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JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY
RICE UNIVERSITY
US–MEXICO ACADEMIC MOBILITY: TRENDS,
CHALLENGES, AND OPPORTUNITIES
BY
DAVID VASSAR, PH.D.
CONTRIBUTING EXPERT, LATIN AMERICA INITIATIVE
JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY
RICE UNIVERSITY
AND
BEVERLY BARRETT, PH.D.
LECTURER
BAUER COLLEGE OF BUSINESS
UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON
DECEMBER 3, 2014
US-Mexico Academic Mobility
2
THIS PAPER WAS WRITTEN BY A RESEARCHER (OR RESEARCHERS) WHO PARTICIPATED IN A BAKER
INSTITUTE RESEARCH PROJECT. WHEREVER FEASIBLE, PAPERS ARE REVIEWED BY OUTSIDE
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PAPER ARE THOSE OF THE INDIVIDUAL RESEARCHER(S) AND DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT
THE VIEWS OF THE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY.
© 2014 BY THE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY OF RICE UNIVERSITY
THIS MATERIAL MAY BE QUOTED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT PRIOR PERMISSION,
PROVIDED APPROPRIATE CREDIT IS GIVEN TO THE AUTHOR AND
THE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY
US-Mexico Academic Mobility
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Abstract
Through both a qualitative and quantitative study of US-Mexico academic mobility as well as a
comparative analysis of academic mobility globally, this study highlights areas where the US-
Mexico higher education mobility framework is strong and others where there is much to
improve. We argue for the importance of increasing mobility of higher education actors as well
as for a set of transformative policy measures for our region’s higher education system.
Together, these actions will both increase the region’s research capacity and provide a stronger
pool of human capital. Government, industry, and other private partners must work together with
higher education institutions to reverse the region’s downward trend of academic mobility.
Collectively, leadership from within the higher education community—including universities,
colleges, and junior colleges—along with partners in industry, government, and the philanthropic
community must create a framework for higher education mobility that is voluntary and flexible
over time and that incentivizes investments that support long-term bilateral engagement. We
must also identify strategic academic fields and then build higher education clusters around these
fields. Implementation of these measures will require long-term infrastructure for policy
articulation, institutional coordination, and financial sustainability. Finally, a bold rethinking of
academic accreditation and licensing of professionals in strategic technical fields will be crucial
to the continued competitiveness of the region.
The United States and Mexico are neighbors, economic partners, often political allies, and
sometimes competitors for talent, capital, and technologies. Just last year, the Obama and Peña
Nieto administrations reaffirmed the strategic importance of the bilateral relationship by
launching two significant initiatives: the High Level Economic Dialogue, a cabinet-level vehicle
for deeper engagement on economic issues, and the Bilateral Forum on Higher Education,
Innovation, and Research (commonly known by its acronym in Spanish, FOBESII),1 a parallel
effort to increase academic and scholarly exchange and innovation between the two countries. In
the context of these two bilateral initiatives, a key factor for success is the two governments’
1 FOBESII is an initiative inaugurated by Presidents Peña Nieto and Obama, but driven by the US Department of
State and the Mexican Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Since January 2014, these entities have convened six binational
working groups made up of representatives from universities, industry, government, and the nonprofit sector to
address the following topics: 1) promoting student exchange, 2) workforce development, 3) special potential of the
border, 4) language acquisition, 5) student mobility, and 6) research and innovation.
US-Mexico Academic Mobility
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ability, in cooperation with nongovernmental actors, to provide a framework that will generate
and sustain the meaningful exchange of students, faculty, and staff among higher education
institutions.
Academic mobility promotes increased understanding of culture and language, deeper
knowledge of educational and research practices and technologies, and insight into the key lines
of inquiry that drive research and innovation. The impact of significant increases in these
exchanges and the educational and social integration that they would generate could create the
potential for increased economic integration through expanded connectivity and the consistent,
quality preparation of human capital across the region.
Figure 1. The United States’ Top Trading Partners, 2013
Rank
Country
Exports
Imports
Total
Trade
1
Canada
300.3
332.1
632.4
2
China
122
440.4
562.4
3
Mexico
226.2
280.5
506.6
4
Japan
65.1
138.5
203.7
5
Germany
47.4
114.6
162.1
6
South Korea
41.6
62.2
103.8
7
United Kingdom
47.4
52.6
100
8
France
32
45.3
77.3
9
Brazil
44.1
27.6
71.7
10
Saudi Arabia
19
51.8
70.8
11
India
21.9
41.8
63.7
12
Taiwan
25.6
37.9
63.6
13
Netherlands
42.7
19.2
61.9
14
Switzerland
27
28.3
55.2
15
Italy
16.5
38.7
55.2
Source: http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/highlights/top/top1312yr.html.
US-Mexico Academic Mobility
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Figure 2. Academic Exchange with the United States, 2013
Rank
Country
Top Place
of Origin
Leading
Destinations
Total
Exchange
1
China
235,597
14,887
250,484
2
India
96,754
4,593
101,347
3
South Korea
70,627
2,695
73,322
4
Saudi Arabia
44,566
25
44,591
5
United
Kingdom
9,467
34,660
44,127
6
Italy
4,276
29,645
33,921
7
Spain
5,033
26,480
31,513
8
Canada
27,357
1,639
28,996
9
France
8,297
17,168
25,465
10
Japan
19,568
5,283
24,851
11
Taiwan
21,867
820
22,687
12
Germany
9,819
9,370
19,189
13
Mexico
14,199
3,815
18,014
14
Vietnam
16,098
878
16,976
15
Brazil
10,868
4,060
14,928
Source: IIE Open Doors, 2013.
