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Investigation of Phytohormonal Potential of Some Selected Tropical Plants
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the phytohormonal potential of eight selected tropical plants. Seeds of Tribulus terrestris, Mucuna pruriens, Myristica fragrans, Glycine maximum, leaves of Hyptis suaveolens, Allium cepa, root of Daucus carota and rhizomes of Dioscorea uillosa were evaluated for phytohormonal and metabolite constituents for possible extraction to enhance reproductive performance in livestock. The selected plant parts were analyzed for metabolites such as saponin, alkaloids, flavonoids, oxalates and saponin, as well as plant hormones such as auxin, absussic, cytokinin and gibberellins. The result revealed that flavonoid was significantly low in all the selected plants. Saponin was highly significant (p<0.05) in Tribulus terrestris, Myristica fragrans, Dioscorea villosa and Daucus carota. Phytates was highly significant in Mucuna pruriens, Hyptis suaveolens, Glycine maximum and Allium cepa. Oxalates and alkaloids ranged between slightly low and medium in all the selected plants. Auxin was significantly high in Mucuna pruriens, Myristica fragrans, Allium cepa, Hyptis suaveolens and Glycine maximum, while gibberellins was significantly high in Tribulus terrestris, Dioscorea villosa and Daucus carota. Absussic and cytokinin flunctuate between low and medium in all the selected plants except in Hyptis suaveolens where cytokinin was not significantly different from auxin. In conclusion, selected plants such as Tribulus terrestris, Myristica fragrans, Dioscorea villosa and Daucus carota with high saponin will hypothetically be use to enhance reproductive performance of animals generally. Myristica fragrans might be useful in females due to its high saponin and auxin, while Dioscorea villosa and Daucus carota could be use on males due to its high saponin and gibberellins. Tribulus terrestris, Allium cepa, Hyptis suaveolens and Glycine maximum could be researched for phytohormonal effect on both sexes.
... Nutmeg consists of pulp (77.8%), mace (4%), shell (5.1%), and seeds (13.1%) (Nurdjannah, 2007). The chemical composition of nutmeg plants includes flavonoids 1.37%, oxalate 22.14 mg, saponins 49.32% alkaloids 8.42%, and phytate 16.00% (Okukpe, et al., 2012). The active ingredients contained in nutmeg are minerals, Vitamin A, Vitamin B, vitamin C, folic acid, riboflavin, niacin, and many flavonoids (Fahmi & Wuryandini, 2020). ...
The knowledge transfer of chemistry with unfamiliar topics may cause students to struggle to understand it. Conversely, if the concepts learned are associated with local wisdom through project assignments, it will produce meaningful learning. This study aims to analyze: the activities, learning outcomes, and students' and teachers’ responses to the ethnoscience-PjBL learning model. The research type is descriptive with a qualitative approach. The research subjects were 21 students of class XI-MIPA. Data collection techniques used were activity observation, tests, and students’ and teachers’ questionnaires. The research instruments included activity observation sheets, test sheets, and learner’s and teacher’s questionnaire sheets. The data was analyzed by using the percentage formula. The results showed that: (1) giving questions or problems step obtained an average percentage of 91.6%. The planning step, setting the work schedule, and monitoring the project gained an average percentage of 100%. The product assessment step obtained an average percentage of 82%. The project evaluation step obtained an average percentage of 62.5% in the application of the PjBL model, (2) the student’s learning outcomes reached an average score of 83.4, and (3) it received a positive response from students and teachers with an average percentage of 83.2% and 94% respectively. To conclude the application of the ethnoscience-laden PjBL model on colloid received positive responses and the completeness of learning outcomes reached a percentage of 100%
... 8 The plant also possesses antiulcer activities due to the presence of essential elements and nutrients such as phosphate, nitrogen, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in it 9 ; the plant also showed the properties of antilithiatic, anthelmintic, as well as hepatoprotective, 10 antioxidant, 11 herbicidal and insecticidal, 12 antidiarrhoeal and gastroprotection. 13 In the work of Okukpe et al, 14 H. suaveolens showed the Agricultural application by studying the impact of leaf extract on seed germination and seedling growth. H. suaveolens is also used as food as a source of food nutrients. ...
