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ZNACZENIE MIGRACJI W ŻYCIU ZAWODOWYM KOBIET I MĘŻCZYZN / THE IMPACT OF MIGRATION IN THE VOCATIONAL LIFE OF MEN AND WOMEN
... For women, migration was found to be, at times, an emancipatory decision, an opportunity to develop and challenge traditional gender roles or at least to rest from the pressures of managing the daily life of a family (Aziz 2015;Grabowska-Lusińska and Jaźwińska-Motylska 2013;Herzberg 2015;Main 2016;Main and Czerniejewska 2017;). Some women chose migration in order to flee from violence at home (Anacka et al. 2014;Kordasiewicz 2016). ...
... As Burrell (2010, 300) summarized: 'Work has been dominant in most of the larger research reports into accession migration and new migrants have generally been defined principally as workers'. However, a number of researchers soon started pointing out that work-and earnings-related motivations were not the only ones driving migrants to the UK and that there was much more to their stories: a quest for self-development, wanting to learn English, live an adventure, experience life in a dominant culture or a world metropolis such as London (Isański, Mleczko, and Eid 2014;King et al. 2016;Salamońska 2014, 2018;Trevena 2011) or -on the push side -leave the parental home or home town and experience a kind of passage into adulthood through migration (Grabowska 2016;Szewczyk 2016) or emancipate themselves from their family (Grabowska-Lusińska and Jaźwińska-Motylska 2013;Siara 2009). ...
This chapter focuses on Polish migrants in the UK who had been present in the country for generations but never in such large numbers as in the twenty-first century. The UK attracted a very broad spectrum of Poles, from non-graduates doing simple jobs to medical doctors and experts in finance. This study, based on qualitative interviews with 21 respondents residing in the UK, demonstrated that factors which they took into consideration in their migration decisions were dependent especially on their level of education and life stage. Non-graduates particularly responded to economic push factors in Poland, while the presence of social networks was the main pull factor determining their choice of destination. Graduates responded in particular to pull factors, which were not only economic but also cultural. Young singles focused on the cultural and life opportunities which Britain had to offer, whereas parents particularly underlined the value of an English-language education.
... For women, migration was found to be, at times, an emancipatory decision, an opportunity to develop and challenge traditional gender roles or at least to rest from the pressures of managing the daily life of a family (Aziz 2015;Barglowski and Pustulka 2018;Grabowska-Lusińska and Jaźwińska-Motylska 2013;Herzberg 2015;Main 2016;Main and Czerniejewska 2017;Siara 2009). Some women chose migration in order to flee from violence at home (Anacka et al. 2014;Kordasiewicz 2016). ...
This chapter, which starts with a short introduction to the history of migrations from Poland, focuses on the period after the country's European Union (EU) accession in 2004. Based on numerous existing publications, it discusses the relative importance of various push, pull and intervening factors for migration decisions, especially for choices between potential migration destinations. Push and pull factors are categorized as economic, cultural or social.
Human mobility is currently one of the central topics of interest for researchers around the world. This part of the book describes challenges connected with international migration, and the main goal is to present forces shaping the contemporary migration movement, data on the scale, changes in the number of people, age and sex structure of migrants participating in international migrations, and preliminary findings of the influence of the COVID-19. The second part of the chapter concerns the history of migration to Europe as an example of the region that transformed from predominantly emigration into immigration within the last 60 years. It describes also the so-called ‘European migration crisis’ of 2015 and the crisis triggered by Russia's aggression against Ukraine in 2022 as unexpected events shaping migration features. Focusing on selected issues author’s intention is to counter stereotypical views on contemporary international migration. In many countries, we can see an increase in citizens’ concern about the influx of migrants, which leads to a radicalization of discourse and attitudes, but often results from ignorance of the history of migration, its actual scale and nature. The feeling that migration is increasing is often associated with a strong ‘visibility’ of some migrants, who are the subject of media interest of politicians, as well as the bargaining chip of election campaigns and ideological projects. The chapter presents data and explanations for some controversies so that everyone can form their own opinion.