The levels of academic mobility between the United States and Mexico are low when compared
to those between other important trading partners of either country (see Figure 1 and Figure 2).
Without significant increases in mobility between the United States and Mexico, any distinctive
economic dynamism founded in the development of human capital is unlikely. Yet a set of
bilateral actions could reverse this trend and set a course for increased economic integration
based on a bilateral framework for academic mobility and improved collaboration in education,
training, research, and innovation.
US-Mexico Academic Mobility
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This study provides a context for US-Mexico academic mobility through a comparative analysis
of other regions that have confronted similar challenges with varying degrees of success.
Additionally, it provides policy recommendations for decision-makers and practitioners with
influence within the higher education bilateral community.
Current Context of US-Mexico Higher Education Mobility
Until the creation of FOBESII, governmental cooperation between the United States and Mexico
remained on the discursive, or largely rhetorical, level, with the exception of the Fulbright-
Robles fellowship program and some development-oriented funding historically provided by the
United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Over the last decade, the number
of students going from the United States to Mexico has fallen from 10,022 in 2005 to 3,815 in
2013 (IIE 2013a).2 In the same period, the number of students from Mexico to the United States
has remained steady at approximately 14,000 annually.
Bilateral mobility of higher education and bilateral research complement the North American
idea that advocates a regional approach to development and growth (Pastor 2011, 165). The
United States and Canada, unlike the United States and Mexico, have already aligned their
higher education systems in degree structure and accreditation. American and Canadian
universities are members in the American Association of Universities (AAU), in which there are
no member institutions from Mexico. Importantly, though, the Association for Public and Land
Grant Universities (APLU) admitted membership of four Mexican universities for the first time
in January of this year.3 This shift in policy by one of the most important voices in US higher
education is likely a harbinger of increased interaction between major US and Mexican
universities. Both the AAU and the APLU assert leadership, speaking and advocating for the
research and educational missions of their members on national and international stages.
2 Institute of International Education (IIE), “Open Doors Fact Sheet: Mexico,” Open Doors Data,
http://www.iie.org/Research-and-Publications/Open-Doors/Data/Fact-Sheets-by-Country/2013.
3 See “APLU Welcomes 10 New Member Institutions,” January 29, 2014,
https://www.aplu.org/sslpage.aspx?pid=2868.
US-Mexico Academic Mobility
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There are also administrative and cultural impediments to strengthening the bilateral relationship
in higher education. Credit and degree structure—as well as accreditation, ensuring quality—are
potential areas for cooperation. Language is a defining aspect of national culture, and foreign
language acquisition is a sociocultural structural barrier to overcome. One motivation for
students to study abroad is to acquire the foreign language. Demonstrated language ability in
English in the United States and in Spanish in Mexico is a requisite for extended periods of study
toward degrees. To strengthen trade and investment between the two countries, there is a need
for reform to increase flexibility in the bilateral labor market (Studer 2012a, 2012b). Following a
period of study abroad in the United States, the knowledge acquired by exchange students may
be applied to professional training after graduation through the “optional practical training”
(OPT) provision for F-1 (student) visa holders. Reform that advances mutual provision of OPT
opportunities for US and Mexican students studying abroad is a key element to improving higher
education mobility. Without such opportunities for yearlong, paid internships in the foreign
country, we will lack a dynamic and distinctive tool for encouraging exchange between the two
countries. As we will find in this study, we are losing the public affairs battle in this challenge,
and an opportunity to gain valuable work experience abroad—along with the academic
opportunities afforded by our countries’ universities—would provide visibility that may be
decisive in determining a student’s decision to study or conduct research abroad.
To provide a comparative context for higher education policy between the United States and
Mexico, we now compare global trends in higher education mobility in Europe, South America,
and Asia before presenting our research findings.
International Collaboration and Best Practices from Other Regions
The internationalization of higher education has gained pace in recent decades (Spring 2009).
The goal for broadened access for higher education attainment works in tandem with the
incentives for innovation and internationalization as universities evolve over time (Mazza et al.
2008). Through the voluntary soft, or non-binding, policy initiative of the Bologna Process—a
structural and policy reform process in the European Union, which has led to the creation of the
integrated European Higher Education Area (EHEA)—Europe has become the most integrated
US-Mexico Academic Mobility
8
region in higher education in the world. As central and eastern European countries embraced
democracy in the 1990s, the reform of higher education followed the transitions to democratic
politics and more market-oriented economies. There is inevitably a tension between national and
regional objectives for decisions concerning institutional governance (Curaj et al. 2012), but
overall the Bologna Process and the creation of the EHEA has met with strong support and is
widely seen as a policy success.
The idea of a “Region of Knowledge” proposed by FOBESII is similar to the notion of a Europe
of Knowledge proposed by the European Commission in 1997. The vision of policymakers and
education ministers working in partnership at national and international levels over decades in
Europe inspired ongoing cooperation in higher education (Corbett 2005). Likewise, cooperation
in higher education will strengthen the socioeconomic ties between the United States and
Mexico. In Latin America, modernization takes form with a greater emphasis on research and
technology (Díaz Villa 2012, 65). US academic institutions have led the world in research and
innovation discoveries. As Mexican universities continue to develop this competency, a
binational agenda for higher education and research will advance each country toward its
national educational and economic development goals.
Global Trends for Higher Education Mobility in Europe, South America, and Southeast
Asia
In order to understand the potential of higher education mobility between the United States and
Mexico, it is important to examine regional efforts elsewhere in the world. An overview of
global trends from Europe, Latin America, and Asia will serve as a point of comparison.