Hyptis suaveolens is a widely well-known species of the Lamiaceae family. This plant is regarded as noxious exotic invasive weeds. It has medicinal and insecticidal properties and is used in traditional medicine to treat various illnesses. This review examines the potential utility of the understudied plant species H. suaveolens for future drug development and design, the existence of medicinally significant secondary metabolites, and their potential pharmacological and pharmacognostic importance. Search engines such as Science Direct, Google Scholar, Springer Link, PubMed, and Scopus were used to find data and information to write this paper. Alkaloids, essential oils, terpenoids, sterols, tannins, saponins, and flavonoids are only a few of the phytochemicals abundant in H. suaveolens that have therapeutic value. These bioactive compounds possess diaphoretic, analgesic, gastroprotective, antiviral, antimicrobial, anticancer, antispasmodic, antirheumatic, antibacterial, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, and antiulcer properties. Among the polyphenolic substances found in high concentration in H. suaveolens are methyl rosamarinate, p-coumaric acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, prodelphinidins, syringic acid, profisetinidins, protocatechuic acid, gentisic acid, caffeic acid, rosamarinic acid, and proanthocyanidins. In H. suaveolens, some terpenoid bioactive compounds such as ursolic acid, methyl suaveolate, suaveolic acid, beta-sitosterol, and suaveolol are available in different parts of the plant. Some essential compounds, such as Linoleic acid, Palmitic acid, and Oleic acid, are found in the seed oils of H. suaveolens. Pentacyclic triterpenoid and ursolic acid from H. suaveolens have been reported to have effective antiviral responses. The plant extract is used to prepare silver and copper nanoparticles for different biological activities. Due to these characteristics, the plant may be able to treat resistant and recently discovered bacterial and viral infections instead of conventional medications.
... Pada pengembangan di bidang industri, sudah banyak perusahaan jamu memilih menggunakan biji pala sebagai salah satu bahan baku atau komponen penyusun jamu untuk obat anti lemas, analgetik dan ekspektoran 3 . Menurut Okukpe et al., (2012) kandungan kimia pada Biji Pala yaitu antara lain, flavonoid 1,37 %, oxalate 22,14 mg, saponin 49,32 %, alkaloid 8,42%, dan phytate 16,00%. Kandungan aktif yang terdapat dalam buah pala antara lain mineral, vitamin A, vitamin B, vitamin C, asam folat, riboflavin, niacin, dan banyak flavonoid 4 . ...
Biji pala ( Myristica fragrans Houtt ) merupakan bagian dari tanaman pala yang berasal dari Kepulauan Maluku, Indonesia yang dikenal memiliki khasiat sebagai insektisidal, fungisidal, anti bakteri juga untuk mengatasi permasalahan gastrointestinal, penambah nafsu makan, pelelap tidur, dan peredam kejang. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk melakukan skrining fitokimia seperti alkaloid, saponin, flavonoid, dan polifenol dan melakukan standarisasi ekstrak yaitu parameter spesifik yang meliputi organoleptis, mikroskopis, kadar senyawa larut air, kadar senyawa larut etanol. Selain itu juga untuk mengetahui parameter non – spesifik yang meliputi susut pengeringan, kadar abu total, dan bobot jenis. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah maserasi selama 1x24 jam dengan menggunakan etanol 96% sebagai pelarut. Hasil skrining fitokimia menunjukkan ekstrak Biji Pala negatif alkaloid dan positif mengandung saponin, flavonoid, dan polifenol. Pada parameter spesifik menunjukkan uji organoleptis dengan hasil memiliki bentuk ekstrak kental, bau khas aromatik, dan berwarna coklat. Hasil kadar senyawa larut air 5,12%, hasil senyawa larut etanol 23,45%, dan hasil mikroskopis memiliki bentuk perisperm sekunder dengan sel minyak. Kemudian pada parameter non-spesifik menunjukkan hasil susut pengeringan sebesar 5,6 %, hasil bobot jenis sebesar 1,104 g/ml, dan hasil penetapan kadar abu sebesar 7,1%. Hasil uji randemen ekstraksi diperoleh sebesar 8,5%. Ekstrak etanol biji pala telah melewati proses standarisasi ekstrak sehingga dapat dikembangkan menjadi sediaan Obat Tradisional
... Existen otros metabolitos producidos por estos organismos (fuente fitohormonal) que son desconocidos y que podrían mejorar el crecimiento vegetal de manera indirecta. Ciertos metabolitos como flavonoides, alcaloides, compuestos fenólicos, saponinas, oxalatos y fitohormonas han demostrado que tienen la capacidad de afectar el crecimiento celular y desarrollo vegetal (Erb y Kliebenstein, 2020; Okukpe et al., 2012). ...
