz fő tizenegyedik évfolyamos középiskolás gép előtt végzett fogalmazásalkotását vizsgálta. Ezt a műveletet a tanulók képernyővideó segítségével rögzítették, így a szövegprodukció során tartott gondolkodási szünetek is tetten érhetők. A középiskolás adatközlők a fogalmazásalkotás során közel egyforma mértékben tartottak szüneteket az alacsonyabb, illetve a magasabb kognitív terhelést igénylő műveletek elvégzésekor. A pilotkutatás eredményei azt mutatják, hogy indokolt a középiskolások fogalmazásalkotását fejleszteni.
... In example 7, the speaker changes if your into if the. The speakers are aware of their mistakes when they are speaking (Fromkin, 1980). Thus, they change diction to form the correct versions of their utterances. ...
To speak fluently in the target language, English, has remained a challenge for learners, particularly those who are non-native speakers of English. When speaking, therefore, learners should be aware of speech disfluencies. This paper, accordingly, investigates the speech disfluencies of non-native speakers in their presentations. Data were collected from TED Talk scripts and were then analysed and discussed, based on categories of disfluency. The findings of this document analysis reveal five types of disfluency in the data, namely unfilled pause, filled pause, repetition, deletion, and substitution. It is expected that learners of English at university level can benefit from the study results concerning speech disfluencies to improve their speaking proficiency. Keywords: Disfluency; filled pause; non-native speaker; TED talk
... This would accord with various models of skill outside the domain of motor learning (Allport, 1980;Estes, 1986;Logan, 1988Logan, , 1992Welford, 1968). Evidence of content-specific effects of practice in the production of movement sequences has been mainly derived from error analyses (Drummond, 1981;Fentress, 1983;Fromkin, 1981;Gallistel, 1980;Zimmer & Korndle, 1988) but response time should be affected as well. ...
Thirty-six participants practiced a task in which they continuously cycled through a fixed series of nine keypresses, each carried out by a single finger (cf. Keele & Summers, 1976). The results of the first experimental phase, the practice phase, support the notion that pauses between successive keypresses at fixed locations induces the development of integrated sequence representations (i.e., motor chunks) and reject the idea that a rhythm is learned. When different sequences were produced in the transfer phase, performance dropped considerably unless the sequence was relatively short and there was ample time for preparation. This demonstrates that motor chunks are content specific and that the absence of motor chunks shows when there is no time for advance loading of the motor buffer or the capacity of the motor buffer is insufficient to contain the entire keypressing sequence.
... Although a considerable volume of research has been devoted to speech, action, and memory errors, much less attention has been paid to errors of a distinctly social character, that is to say, those that involve a confusion between people. The finding that more similar tokens of a type are more apt to be substituted (e.g, Dell & Reich, 1980;Fromkin, 1980) suggests that confusions between people might establish the underlying structures of the implicit representation of social relationships. This logic is pursued by Taylor, Fiske, Etcoff, and Ruderman (1978) in experimental recall tasks of memory for who said what; on the basis of subjects' confusions after observing a simulated discussion, the study concluded that race and gender are categories that organize the encoding of person information. ...
Seven studies investigated the cognitive structure of social relationships exhibited in the patterns of substitutions that occur when people confuse a person with another. The studies investigated natural errors in which people called a familiar person by the wrong name, misremembered with whom they had interacted, or mistakenly directed an action at an inappropriate person. These studies tested the relational-models theory of A. P. Fiske (1990b, 1991) that people use 4 basic models for social relationships. All 7 studies provide support for the theory; Ss tend to confuse people with whom they interact in the same basic relationship mode. In addition, Ss confuse people of the same gender. Other factors (age, race, role term, similarity of names) generally have smaller, less reliable effects, indicating that the 4 elementary modes of relationships are among the most salient schemata in everyday social cognition.
... Requests for reprints should be sent to David A. Rosenbaum, who is now at the School of Language and Communication, Hampshire College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002. larger behavior units, or that plans for individual movement sequences are hierarchically organized (e.g., see Fromkin, 1973Fromkin, , 1980. What we seek here in contrast is evidence that the on-line control of movement sequences is hierarchical. ...
To find evidence for hierarchically controlled execution of movement sequences, 5 35–45 yr old right-handed women were required to perform memorized sequences of finger responses like those used in playing the piano. Error data are consistent with a hierarchical planning as well as execution model, but the interresponse-time data provide strong support for a hierarchical execution model. Three alternatives––hierarchical-timing, hierarchical stress-level, and nonhierarchical associative-network models––are rejected. Results are discussed in terms of the role of timing in motor programs, the characteristics of motor buffers, and the relations between memory for symbolic and motor information. (38 ref)
... Cutler 1979) où elle présente deux des travaux de Rudolf Meringer (1859Meringer ( -1931 Fromkin (1923Fromkin ( -2000, intitulés Speech Errors as Linguistic Evidence et Errors in Linguistic Performance: Slips of the Tongue, Ear, Pen, and Hand respectivement de 1973et de 1980(cf. Fromkin 1973bet Fromkin 1980, Fromkin à qui l'on doit un certain nombre d'articles sur la question de l'erreur dont Fromkin 1973a. 31 "Lorsque je me suis intéressée aux lapsus, en linguiste, j'étais très seule et ce n'était guère apprécié. ...
Résumé
Si, pour nos traditions grammaticales européennes, la reconnaissance des appositions comme objet grammatical et non plus seulement comme éléments ressortissants à la rhétorique ne se fait que tardivement et non sans allers-retours, en gros vers le xvi e siècle, celles-ci sont intégrées à la grammaire de l’arabe dès le début de son histoire au ii e / viii e siècle. La prime tradition grammaticale arabe reconnaît même, de manière implicite mais suffisamment claire, l’opposition à faire entre apposition liée et apposition détachée, ce que nos traditions grammaticales attendrons encore longtemps. Un autre trait de la singularité de la tradition grammaticale arabe sur cette question de la reconnaissance grammaticale des appositions, fait l’objet de cet article : elle est semble-t-il la première mais encore la seule à intégrer à son matériau grammatical l’erreur commise par le locuteur, qu’il s’agisse d’une faute d’inattention ou d’un oubli momentané, c’est-à-dire ce qui est nommé depuis le xx e siècle et ses préoccupations propres lapsus ( linguae, memoriae ). Et si elle en traite grammaticalement, c’est parce qu’elle reconnaît les corrections de ces erreurs comme des types d’apposition, des permutations, ce que ne fait encore que très imparfaitement la linguistique générale contemporaine et pas du tout les grammaires des langues européennes. Cet article met en avant la contribution que la grammaire de l’arabe peut apporter à la grammaire générale en lien avec grammatisation des appositions.