Shared political, economic, and cultural values have resulted in higher education cooperation in
the European Higher Education Area (EHEA), the largest academic mobility initiative in the
world. The Bologna Process was initiated in 1999 and established the objectives for the EHEA,
in which the European Commission is a partner alongside 47 sovereign states. Participation in
the trends toward globalization, together with internationalization of universities, is a driver of
the Bologna Process (Nokkola 2007, 223). The European Commission plays a central role in
US-Mexico Academic Mobility
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higher education integration. This unique policymaking and policy implementation institution
represents the interests of the 28 European Union member states. A facilitating institution for
higher education policy, such as the European Commission, has supported the advances in
regional integration thus far.
Prior to the Bologna Process, in 1986 the European Community Action Scheme for the Mobility
of University Students, known as Erasmus, began to provide resources for higher education
mobility for a semester or academic year. The European Commission-funded study abroad
program has been among the most lauded policy initiatives of the European Commission. In the
EU’s 2014–2020 Multiannual Financial Framework, Erasmus is one of the only programs to
have received a budget increase. At the end of 2013, director general for education and culture
Androulla Vassiliou announced Erasmus+, a program to include countries beyond the EU in the
educational exchange beginning in 2014.4
The Marie Curie Fellowship Programme, which began in 1996, provides funds from the
European Commission to advance mobility for scientific researchers.5 The Marie Sklodowska-
Curie Action (MSCA) programs are incorporated in the Horizon 2020 framework for the
European Research Area (ERA), in which the 28 member states of the European Union
participate, and will award approximately !6.16 billion between 2014 and 2020. There are
MSCA programs for both early-stage and experienced researchers in fields including medicine,
physics, finance, and the social sciences. The MSCA programs advance innovation objectives in
the EU and provide knowledge to strengthen the Innovation Union.
These initiatives are intended to strengthen economic growth through mobility by way of
discovery and education in higher education and innovation in research. While they differ in
terms of policy approaches and programmatic objectives, they are complementary in their
purpose to build social cohesion and to drive economic growth in a Europe of Knowledge.
4 “The new EU programme for education, training, youth, and sport for 2014-2020,” European Commission
Erasmus+, last modified October 16, 2014, http://ec.europa.eu/education/erasmus-plus/index_en.htm.
5 “Marie Curie Actions – Research Fellowship Programme,” European Commission Research and Innovation, last
modified September 10, 2014, http://ec.europa.eu/research/mariecurieactions/.
US-Mexico Academic Mobility
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The number of Erasmus students per year has increased from 3,264 in the initial academic year
(1987–1988) to more than 250,000 in the academic year 2011–2012. Other world regions have
emulated higher education mobility programs, such as Erasmus and the EHEA. Outcomes thus
far provide lessons from which to learn about successes and challenges.
Despite the increased numbers of students studying abroad through Erasmus, there are
limitations to international policy coordination through such mechanisms. The EHEA created by
the Bologna Process and the ERA both use the open method of coordination (OMC), which is a
soft law policy tool to share best practices across participating countries. While soft law has been
broadly used since the EU’s Treaty of Maastricht, the OMC was introduced with the European
Commission’s Lisbon Agenda in 2000 to promote cooperation among countries in specific
policy areas such as employment, environment, and education policies. There are limits to
international cooperation given the nonbinding nature of the OMC, as the lack of an enforcement
mechanism presents a challenge to implementation.
Concerns about the OMC’s weak mechanism for accountability of national governments are
evidence of implementation disconnects between European-level policymaking and institutional
implementation. Complexity exists among levels of governance in the implementation of the
EHEA and the ERA, and the OMC does not address the local-level coordination necessary
among higher education institutions (Veiga and Amaral 2006, 292). Distinct national traditions
in higher education and research, such as funding support and quality standards, make
consistency a challenge in the application of the OMC. Soft law policies—such as the EHEA,
ERA, Lisbon Agenda, and the Europe 2020 economic growth strategy—have weaknesses in
policy coordination since there is no governance enforcement (Amaral 2011). The following are
some examples of how the international policy convergence as undertaken by the EHEA has
been applied to other regional integration schemes.
Since 2011, the Pacific Alliance—a trading bloc of which Mexico is a member with Chile,
Colombia, Peru, and soon Costa Rica—has begun deliberations on expanding cooperation in
higher education. This cooperation would facilitate the external orientation of Mexico’s higher
education institutions. Among early agreements have been ones to “create a joint university
US-Mexico Academic Mobility
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system where, much like in Europe, students will be able to get credits for their studies in any of
the bloc’s member countries” (Oppenheimer 2012). Mutual credit recognition, the basic attribute
of any serious academic cooperation initiative, would underpin the Pacific Alliance’s higher
education framework.
In the 1990s, with the creation of Mercosur in South America,6 there were also efforts to
cooperate in higher education in the region through Mercosur Educativo. Since its founding in
1991 with the Treaty of Asunción, Mercosur has not experienced the deepening of economic
integration on par with the EU. However, even prior to the launch of the Bologna Process in
1999, there were efforts in the 1990s to harmonize higher education systems with Mercosur
Educativo (Verger and Hermo 2010, 112). These preliminary efforts, however, did not advance
to formal institutions as they did with the Bologna Process.