Existen reguladores de crecimiento o fitohormonas que son utilizadas en los cultivos de especies vegetales In vitro /Ex vitro; actualmente se han descubierto más de 10 grupos de compuestos fitohormonales que se utilizan para acelerar y controlar de manera específica el crecimiento de los organismos vegetales o algunos de sus tejidos. Así mismo, se han estudiado diferentes fuentes de metabolitos con potencial fitohormonal sintéticos y orgánicos, con el fin de ser utilizadas en diferentes procesos biotecnológicos. La búsqueda de nuevas fuentes metabólicas para la producción de reguladores de crecimiento permite mejorar la calidad de la producción de plantas, disminuir costos de producción y obtener mejores productos derivados de ellas como los metabolitos secundarios; el objetivo de esta revisión fue describir el uso de algunas fuentes biológicas de origen vegetal como las lentejas, el agua de coco, el Aloe vera y la miel, además, fuentes de origen microbiológico como las rizobacterias, micorrizas y enterobacterias con capacidad de producción de metabolitos con potencial fitohormonal. Estas fuentes pueden ser utilizadas en diferentes procesos de biotecnología vegetal. También se revisaron algunos microrganismos que pueden actuar como bioestimulantes (bacterias y micorrizas) que tienen potencial para mejorar el crecimiento vegetal. El uso de estas nuevas fuentes metabólicas permitirá facilitar el proceso de producción vegetal In vitro y/o Ex vitro, buscando de esta manera técnicas novedosas que permitan reemplazar los reguladores empleados comúnmente (ácido naftalen-acético; 2,4-D; ácido indol butírico, etc.), que suelen ser costosos y tóxicos para el ambiente por las técnicas utilizadas para su producción.
... The chemical composition of nutmeg was 1.37% flavonoids, 22.14 mg oxalate, 49.32% saponins, 8.42% alkaloids, and 16.00% phytate [2]. The active ingredients in nutmeg are minerals, Vitamin A, Vitamin B, vitamin C, folic acid, riboflavin, niacin, and many flavonoids. ...
This study aims to determine the effect of roast time on the organoleptic characteristics of nutmeg tea. The experimental design carried out in this study was a randomized block design (RBD), which is arranged in a factorial consisting of 2 factors with three replications. The factor used was the roast time (S), which consisted of 4 levels, namely S1 (20 minutes), S2 (25 minutes), S3 (30 minutes), S4 (35 minutes), and part of the nutmeg (P) which consisted of 2 levels, namely P1 (fruit skin) and P2 (pulp) to obtain 24 experimental units. The response variables analyzed included organoleptic responses (color, taste, and flavour), both hedonic and hedonic quality. The results showed that the roast time, the nutmeg part, and the interaction between the two affected the color, taste, and flavour of both hedonic and hedonic quality. The nutmeg skin treatment and roasting time were 25 minutes; on average, the panellists responded to 3.96 (very like) color, 3.32 (like), flavour and 2.80 (like) taste hedonic. In hedonic quality, the treatment took 25 minutes, and the skin nutmeg, on average, the panellists responded to 3.35 color (tea-colored), 3.24 flavour (nutmeg flavor) and 2.56 taste (slightly nutmeg taste).