No migration theory is broad enough to shed light on the decisions of the whole spectrum of Polish post-European Union (EU) accession migrants. Migration scholars have argued for combining existent migration theories or using different ones for different stages of the migration process. This chapter proposes a framework of factors influencing migration decisions based on the push–pull framework of Everett Lee and his followers. It does not treat the framework as a migration theory but rather as a way to categorize factors which can be explained by various migration theories, most notably the neoclassical theory, New Economics of Labour Migration, network theory and the concept of lifestyle migration, as well as factors which are still not well theorised. A ‘tree’ of push/retain factors in the origin, pull/repel factors in the destinations, as well as intervening and personal factors was elaborated based on the literature regarding Polish post-accession migration. Looking separately at factors at the origin and factors at the destination facilitates the analysis of choices made between different destinations. The framework can also be used to compare initial migration decisions and decisions to remain at the destination.
Gender influences most aspects of migration, placing migrants in slightly different positions in the host country. Gender differences are visible not only in masculinized or feminized migration streams, but also in those that are balanced in terms of gender ratio. In the case of Polish migrations to Germany, the third type of migration streams dominates. This type of migration is characterized by a relatively equal gender structure of Polish migrants. The main aim of this paper is to identify the migration experiences of Poles in the context of revealing gender differences and their potential impact on everyday life in the host country. The article was prepared based on the results of original quantitative (surveys) and qualitative (in-depth interviews) social research conducted among Polish women and men living in Berlin and Hamburg. The example of Germany as a host country allowed to prove that Polish women and men migrants experience the migration process differently. A significant difference in the context of gender was revealed in the following areas: activity in the public sphere, satisfaction with remuneration and level of knowledge of the German language.
The issues of the research carried out fall within the scope of the determinants of divorce
conflict and coping with it. The subject of the research are factors that condition the postponing of divorce decision (manifesting itself in the form of the suspension of divorce
proceedings).
It has been assumed that the durability of marriage is a value which needs to be protected,
hence the importance of such actions of the spouses which aim at reconstructing the bonds
of marriage. These actions include the suspension of divorce proceedings. The factors that
determine the decision concerning the suspension have been analysed. In order to do so,
the spouses who decide on the suspension of divorce proceedings and those who take the
final decision to get divorced have been compared.
In the research carried out, it has been assumed that there are specific conditions for
the suspension of divorce proceedings. They are as follows: maturity for marriage, conjugal
family of origin, marriage duration, income, duration of mediation sessions, engagement of
an attorney in the proceedings, participation in a therapy. In view of the above, the following
hypotheses have been drawn: spouses who suspend divorce proceedings, compared to those
getting divorced, are characterized by greater maturity (manifested by empathy, caring for
the well-being of the children, caring for financial security of the family, fidelity, the will to
forgive, help in difficult situations and responsibility), more frequently come from conjugal
families, more seldom declare premarital pregnancy, are characterized by a longer duration
of marriage, have higher incomes, spend less time at mediation sessions, more often decide
to participate in a therapy. A research question regarding the reasons for the deterioration
of marital relations has also been posed.
The aforementioned hypotheses have made it possible to determine research variables –
dependent and independent. The dependent variable is the type of a settlement reached, i.e.
a written contract between the disputing parties, the aim of which is to reach an agreement.
The settlement takes one of the two forms: a suspension of divorce proceedings (spouses
decide to postpone the divorce decision) or a divorce (spouses sign a divorce agreement, in
which they state that economic, physical, psychical and spiritual bonds between them have
extinguished). Independent variables, in turn, refer to other conditions for postponing the
divorce decision, which have been listed earlier.
The data for the research have been gathered from interviews. Two interviews have been
made with spouses who have filled divorce petitions and agreed to be interviewed and for
the data obtained from these interviews to be used anonymously. The data gathered from
interview 1 contained the following information regarding the characteristics of the group studied: the age of the spouse, the age of entering into marriage, the level of education, living
together or apart, the plaintiff ’s sex, the number of children, the number of siblings, the
type of marriage entered into, the marital status at the moment of entering into marriage.
The interviews have also made it possible to gather data concerning the family of origin
(conjugal/broken), premarital pregnancy, the duration of marriage, spouses’ income, the
duration of mediation sessions, hiring an attorney, the declaration to take part in a therapy.