Southeast Asian countries have also made commitments to advance higher education mobility. In
2005, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Education Ministers held the
ASEAN Education Ministers’ Meetings (ASED), launching regional higher education
cooperation. Similar to the European Association for Quality Assurance (ENQA) and the
European Quality Assurance Register for Higher Education (EQAR) for the EHEA, the Asia
Pacific Quality Network (APQN) was established to support the ministries of education and
other domestic agencies charged with higher education administration. Another pillar of deep
higher education cooperation is a joint quality assurance regime that provides mutual assurance
of the minimum standards in place at partner institutions. This joint measure is another
mechanism for information sharing between member nations’ institutions of higher education. In
2012 at the EHEA Ministerial Conference in Bucharest, representatives from ASEAN7 were
present as observers and participants in the Bologna Policy Forum. They are learning the
successes and challenges of the EHEA to apply to policy in their own region.
6 Formed in 1991, MERCOSUR is a trading bloc whose member nations include Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay,
Uruguay, and Venezuela. Its associated member nations are Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.
7 Formed in 1967, ASEAN is a trading bloc whose member nations include Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR,
Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam.
US-Mexico Academic Mobility
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Most lessons to be learned from other world regions come from the European experiment. The
Erasmus program and its centrally funded and administered mobility initiatives have transformed
academic mobility in Europe. Closely aligned with the mobility mechanism is the mutual
recognition of credits from universities across the region. It is unclear whether or not the
administrative structures governed by an open method of coordination have the teeth to fully
integrate higher education in the medium term. What is clear, though, is that no other approach
would have been possible in the Europe of a decade ago or today. Furthermore, the consolidation
of both the ASEAN and the Pacific Alliance blocs make it even more urgent (particularly for the
United States) that the United States and Mexico solidify, beyond NAFTA, their regional
economic integration, including higher education.
Mobility Survey Instrument and Its Context
In order to study higher education mobility trends and best practices among American and
Mexican academic institutions, we developed a survey—the US-Mexico Academic Mobility
Survey 2014—as the principal instrument for qualitative evaluation. The survey was sent to
approximately 200 US institutions of higher education in the spring of 2014.
The 200 American institutions represent the most active institutions in international education in
terms of the number of students they send and receive from around the world, as indicated by
their appearance in the Institute for International Education’s (IIE) Open Doors Report on
International Educational Exchange, which is the gold standard of mobility surveys in the world
today. While it only focuses on the US market and its interactions abroad, it is the longest
running, has the highest response rate, and is by all accounts the most reliable mobility survey
available. Open Doors was the reference point for the institutions included in this survey. We
have also intentionally avoided duplication of IIE’s efforts by orienting our analysis toward the
qualitative attitudes and experiences of those surveyed, rather than replicating the quantitatively
oriented report provided by IIE.
Of the roughly 200 surveys fielded in the United States, there was a 10.1 percent response rate.
This response rate, while not ideal, does allow us to draw useful qualitative conclusions. The
US-Mexico Academic Mobility
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overall number of Mexican students received by the universities that responded to our survey
was, for the 2012–2013 academic year, 1,382 students, which is just under 10 percent (9.7
percent) of the US-bound number of 14,199 presented in IIE’s survey results for the same year
(IIE 2013a). Consequently, our sample appears to be an extremely relevant sample to evaluate.
On the southbound side of the equation, our respondent institutions are not quite as strong of a
sample, as they make up about 300 students studying in Mexico out of the 3,815 reported by IIE
Open Doors for the 2012–2013 academic year (7.86 percent). This is not a huge difference but is
statistically relevant.
The same survey instrument was used with Mexican institutions but translated into Spanish:
Cuestionario sobre la Movilidad Académica México-EEUU 2014. In Mexico it was distributed
by way of the ANUIES8 association, which is the largest association of public and private
universities and institutions of higher education in Mexico with 175 member institutions.9 The
response rate for the Mexican survey was 20 percent. While this is not as strong as we would
ideally expect, it is again sufficient to provide important context to our policy recommendations.
The response rate in Mexico is higher than in the United States primarily because of our
productive partnership with ANUIES and the more centralized nature of both the Mexican
university and the Mexican higher educational system.
Beyond the surveys, we also conducted focused interviews with administrators at several of the
surveyed institutions in order to provide more depth to the data. These interviews helped to
refine some of our recommendations.
Survey Results
The results of this survey give reason for both pessimism and reasonable optimism. The result
that tells the starkest story is that of the difference between the most active and the least active
institutions on both sides of the border. The most active universities send upward of 100 students
and faculty across the border each year, while the least hardly send a handful. This is a striking
8 Asociación Nacional de Universidades e Instituciones de Estudios Superiores.
9 Asociación Nacional de Universidades e Instituciones de Estudios Superiores, http://www.anuies.mx/.
US-Mexico Academic Mobility
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difference, even considering variation in the size of universities. But the positive piece of this
result is that there are several factors that lead to the best results, and these factors are replicable.
The factors that have the greatest impact on levels of exchange are 1) information about the
foreign higher education system, 2) information about the foreign institution (academic
programs, interest in exchange, how to engage), 3) financial support, 4) faculty and student
ambivalence toward exchange with foreign partners, and 5) externally influenced factors, such as
financial downturns, travel warnings, and perceptions of risk. None of these factors is beyond
impact through strategic public policy measures and the implementation of best practice models.
Analysis of Results
Greatest Barriers to Academic Mobility
One of the primary findings of this study is that institutions on both sides of the border simply do
not have a deep enough understanding of their counterpart’s higher educational system. This
became clear when respondents answered the question, “What are the biggest challenges to
bilateral collaboration?” Nearly half of the Mexican respondents cited lack of information as a
barrier to collaboration. Closely related to this barrier is lack of institutional communication
around international collaboration more broadly (related to timeliness of communications and
turnover in personnel, for instance) and linguistic difficulties more specifically. As mentioned
above, the lack of foreign language skills is a key issue in bilateral interactions among
universities. If you add “lack of information” and “lack of language,” they make up more than
two-thirds of the responses. Clearly, both institutional communication and linguistic
understanding are two key barriers for Mexican institutions.