... Existen otros metabolitos producidos por estos organismos (fuente fitohormonal) que son desconocidos y que podrían mejorar el crecimiento vegetal de manera indirecta. Ciertos metabolitos como flavonoides, alcaloides, compuestos fenólicos, saponinas, oxalatos y fitohormonas han demostrado que tienen la capacidad de afectar el crecimiento celular y desarrollo vegetal (Erb y Kliebenstein, 2020; Okukpe et al., 2012). ...
Existen reguladores de crecimiento o fitohormonas que son utilizadas en los cultivos de especies vegetales In vitro /Ex vitro; actualmente se han descubierto más de 10 grupos de compuestos fitohormonales que se utilizan para acelerar y controlar de manera específica el crecimiento de los organismos vegetales o algunos de sus tejidos. Así mismo, se han estudiado diferentes fuentes de metabolitos con potencial fitohormonal sintéticos y orgánicos, con el fin de ser utilizadas en diferentes procesos biotecnológicos. La búsqueda de nuevas fuentes metabólicas para la producción de reguladores de crecimiento permite mejorar la calidad de la producción de plantas, disminuir costos de producción y obtener mejores productos derivados de ellas como los metabolitos secundarios; el objetivo de esta revisión fue describir el uso de algunas fuentes biológicas de origen vegetal como las lentejas, el agua de coco, el Aloe vera y la miel, además, fuentes de origen microbiológico como las rizobacterias, micorrizas y enterobacterias con capacidad de producción de metabolitos con potencial fitohormonal. Estas fuentes pueden ser utilizadas en diferentes procesos de biotecnología vegetal. También se revisaron algunos microrganismos que pueden actuar como bioestimulantes (bacterias y micorrizas) que tienen potencial para mejorar el crecimiento vegetal. El uso de estas nuevas fuentes metabólicas permitirá facilitar el proceso de producción vegetal In vitroy/o Ex vitro,buscando de esta manera técnicas novedosas que permitan reemplazar los reguladores empleados comúnmente (ácido naftalen-acético; 2,4-D; ácido indol butírico, etc.), que suelen ser costosos y tóxicos para el ambiente por las técnicas utilizadas para su producción
... Several studies mention the nutritional content of nutmeg plants, including carbohydrates, minerals, protein, Vitamin A, Vitamin B, Vitamin C, folic acid, riboflavin, niacin, thiamine, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, β-Carotene, and β-Cryptoxanthin (Agbogidi & Azagbaekwe, 2013). Okukpe et al. (2012) stated that the nutmeg plant contains flavonoids, saponins, and alkaloids, which function as anti-fungal substances. ...
This study aimed to obtain yeast and bacteria from Myristica fragrans Houtt., which have the potential to produce chitinase enzymes with antagonistic ability against Rigidoporus microporus. Both microorganisms were extracted from the leaves and fruit of nutmeg. A total of 35 yeast and 29 bacterial isolates were obtained, with different morphological characters. The chitinolytic test was carried out qualitatively, and the parameters observed include the clear zones around the colony. A total of 4 bacterial isolates produced chitinase enzymes (BP 1.2.1, BP 2.1.1, EPBj II.K1, and EPBj II. K2) with a chitinolytic index of 3.92, 5.38, 2.00, and 1.66, respectively. Yeast isolates were negative for chitinase enzymes. The difference in index value indicated a variation in enzyme activity. The antagonist test was carried out using a dual culture method. A total of 1 yeast and 14 bacterial isolates inhibited the growth of R. microporus, and each has a different inhibitory zone. Based on the percentage of inhibition value, the highest percentage occurred in P.K1 (41.1%), P. K2 (50%), dan EPBj II. K6 (42.2%). The antagonist test indicator includes the formation of inhibitory zones on the medium. Hemolysis test showed that yeast and bacteria are not able to break down blood cells in the medium. The molecular identification showed that P. K1 and P. K2 isolates were classified as Bacillus subtillis and EPBj II. K6 were identified as Bacillus aerius with 100% sequence homology and 99% bootstrap value respectively. These findings provided information about potential microbes that control white root fungus.
