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Influence of Number of Sets on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Variability After a Strength Training Session
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the acute effects of one, three and five sets of strength training (ST), on heart rate variability (HRV) and blood pressure. Eleven male volunteers (age: 26.1 ± 3.6 years; body mass: 74.1 ± 8.1 kg; height: 172 ± 4 cm) with at least six months prior experience in ST participated in the study. After determining the one repetition-maximum load (1RM) for the bench press (BP), lat pull down (LPD), shoulder press (SP), biceps curl (BC), triceps extension (TE), leg press (LP), leg extension (LE) and leg curl (LC), the participants performed three different exercise sequences in a random order and 72 hours apart. During the first sequence, subjects performed a single set of 8-10 repetitions, at 70% 1RM, and with 2 minutes rest interval between exercises. Exercises were performed in the following order: BP, LPD, SP, BC, TE, LP, LE, and LC. During the second sequence, subjects performed the same exercise sequence, with the same intensity, two minutes rest interval between sets and exercises, but with three consecutive sets of each exercise. During the third sequence, the same protocol was followed but with five sets of each exercise. Before and after the training sessions, blood pressure and HRV were measured. The statistical analysis demonstrated a greater duration of post exercise hypotension following the 5-set program versus the 1-set or 3-sets (p<0.05). However, the 5-set program promoted a substantial cardiac stress, as demonstrated by HRV (p<0.05). These results indicate that 5-sets of 8 to 10 repetitions at 70% 1-RM load may provide the ideal stimulus for a post-exercise hypotensive response. Therefore, ST composed of upper and lower body exercises and performed with high volumes are capable of producing significant and extended post-exercise hypotensive response. In conclusion, strength and conditioning professionals can prescribe five sets per exercises if the goal is to reduce blood pressure after training. In addition, these findings may have importance, specifically in the early phase of high blood pressure development, but more research is needed in hypertensive populations to validate this hypothesis
... Inoltre, sebbene gli effetti dell'allenamento contro resistenza (resistance training [RT]) sulle variabili neuromuscolari in pazienti affetti dagli esiti di un pregresso ictus cronico siano ben noti, [1][2][3][4][5][6] si conosce relativamente poco circa il suo impatto sulla pressione arteriosa (BP) per quanto concerne questa specifica popolazione. 1 Diversi studi hanno dimostrato i benefici di alcuni protocolli di RT sulla pressione arteriosa in soggetti normotesi, preipertesi e/o ipertesi. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] In tal senso, Cornelissen et al. 10 hanno suggerito che sia il RT dinamico a intensità da moderata a elevata che il RT isometrico a bassa intensità possono portare a una riduzione della pressione arteriosa. Inoltre, in una revisione sistematica meta-analitica, Cornelissen et al. 11 hanno dimostrato l'efficacia del RT sulla SBP (10,9 mmHg) e sulla DBP (6,2 mmHg) a seguito di un protocollo di allenamento RT (isometrico). ...
... In un recente studio condotto dal nostro gruppo di ricercatori 5 , sono stati documentati cambiamenti nella SBP (Δ=-9 mmHg) in pazienti precedentemente colpiti da ictus cronico dopo 8 settimane di allenamento dinamico di forza esplosiva (DERT). Sebbene diversi studi abbiano analizzato gli effetti dell'allenamento aerobico sui parametri cardiovascolari in questa popolazione 18 e/o l'impatto del RT in soggetti normotesi, preipertesi e/o ipertesi, [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] le rispo-H ypertension is one of the most important risk factors for stroke. The quickly growing number of people diagnosed with hypertension and/or affected by stroke has encouraged the global scientific community to research new therapeutic strategies, including exercise training. ...
... Additionally, although the effects of resistance training (RT) on neuromuscular variables in chronic stroke survivors are clear, [1][2][3][4][5][6] little is known about its impact on this population's blood pressure (BP). 1 Several studies have demonstrated benefits of various RT protocols for the BP in normotensive, prehypertensive, and/ or hypertensive individuals. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] In this sense, Cornelissen et al. 10 have suggested that both moderate-to-intense dynamic RT and low-intensity isometric RT may lead to a reduction in BP. Additionally, in an systematic meta-analysis review study, Cornelissen et al. 11 have demonstrated the effectiveness of RT in in SBP (10.9 mmHg) and DBP (6.2 mmHg) after RT (isometric). ...
... Despite the PEH response being observed after a single ST session, there might be a key clinical benefit in long-term BP control, particularly if the PEH response occurs repeatedly and is greater in magnitude (3,16,33,42,46,47,75). Designing an ST program involves the manipulation of key variables, such as load intensity (10,28), number of sets and repetitions (25), exercise order (24), the rest interval length between sets and exercises (27,64), and the ST mode (9,22,49,59). Manipulation of these variables has been shown to elicit different acute responses and chronic reductions in BP (20,43). ...
... Four studies assessed the effects of the number of sets and repetitions of an ST session on BP and HRV (Tables 2 and 3) (7,14,25,57). The number of sets ranged from 1 to 5 and the number of repetitions from 8 to 18 (Tables 2 and 3). ...
... Four studies analyzed HRV in the frequency domain (7,14,25,57), with 2 studies demonstrating a sympathetic predominance only following the higher number of sets protocol; 1 rotation versus 3 rotations in a circuit (7) and 1 set versus 3 and 5 sets (25) and another 2 studies showing the same results independently of the protocol adopted (Table 3) (14,57). Three studies analyzed the HRV in the time domain (7,25,57), with one study demonstrating sympathetic predominance independently of the number of rotations in the circuit (7), another study showing the same results following 3 and 5 set protocols versus a 1 set protocol (25), and a third study not showing significant differences in RMSSD (Table 3) (57). ...