During interview no. 1 the researcher also posed a question regarding the reasons for the
deterioration of marital relations: ‘What caused the deterioration of marital relations?’ The
researcher noted down literal responses of the persons being questioned.
Interview 2 was constructed on the basis of pilot studies and subject literature. It
concerned spouse perception of their maturity for marriage (app. 2). The interview was of
a structured character. It consisted of 10 closed questions to which the persons responded
‘yes’ or ‘no’. The questions concerned the following aspects of maturity: caring for children’s well-being, caring for financial security of the family, help in difficult situations, the
willingness to forgive, empathy, fidelity and responsibility (accepting the consequences of
one’s own actions, keeping commitments, the feeling of guilt in the case of hurting family
members, striving toward redressing the wrong).
It must be emphasised that (app. 1) all married couples (i.e. 333), including 46 couples
suspending divorce proceedings and 287 couples getting divorced participated in the first
interview (nevertheless, full data were not gathered from all spouses, hence different number
of persons questioned are presented in particular tables).
In the second interview concerning maturity (app. 2), 82 married couples participated,
including 46 couples getting divorced, selected in such a way that both groups (spouses
getting divorced and those suspending the divorce proceedings) were as similar to each
other as possible in terms of age, duration of marriage, the number of children, the level of
education, age when entering into marriage, marital status at the moment of entering into
marriage.
Quantity strategy has been used in the research paper. Regularities achieved by means
of the statistic analysis method have provided a general picture of the situation of spouses
getting divorced and facilitated a confrontation of the results with statistic model assumptions. These regularities have been completed with spouses’ statements, which have given
a new significance to the results obtained within the statistic analysis and have provided
interesting possibilities to interpret them. Additionally, the aforementioned statements
have enriched the contents of this thesis, as individual’s opinions often appeal more to the
reader than „dry” statistical data.
The thesis consists of three parts: theoretical, methodological and empirical. In the
theoretical part (consisting of three chapters) the following issues have been analysed:
spouses’ psychological maturity, values and their significance in spouses’ lives (with specific
consideration given to the values of education), divorce as a social problem (statistical data
illustrating the situation of divorces in Poland), the reasons for a divorce conflict, the state
of research regarding psychosocial consequences of divorce for parents and children. Taking into consideration the fact that the research describes married couples participating
in mediation, the theoretical part includes basic information about it and the procedure of
suspending divorce proceedings.
The methodological part includes research questions and hypotheses, the method of
gathering data, variables and research procedure. The research group has been described,
taking into account its characteristic features, such as the age of spouses, the age at the
moment of getting married, level of education, type of living (together/apart), the number
of children, the number of siblings, the marital status of the spouses at the moment of
getting married.
The next five chapters – empirical – refer directly to the hypotheses tested and to the
responses to research questions concerning the causes of the deterioration of marriage
relations.
It has been assumed in this thesis that marriage is a value, hence factors considered to be
especially important are those underlying the decision to suspend the divorce proceedings
for some time in order to fix the damaged relations. The results of the research carried out
have confirmed all the verified hypotheses, so it turned out that both spouses’ maturity
(including responsibility), conjugal family of origin, longer duration of marriage, higher
income, shorter mediation sessions as well as declaration to participate in a therapy favour
the suspension of divorce proceedings. In turn, the decision to get divorced coexists with
declaring premarital pregnancy and hiring an attorney in mediation. In response to the
research questions posed, such causes have also been named which in the opinion of the
spouses researched have had a decisive influence on the deterioration of marital relations,
and as such favoured divorce and not the suspension of divorce proceedings. They are as follows (listed from the most frequently to the most infrequently declared): adultery, mother-
-in-law’s interference, addiction, problems with work, child’s birth, a child from previous
relationship, illness and disability in the family, father-in-law’s interference, miscarriage,
departure abroad, others. The results of statistical analysis have shown the following reasons
for the deterioration of marital relations, which significantly differentiate the group getting
divorced from the one suspending divorce proceedings: adultery, addiction, problems with
work, child’s birth.
It must be emphasised that while both verifying the hypotheses tested and discussing
the reasons for the deterioration of marital relations, statements regarding maturity with
special concern given to the value of responsibility have been searched for in the spouses’
statements. It has been assumed that maturity and pursuing values in life have key significance for postponing the decision about divorce.