... SOTs have been used extensively in psycholinguistic research in order to answer questions about both the structures of specific languages and the representation and processing of language in general (e.g., Fromkin, 1973Fromkin, , 1980Cutler, 1982a;Baars, 1992). While this research has provided a wealth of information regarding speech production planning, the field in general has had two limitations. ...
The present study addresses the question of how practice in expressing the content to be conveyed in a specific situation influences speech production planning processes. A comparison of slips of the tongue in Japanese collected from spontaneous everyday conversation and those collected from largely preplanned conversation in live-broadcast TV programs reveals that, although there are those aspects of speech production planning that are unaffected by practice, there are various practice effects, most of which can be explained in terms of automatization of the processing of content, resulting in shifts in the loci of errors.
... While this has not been explored within the context of the rating scale used in this study, there is a large body of literature showing that certain mispronunciations have higher perceptual saliency than others (e.g., voicing errors in consonants are more salient than place errors) and, thus, may be more reliability detected by naïve listeners (cf. among others Cole, 1973;Ferber, 1991;Fromkin, 1980;Tent & Clark, 1980;White et al., 2013). ...
Purpose
Forming accurate and consistent speech judgments can be challenging when working with children with speech sound disorders who produce a large number and varied types of error patterns. Rating scales offer a systematic approach to assessing the whole word rather than individual sounds. Thus, these scales can be an efficient way for speech-language pathologists (SLPs) to monitor treatment progress. This study evaluated the interrater reliability of an existing 3-point rating scale using a large group of SLPs as raters.
Method
Utilizing an online platform, 30 SLPs completed a brief training and then rated single words produced by children with typical speech patterns and children with speech sound disorders. Words were closely balanced across the three rating categories of the scale. The interrater reliability of the SLPs ratings to a consensus judgment was examined.
Results
The majority of SLPs (87%) reached substantial interrater reliability to a consensus judgment using the 3-point rating scale. Correct productions had the highest interrater reliability. Productions with extensive errors had higher agreement than those with minor errors. Certain error types, such as vowel distortions, were especially challenging for SLPs to judge.
Conclusions
This study demonstrated substantial interrater reliability to a consensus judgment among a large majority of 30 SLPs using a 3-point rating. The clinical implications of the findings are discussed along with proposed modifications to the training procedure to guide future research.
... Можно предположить, что речевые отклонения в конструкциях носят случайный характер. Однако лингвисты, анализирующие ошибки, доказывают обратное -речевые сбои непроизвольны, в них также прослеживается некоторая система (Фрей 2006;Fromkin 1980;Кукушкина 1998;Подлесская/Кибрик 2005;Русакова 2013). Так, в работе «Грамматика ошибок» Анри Фрей показывает, что ошибки подчиняются более общим законам -закону аналогии, экономии речевых усилий. ...
Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit dem von der Norm abweichenden Gebrauch der Präpositional-konstruktionen bei Herkunftssprechern des Rus-sischen in Amerika, Deutschland und Finnland. Auf der Grundlage einer Analyse von Fehlern im Russian Learner Corpus kann die Autorin bei Herkunftssprechern zwei grundlegende Ge-brauchsstrategien für Präpositionalkonstruktio-nen feststellen: die Lehnübersetzung als direkte Übernahme einer Konstruktion aus der dominan-ten Gebersprache und lexikalisch-syntaktische Neu-Konstruktionen. Dem Beitrag liegt die An-nahme zugrunde, dass die Konstruktionsfehler in den Herkunftssprachen nicht zufällig sind, son-dern verborgene kollokative und semantische Restriktionen der russischen Präpositionalkon-struktionen aufdecken, die ohne den Vergleich mit dem herkunftssprachlichen Sprachmaterial nicht sichtbar wären. Keywords:
... Можно предположить, что речевые отклонения в конструкциях носят случайный характер. Однако лингвисты, анализирующие ошибки, доказывают обратное -речевые сбои непроизвольны, в них также прослеживается некоторая система (Фрей 2006;Fromkin 1980;Кукушкина 1998;Подлесская/Кибрик 2005;Русакова 2013). Так, в работе «Грамматика ошибок» Анри Фрей показывает, что ошибки подчиняются более общим законам -закону аналогии, экономии речевых усилий. ...