Strength training (ST) has been studied for acute and chronic effects on blood pressure (BP) and heart rate variability (HRV). These effects have never been reviewed collectively concerning the variables that comprise a ST program. Therefore, this review aims to examine the manipulation of ST variables (i.e., load intensity, number of sets and repetitions, exercise order, and rest interval length) on BP and HRV after a session and a long-term program. The BP reduced significantly after an ST session independently of the load intensity, the number of sets and repetitions, the rest interval length, the mode, and the participant characteristic (healthy patients or patients with chronic disease). However, a high number of sets and repetitions, prioritizing multijoint exercises, with longer rest interval lengths between sets and exercises may potentiate these effects. In the HRV analyses, most of the trials showed a sympathetic predominance after an ST session. Hence, it is reasonable to confirm that central adjustments are responsible to control hemodynamics after an ST session.
... Several nonpharmacological strategies have been tested to promote PEH (26). One particular strategy which has been explored is resistance exercise (RE) with multiple studies indicating that RE may be an effective nonpharmacological strategy to promote PEH (7,14). Resistance exercise has shown efficacy in promoting a significant PEH response using a variety of different program designs (volumes, intensities, and training methods) (14,31,34). ...
... One particular strategy which has been explored is resistance exercise (RE) with multiple studies indicating that RE may be an effective nonpharmacological strategy to promote PEH (7,14). Resistance exercise has shown efficacy in promoting a significant PEH response using a variety of different program designs (volumes, intensities, and training methods) (14,31,34). Results reported by MacDonald et al. (22) in a metaanalysis support these conclusions, indicating that results from RE are comparable with or greater than aerobic training to promote PEH in non-White hypertensive adults. ...
... The results of this study supported our hypotheses that RE, SS, and MM alone or RE and SS combined reduced SBP postexercise. Furthermore, our findings agreed with previous research using RE (8,13,14), SS (18), and MM in separately or RE and SS in combination (9,35). The novel findings of this study were that MM when performed in isolation showed a similar magnitude of response in PEH as RE and SS, whether they were performed independently or in combination. ...
The purpose of this investigation was to examine the acute effects of resistance exercise (RE) and different manual therapies (static-stretching and manual massage) performed separately or combined on blood pressure (BP) responses during recovery in women with normal BP. Sixteen recreationally strength-trained women (age: 25.1 ± 2.9 years; height: 158.9 ± 4.1 cm; weight: 59.5 ± 4.9 kg; BMI: 23.5 ± 1.9 kg/m2; Baseline systolic BP median: 128 mmHg; Baseline diastolic BP median: 78 mmHg) were recruited. All subjects performed six experiments in a randomized order: 1) rest control (CON), 2) resistance exercise only (RE), 3) static-stretching exercise only (SS), 4) manual massage only (MM), 5) RE immediately followed by SS (RE+SS), and 6) RE immediately followed by MM (RE+MM). RE consisted of three sets of bilateral bench press, back squat, front pull-down, and leg press exercises at 80% of 10RM. SS and MM were applied unilaterally in two sets of 120-sec to each of the quadriceps, hamstring, and calf regions. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) BP were measured before (rest) and every 10-min for 60-min following (Post 10-60 in) each intervention. There were significant intragroup differences for RE in Post-50 (p = 0.038; d = -2.24; ∆ = -4.0mmHg). Similarly, SBP intragroup differences were found for SS protocol in Post-50 (p = 0.021; d = -2.67; ∆ = -5.0 mmHg) and Post-60 (p = 0.008; d = -2.88; ∆ = -5.0 mmHg). Still, SBP intragroup differences were found for MM protocol in Post-50 (p = 0.011; d = -2.61; ∆ = -4.0 mmHg) and Post-60 (p = 0.011; d = -2.74; ∆ = -4.0 mmHg). Finally, a single SBP intragroup difference was found for RE+SS protocol in Post-60 (p = 0.024; d = -3.12; ∆ = -5.0 mmHg). Practitioners should be aware that SS and MM have the potential to influence BP responses in addition to RE or by themselves, and therefore should be taken into consideration for persons who are hyper or hypotensive.
... Dentre os diversos tipos de exercícios físicos, o treinamento de força (TF) tem sido pesquisado nos últimos anos com o objetivo de reduzir a PA 5,6 . Em posicionamento oficial o Colégio Americano de Medicina do Esporte 1 recomenda que uma sessão de TF seja aplicada em complemento a uma sessão de treinamento aeróbico para esta finalidade. ...
... Em posicionamento oficial o Colégio Americano de Medicina do Esporte 1 recomenda que uma sessão de TF seja aplicada em complemento a uma sessão de treinamento aeróbico para esta finalidade. Após este posicionamento, alguns trabalhos foram realizados, demonstrando o efeito do TF realizado de forma isolada na resposta hipotensiva pós-exercício [5][6][7][8] . Contudo, mesmo sendo uma crescente esta linha de pesquisa, ainda há muito que investigar no que se refere ao controle das variáveis metodológicas do TF e sua influência sobre as respostas cardiovasculares após sessões de TF. ...
... Contudo, mesmo sendo uma crescente esta linha de pesquisa, ainda há muito que investigar no que se refere ao controle das variáveis metodológicas do TF e sua influência sobre as respostas cardiovasculares após sessões de TF. Por exemplo, a maioria dos estudos encontrados na literatura concentra-se nas variáveis de intensidade e volume de treinamento [5][6][7][8][9][10] . Sendo assim, outras variáveis como a ordem dos exercícios não recebem atenção por parte da literatura cientifica, uma vez que a prescrição do TF envolve muitas variáveis 11 . ...
O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o efeito de diferentes ordens de exercícios sobre a pressão arterial (PA) após sessões de treinamento de força (TF). Quinze idosas hipertensas inexperientes em TF foram divididas em dois grupos. Grupo de membros superiores (G1) e grupo membros inferiores (G2). O G1 realizou três séries de 15 repetições submáximas na sequência de exercícios: Supino Reto (SR), Remada Fechada (RF), Tríceps no Puxador (TP) e Rosca Bíceps (RB). A segunda sequência do G1 foi inversa (RB, TP, RF, SR). O G2 realizou quatro séries de 15 repetições submáximas na sequência de exercícios: Leg Press (LP), Cadeira Extensora (CE) e Flexão Plantar (FP). A segunda sequência do G2 foi inversa FP, CE, LP. A PA foi mensurada em repouso e após as sessões de exercícios durante 60 minutos. Para análise dos dados, utilizou-se uma ANOVA de dois caminhos com medidas repetidas e post hoc de Tukey para verificar as diferenças na PA antes e após as sessões de treinamento. Ambos os grupos apresentaram reduções significativas na PA sistólica pós-exercício com a sequência de exercícios do grande para o pequeno grupo muscular G1 (20, 30 e 40 min) e G2 (30, 40, 50 e 60 min). Quando a sequência foi inversa, foram observadas diferenças significativas emalguns momentos G1 (30 e 40 min) e G2 (40 e 50 min). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os grupos e também para a PA diastólica em qualquer sequência. Os resultados indicam que quando a sequência de exercícios é iniciada do grande para o pequeno grupo muscular, há uma tendência para maior duração do efeito hipotensivo.