US respondents mentioned that the most important factors precluding more robust collaborations
are availability of funding and perceptions of insecurity that many Americans have of Mexico.
Our data set tells us the same thing that the larger surveys, like that of IIE, do: US student and
faculty mobility to Mexico is in decline. It has not been precipitous over the past four years
included in our survey, but, since 2001, the number of US students studying in Mexico has
dropped by more than 50 percent (IIE 2013a). This shift in student mobility appears to have
much to do with the perceptions of insecurity and violence in Mexico.
US-Mexico Academic Mobility
15
Security, however, is of lesser importance to the Mexican respondents who almost exclusively
blame the perceptions of insecurity on the US Department of State travel warnings. Like their
American counterparts who cite perceptions of insecurity, Mexicans clearly lay the blame for
this barrier on the influence of the State Department’s advisories to the American public. The
implication is that these warnings do not sufficiently communicate the safety of many regions of
Mexico. Some respondents from the US survey also suggest that the US media plays a strong
role in creating a perception of insecurity in Mexico by privileging stories of egregious violence.
Overall, the perception of insecurity in Mexico weighs heavily in the decisions that students,
students’ parents, university administrators, and faculty members make regarding travel to
Mexico.
The third most common, though perhaps the most insidious, response from US institutions was
simple disinterest. Despite its proximity, or more likely because of it, US students are not
typically inclined to choose Mexico as a study abroad destination. Counterintuitively, perhaps, it
is the easy access to Mexico (typically visiting one of the popular resort towns on the Caribbean
or Pacific coasts) that makes Mexico a less exotic and less attractive destination for study abroad.
While in some cases familiarity may breed contempt, in this case it simply breeds apathy.
Anecdotally, this is what US international educators say regularly about sending students to
Mexico, but our survey confirms these anecdotes across a variety of institutions and geographical
locations. Overcoming this barrier will need to be a major goal in any mobility strategy
developed for the region.
Thus, we have four major barriers to collaboration that need to be overcome in order to create a
region of dynamic mobility: (1) funding, (2) institutional communication, (3) linguistic
difficulties, and (4) perceptions of insecurity. All play a role in dampening the flow of students
between the two countries and are the largest barriers for the aggressive goals staked out by the
Bilateral Forum on Higher Education, Innovation, and Research.
Best Opportunities for Mobility
Respondents to our survey also identified opportunities for bilateral mobility and collaboration.
The gap between barriers and opportunities allows policymakers to design mobility strategies to
US-Mexico Academic Mobility
16
provide incentives that reduce barriers in order to seize the opportunities. As noted below,
respondents suggest that the opportunities that exist are varied and speak to all levels of the
higher education value chain, whether it is for institutions offering technical training, liberal arts,
or STEM education or a research-oriented education.
Mexican respondents answered the question, “What would you say are the most significant
opportunities for US-Mexico higher education collaboration?” with three principal answers: (1)
student and faculty exchange programs, (2) joint research collaborations, and (3) though a less
common response, the development of joint and double/dual degrees.
US respondents view opportunities differently. Many of them cite specific disciplinary areas,
such as business, health, the arts and humanities, and social sciences as the best areas to focus
efforts for bilateral higher education mobility. They mention common research and educational
interests between US and Mexican institutions in these disciplines as their reason for optimism.
We would add that these are also disciplines in which, for the most part, there is little country-
specific, highly articulated regulatory oversight, as is the case in many professional degree
programs, such as architecture, engineering, law, or medicine. Beyond these disciplines, US
respondents also made suggestions similar to Mexican respondents, including general models
like student and faculty exchanges as well as joint research initiatives. In general, both Mexican
and American respondents are optimistic about opportunities to work together.
Funding Sources
Two things are clear from the survey data. First, there is not enough available funding for US-
Mexico mobility or research collaboration. Second, the primary funding model of international
mobility and research collaboration includes federal funding through agencies like the US
government’s National Science Foundation and National Institutes of Health and Mexico’s
National Council on Science and Technology (CONACYT), followed by institutional resources
and then private resources, such as foundations, individuals, and corporations. It is clear, though,
that the basic support that governmental agencies can provide for research collaboration provides
the foundation for many mobility initiatives at partner universities. The examples of unusually
US-Mexico Academic Mobility
17
robust mobility initiatives include the University of California San Diego, Oklahoma State
University, and Texas A&M University in the United States and the Universidad de Monterrey,
Universidad de Guadalajara, and the Universidad Iberoamericana in Mexico. These initiatives
are the results of either significant institutional commitment and strategic focus on Mexico or the
United States as a partner region, or of significant private philanthropy that adds to institutional
and federal funding.
Model Programs from the Region
Among the responses to the survey there emerges a rich variety in the mobility models used and
proposed by universities on both sides of the border. These models suggest that—no matter the
type of higher education institution—a university, college, or community college can take
concrete steps to increase mobility among its students and faculty. Broadly speaking, these
model programs leverage structures both within and without the institution to achieve their goals.
These approaches to student and faculty mobility are driven by: 1) institutional commitment and
priority, 2) center-driven engagement, and 3) consortia networks. Each of these approaches
allows for a variety of mobility models, depending upon the institution, the needs of its students,
and the natural networks that it may have.