Wir freuen uns, mit diesem Buch die Reihe Slavic Language Education zu eröffnen. Die Grundlagen und Perspektiven des Erlernens von Russisch als Herkunftssprache sind ein Thema, das alle Stufen und Bereiche des institutionellen Russischunterrichts betrifft. Sowohl in Schulen als auch in Universitäten kommen viele Lerner mit Sprachkenntnissen aus der familiären Kommunikation in den Unterricht, ihre Sprachkompetenzen sind dabei sehr unterschiedlich ausgeprägt. Wir gehen davon aus, dass sich herkunftssprachliche Lerner in einer anderen Lernsituation befinden und dementsprechend einen eigenen Lernbedarf haben und nicht den Fremdsprachenlernern einfach voraus sind. Diesen Lernbedarf zu beschreiben und die Lernvoraussetzungen zu untersuchen ist eine notwendige Grundlage für didaktische Entscheidungen, zunächst einmal unabhängig davon, ob es sich um ein spezielles Unterrichtsangebot für Herkunftssprecher oder um Russischunterricht in gemischten Gruppen handelt. Die mehrsprachige Gesellschaft braucht angesichts vielfältiger Sprachbiografien und Sprachenprofile passende Unterrichtskonzepte und Lernangebote und die tradierten Formen und Materialien des Fremdsprachenunterrichts stoßen dabei an ihre Grenzen. In diesem Sinne möchten wir mit unserer Publikation zur Entwicklung der Herkunftssprachendidaktik und damit zur Diskussion um zeitgemäße Sprachlernkonzepte beitragen. Die hier vorgelegten Studien untersuchen das Lernen junger Erwachsener in slawistischen Studiengängen. Wir gehen davon aus, dass viele Erkenntnisse zur Beschaffenheit der Herkunftssprache Russisch in Deutschland und grundlegende didaktische Prinzipien auch für jüngere Lerner gelten, die in der Schule oder in außerschulischen Kursen ihre herkunftssprachliche Russischkompetenz entwickeln. Wir hoffen, dass unsere Überlegungen für Lehramtsstudierende, Referendare, Lehrpersonen in unterschiedlichen Kontexten von Interesse sind und wichtige Impulse für die (Weiter)Entwicklung von Curricula und die Erarbeitung von Lehrmaterialien liefern. Darüber hinaus möchten wir aber auch zu weiteren Forschungen anre-gen: viele Fragen sind noch offen und wir sehen eine gründliche linguistische, literatur- und kulturwissenschaftliche sowie lernpsychologische Fundierung didaktischer Entscheidungen als wesentliche und spannende Aufgabe.
... The point of departure for a speaker or writer is a meaning which he/she wishes to map on to the most appropriate form; while that of a listener or reader consists of a form (auditory or visual) that has to be mapped on to a meaning. Early research on lexical retrieval focused on speech production and sought evidence in Slips of the Tongue (Fromkin, 1980). The rationale was that, by comparing an incorrectly selected word with the target, one might identify the characteristics of the word that were driving the Field: Psycholinguistics 7 search. ...
Chapter outlining the contribution of Psycholinguistics to Applied Linguistics. Account of the history of the field followed by a review of current research and thinking.
... For example, the Uyghur-English pair of مات /tɑm/ and team /ti:m/ have a one-third phoneme dissimilarity. The Uyghur-Chinese pair of مات /tɑm/ and 厅 /ting/ have dissimilarities of three-fourth and two-third phonemes when the tonal information was included and excluded, respectively (Fromkin, 1980;Moser, 1991). The semantic prediction matrix was estimated by dividing the words in the 3 languages into 12 categories according to their semantic similarity, including human, animal, plants, and so forth (Taylor et al., 2019). ...
How native and non‐native languages are represented in the brain is one of the most important questions in neurolinguistics. Much research has found that the similarity in neural activity of native and non‐native languages are influenced by factors such as age of acquisition, language proficiency, and language exposure in the non‐native language. Nevertheless, it is still unclear how the similarity between native and non‐native languages in orthographic transparency, a key factor that affects the cognitive and neural mechanisms of phonological access, modulates the cross‐language similarity in neural activation and which brain regions show the modulatory effects of language distance in orthographic transparency. To address these questions, the present study used representational similarity analysis (RSA) to precisely estimate the neural pattern similarity between native language and two non‐native languages in Uyghur‐Chinese‐English trilinguals, whose third language (i.e., English) was more similar to the native language (i.e., Uyghur) in orthography than to their second language (i.e., Chinese). Behavioral results revealed that subjects responded faster to words in the non‐native language with more similar orthography to their native language in the word naming task. More importantly, RSA revealed greater neural pattern similarity between Uyghur and English than between Uyghur and Chinese in select brain areas for phonological processing, especially in the left hemisphere. Further analysis confirmed that those brain regions represented phonological information. These results provide direct neuroimaging evidence for the modulatory effect of language distance in orthographic transparency on cross‐language pattern similarity between native and non‐native languages during word reading.
... Ranschburg (1911aRanschburg ( , 1911b) magyarázata a felejtésekre és tévedésekre a reprezentációk versengése és a laboratóriumban kimutatott homogén gátlás. A teljes képhez tartozik, hogy a mai szótévesztési pszicholingvisztika szintéziskeresői, például Victoria Fromkin (1980), valamint Dell és Sullivan (2003 egy keretben használják a Ranschburg elindította versengési/gátlási laboratóriumi és a Freud által elindított dinamikus kereteket. ...
Háttér és célkitűzés
a vizsgálat a lassú, ún. K-életstratégia és a nehézségekkel szembeni ellenálló képesség, valamint a szorongásérzékenység lehetséges összefüggéseit tárja fel. Evolúciós, pozitív és klinikai pszichológiai területeket ötvöző vizsgálatunk megközelítésmódja újdonságnak számít. Célunk a reziliencia és a K-stratégia közötti összefüggések vizsgálata.
Módszer
a papír-ceruza alapú tesztekkel végzett vizsgálatban hozzáférhetőségi egyetemista mintavételezés során 674 személy vett részt, önkéntes alapon. A résztvevők által kitöltött kérdőívcsomag a Connor–Davidson Reziliencia Kérdőívet, az Életstratégia Kérdőívet és a Szorongásérzékenység Indexet tartalmazták.
Eredmények
A korrelációs és lineáris regressziós statisztikai elemzések igazolták, hogy pozitív kapcsolat figyelhető meg a lassú életstratégia és a reziliencia között. A szorongásérzékenység ugyanakkor negatív összefüggést mutat az említett változókkal. A nemi különbségek szintén megmutatkoznak, bár a minta jellemzői miatt ezek további vizsgálata szükséges.
Következtetések
Az eredményeink alapján elmondható, hogy a fiatal felnőttek esetén gyenge, ám szignifikáns kapcsolat áll fenn a K-életstratégia és a reziliencia között. Az életstratégiához tartozóan a reziliens személyek intim és tartós partnerkapcsolatokra törekednek, emellett kognitív szinten jellemzőjük az előrelátás, a tudatos és következetes tervezési képességek kibontakoztatása. A szorongásérzékenység bár helyenként statisztikailag szignifikáns kapcsolatot mutat a fenti változókkal, ezek mértéke sok esetben igen alacsony. A nemi különbségek releváns szempontként jelenhetnek meg, ám ezek tisztázásához a minta további bővítése szükséges.