... The Duval and Tweedie method allows to impute these studies, by determining where the missing trials are likely to fall and then recomputing the combined effect. . 1 shows the flow of reports into the meta-analysis. Ultimately, 25 trials with isolated resistance exercise qualified for the analysis (Rezk et al., 2006;Mayo et al., 2016a;Goessler and Polito, 2013;Anunciacao et al., 2011;Millar et al., 2011;Figueiredo et al., 2015a;Figueiredo et al., 2015b;Freitas et al., 2018;Germano-Soares et al., 2017;Mayo et al., 2016b;Paz et al., 2019;Queiroz et al., 2013;Rodriguez et al., 2017;Silva-Araujo et al., 2019;Sardeli et al., 2017;Teixeira et al., 2018;Tibana et al., 2013;Wong et al., 2017;Figueiredo et al., 2016;Vale et al., 2018;Anunciação et al., 2012;Figueiredo et al., 2013;Freitas Brito et al., 2019;Freitas Brito et al., 2015;Batista et al., 2019); four other trials applied both resistance and aerobic modalities in different days (Anunciação et al., 2016;Niemela et al., 2008;Saccomani et al., 2014;Teixeira et al., 2011), and resistant exercise bouts were treated as independent interventions. One study included different samples with normal and elevated BP and interventions for each population were treated independently (Queiroz et al., 2015). ...
... A general description of each trials included in this meta-analysis appears in Text Supplemental Digital Content 3. In total, 30 reports including 62 interventions conducted between 2006 and 2019 applied acute resistance exercise sessions and were included in the present metaanalysis (25 in South America, 3 in Europe, and 2 in North America). A total of 25 trials including 52 interventions (or 84%) were conducted with individuals with normal BP (Rezk et al., 2006;Queiroz et al., 2015;Mayo et al., 2016a;Goessler and Polito, 2013;Anunciacao et al., 2011;Millar et al., 2011;Figueiredo et al., 2015a;Figueiredo et al., 2015b;Freitas et al., 2018;Germano-Soares et al., 2017;Mayo et al., 2016b;Paz et al., 2019;Queiroz et al., 2013;Rodriguez et al., 2017;Silva-Araujo et al., 2019;Sardeli et al., 2017;Teixeira et al., 2018;Tibana et al., 2013;Wong et al., 2017;Anunciação et al., 2012;Figueiredo et al., 2013;Batista et al., 2019;Niemela et al., 2008;Saccomani et al., 2014;Teixeira et al., 2011), while six reports with ten interventions (or 16%) included patients with hypertension or prehypertension (Queiroz et al., 2015;Figueiredo et al., 2016;Vale et al., 2018;Freitas Brito et al., 2019;Freitas Brito et al., 2015;Anunciação et al., 2016). Overall, participants were young to middle-aged (33.6 ± 15.6 years, range 18 to 68 yrs) normal-to overweight (74.3 ± 6.0 kg, range 60 to 93 kg; 24.9 ± 3.1 kg/ m 2 , range 21.8 to 27.8 kg/m 2 ) men (n = 321) and women (n = 159), with a resting SBP of 124.2 ± 8.9 (range: 100 to 148 mm Hg) and DBP of 71.5 ± 6.6 mm Hg (range: 57 to 90 mm Hg). ...
... Exercise interventions included traditional isotonic multiple exercises (46 trials or 74%) (Rezk et al., 2006;Queiroz et al., 2015;Goessler and Polito, 2013;Anunciacao et al., 2011;Figueiredo et al., 2015a;Figueiredo et al., 2015b;Freitas et al., 2018;Germano-Soares et al., 2017;Paz et al., 2019;Queiroz et al., 2013;Rodriguez et al., 2017;Silva-Araujo et al., 2019;Sardeli et al., 2017;Tibana et al., 2013;Wong et al., 2017;Figueiredo et al., 2016;Vale et al., 2018;Anunciação et al., 2012;Figueiredo et al., 2013;Freitas Brito et al., 2019;Freitas Brito et al., 2015;Anunciação et al., 2016;Niemela et al., 2008;Saccomani et al., 2014;Teixeira et al., 2011); isometric handgrip (5 trials or 8%) (Millar et al., 2011;Teixeira et al., 2018); dynamic circuit exercises (4 trials or 6%) (Rodriguez et al., 2017;Anunciação et al., 2012;Batista et al., 2019); isolated isotonic exercisesbench press and parallel squat (2 trials or 3%) (Mayo et al., 2016a) or leg press (3 trials or 5%) (Mayo et al., 2016b); Mat Pilates (Batista et al., 2019) (1 trial or 2%); and kettlebell exercise (1 trial or 2%) (Wong et al., 2017). The number of repetitions in isotonic exercises ranged from 1 to 20 (11.5 ± 4.6 reps), performed with 1 to 40 sets (4.6 ± 6.7 sets), and intervals between sets/ exercises from 18.5 s to 180 s (98.2 ± 39.8 s). ...