Numerous detailed issues experienced by spouses in the divorce crisis have been listed
in the thesis. Knowing these problems and the attempts to solve them may be used during
various meetings and workshops, which aim at shaping correct attitudes towards marriage
and family. Using some problem illustrations in writing educational programs for schools,
preparing young people for married life is also worth considering.
This article, based on the results of CBOS (Public Opinion Research Center) and KBPN
(National Bureau for Drug Prevention) research entitled "Youth 2013", looks for answers to
the questions about the condition of contemporary Polish youth, their system of norms and values, about plans for the future, as well as risks and concerns associated with this future. It illustrates trends in changes to lifestyles, attitudes and behaviors of young Poles.
Artykuł prezentuje wyniki badań nad wzorami karier zawodowych podejmowanych przez robotników i ludzi biznesu w okresie głębokiej zmiany społecznej w Polsce po 1989 roku. Pojęcia kariery, zasobów i pracy biograficznej umożliwiły zbadanie interakcji „obiektywnych” i „subiektywnych” aspektów życia zawodowego. Zastosowanie metodologii teorii ugruntowanej do analizy ponad dwustu wywiadów narracyjnych ze współczesnymi polskimi robotnikami i ludźmi biznesu pozwoliło na wykroczenie poza analizę indywidualnych przypadków i rekonstrukcję typologii karier. Wyróżnione wzory „kotwicy”, „patchworku” i „konstrukcji” idą w poprzek podziałów wyznaczonych przez dyskurs „wygranych” i „przegranych” transformacji, hierarchię organizacyjną oraz stratyfikację. Najbardziej nagradzany w nowej rzeczywistości wzór wielotorowej i długofalowo planowanej kariery-konstrukcji okazuje się jednak trudno dostępny dla większości robotników, drobnych przedsiębiorców i niższej kadry menedżerskiej. W efekcie, obiektywne nierówności na poziomie posiadanych zasobów przekładają się na procesy biograficzne prowadząc do „naturalizacji” chaotycznej kariery-patchwork oraz „pracy na pozycję” w obrębie kariery długofalowo zakotwiczonej w jednej firmie.
International migration processes have drastically changed the face of Dutch society. Following changes in migration patterns, the research on migrants and crime is developing into two distinct lines of research. The postcolonial guest worker migrations from the 1950s and 1960s and subsequent family reunification led to attention to problems of crime among second-generation youngsters. More recently, asylum migration (peaking in the 1990s) and irregular migration generated problems of crime among first-generation asylum seekers and immigrants without a residence status. These groups are much more fragmented than the preceding immigrant groups, and their societal position is even more vulnerable. Findings in both fields make clear that research on immigrants and crime should take into account the changing contexts of reception and incorporation. The role of the state has become crucial in understanding some of the patterns found.
Based on 115 interviews with Polish mothers in the UK and Poland, as well as a specially-commissioned opinion poll, this topical book discusses recent Polish migration to the UK. In a vivid account of every stage of the migration process, the book explores why so many Poles have migrated since 2004, why more children migrate with their families and how working-class families in the West of England make decisions about whether to stay. With a fully revised introduction for the paperback edition, it covers many broader themes - including livelihoods and migration cultures in Poland, experiences of integration into UK communities and issues surrounding return to Poland. This book is highly relevant to migration policy across Europe and beyond. It will be of interest to policy-makers and the general public as well as students and scholars. Winner of the BASEES George Blazyca Prize 2011.
The abstract for this document is available on CSA Illumina.To view the Abstract, click the Abstract button above the document title.
A Risky Business? geeft een gedetailleerde analyse van de besluitvormingsprocessen van vrouwelijke oekraïense migranten die naar Polen emigreren om daar als huishoudelijke hulp te gaan werken. Deze studie laat zien hoe de sociale banden en migrantenorganisaties de machtsongelijkheid tussen een migrant, de staat en een werkgever effectief verkleinen. A Risky Business? belicht de complexheid aan risico's enerwaar arbeidsmigranten mee te maken hebben en hun behendige reactie daarop.
Młode pokolenie chłopów, t. 1, Państwowy Instytut Kultury Wsi
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