... Against this background, a cross-current of research has developed that supports the contention that tone is encoded like segments, as proposed in Wan and Jaeger (1998) and earlier work (Fromkin, 1980;Moser, 1991;Shen, 1993). Wan (2006) examined 876 tone errors in patients with aphasia and concluded that the impairment of tone is comparable to the impairment of consonants, thus showing a similar underlying architecture. ...
This article examines speech errors in Cantonese with the aim of fleshing out a larger speech production architecture for encoding phonological tone. A corpus was created by extracting 2462 speech errors, including 668 tone errors, from audio recordings of natural conversations. The structure of these errors was then investigated in order to distinguish two contemporary approaches to tone in speech production. In the tonal frames account, tone is encoded like metrical stress, represented in abstract structural frames for a word. Because tone cannot be mis-selected in tonal frames, tone errors are expected to be rare and non-contextual, as observed with stress. An alternative is that tone is actively selected in phonological encoding like phonological segments. This approach predicts that tone errors will be relatively common and exhibit the contextual patterns observed with segments, like perseveration and anticipation. In our corpus, tone errors are the second most common type of error, and the majority of errors exhibit contextual patterns that parallel segmental errors. Building on prior research, a two-stage model of phonological tone encoding is proposed, following the patterns seen in tone errors: Tone is phonologically selected concurrently with segments, but then sequentially assigned after segments to a syllable.
... Within the category of lexical errors, it is generally observed that intended target words and error words almost always share the same grammatical category (e.g., Fay and Cutler 1977;Fromkin 1980;Levelt 1989). This observation is usually explained by the fact that the grammatical patterns of syntactic frames are planned and restricted to be filled by words of a certain lexical category during the process of speech planning and production. ...
In this study I primarily examine the three commonly used Chinese locative phrases zai + NP + bian/mian/tou (zai-construction) through corpus analysis. Previous studies (Lin in Studies in Language and Linguistics 30:67–70, 2010; Liu in A synchronic and diachronic exploration of the monosyllabic localizer li and the disyllabic localizers limian, litou, libian and the disyllabification effect of the localizers, 2011; Tian in Cognitive analysis about the meaning of libian, waibian, limian, waimian, litou, waitou, 2011) dealt with issues regarding different meanings and structures of these phrases but they failed to systematically investigate these three localizers from a cognitive perspective. My proposal in short is that in the zai-construction, when NP is a specific noun, the distribution of these three localizers (bian ‘side’, mian ‘surface’, tou ‘head’) is semantically restricted in some situations. In contrast, when NP is a combination of a noun and a localizer, there is no restriction on the distribution of these three localizers, etc.. In addition, the use of these localizers can somewhat show the conceptual metaphorical mappings (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980) and subjectivity (Traugott in Language 65:31–55, 1989) embodied in individual mind.
... Against this background, a cross-current of research has developed that supports the contention that tone is encoded like segments, as proposed in Wan and Jaeger (1998) and earlier work (Fromkin, 1980;Moser, 1991;Shen, 1993). Wan (2006) examined 876 tone errors in patients with aphasia and concluded that the impairment of tone is comparable to the impairment of consonants, thus showing a similar underlying architecture. ...
This article examines speech errors in Cantonese with the aim of fleshing out a larger speech production architecture for encoding phonological tone. A corpus was created by extracting 2,462 speech errors, including 668 tone errors, from audio recordings of natural conversations. The structure of these errors was then investigated in order to distinguish two contemporary approaches to tone in speech production. In the tonal frames account, tone is encoded like metrical stress, represented in abstract structural frames for a word. Because tone cannot be mis-selected in tonal frames, tone errors are expected to be rare and non-contextual, as observed with stress. An alternative is that tone is actively selected in phonological encoding like phonological segments. This approach predicts that tone errors will be relatively common and exhibit the contextual patterns observed with segments, like perseveration and anticipation. In our corpus, tone errors are the second most common type of error, and the majority of errors exhibit contextual patterns that parallel segmental errors. Building on prior research, a two-stage model of phonological tone encoding is proposed, following the patterns seen in tone errors: Tone is phonologically selected concurrently with segments, but then sequentially assigned after segments to a syllable.
... A slip of the tongue occurs when the speaker's utterance differs in some way from the presumably intended one (Fromkin 1971, Fromkin 1973, Fromkin 1980Stemberger 1989). Contemporary psychology and linguistics have not been indifferent to the slips of the tongue, which have not only been interpreted as one of the reasons of linguistic mutability (Saussure 1949(Saussure [1916Sturtevant 1917;Jespersen 1922;MacKay 1970), but also as a means for accounting for the process of speech production (Freud 1924;Lashley 1951;Boomer and Laver 1968;MacKay 1970;Dell 1979;Dell and Reich 1977, Dell and Reich 1980a, Dell and Reich 1980bReich 1985;Lamb 1999). ...
They are a good deal more than amusing (or embarrassing) errors of speech. The collection and analysis of such errors provides important clues to how speech is organized in the nervous system.
Victoria A. Fromkin (1973: 110)Also, most current linguistics fails to consider various kinds of anomalous data which actually reveal very important information about the structure of the mental system which underlies our linguistic abilities, including slips of the tongue and unintentional puns.