Changes in autonomic control have been suggested to mediate postexercise hypotension (PEH). We investigated through meta-analysis the after-effects of acute resistance exercise (RE) on blood pressure (BP) and autonomic activity in individuals with normal and elevated BP. Electronic databases were searched for trials including: adults; exclusive RE interventions; and BP and autonomic outcomes measured pre- and postintervention for at least 30 min. Analyses incorporated random-effects assumptions. Thirty trials yielded 62 interventions (N = 480). Subjects were young (33.6 ± 15.6 yr), with systolic BP (SBP)/diastolic BP (SBP) of 124.2 ± 8.9/71.5 ± 6.6 mm Hg. Overall, RE moderately reduced SBP (normal BP: ~1 to 4 mm Hg, p < 0.01; elevated BP: ~1 to 12 mm Hg, p < 0.01) and DBP (normal BP: ~1 to 4 mm Hg, p < 0.03; elevated BP: ~0.5 to 7 mm Hg, p < 0.01), which was in general parallel to sympathetic increase (normal BP: g = 0.49 to 0.51, p < 0.01; elevated BP: g = 0.41 to 0.63, p < 0.01) and parasympathetic decrease (normal BP: g = −0.52 to −0.53, p < 0.01; elevated BP: g = −0.46 to −0.71, p < 0.01). The meta-regression showed inverse associations between the effect sizes of BP vs. sympathetic (SBP: slope − 0.19 to −3.45, p < 0.01; DBP: slope − 0.30 to −1.60, p < 0.01), and direct associations vs. parasympathetic outcomes (SBP: slope 0.17 to 2.59, p < 0.01; DBP: slope 0.21 to 1.38, p < 0.01). In conclusion, changes in BP were concomitant to sympathetic increase and parasympathetic decrease, which questions the role of autonomic fluctuations as potential mechanisms of PEH after RE.
... Results have shown that the intensity of load (e.g., percentage of 1 repetition maximum; Figueiredo, Willardson et al., 2015;Machado-Vidotti et al., 2014), the intensity of effort (e.g., repetitions to failure; Gonzalez-Badillo et al., 2016), set configuration (Mayo, Iglesias-Soler, Carballeira-Fernández et al., 2016;Mayo, Iglesias-Soler, Fariñas-Rodríguez et al., 2016), interset rest intervals (Figueiredo et al., 2016), and exercise type (Kingsley et al., 2014;Mayo, Iglesias-Soler, Fariñas-Rodríguez et al., 2016) independently influence the recovery of HRV. Most noteworthy, higher set volumes of resistance exercise produce greater reductions in HRV (Figueiredo, Rhea et al., 2015). However, the manipulation of set volume while keeping other training variables constant has not occurred. ...
... LV, MV, and HV) being performed for each exercise (see Table 1). The relative load was 70% of 1RM for all exercises with 120 s of rest between each set and 180 s of rest between each exercise (Figueiredo, Rhea et al., 2015;Figueiredo et al., 2016;Figueiredo, Willardson et al., 2015). Participants were instructed to lift and lower loads at a constant velocity, taking ~2 s for both the concentric (muscle shortening) and eccentric (muscle lengthening) phases. ...
... Finally, repeated-measures ANOVA was done to assess differences between session volume-loads (sets × repetitions × load). The sample a priori power was calculated using G*Power 3.1.9.2.Previous research have shown ES of 0.47 to 1.9 examining the reductions of RMSSD during acute recovery periods (≤ 90 minutes) following resistance exercise (Bavaresco Gambassi et al., 2019;Figueiredo, Rhea et al., 2015). With an ES of 0.5, a significance level of .05, ...
Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of low ([LV]; 4 total sets), moderate ([MV]; 8 total sets), and high set volumes ([HV]; 12 total sets) in acute full-body resistance exercise sessions on post-exercise parasympathetic reactivation measured using RMSSD. Methods: Ten resistance-trained participants (25.8 ± 6.8 yr., 173.4 ± 10.6 cm, 75.4 ± 9.9 kg) performed three resistance exercise sessions. During each session, heart rate variability (HRV) was measured pre- and for 30 min post-exercise, divided into 5-min segments stabilization, Post5-10, Post10-15, Post15-20, Post20-25, and Post25-30. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used to assess differences within and between pre-post exercise natural logarithm RMSSD (LnRMSSD) values. To assess the initial change in LnRMSSD, the delta percent change (ΔLnRMSSD) from pre-exercise to Post5-10 (ΔLnRMSSDpre-post) was calculated for each session. The ΔLnRMSSD was also calculated between Post5-10 and Post25-30 (ΔLnRMSSDpost5-30) to assess recovery. Results: Significant differences were observed between sessions and when comparing pre-exercise values to all post-exercise times across sessions (p ≤ .05). The LV session resulted in significantly higher mean LnRMSSD value (3.62) post-exercise compared to both the MV (3.11, effect size [ES] = 3.77) and HV (3.02, ES = 3.92) sessions while the MV and HV sessions produced similar responses. Across sessions no return to baseline occurred and when comparing sessions, no significant differences were found in ΔLnRMSSDpre-post or ΔLnRMSSDpost5-30. Conclusion: Acute bouts of full-body resistance exercise can cause similar reductions in LnRMSSD from pre-exercise levels and can delay parasympathetic reactivation back to baseline values during the same 30-min recovery period despite differences in set volume.
... 16 This creates a greater activation of metaboreceptors and mechanoreceptors, thus providing adequate blood flow in order to meet the metabolic demands of the active muscles. 16,32,33 Also, there may be an increase in peripheral vascular resistance in arterial vessels supplying visceral organs, where redistributed blood flows to the active muscles during the recovery process. 16,32,33 Moreover, Buchheit et al. 58 have suggested that the levels of fast-twitch muscle fiber recruitment, catecholamine release and accumulation of lactate, hydrogen ions and inorganic phosphate may play a role in decreasing cardiac parasympathetic modulation, thereby increasing cardiac sympathetic modulation. ...
... 16,32,33 Also, there may be an increase in peripheral vascular resistance in arterial vessels supplying visceral organs, where redistributed blood flows to the active muscles during the recovery process. 16,32,33 Moreover, Buchheit et al. 58 have suggested that the levels of fast-twitch muscle fiber recruitment, catecholamine release and accumulation of lactate, hydrogen ions and inorganic phosphate may play a role in decreasing cardiac parasympathetic modulation, thereby increasing cardiac sympathetic modulation. Thus, evaluating HRV variables can be useful in determining cardiac autonomic stress, which may be beneficial for fitness trainers or coaches to use as a monitoring tool for measuring the effect of the training load following an ARE session on the cardiac autonomic system. ...