Much of the academic mobility that takes place between the United States and Mexico is the
result of individual faculty members who have developed relationships with their counterparts
abroad. Over and over again, respondents on both sides of the border show that faculty-to-faculty
relationships are key to active mobility. In the end, if faculty members are able to do something
together, they will engage graduate and undergraduate students in that relationship, particularly if
there are institutional incentives to do so. We found through our survey and interviews that
faculty relationships were key components to almost all of the success stories of US-Mexico
higher education mobility.
While faculty members are a factor, clear institutional commitment and priority is another engine
of successful exchange partnerships. Oklahoma State University (OSU) provides an example of
continuous commitment to US-Mexico mobility and is largely a story of institutional action. First
US-Mexico Academic Mobility
18
of all, OSU designated Mexico as its first priority in terms of international engagement. This
decision was made primarily due to the economic and historical ties Mexico has to the United
States. But OSU has also noticed that Mexican students enjoy Oklahoma and the distinctiveness
of its culture.
In 2006, OSU opened the Mexico Liaison Office, which has the mission of expanding the
number of OSU students participating in educational programs in Mexico, advancing bilateral
exchange between the United States and Mexico, and increasing the number of Mexican students
attending OSU. By all accounts, it has been successful. In the 2012–2013 academic year, OSU
sent 12 students and 48 faculty members to Mexico for study, research, or internships, and
received some 300 Mexican students in return, along with more than 60 Mexican scholars.
Although the exchange is, predictably, unbalanced, it is robust and shows no signs of slowing.
OSU’s exchange success is built on seven partnerships, which are broad agreements to cooperate
that generate moderate amounts of activity, and two strategic partnerships, which are deep and
long-term commitments of time, energy, and other resources. The two strategic partners are the
Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla (UPAEP) and the Instituto Tecnológico y
de Estudios Superiores de México (ITESM’s Chihuahua campus). Both have representation
offices on the OSU campus and use this presence to update OSU students on opportunities in
Mexico, as well as to encourage further points of contact and collaboration throughout the
university. OSU further encourages mobility to Mexico by providing scholarships for students
who choose to study in Mexico as well as through dual degree master’s programs through which
students can obtain a degree at OSU and the partner institution by spending one year in each
location. Finally, the commitment of OSU to Mexico is signaled clearly from the top, as the
president of OSU visits Mexico at least once a year (Henneberry 2014).
In some ways, the most interesting piece of OSU’s story is that its primary funding source for
these programs is OSU itself. It does not rely on federal or philanthropic funding, but invests its
own money to incentivize participation. This seems to be an anomaly among those universities
with strong ties to Mexico but it does show what institutional commitment can do for bilateral
mobility.
US-Mexico Academic Mobility
19
The other frequently mentioned vehicle for student and faculty mobility is the research center.
The Center for US-Mexico Studies at the University of California at San Diego is a prime
example of the benefit of critical size and visibility of an entity within an institution for the
success of bilateral exchange. This center is known for three kinds of mobility: 1) the USMEX
Scholars Program Fellowship, 2) scholarly visits for frequent conferences on US-Mexico issues,
and 3) student and scholarly mobility related to ongoing research initiatives with Mexican
institutions like the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), the Autonomous
Technological Institute of Mexico (ITAM), and the Center for Economic Research and Teaching
(CIDE).
When asked what drives the accomplishments of the US-Mexico Center, associate director
Melissa Floca emphasized that the key to their success is aligning partnerships with the faculty’s
scholarly and teaching interests. For USMEX, faculty members are the most important catalysts
because they both drive the creation of new and relevant programs and are the principal reason
that students choose to study abroad. Research centers, then, are able to pull together resources
that allow faculty to be effective actors for academic and scholarly exchange.
Research centers, however, are expensive and incur costs related to infrastructure, personnel, and
programming that would not be otherwise incurred. At UCSD, success stems from a diversity of
funding sources, including institutional support for administrative costs (i.e., an institutional
commitment); private philanthropy for the longer term; higher-impact programs, such as the
USMEX Fellows Program; and corporate sponsorship for topical conferences and events. It
seems clear that the institutional support of administrative infrastructure is crucial, for without
this stability, administrators cannot be effective at fundraising and program building, two key
components for a center’s success (Floca 2014).
The third model for collaboration is the consortium approach. In today’s financial climate most
institutions of higher education operate with, at best, guarded financial optimism, and in many
cases, with great caution, especially when considering how to do more. In the United States there
has rarely, if ever, been greater political and public scrutiny on the mission, the financial model,
and the outcomes of higher education institutions. In Mexico, there is great optimism about
US-Mexico Academic Mobility
20
growth in some quarters, but there is also great disparity among institutions. Financial
considerations almost always restrain international engagement in all but the most well-funded
institutions. There is, then, great need for multilateral partnerships that allow institutions to do
more together than they can on their own. There are three examples we want to point out briefly
below.
First is the Consortium for North American Higher Education Collaboration, or CONAHEC, as
it is more often known. Founded in 1994, shortly after NAFTA went into effect, CONAHEC’s
primary mission is to consolidate in the higher education sector what NAFTA aimed to
consolidate in other areas of the North American trading relationship.
Over 170 member institutions have joined the consortium to gain access to a network of like-
minded universities and colleges. As its website states, CONAHEC “is the largest and most
comprehensive network of institutions from the NAFTA region, offering student exchanges,
annual conferences, professional development programs, and direct advice to its members.” In
the words of its founding executive director, Francisco Marmolejo, CONAHEC is a “dating
service” for universities. Everything that it does aims at providing information about and
connections within foreign universities and foreign educational systems, all with the hope of
encouraging stronger relationships and interactions among the NAFTA region’s higher education
institutions. Hosted by the University of Arizona, CONAHEC’s leadership team continues to
produce compelling meetings and events that bring institutions from the NAFTA region, and
beyond, together.