Sydney M. Lamb (1999: 9)
Abstract
The socio-cognitive approach to pragmatics [SCA] is based on two fundamental hypotheses: (1) speaker and hearer are equal participants in the communicative process, (2) communication is the result of the interplay of intention and attention, as this interplay is motivated by the individuals’ private socio-cultural backgrounds. In this paper, I aim at showing that relational network theory (which has been mainly developed by the American neurolinguist Sydney M. Lamb) allow us to account not only for aspects corresponding to intention or attention, but also for “smooth communication” and “bumpy communication” (being the latter the dimension which includes unintended meanings). Four actual slips of the tongue will be relevant examples thanks to which it can be recognized how cooperation and intention are in a highly complex interaction together with the substantial elements of the individual traits: attention, private experience, egocentrism, and salience. Within this context, the relational account is epistemologically crucial. Firstly, it allows us to represent the neurocognitive structures that enable a person to produce or understand utterances. Secondly, it helps us to suggest that canonical pragmatics (like Speech Acts Theory, Gricean Pragmatics, Relevance Theory) cannot even consider actual and relevant phenomena like slips of the tongue, because they focus on cooperative intention and they neglect (or discard) egocentric attention.
... Les linguistes et les psycholinguistes s'intéressent depuis longtemps aux "turbulences" dans la production orale -hésitations, reprises, reformulations, erreurs -pour ce qu'elles révèlent sur le processus du traitement du langage (Clark et Clark, 1977; Blanche-Benveniste et Jeanjean, 1987). Certains chercheurs se sont penchés plus spécifiquement sur les erreurs de performance (Fromkin, 1973(Fromkin, , 1980, les phénomènes d'hésitation et les pauses (Goldman-Eisler, 1972;Butterworth, 1980), les reprises de parole et leurs corrections (Levelt, 1983(Levelt, , 1989Blanche-Benveniste, 1990;Gülich et Kotschi, 1983. La recherche en langue seconde ou étrangère (L2) se penche traditionnellement sur le produit plutôt que sur le processus de la production orale des apprenants. ...
This paper reports a study that investigated self-corrections in spontaneous oral narratives. Seventeen adults students of French as a foreign language were asked to imagine the story from a cartoon and a short silent film. Their performances were recorded and then transcribed. The corpus obtained contains 17255 words. The aim of the study is to provide surface descriptions and classifications of self-corrections and to determine their relationships to linguistic error. Four major types of self-corrections were distinguished: morphological, syntactic, semantic and lexical. The analysis shows that self-corrections are not only a mecanism used to repair errors but also a strategy used by the learners to buy time for lexical search and to promote greater oral fluency. Different cases of improved fluency via self-corrections are discussed, where prefabricated language also seems to play a strategic role.
... Freud az elszólások bravúros elemzéseivel az elakadási jelenségek révén a nyelvi folyamatokat mint a tudattalan erők mindannyiunk viselkedését irányító jellegének bizonyítékát mutatta be (Freud, 1958 -azért erre a kiadásra hivatkozom, mert Fónagy is ezt használta). Azóta a habozási és hibázási folyamatok elemzése egyszerre áll a kognitív és a pszichoanalitikus értelmezések fókuszában, egymásra vonatkoztatva a száz éve elindított fonetikai és pszichoanalitikus hagyományt (Fromkin, 1980;Dell, 1995). A huszadik század közepén pedig Lacan (1966) a Freudhoz visszatérést a strukturális nyelvészeti és antropológiai eszmerendszer és a pszichoanalízis összekapcsolásával hirdette meg, a nem tudatos jelölési viszonyok és a szerkezeti oppozíciók előtérbe állításával. ...
A kettős kódolás és a nem tudatos mozzanatok a nyelvben: Fónagy Iván koncepciója A pszichoanalízis a kezdetektől a huszadik század kései fejleményeiig mindig központi szerepet tulajdonított a nyelvi folyamatoknak. Freud az elszólások bravúros elemzéseivel az elakadási jelenségek révén a nyelvi folyamatokat mint a tudattalan erők mindannyiunk viselkedését irányító jellegének bizonyítékát mutatta be (Freud, 1958-azért erre a kiadásra hivatkozom, mert Fónagy is ezt használta). Azóta a habozási és hibázási folyamatok elemzése egyszerre áll a kognitív és a pszichoanalitikus értelmezések fókuszában, egymásra vonatkoztatva a száz éve elindított fonetikai és pszichoanalitikus hagyományt (Fromkin, 1980; Dell, 1995). A huszadik század közepén pedig Lacan (1966) a Freudhoz visszatérést a strukturális nyelvészeti és antropológiai eszmerendszer és a pszichoanalízis összekapcsolásával hirdette meg, a nem tudatos jelölési viszonyok és a szerkezeti oppozíciók előtérbe állításával. Fónagy életműve ezek között a pólusok között is elhelyezhető. Ő egyszerre akarja tetten érni a nyelv egyéni használatában a nem tudatos folyamatokat, s ugyanakkor megmutatni a nyelvi rendszer tudattalan beágyazottságát is. Dolgozatom nem Fónagy Iván igen sokrétű munkásságnak átfogó elemzése kíván lenni. (Ehhez jó kiindulás nyelvészeti tekintetben egykori munkatársa, Szende Tamás áttekintése (Szende, 2008), a pszichoanalízis felől pedig Erős Ferenc és Szilas Judit életinterjúja (1997).) Csupán azt mutatom be, milyen érvekkel és milyen okból jutott el a nyelvész és pszichoanalitikus Fónagy a nyelvi viselkedés és a nyelvi rendszer pszichoanalitikus "lehorgonyzásához", a tudattalan nyelv koncepciójához. Az a gondolat, hogy van egy ősibb nyelv, melynek révén a nyelv egyszerre működik érzelmi és ezzel szexuális tartalmakat is kódoló és gondolati rendszerként, nem idegen egy másik pszichoanalitikus felfogástól sem. Mint korábbi cikkemben rámutattam, Thienemann Tivadar (Tass-Thienemann, 1967, 1973) egy statikus, nyelvileg főleg etimológiákra támaszkodó tudattalan szimbolizációs nyelvelméletet fejtett ki. Fónagy (1996/97, 64.) egyébként kései munkáiban-pl. 1996/97-ezekre hivatkozott is, mint a pszichoanalitikus célú "nyelvi ásatásokra". Kettejük felfogása azonban eltér dinamicitásában. "Thienemann felfogásában az Id elfelejtett nyelve mintegy feltolakszik a közlésekben. Van egy gyermeki Id-alapú nyelvünk, amely nem az egyéni élet során alakul ki, hanem ősi, elfeledett-s ez lenne valódi Id-nyelv. Fónagy felfogásában viszont minden nyelvi folyamatban egy kettős kódolás lelhető fel. A
... Pour Fromkin (1983) par exemple, "the semantic function of accents does not exclude a dependence on syntax and morphology. There is no new evidence to counter the claim made by Fromkin (1971Fromkin ( , 1977Fromkin ( , 1980 and Garrett (1975) that phrasal stress (which can coincide with accent) is determined by syntactic structure. [...] primary stress or accent [...] must be assigned after the syntax is determined." ...