... Additionally, SMD results showed that the RMSSD parameter was affected greatly by an ARE session that included exactly 3 sets per exercise but was not affected greatly when there were <3 sets per exercise. Our findings agree with the findings of Figueiredo et al., 33 who reported a reduced cardiac sympathetic modulation response with a lower number of sets of resistance training compared to a higher number sets. Therefore, performing 3 sets per exercise generates a higher sympathetic stress and may delay the recovery process compared to performing <3 sets per exercise. ...
Background:
There is controversial evidence regarding the effect of acute resistance exercise (ARE) on heart rate variability (HRV) parameters, which indicates the activities of the cardiac autonomic nervous system. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature on the effect of ARE on HRV parameters and identify its possible moderating factors.
Methods:
The PubMed-Medline, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, and Cochrane databases were searched. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) declaration was followed, and the methodological quality of the studies was evaluated. The level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Twenty-six studies met the inclusion criteria. Main effects analyses between pre- and post-test interventions demonstrated an increase in normalized units low frequency (p < 0.001; standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.78; 95% confidence interval (95%CI): 0.46‒1.11) and low frequency/high frequency ratio (p < 0.001; SMD = 0.82; 95%CI: 0.64‒0.99) and a decrease in standard deviation of the normal-to-normal (NN) interval (p < 0.001; SMD = -0.58; 95%CI: -0.85 to -0.30), root mean square of the successive differences (p < 0.001; SMD = -1.01; 95%CI: -1.29 to -0.74), and normalized units high frequency (p < 0.001; SMD: -1.08; 95%CI: -1.43 to -0.73) following ARE in healthy individuals (mean age (standard deviation) range: 15 ± 1 and 48 ± 2 years).
Results:
There were differences between the subgroups in the number of sets used in an exercise (p = 0.05) for root mean square of the successive differences, as well as for exercise intensity (p = 0.01) and rest between sets (p = 0.05) for normalized units high frequency. Interestingly, there were differences between the subgroups in training volume for root mean square of the successive differences (p = 0.01), normalized units high frequency (p = 0.003) and normalized units low frequency (p = 0.02).
Conclusion:
Overall, there was a withdrawal of cardiac parasympathetic and activation of cardiac sympathetic modulations following ARE, and these changes were greater with higher training volume ∼30 min after ARE in healthy individuals. Furthermore, the number of sets, intensity, and rest between sets affected HRV parameters. However, gender, body mass index, and training status did not influence the changes in HRV parameters as a response to ARE.
... Results have shown that the intensity of load (e.g., percentage of 1 repetition maximum; Figueiredo, Willardson et al., 2015;Machado-Vidotti et al., 2014), the intensity of effort (e.g., repetitions to failure; Gonzalez-Badillo et al., 2016), set configuration (Mayo, Iglesias-Soler, Carballeira-Fernández et al., 2016;Mayo, Iglesias-Soler, Fariñas-Rodríguez et al., 2016), interset rest intervals (Figueiredo et al., 2016), and exercise type (Kingsley et al., 2014;Mayo, Iglesias-Soler, Fariñas-Rodríguez et al., 2016) independently influence the recovery of HRV. Most noteworthy, higher set volumes of resistance exercise produce greater reductions in HRV (Figueiredo, Rhea et al., 2015). However, the manipulation of set volume while keeping other training variables constant has not occurred. ...
... LV, MV, and HV) being performed for each exercise (see Table 1). The relative load was 70% of 1RM for all exercises with 120 s of rest between each set and 180 s of rest between each exercise (Figueiredo, Rhea et al., 2015;Figueiredo et al., 2016;Figueiredo, Willardson et al., 2015). Participants were instructed to lift and lower loads at a constant velocity, taking ~2 s for both the concentric (muscle shortening) and eccentric (muscle lengthening) phases. ...
... Finally, repeated-measures ANOVA was done to assess differences between session volume-loads (sets × repetitions × load). The sample a priori power was calculated using G*Power 3.1.9.2.Previous research have shown ES of 0.47 to 1.9 examining the reductions of RMSSD during acute recovery periods (≤ 90 minutes) following resistance exercise (Bavaresco Gambassi et al., 2019;Figueiredo, Rhea et al., 2015). With an ES of 0.5, a significance level of .05, ...
Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of low ([LV]; 4 total sets), moderate ([MV]; 8 total sets), and high set volumes ([HV]; 12 total sets) in acute full-body resistance exercise sessions on post-exercise parasympathetic reactivation measured using RMSSD. Methods: Ten resistance-trained participants (25.8±6.8 yr., 173.4±10.6 cm, 75.4±9.9 kg) performed three resistance exercise sessions. During each session, heart rate variability (HRV) was measured pre- and for 30 min post-exercise, divided into 5-min segments stabilization, Post5-10, Post10-15, Post15-20, Post20-25, and Post25-30. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used to assess differences within and between pre-post exercise natural logarithm RMSSD (LnRMSSD) values. To assess the initial change in LnRMSSD, the delta percent change (ΔLnRMSSD) from pre-exercise to Post5-10 (ΔLnRMSSDpre-post) was calculated for each session. The ΔLnRMSSD was also calculated between Post5-10 and Post25-30 (ΔLnRMSSDpost5-30) to assess recovery. Results: Significant differences were observed between sessions and when comparing pre-exercise values to all post-exercise times across sessions (p ≤ .05). The LV session resulted in significantly higher mean LnRMSSD value (3.62) post-exercise compared to both the MV (3.11, effect size [ES] = 3.77) and HV (3.02, ES = 3.92) sessions while the MV and HV sessions produced similar responses. Across sessions no return to baseline occurred and when comparing sessions, no significant differences were found in ΔLnRMSSDpre-post or ΔLnRMSSDpost5-30. Conclusion: Acute bouts of full-body resistance exercise can cause similar reductions in LnRMSSD from pre-exercise levels and can delay parasympathetic reactivation back to baseline values during the same 30-min recovery period despite differences in set volume.