A second example is Programa de Investigación en Migración y Salud (PIMSA), which was
started by University of California, Berkeley’s Health Initiative for the Americas in collaboration
with the California Program on Access to Care and some principal Mexican institutions in 2003.
Since then, PIMSA has added participation of the whole University of California system,10 the
California State University system, the University of Arizona, the University of New Mexico, the
10 The University of California system has been a leader in US-Mexico collaborations and mobility for several
decades. It is a powerful consortium on its own, and UC’s Institute for Mexico and the United States (UC MEXUS),
established in 1980, continues to drive much of the broad-based collaborations that connect California with Mexico.
New UC system president Janet Napolitano has made the UC-Mexico relationship a priority under her leadership, so
this connectivity will certainly grow in importance.
US-Mexico Academic Mobility
21
University of Texas at El Paso, the University of Minnesota, and the State University of New
York (SUNY) on the US side and UNAM, Mexican Health Secretariat institutions, and the
National Council on Science and Technology (CONACYT) in Mexico. In over a decade, this
network of universities and government entities has produced a consistent body of work focused
on the health of migrant populations in the United States and Mexico and the policy implications
of the research conducted. Over these 10 years, PIMSA has granted over $3 million in research
funds to more than 70 binational projects at more than 30 Mexican and more than 20 US
institutions (PIMSA Academic and Financial Report 2012). While this is not a huge sum, as
discussed above, these kinds of grants many times provide the basis on which to build the critical
size and visibility, which enhances access to additional funding streams. PIMSA is almost
certainly the largest binational research consortium active in today’s binational landscape.
Third, a smaller and younger organization, the Puentes Consortium, has a similar policy-oriented
approach to binational issues. Focusing on major policy issues within the US-Mexico border
region, the Puentes Consortium is the joint initiative of six US and Mexican institutions whose
aim is to build a distinctive network of Mexican and US scholars. Launched in 2009, the Puentes
Consortium consists of the Tec de Monterrey, the Universidad de Monterrey, and the
Universidad de las Américas Puebla in Mexico and the University of Arizona; the University of
California, San Diego; and Rice University in the United States. Over the first five years, the
member institutions have contributed $30,000 annually to support policy-oriented research,
travel, and short visiting appointments for their faculties. All research is conducted by binational
teams and must produce policy recommendations. Like PIMSA, the Puentes Consortium’s core
values include long-term commitment, binational perspective, and solutions-oriented research. In
2014, the consortium added a visiting scholar program to its agenda to supplement a yearly call
for binational research among its partner institutions.11
These three consortia each have different scales and missions. CONAHEC is the most
heterogeneous and inclusive of the three, but its mission is also the broadest and most diffuse.
Each optimizes resources and perspectives in ways that individual institutions could not easily
do. Through modest investments, institutions gain access to a network of like-minded institutions
11 The Puentes Consortium, www.puentesconsortium.org/.
US-Mexico Academic Mobility
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in order to achieve specific goals by building networks for researchers; providing funding for
research; producing distinctive, binational research; and ultimately publishing and disseminating
research findings. Each of these consortia generates mobility opportunities for faculty and
students, and while this is not the principal aim of the consortia, it is a natural outcome of
network-creating initiatives such as these.
Recommendations for Bilateral Higher Education Mobility in the US-Mexico Context
The insights from surveys and interviews as well as a comparative examination of other regional
efforts reveal that despite existing barriers to cooperation, there are great opportunities. Higher
education mobility must be a binational effort; it should be institution-led and must include
partnerships with public sector government agencies and private sector contributors/investors.
We recommend the following actions:
1. Create a framework of policies and mechanisms for higher education mobility that is
voluntary and flexible over time. This framework should include a loosely coordinated central
entity to both convene and focus binational dialogue on higher education.
The framework serves as a reference guide to universities and colleges that wish to participate in
higher education mobility and research collaboration. As is the case in Europe, an open method
of cooperation is essential. Top-down, single-solution responses not only will not work, but also
will be actively rejected by many higher education institutions, which value their autonomy more
than almost any other principle. The framework, then, must allow for multiple points of
participation by interested institutions. The bar to entry must not be excessive, though it should
require serious commitment by those involved in collaborative efforts.
The framework should include a centralized entity that facilitates information exchange and
provides a context for binational dialogue about the range of issues that are important for higher
education in our region. These issues may include both those that affect the future of higher
education—like financial pressures, and public and governmental oversight—and international
competition, as well as those that higher education institutions are well positioned to affect, like
US-Mexico Academic Mobility
23
workforce preparation, regional development, research, and innovation. The framework should
also provide a strategic roadmap for joint action among like-minded institutions. Finally, the
framework should also provide resources (information, funding information, best practices) for
those institutions that seek to continue their efforts outside of the joint action model.
2. Identify strategic academic fields that benefit most from bilateral collaboration and build
communities, or higher education clusters for regional development, around these areas.
Experience in the US-Mexico context tells us that a strong sense of community and information
sharing grows within focused binational consortia of a manageable size (ideally, no more than
20–30 institutions). Consortia should have three principal aims: 1) to create active networks of
students and faculty around problems of importance to US-Mexico regional development, 2) to
build a financial model that includes institutional baseline funds, along with governmental,
private philanthropic, and corporate sources, and 3) to build educational and training capacity in
ways that integrate US and Mexican higher education systems, such as through joint or dual
degrees, joint curriculum development, and jointly taught courses.