Cette communication traite des aspects linguistiques et psychologiques de l'encodage prosodique en situation de lecture. L'objectif de cette communication est de montrer, dans le cadre de 36 lectures d'un texte, que les locuteurs, après la phase de compréhension du texte (l'apprentissage) adaptent très précisément leur prosodie au contenu linguistique des signifiés et à la situation de communication : ceci selon nous définit l'interprétation personnelle que le locuteur accorde au texte. L'expérimentation utilise d'une part les ressources d'une base de données, d'autre part les moyens d'une modélisation linguistique très complète dans les domaines de la syntaxe, de la sémantique, de la pragmatique, analysant finement les processus de signification et de construction du sens au sein des unités lexicales par l'intermédiaire de 6 modèles pour la plupart originaux. Ainsi les prédictions de nature quantitative, opérées par les modèles linguistiques théoriques rendent compte des modulations des indices mélodiques dans la proportion de 87%. L'adaptation des locuteurs au contenu des signifiés du texte et à la situation de communication apparaît de manière très claire lorsque les consignes de lecture deviennent de plus en plus contraignantes en mettant en scène un auditeur fictif, l'homme, puis la machine. Cette expérimentation montre que les fonctions syntaxiques, sémantiques et pragmatiques sont exercées de manière complémentaire par les paramètres prosodiques, les indices de l'énergie et de la durée exerçant une fonction syntaxique de démarcation, et les indices issus de la fréquence fondamentale définissant essentiellement une fonction sémantique et pragmatique.
... -Speech errors Speech errors are commonly used to investigate the underlying linguistic system (Fromkin 1973(Fromkin , 1980, even though the idea is not universally accepted (Meyer 1992). Recent work includes Shattuck-Hufnagel (1983, 1986, Berg (1997), Dell (2014), Nooteboom and Quené (2015). ...
This article reviews some of the universal features of humorous wordplay which include the phonological mechanisms used to manipulate strings, the semantic oppositeness found in incongruity, the pseudo-logical Cratylistic resolution of the incongruity, and the relative distribution of types of wordplay involving different types of ambiguity and alliteration.
... A speaker or writer starts out with a meaning which has to bematched to the most appropriate form; while a listener or reader begins with a form (spoken or written) that has to be matched to a meaning. Early research on word retrieval focused on speaking and studied slips of the tongue (Fromkin 1980) where a wrong word had been chosen. The aim was to comparethe wrong word with the intended one to get some idea of what criteria were directing the search. ...
A review of psycholinguistic accounts of the four language skills, with particular relevance to the teaching of Modern Foreign Languages. The chapter covers a) current theories of how language is stored in the mind and b) simplified accounts of the processes that contribute to competent performance in each of the four skills. There is also a brief mention of the roles of attention and automaticity in the development of those skills.
... Linguists have long used speech errors to better understand speech production (Bierwisch, 2009;Erard, 2007;Fromkin, 1973Fromkin, , 1980. Many empirical studies have done the same with performances of composed music (Drake & Palmer, 2000;Maidhof, 2013;Maidhof et al., 2009;Palmer & Drake, 1997;Palmer & Pfordresher, 2003). ...
This paper builds on writings in psychology and philosophy to offer an “ecological” description of jazz improvisation. The description is grounded in the analogy of navigation through a complex environment, an environment that comprises the harmonic and metrical scheme on which the improvisation is based coupled with broader stylistic norms. The improvising soloist perceives this environment in terms of its “affordances,” that is, the possibilities for action that it offers (Gibson, 1979). While navigating the improvisational environment, the soloist also seeks opportunities for artistic display—motivic development, conspicuous risk-taking, and so on. Errors in improvisation reflect the soloist’s misperception of the environment’s affordances. Learning to improvise is a matter of refining perception through repeated experiences of improvisational success and failure. To bring the description to life, I offer evidence from an exploratory study of improvisational errors. The ecological description leads to new interpretations of the referent (the conceptual frame for a solo), improvisational learning and memory, and temporal coordination between soloist and ensemble. It counterbalances the prevailing computational view of improvisation, oriented around input, processing, and output.
In psycholinguistics, the systematic study of language production has begun to take a place beside the study of language comprehension as a means to the end of understanding human language use. Because a major and very visible component of speaking a language is knowing how to create forms to carry messages, efforts to explain language production must confront long-standing questions about the relationship between structure and function in psychological explanation. One traditionally appealing view of that relationship in the realm of language is that sentence structures are associated with or reducible to the general forces of cognition that drive interpretation and communication. This article surveys some of the challenges to this view that emerge from the study of speech errors, and sketches the progress that has been made in developing an alternative view, renewing the argument that syntactic structures are necessary elements in an explanation of language use.
The human language capacity stands at the very top of the intellectual abilities of us human beings, and it ranks incommensurably higher than the intellectual powers of any other organism or any robot. It vastly exceeds the touted capacities of "artificial intelligence" with respect to creativity, freedom of will (control of thoughts and words), and moral responsibility. These are traits that robots cannot possess and that can only be understood by human beings. They are no part of the worlds of robots and artificial intelligences, but those entities, and all imaginable fictions, etc., are part of our real world...