... Although previous studies report a negative association between aerobic exercise volume/intensity and cardiac PR [10][11][12][13][14][15] , little scientific evidence about the acute effects of different RE program protocols on PR has been published [16][17][18][19] . In this scenario, a significant contribution was provided by Figueiredo et al. 19 , demonstrating a dose-dependent suppressive effect of RE volume on postexercise cardiac autonomic modulation. ...
... Although previous studies report a negative association between aerobic exercise volume/intensity and cardiac PR [10][11][12][13][14][15] , little scientific evidence about the acute effects of different RE program protocols on PR has been published [16][17][18][19] . In this scenario, a significant contribution was provided by Figueiredo et al. 19 , demonstrating a dose-dependent suppressive effect of RE volume on postexercise cardiac autonomic modulation. In the aforementioned study, experienced resistance training participants underwent 8 different RE performing 1, 3, and 5 sets per exercise. ...
... Corroborating our results, Figueiredo, et al. 19 observed high parasympathetic reduction after 5 sets of RE as compared to 1 or 3 sets, demonstrating the dose-dependent suppressive effect of RE volume on postexercise autonomic measures. However, the RE protocol adopted in the aforementioned study consisted of 8 RE, and participants were experienced in RT (> 6 months), while in the present study, inexperienced participants (< 6 months) performed only 3 RE for large muscle groups. ...
Aims:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the acute effects of different resistance exercise (RE) volumes on postexercise cardiac autonomic modulation in men.
Methods:
Ten young men (25.5 ± 4.9 years, 24.8 ± 2.1 kg/m2) performed 3 trials of RE with 1, 2 or 3 sets (48-72 h between each trial) of 10-12 repetitions (70% of the one-maximum repetition) of bench press, leg press, and barbell row. Heart rate variability (HRV) was assessed at the 1st and 5th minutes of recovery (fast phase) and 3 consecutive 5-minute intervals from the 5th to 20th minute of recovery (slow phase). Parasympathetic and global modulations were assessed using the SD1 and SD2 indices of HRV, respectively. The comparison of the interventions was performed using the Friedman and Wilcoxon tests (p<0.05).
Results:
Lower parasympathetic modulation was identified after 2 and 3 sets compared to 1 set in both the fast and slow recovery phases (p= 0.004-0.05). Lower global modulation was identified after 3 sets compared to 1 set in both fast and slow recovery phases (p= 0.005-0.01). No differences in post-exercise parasympathetic and global modulation were observed between 2 and 3 sets.
Conclusion:
We concluded that 2 and 3 sets of RE compared to 1 set promoted higher autonomic reduction on the post-exercise phase, which should be considered by coaches when prescribing an RE program for untrained participants or intend to manipulate the postexercise organic recovery.
... Upon completion of the warm-up, participants completed a full-body, free-weight protocol consisting of BS (6 sets × 10 repetitions), BP (3 × 10), and BR (3 × 10). The relative load was set at 70% of 1RM for all exercises with 120 sec of rest between each set and 180 sec of rest between each exercise (12,13). If a participant reached failure during a set before completing 10 repetitions, a 30-to 60-sec rest period was provided before continuing with the set. ...
... decrease and remaining lower than baseline values after the 30-min recovery period. High set volume protocols imitating hypertrophying workouts have been shown to greatly reduce LnRMSSD measures pre-post and delay parasympathetic reactivation during 30 min of recovery (4,12). The significant reduction and delayed reactivation of parasympathetic activity in previous research and in the current study demonstrate the potential ability of LnRMSSD to detect accumulated stress from resistance exercise through autonomic modulation and cardiorespiratory responses. ...
... Once the exercise stimulus has ceased, parasympathetic reactivation back to baseline levels has been shown to vary dramatically, ranging from 30 min to 48 hrs depending on the protocol being implemented (6,36). It can be inferred that longer sets and higher set number volume elicit an accumulation of lactate and hydrogen ions that generate greater metabolic stress and sympathetic responses leading to a longer delay in parasympathetic reactivation (12,13). The potential relationship between lactate concentrations and LnRMSSD is supported by previous research that found HRV alterations to be strongly related to the lactate threshold during resistance exercise and a possible non-invasive, alternative measure for gauging anaerobic thresholds during continuous exercise (33). ...
Holmes CJ, Winchester LJ, MacDonald HV, Fedewa MV, Wind SA, Esco MR. Changes in Heart Rate Variability and Fatigue Measures Following Moderate Load Resistance Exercise. JEPonline 2020;23 (5):24-36. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between changes in heart rate variability (HRV), neuromuscular performance, and fatigue biomarkers in response to a resistance exercise bout. The root mean square of successive RR interval differences (RMSSD), neuromuscular performance-isometric handgrip (IHG), countermovement jump (CMJ), mean propulsive velocity (MPV)-metabolic stress (lactate [Lac]) and inflammation (interleukin-6 [IL-6]) were measured in 30 subjects who performed 6×10 back squat (BS), 3×10 bench press (BP), and 3×10 bent-over rows (BR) at 70% of 1-repetition maximum (1RM). The RMSSD, neuromuscular performance, and biomarkers were measured 10 min pre-exercise and 30 min post-exercise (Post30); HRV and Lac were also measured immediately post-exercise (Post0). Pre-versus post-exercise differences were evaluated using paired-samples t-tests. Pearson's correlations were used to determine the association between changes. With the exception of IL-6 (P=0.296) and MPVBP (P=0.678), LnRMSSD, neuromuscular performance, and metabolic stress were different post-compared to pre-exercise. We observed moderate associations between ΔLnRMSSD Post0 and ΔLac Post0 (r =-0.44) and ΔLac Post30 (r =-0.55), respectively. Practitioners should use multiple training load indicators to gain an accurate depiction of recovery.
... Several studies conducted on healthy people have investigated the isolated effects of aerobic exercise [30,62,63] and resistance exercise [64][65][66] on cardiac autonomic control. Niemela et al. [67], for example, investigated the association between the exercise mode and recovery pattern of ...