This three-pronged approach builds clusters organically around issues of interest both to
researchers and to regional development. Consortia cannot be formed from the outside, but rather
must coalesce through a positive decision to do so. Government or industry should, however,
provide leadership in this effort by providing seed funding toward binational workshops on
specific problems, such as shale gas production in the South Texas-Northern Mexico region
(Eagle Ford/Burgos Basin) or climate change and its effects on regions across the United States
and Mexico. This kind of workshop would address issues related to technology, workforce
preparation, and environmental remediation and protection. Over time, these workshops could
turn into concrete projects and perhaps consortia with focused missions. We must be sure to
create enough higher education clusters (HECs) for regional development so that we involve a
significant number of institutions in these endeavors. Beyond energy, health care, public health,
education, and vital infrastructure questions are also ripe for inquiry and innovation by scholars
and students in the United States and Mexico.
US-Mexico Academic Mobility
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3. Create long-term infrastructure to advance government support in partnership with institutions
of higher education, industry, and other important actors.
We propose the following mechanisms to link government, industry, and higher education in
meaningful ways:
While it has at times struggled to maintain continuity and relevance,12 the Border Governors’
Conference (BGC)—the annual, binational gathering of the governors of the 10 border states—
would be an ideal venue to bring together the constituencies necessary to move toward this
cluster-based approach. A focused agenda on higher education research, innovation, and
workforce preparation around a few, strategic issues may be just what the BGC needs to reinvent
itself and breathe life into its agenda and activities.
Beyond the BGC, an organization with the breadth and credibility of CONAHEC should be
tapped to provide communications, connectivity, and other “brokerage” infrastructure that will
ensure implementation of any specific policy mechanisms that arise in the Border Governors’
Conference.
The North American Development Bank (NADBANK) should be used to support critical
bilateral research and innovation projects as well as to incentivize academic mobility between
the United States and Mexico. This may require some new funding, but could also be supported
by redirecting funds already earmarked for similar purposes in federal and state budgets. The use
of NADBANK in this way would also allow for the development of an independent “North
American Fund for Higher Education Mobility and Integration,” which could receive funds from
both private and public sources to support strategic initiatives as determined by the policy groups
in the BGC.
4. Convene a bilateral working group to discuss and negotiate a long-term convergence and
harmonization plan for strategic technical education and licensure.
12 Shannon K. O'Neil, “Revitalizing the Border Governor’s Conference,” Latin America’s Moment blog, September
27, 2011, http://blogs.cfr.org/oneil/2011/09/27/revitalizing-the-border-governor’s-conference/.
US-Mexico Academic Mobility
25
In technical areas such as engineering, architecture, and medicine, a regional regime for mutual
recognition of credits, degrees, and licensures—while complex and difficult to achieve—would
have an important long-term impact on the North American regional development prospects—
including the more integrated labor markets—greater alignment of technology innovation efforts,
and broader development of strategic areas of mutual interest, including energy, water, and food
security. This is a longer-term aim that will require a strong will on both sides to break up the
monopolies that accrediting agencies have in each country, but would revolutionize education in
technical fields across the region.
5. Create opportunities at a meaningful number of higher education institutions: technical and
community colleges, four-year teaching institutions, and research universities.
It is important that the US-Mexico higher education framework that evolves is communicated
and made available to all higher education institutions within the higher education industry.
Without significant participation from all levels of higher education providers, there is a great
risk that not only will we not achieve meaningful regional development and mobility goals, but
we will also promote a system to which not all students and faculty have equal access. Both in
terms of access to educational opportunity and in terms of maximizing regional development,
wide participation by institutions of our binational systems of higher education is essential for
success. This should be taken into consideration both by the BGC and by CONAHEC.
6. Take an “all of the above” approach to mobility at the institutional level.
While we have laid out specific recommendations based on feedback from the survey,
interviews, and a comparative review of global higher education systems, it is important to keep
in mind how vast the higher education landscape is across the United States and Mexico. With
more than 2,500 higher education institutions between our two countries, this region boasts a
great volume and variation of institutions. It is clear that not every institution will want to enter
into an HEC or consortium and that many will not even view Mexico or the United States as a
priority. In order to keep mobility numbers trending upward, the higher education community
US-Mexico Academic Mobility
26
must be on the constant lookout for opportunities to partner with industry, government,
individuals, and foundations. Institutions must think broadly about the models that can work,
including anything from a short-term program that provides an introductory experience that can
lead to longer-term study or research abroad to a variety of co-curricular and extracurricular
vehicles that can bring our students and faculty into meaningful contact with one another. Higher
education institutions must be open and willing to make these opportunities available to their
faculty and students.
7. Prioritize language study, as it is foundational for long-term development and the region’s
competitiveness.
Foreign language study should be a component of any study, research, or co-curricular
international program that is developed between partners in the United States and Mexico. In the
US-Mexico region, we have a unique opportunity to develop a region that is functionally
bilingual in Spanish and English. Failing to do this may become a regional impediment in the
future. As our two countries necessarily integrate their economies more and more, language will
become even more important, and our long-term competitiveness will depend on our ability to
communicate with one another. We are not advocating for obligatory study of Spanish or
English, or for a plan to make all members of the region functionally bilingual. We are, though,
advocating for the inclusion of language study in most, if not all, efforts to build binational
collaborations or consortia.
By implementing these recommendations, the United States and Mexico could become, over
time, one of the most integrated higher education regions in the world, demonstrating distinctive
leadership in economic and human development, higher education, and policy innovation.
US-Mexico Academic Mobility
27
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