True narrative representations (TNRs) can express and can faithfully interpret every kind of meaning or form in fictions, errors, lies, or nonsensical strings seeming in any way to be representations. None of the latter, however, can represent even the simplest TNR ever created by an intelligent person. It has been proved logically, in the strictest forms of mathematical logic, that all TNRs that seem to have been produced by mechanisms, robots, or artificial intelligence, must be contained within a larger and much more far-reaching TNR that cannot be explained mechanistically by any stretch of imagination. These unique constructions of real intelligence, that is, genuine TNRs, (1) have the power to determine actual facts; (2) are connected to each other in non-contradictory ways; and (3) are generalizable to all contexts of experience to the extent of the similarities of those contexts up to a limit of complete identity. What the logico-mathematical theory of TNRs has proved to a fare-thee-well is that only TNRs have the three logical properties just iterated. No fictions, errors, lies, nor any string of nonsense has any of those unique formal perfections.
The book is about how the human language capacity is developed over time by human beings beginning with TNRs known to us implicitly and actually even before we are born. All scientific endeavors, all the creations of the sciences, arts, and humanities, all the religions of the world, and all the discoveries of experience utterly depend on the prior existence of the human language capacity and our power to comprehend and produce TNRs. Without it we could not enjoy any of the fruits of human experience. Nor could we appreciate how things go wrong when less perfect representations are treated, whether accidentally or on purpose, as TNRs.
In biology, when DNA, RNA, and protein languages are corrupted, the proximate outcome is disorder, followed by disease, and if not arrested or corrected, the end results is the catastrophic systems failure known as death. The book is about life and death. Both are dependent on TNRs in what comes out to be an absolute dependency from the logico-mathematical perspective. Corrupt the TNRs on which life depends, and death will follow. Retain and respect TNRs and well-being can be preserved. However, ultimate truth does not reside in material entities or the facts represented by TNRs. It resides exclusively in the TNRs themselves and they do not originate from material entities. They are from God Almighty and do not depend at all on any material thing or body. TNRs outrank the material facts that they incorporate and represent. It may seem strange, but this result is more certain, I believe, than the most recent findings of quantum physics. Representations are connected instantaneously. Symbol speed is infinitely faster than the speed of light.
In the larger perspective of history, when TNRs are deliberately corrupted, the chaos of wars, pestilence, and destruction follows as surely as night follows day. The human language capacity makes us responsible in a unique manner for our thoughts, words, and actions. While it is true that no one ever asked us if we wanted to have free will or not, the fact that we have it can be disputed only by individuals who engage in a form of self-deception that borders on pathological lying, the kind that results when the deceiver can no longer distinguish between actions actually performed in past experience and sequences of imagined events invented to avoid taking responsibility for real actions that were or will be performed, or possibly to take credit for actions never performed. On the global scale such misrepresentations lead to the sort of destruction witnessed at Sodom in the day of Abraham. That historical destruction has recently been scientifically revealed at the site of Tall el-Hammam in Jordan. More about that and all of the foregoing in the book.
If you encounter errors, please point them out to the author at john.oller@protonmail.com. Thank you.
The realisation that signed languages are true languages is one of the great discoveries of linguistic research. The work of many sign language researchers has revealed deep similarities between signed and spoken languages in their structure, acquisition and processing, as well as differences, arising from the differing articulatory and perceptual constraints under which signed languages are used and learned. This book provides a cross-linguistic examination of the properties of many signed languages, including detailed case studies of Hong Kong, British, Mexican and German sign languages. The contributions to this volume, by some of the most prominent researchers in the field, focus on a single question: to what extent is linguistic structure influenced by the modality of language? Their answers offer particular insights into the factors that shape the nature of language and contribute to our understanding of why languages are organised as they are.
The realisation that signed languages are true languages is one of the great discoveries of linguistic research. The work of many sign language researchers has revealed deep similarities between signed and spoken languages in their structure, acquisition and processing, as well as differences, arising from the differing articulatory and perceptual constraints under which signed languages are used and learned. This book provides a cross-linguistic examination of the properties of many signed languages, including detailed case studies of Hong Kong, British, Mexican and German sign languages. The contributions to this volume, by some of the most prominent researchers in the field, focus on a single question: to what extent is linguistic structure influenced by the modality of language? Their answers offer particular insights into the factors that shape the nature of language and contribute to our understanding of why languages are organised as they are.
Spontaneous speech errors provide valuable evidence not only for the processes that mediate between a communicative intention and the articulation of an utterance but also for the types of grammatical entities that are manipulated during production. This study proposes an analysis of speech errors that is informed by grammar theory. In particular, it is shown how characteristic properties of erroneous German utterances can be accounted for within Distributed Morphology (DM). The investigation focuses on two groups of errors: Errors that result from the manipulation of semantic and morphosyntactic features, and errors which appear to involve the application of a post-error repair strategy. It is argued that a production model which incorporates DM allows for a straightforward account of the attested, sometimes complex, error patterns. DM mechanisms, for instance, render unnecessary the assumption of repair processes. Besides providing an account for the attested error patterns, the theory also helps us in explaining why certain errors do not occur. In this sense, DM makes for a psychologically real model of grammar.
Recent approaches to interventions for aphasia have incorporated verbal short-term memory (STM) and working memory (WM) components. We investigated whether a treatment involving repetition of word sequences after a response delay would improve tolerance of increased verbal STM load in repetition and, consequently, improve performance on repetition and other language tasks. Eight individuals with aphasia participated. We used a single subject design with outcome measures on near-transfer tasks closely related to the treatment task and far-transfer tasks more distantly related to the treatment task. We minimized repeated presentation of stimuli in all phases of treatment to control for confounding effects of repeated exposure of treated items. Four participants demonstrated modest acquisition effects. On outcome measures, we observed improvements by some participants on near-transfer tasks, (repetition of concrete and abstract word strings and verbal spans) and far-transfer tasks (naming and discourse). Some participants demonstrated a significant decline in word repetition accuracy after a response delay before treatment, indicating difficulty in maintaining activation of linguistic representations. It was these participants who showed the most improvement on outcome measures. More studies are needed to determine who will respond to this treatment and what factors might influence the effectiveness of this treatment approach.