... While others have failed to find these changes in standardized resistance exercise settings, our findings suggest that acute resistance exercise can elicit similar cardiovagal modulation and delayed BRS recovery pattern as aerobic exercise, at least in apparently healthy participants within an ecologically valid model of exercise. On the other hand, previous studies also highlight that total exercise volume is a major determinant of post-exercise changes in autonomic control [64,70]. However, although energy expenditure was higher in the Bike group fitness class, no differences in cardiovagal modulation were observed between exercise modalities. ...
Background
Arterial stiffness and cardiac autonomic function are crucial indicators of cardiovascular health. Acute exercise and age impact these parameters, but research often focuses on specific exercise activities, lacking ecological validity.
Methods
We examined the acute effects of commercially available group fitness classes (indoor cycling, resistance training, combined exercise) on arterial stiffness and vagal-related heart rate variability (HRV) indices in twelve young and twelve middle-aged adults. Participants attended four sessions, including exercise and control conditions, with measurements taken at rest and during recovery.
Results
Middle-aged, but not young adults, showed reductions in central and peripheral systolic blood pressure 20-min into recovery across all exercise modalities (range: -7 to -8 mmHg p < 0.05). However, arterial stiffness remained unchanged. Similarly, vagal-related HRV indices (range: -0.51 to -0.90 ms, p < 0.05) and BRS (-4.03, p < 0.05) were reduced immediately after exercise, with differences persisting 30 min into recovery only after indoor cycling. Resistance and combined exercise elicited similar cardiovagal modulation and delayed baroreflex sensitivity recovery to cycling exercise, despite higher energy expenditure during indoor cycling (+87 to +129 kcal, p < 0.05).
Conclusion
Acute group fitness classes induce age-dependent alterations in blood pressure, but not in arterial stiffness or cardiovagal modulation. While the overall cardiovascular effects were generally consistent, differences in autonomic recovery were observed between exercise modes, with prolonged effects seen after indoor cycling. This suggests that exercise prescription should consider both age and exercise modality, as well as recovery time. The findings also emphasize the importance of ecological validity in exercise interventions, highlighting that acute effects on cardiovascular health in real-world settings may differ from those observed in controlled laboratory environments (ID: NCT06616428).
... Moreover, Lamotte et al. (8) showed that lower BP values were observed with longer rest intervals (90s and 120s). On the other hand, Figueiredo et al. (9) , comparing different volumes, showed that the highest volume (5 sets) promoted significant reduction after RT in BP and parasympathetic activity when compared to lower volumes (1 and 3 sets). Different set configurations may result in distinct hemodynamic and autonomic responses (5)(6)(7)(8)(9) . ...
... On the other hand, Figueiredo et al. (9) , comparing different volumes, showed that the highest volume (5 sets) promoted significant reduction after RT in BP and parasympathetic activity when compared to lower volumes (1 and 3 sets). Different set configurations may result in distinct hemodynamic and autonomic responses (5)(6)(7)(8)(9) . ...
Abstract: The study aimed to perform a systematic review about the influence of different set configurations with the equated work-to-rest ratio on hemodynamic and autonomic responses during and after resistance training. Methods: The articles were selected from Periodicals Capes Portal, PubMed, Medline, LILACS, Cochrane library, Scopus, and Google Scholar, published between 2012 to 2019. Inclusion criteria were: English-published randomized studies with adult participants (total: 71; Female: 15; Male: 56) (≥18 years old) involving resistance training intervention; detailed work-to-rest (W:R) ratio. Results: Five resistance training studies with equated work-to-rest ratios were found. Sets with longer time under tension (TUT) seem to induce more expressive metabolic responses than short TUT. These outcomes may lead to distinct hemodynamic and autonomic responses during RT sessions. Conclusion: When the W:R ratio is equated between different set configurations, sets with longer TUT appear to induce greater hemodynamic response and vagal withdrawal during and after an acute session.
... Frequency domain analysis of HRV demonstrated an increased sympathetic tonus until 60 minutes after session and no statistic difference was observed between exercise orders. Already, Figueiredo et al. 5 evaluated the response of HRV and BP in different number of sets (1, 3 and 5 sets) of 8-10 repetitions with 70% of 1RM and 2 minutes of rest interval. Low frequency normalized (LF-nu) increased significantly and high frequency normalized (HF-nu) decreased significantly after 10 and 20 minutes only after 5 sets. ...
... The ISS protocol promoted higher sympathetic tonus during and 15 minutes after the training session. Corroborating our results, Figueiredo et al. 5 studied the effects of one, three and five sets with 10 repetitions (70% of 1RM) on heart rate variability. The authors observed that only 5 sets induced higher sympathetic activity after 10 and 20 minutes after session, demonstrating that higher training volumes are related to a sympathetic activity after training session. ...
The aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of interset stretching in the heart rate variability and hemodynamic responses. The sample consisted of 8 trained men (23 ± 2.72 years, 1.74 ± 0.07 meters, 75.66 ± 10.85 kg). The lower limbs training protocol started with three sets of 10 maximal repetitions in the back squat and leg press exercises, with 1-minute rest between sets. After that, 7 sets of maximal repetitions were performed on the leg extension machine with 30 seconds interval between sets, using the first 20 seconds for passive stretching of the quadriceps muscles. Hemodynamic responses and autonomic modulation were
obtained at rest, during the session and immediately after for 15 minutes post-session. Autonomic modulation was monitored by heart rate variability. Significant reductions during and after resistance training protocol were observed for RR intervals, RMSSD, pNN50, SDNN, 2LV%, 2UV%, LF and HF in comparison with basal levels. Meanwhile, 0V% presented significantly increases during and after experimental protocol. Lower LF/HF, LFnu and HFnu values was observed during protocol. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean blood pressure (MBP), heart rate (HR) and rate pressure product (RPP) were significantly higher after session. After 15 minutes, SBP, DBP, MBP, and RPP returned to near baseline values. The sympathetic activity increased during the protocol and post 15 minutes.