... It is also applicable in contraceptive manufacture. High content of saponin in species of Dioscorea villosa made them useful for the preparation of steroids in the pharmaceutical industry [60,61]. Studies also revealed that Dioscorea villosa had antioxidant activities [62] and the anti-inflammatory activity could be linked to the antiphlogistic effect of the steroidal saponins. ...
The shortage of food supply has affected the food situation in most developing tropical countries, resulting into a high incidence of hunger and malnutrition. This has also affected the attainment of self sufficiency in starch production for food, pharmaceutical and industrial usage. The review critically appraised the challenges that food and allied industries are facing on the utilization of starch as their major raw material. Information on various conventional and non conventional starch sources were provided, starch forms, properties and recent advances in starch modification methods were discussed. Starch applications in food and allied industries were mentioned and various challenges facing common starch sources were stated. Possibly, utilization of unconventional lesser known crops as starch sources might broadening the present narrow commonly cultivated starch sources, while value addition and good agricultural practices might improve the productivity of conventional starch sources.
... Rootone-F is a synthetic growth regulator which consists of IBA and NAA as the active ingredients and is categorized as auxin hormone. Shallot extract contains auxin and a little cytokinin, gibberellins and abscisic acid (Okukpe et al., 2012) while coconut water contains phytohormone of, based on the highest to the lowest concentration, auxin, gibberellin, abscisic acid and cytokinin (Tan et al., 2014). ...
Good quality seedling is the key to achieve potential of production and quality of fruit. Cuttings-grafting is a propagation method applied to obtain good quality plants, ones that have strong roots and are resistant to disease. This study aimed to describe the effect of rootstocks and plant growth regulator in promoting growth of grapevine seedling cv. Prabu Bestari. The study was conducted in Tlekung Experimental Garden, East Java. It employed factorial Completely Randomized Design with 2 factors and 3 replications. The first factor was the rootstock variation that consisted of 3 levels, namely Banjarsari 30, Banjarsari 5, and Banjarsari 8. The second factor was plant growth regulator consisting of 5 levels, namely Rootone-F, Shallot Extract, Young Coconut Water, Java Turmeric Extract, and Control. The findings showed that Banjarsari 30 as rootstock and Rootone-F as growth regulator gave the best response in growth of grapevine seedling cv. Prabu Bestari.
... Saponin terdapat pada wortel sebanyak 41,61% (Okukpe et al, 2012). Sebagai anti inflamasi, saponin diduga berinteraksi dengan banyak membran lipid, seperti fosfolipid yang merupakan prekursor prostaglandin dan mediator inflamasi lainnya (Pelegrini et al, 2012). ...
Efek Anti Inflamasi Ekstrak Etanol Wortel (Daucus carota L.) terhadap Tikus Strain Wistar (Rattus Novergicus) yang Diinjeksi Karagenan. Latar Belakang: Inflamasi merupakan respon fisiologis terhadap kerusakan jaringan. Inflamasi biasa diobati dengan golongan NSAID dan kortikosteroid yang memiliki efek samping cukup banyak. Wortel mengandung flavonoid yang menghambat enzim fosfolipase dan cyclooxygenase, serta saponin yang menghambat peningkatan permeabilitas vaskuler. Tujuan: Untuk membuktikan ekstrak etanol wortel (Daucus carota L.) memiliki efek anti inflamasi terhadap tikus strain wistar (Rattus novergicus) yang diinjeksi karagenan. Metode: Penelitian eksperimental dengan The Pre and Post Test Control Group Design, menggunakan 4 kelompok: (1) kontrol, (2) perlakuan dosis 100 mg/kgBB, (3) perlakuan dosis 200 mg/kgBB, dan (4) perlakuan dosis 400 mg/kgBB. Analisis data menggunakan uji One-Way ANOVA, HSD Tukey 5%, korelasi Pearson, dan regresi linier. Hasil dan Diskusi: Ekstrak etanol wortel meningkatkan prosentase reduksi radang secara bermakna (ANOVA p<0,05) dengan signifikansi 0,000. Hal ini diduga karena kandungan flavonoid serta saponin pada wortel. Dosis ekstrak wortel yang memberikan efek anti inflamasi paling besar pada penelitian ini adalah 400 mg/kgBB. Uji regresi linier menunjukkan ekstrak wortel berpengaruh 46,6% terhadap inflamasi. Kesimpulan: Ekstrak etanol wortel memberikan efek anti inflamasi terhadap tikus strain wistar yang diinjeksi karagenan.