A l’issue d’une étude empirique, cet article traite d’un type particulier d’erreurs dans l’acquisition du vocabulaire en français langue étrangère : la confusion lexicale intralinguale. 480 sujets anglophones et hellénophones de niveaux débutant, intermédiaire et avancé ont participé à une tâche de traduction de mots français, vers leur L1, l’anglais ou le grec. Une grande proportion des erreurs obtenues a révélé des confusions occasionnées par la similarité de forme et/ou de sens des mots cibles avec d’autres mots français connus par les apprenants. L’examen du rapport formel et/ou sémantique entre le mot erroné et le mot cible a permis une description plus nuancée de la confusion lexicale intranlinguale mettant ainsi en évidence des sous-catégories précises de ce que nous appellerons “les confusibles lexicaux”.
The paper presents a language production model referring the version of the Levelt model that is proposed by Roelofs starting from his 2005 paper. On the base of that model we argue that slips of the tongue and word finding failures, particularly tip-of-the-tongue states (TOT states), occur for the same reasons. This leads us to a sub classification of TOT states analogous to the sub classification of slips of the tongue. That sub classification of TOT states is evaluated against knowledge about the tip-of-the-tongue effect as presented in the literature.
Książka zawiera szczegółową analizę cech niepłynności, które powstają w trakcie spontanicznego mówienia. Niepłynność została ujęta jako konstytutywna, a więc nieodłączna cecha mówionej odmiany języka. Charakteryzuje bowiem każdą spontaniczną wypowiedź, także tę powstającą w sytuacji oficjalnej.
According to mainstream linguistic phonetics, speech can be modeled as a string of discrete sound segments or “phones” drawn from a universal phonetic inventory. Recent work has argued that a mature phonetics should refrain from theorizing about speech and speech processing using sound segments, and that the phone concept should be eliminated from linguistic theory. The paper lays out the tenets of the phone methodology and evaluates its prospects in light of the eliminativist arguments. I claim that the eliminativist arguments fail to show that the phone concept should be eliminated from linguistic theory.
The Spoken Language Translator (SLT) is a multi-lingual
speech-to-speech translation prototype supporting English, Swedish and
French within the air traffic information system (ATIS) domain. The
design of SLT is characterized by a strongly corpus-driven approach,
which accentuates the need for cost-efficient collection procedures to
obtain training data. This paper discusses various approaches to the
data collection issue pursued within a speech translation framework.
Original American English speech and language data have been collected
using traditional Wizard-of-Oz (WOZ) techniques, a relatively costly
procedure yielding high-quality results. The resulting corpus has been
translated textually into Swedish by a large number of native speakers
(427) and used as prompts for training the target language speech model.
This “budget” collection method is compared to the accepted
method, i.e., gathering data by means of a full-blown WOZ simulation.
The results indicate that although translation in this case proved
economical and produced considerable data, the method is not sensitive
to certain features typical of spoken language, for which WOZ is
superior
This is a classic edition of Geoffrey Beattie’s and Andrew Ellis’ influential introduction to the psychology of human language and communication, now including a new reflective introduction from the authors. Drawing on elements from many sub-disciplines, including cognitive and social psychology, psycholinguistics and neuropsychology, the book offers an approach which breaches conventional disciplinary boundaries. Exploring the diverse nature of communication, Beattie and Ellis focus on the range of human communicative channels and the variations which occur both between and within societies and cultures. Written from an informative and entertaining historical perspective, The Psychology of Language and Communication remains a key resource for anyone interested in the psychology of communication, language and linguistics, 30 years on from its first publication.
In 1847 something rather curious happened to some person about to prepare the printing of the 2-Pence-stamp for Mauritius: Instead of post paid he put post office as the imprint. Possibly, the man was distracted during his work, so his language planning system, say lexical access, was in an unstable state and therefore the more frequent lexical item, post office, interfered. In any case, this error yielded unexpected consequences — as surely everyone knows.
Austronesisches Worterverzeichnis. (Zeitschrift fur Eingeborenen-Sprachen, Supplement 19.) Berlin: Reimer
- Otto Dempwolff
- S J Esser
DEMPWOLFF, OTTO. 1938. Vergleichende Lautlehre des austronesischen Wortschatzes, 3: Austronesisches Worterverzeichnis. (Zeitschrift fur Eingeborenen-Sprachen, Supplement 19.) Berlin: Reimer. ESSER, S. J. 1938. Talen. Atlas van Tropisch Nederland, Sheet 9b. Amsterdam: Neder-landsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap. NIEMANN, G. K. 1869-70. Mededeelingen omtrent de Alfoersche taal van noordoost Celebes. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land-en Volkenkunde 3:4.205-51, 400-45;
Nguna grammar. (Oceanic Linguistics, Special publication 5
- Albert Schotz
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SCHOTZ, ALBERT J. 1969. Nguna grammar. (Oceanic Linguistics, Special publication 5.) Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. SNEDDON, J. N. 1975. Tondano phonology and grammar. (Pacific Linguistics, B-38.) Canberra: Australian National University.
Tip of the tongue and slip of the ear: Implications for language processing. (Working papers in phonetics Thinking about the brain
- References Browman
- B Catherine
REFERENCES BROWMAN, CATHERINE, B. 1978. Tip of the tongue and slip of the ear: Implications for language processing. (Working papers in phonetics, 42.) Los Angeles: UCLA. CRICK, F. H. C. 1979. Thinking about the brain. Scientific American, September, 219-32.
Speech errors as linguistic evidence. (Janua linguarum, series maior, 77.) The Hague The units of language acquisition. Working Papers in Linguistics
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FROMKIN, VICTORIA A. 1973 (ed.) Speech errors as linguistic evidence. (Janua linguarum, series maior, 77.) The Hague: Mouton. PETERS, ANN M. 1980. The units of language acquisition. Working Papers in Linguistics, University of Hawaii, 12.1-72. [Received 19 November 1981.]