Medicinal herbs were the primary health care agent over the many centuries before development of modern medicine. The fact that herbal medicines have been employed for such a long time does not guarantee their efficacy and safety. On that basis, an attempt was made on efficacy and safety studies of a well known medicinal herb in Malaysia, Ficus deltoidea by evaluation of toxicological parameter like heavy metals and standardization parameters like, physical constants, ash content, Microbial Limit Test (MLT) and screening phytoconstituents are present in the leaves of F. deltoidea. Heavy metals analysis was done by atomic absorption spectrometry. Physicochemical determinations, including moisture, volatile and total ash content were carried out by Thermo gravimetric Analyzer. Microbial Limit Test was done as per the United State Pharmacopoeia method. Thin layer chromatography was carried out for phytochemical screening with normal silica plate using various chemical reagents. The contents of Cd, Pb and As were found to be 0.069, 0.761 and 0.422 ppm, respectively. While Hg was not detected in F. deltoidea leaves. MLT test showed 5.0×l06 and 3.3×l07cfu g-1 for Total aerobic microbial count and total combined mold and yeast respectively. However, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli were found to absent. Phytochemical studies of petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and water extracts showed presence of saponin, amino acid, flavonoids and terpenoids. Hence, there is an urgent need for mandatory evaluation of these parameters in every crude drugbefore further processing to ensure safety and efficacy of medicinal plants. In conclusion, it was shown that the extracts of F. deltoidea leaves were enriched with chemically diversified phytoconstituents which could be useful for various pharmacological activities.
Several medicinal uses of the fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis) in traditional medicine have been documented. Although, many of these claims are yet to be validated by scientific researchers, a review of some investigated therapeutic activities of the plant are highlighted in this article. Experimental works done on Telfairia occidentalis especially in the field of Biochemistry were retrieved via Google search on the internet and studied carefully to identify any therapeutic activity reported on Telfairia occidentalis. It can be inferred that the ability of the plant to combat certain diseases may be due to its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties and its minerals (especially Iron), vitamins (especially vitamin A and C) and high protein contents. We therefore conclude that with further chemical manipulation and clinical investigations numerous drug designs could emerge from the plant. An effort to keep the plant protected and conserved is also advocated.
The effect on electrolyte profile following oral administration of antioxidants (vitamin A, C and E supplements in early pregnancy was investigated using albino rats of the Wistar strain. Eighty-five female rats weighing between 255-300 g were used for the study. They were randomly assigned to three study groups having 5 sub groups with five animals each, a control and vehicle group with five animals each. After pregnancy has been confirmed, the control group was administered 1 mL of distilled water, vehicle group 1 mL of tween 80, while test groups 1, II and III received different doses of vitamin A, C and E, respectively via the intragastric route for 11 days. The administration of vitamin A, C and E in early pregnancy for 11 days produced insignificant changes in serum Na+ levels (p>0.05) and a significant increase in serum Ca2+ level. With the exception of vitamin C, vitamin A and E produce a significant increase in serum K+ and Cl- levels. Conclusively administration of vitamin A, C and E in early pregnancy cause no significant alteration in serum Na+ levels. However, care must be taken when vitamin A and E are administered with agents that elevate serum Ca2+ and K+ levels as this may pontentiate hypercalcemia and hyperkalemia, respectively in early pregnancy.
The seed oils of seven Trifolium species (Leguminosae) were investigated for their protein, tannin contents and fatty acid compositions. The fatty acid compositions of these seven different species were determined by gas chromatography of the methyl esters of their fatty acids. The seed protein contents were found to be between 23.57 and 36.60%. The seed tannin contents were found to be between 0.77 and 1.73%. The seed oils of Trifolium species contain palmitic and stearic acids as the major component fatty acids, among the saturated acids, with a small amount of myristic, pentadecanoic, arachidic and behenic acids. The major unsaturated fatty acids found in the seed oils were oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids. In this study, Total Saturated Fatty Acids (TSFA) of Trifolium species were between 18.5 and 24.4% while Total Unsaturated Fatty Acids (TUSFA) were between 71.1 and 80.3%. The results revealed that the seed oils of Trifolium species studied with a substantial amount of very long chain fatty acids might have attracted attention because of their value of nutritional, industrial and renewable resources.
In a first experiment, ground alfalfa hay and rolled barley grain were incubated in buffered ruminal fluid with and without Yucca schidigera extract (YE, 0 or 10 mg ml⁻¹). Gas and total VFA production from barley grain were increased (P < 0.05) by YE during the first 10 h of incubation; from alfalfa hay, these were reduced (P < 0.001) throughout the 24 h. Yucca extract reduced (P < 0.001) acetate/propionate ratios and ammonia concentrations, irrespective of substrate. In a second experiment, ground barley grain was incubated in a buffered suspension of mixed ruminal microbes obtained by low-speed centrifugation of ruminal fluid. Steroidal saponins (SAP) isolated from YE were included at 0, 15, 75 or 225 µg ml⁻¹. Microbial incorporation of ¹⁵N was increased (P < 0.05) by 15 µg SAP ml⁻¹ but decreased (P < 0.05) by 225 µg SAP ml⁻¹. Gas and VFA production peaked with 75 µg SAP ml⁻¹ and were elevated (P < 0.05) relative to control in the presence of 75 µg SAP ml⁻¹. Microbial protein synthesis was increased (P < 0.05) by SAP at 15 µg ml⁻¹ and reduced (P < 0.05) by the higher concentrations. Acetate/propionate ratios were linearly reduced by SAP from 8 to 24 h incubation (P < 0.01). The effects of SAP on digestive microbes were less pronounced (P < 0.05) with barley grain digestion than with alfalfa. A YE × diet interaction was recorded. The biological activity of YE was shown to be attributable to its SAP and to be diet-dependent.
A 5-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of dietary raw, cooked and toasted Mucuna puriens seeds contained 30.3% crude protein. At 10% dietary level, raw and toasted Mucuna puriens seed meals significantly (P<0.05) depressed growth rate of broilers. At 20% dietary level, cooked Mucuna puriensseedmeal also significantly (P<0.05) depressed growth rate of the birds. Feed intake was also significantly (P<0.05) reduced at 20% and 10% dietary levels of cooked and toasted meals, respectively. The feed intake of the group on 10% raw Mucuna diet remained unexpectedly high
This study was focused on the insulin-like compound, charantin, as alternative drugs in order to reduce the blood. As such, the anti-diabetic compound, charantin was extracted from leaves and fruits of bitter melon. Liquid extraction charantin, from leaves and fruits of bitter melon was proposed using ethyl alcohol under special conditions of temperature and at a suitable pH values. Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of several pH values including (2-12) using different buffer systems on extraction efficiency. In addition, the extraction efficiency was found to be highly influenced by temperature, ethanol/water ratio and time of contact. A purification step was carried out using methanol-water mixture to remove interfering components such as chlorophylls and sugars from the analyte. Chemical analyses as well as identification of charantin were carried out by High Performance Liquid Chromatographic. The results indicate that Charantin were found in the fruit and leaf samples of Bitter Melon Plants. It was observed that bitter melon leaves plants contained higher concentrations of charantin analyzed as compared to fruits. The optimized conditions were 50 and 70% ethanol, 70.24 and 80.34°C and a time of contact of 60 and 70 h at pH is 5.4 for fruit and leaves, respectively. The corresponding predicted values were 55.27 mg charantin equiv. g-1 dry fruit and 144.58 mg charantin equiv. g-1 dry leaves. This experiment will help to highlight the importance of these valuable organic compounds found in these plant species and their demand in the market will be increased in the future.