... Also, a significant reduction in systolic BP was observed at 30 minutes with intensities of 80% of 1RM after both RT protocols (3). Similarly, 2 exercise orders were investigated but the authors did not find postexercise hypotension effect when manipulating the RT exercise order (16). It is noteworthy that both studies included in their respective RT protocols both multi-and single-joint exercises (3,16). ...
... Similarly, 2 exercise orders were investigated but the authors did not find postexercise hypotension effect when manipulating the RT exercise order (16). It is noteworthy that both studies included in their respective RT protocols both multi-and single-joint exercises (3,16). It is well known that RT protocols that use greater muscle mass have a greater postexercise hypotension effect (17,30). ...
The purpose of this study was to compare the acute effects of traditional and alternated resistance exercises on acute neuromuscular responses (maximum repetition performance, fatigue index, and volume load), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and blood pressure (BP) in resistance-trained men. Fifteen recreationally resistance-trained men (age: 26.40 4.15 years; height: 173 5cm, andtotal body mass: 78.12 13.06 kg) were recruited and performedall three experimental conditions in arandomized order:1) control (CON), 2) traditional (TRT), and 3) alternated (ART). Both conditions (TRT and ART) consisted of five sets of bilateral bench press, articulated bench press, back squat, and Smith back squat exercisesat 80%1RMuntil concentric muscular failure. The total number of repetitions performedacross sets in the bench press followed a similar patternfor TRT and ART, with significant reductions between sets 3, 4, and 5 compared to set 1(p < 0.05).There was a significant difference for set 4 between conditions with a lower number of repetitions performed in the TRT.The volume load was significantly higher forART when compared to TRT.TRT showed significant reductions in BPafter10-, 40-, and 60-min post-exercise and when compared to CON after40- and 60-min post-exercise. However, the effect size illustrated large reductions in systolic BP during recovery in both methods. Thus, it is concluded that both methods reduced post-exercise BP.
... However, less is known regarding the role of exercise volume (understood as the product of the number of sets, repetitions, and exercises) on post-exercise hypotension. Only a few studies have compared different training volumes in older subjects [18][19][20][21], with most of the studies conducted in young adults [22][23][24][25]. These studies have indicated that a greater exercise volume leads to a stronger and longer antihypertensive response. ...
... However, unlike the studies by Brito et al. [19,20] and Mediano et al. [18] who used between 4 and 10 resistance exercises, three sets with a single upper limb exercise were not enough to generate significant hypotensive responses in the SBP. It is necessary to emphasize that the findings obtained in the study also agree with studies on young subjects, where the greater the volume, the greater the magnitude of post-exercise hypotension [24]. ...
To determine the optimal exercise volume to generate a hypotension response after the execution of a single strength exercise in elderly subjects with hypertension (HT), a randomized crossover design was performed. A total of 19 elderly subjects with HT performed one control session and three experimental sessions of resistance training with different volumes in a randomized order: three, six, and nine sets of 20 repetitions maximum (RM) of a single elbow flexion exercise with elastic bands. The systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean heart rate (MHR) were tested at the beginning and immediately afterwards, at 30 and 60 min, and at 4, 5, and 6 h after the resistance exercise. The results show that the volumes of six and nine sets of 20 RM obtained statistically significant differences in the SBP at 30 and 60 min post-exercise (p < 0.05); in the DBP at 30 min after exercise (p < 0.05); and in the MHR immediately after exercise at 30 and 60 min (p < 0.05), compared to a control session. A single resistance exercise with a minimum volume of six sets of 20 RM generated an acute post-exercise antihypertensive response that was maintained for 60 min in elderly people with controlled HT.
... In fact, previous studies have demonstrated effects of different exercise training programs on the BP and autonomic modulation of normotensive and/or prehypertensive individuals [16][17][18][19]. Although cardiovascular effects have been found after exercise in NON-RH, these findings may differ in RH patients due to different pathological bases. ...
... Dissimilarities may explain differences between prior studies and the present study in gender [5,43], baseline blood pressure levels [7,44], pharmacological therapy [45], times of assessment [5], and design of the exercise program [5,18,19,46]. To note, NON-RH and RH were under rigorous pharmacological therapy, which results in their wellcontrolled BP and may prevent PEH. ...
Here, we report the acute effects of aerobic (AER), resistance (RES), and combined (COM) exercises on blood pressure, central blood pressure and augmentation index, hemodynamic parameters, and autonomic modulation of resistant (RH) and nonresistant hypertensive (NON-RH) subjects. Twenty participants (10 RH and 10 NON-RH) performed three exercise sessions (i.e., AER, RES, and COM) and a control session. Hemodynamic (Finometer®, Beatscope), office blood pressure (BP), and autonomic variables (accessed through spectral analysis of the pulse-to-pulse BP signal, in the time and frequency domain-Fast Fourrier Transform) were assessed before (T0), one-hour (T1), and twenty-four (T2) hours after each experimental session. There were no changes in office BP, pulse wave behavior, and hemodynamic parameters after (T0 and T1) exercise sessions. However, AER and COM exercises significantly reduced sympathetic modulation in RH patients. It is worth mentioning that more significant changes in sympathetic modulation were observed after AER as compared to COM exercise. These findings suggest that office blood pressure, arterial stiffness, and hemodynamic parameters returned to baseline levels in the first hour and remained stable in the 24 hours after the all-exercise sessions. Notably, our findings bring new light to the effects of exercise on RH, indicating that RH patients show different autonomic responses to exercise compared to NON-RH patients. This trial is registered with trial registration number NCT02987452.
... Based on this discussion, HRV analysis can deliver important information about the function of the SNS and PNS during rest and activity (Xhyheri et al., 2012). However, few studies have investigated the effect of RT on HRV (Figueiredo et al., 2015(Figueiredo et al., , 2016Heffernan et al., 2007), and there is no evidence comparing the effect of different RIs between sets of RT on HRV and BP changes. This research plays an important role in identifying the effects of RT on BP and HRV and can help exercise professionals prescribe the appropriate RIs for healthy populations. ...
... However, previous research did not clearly establish the isolated effect of RIs on cardiac autonomic modulation and BP (Figueiredo et al., 2015(Figueiredo et al., , 2016Heffernan et al., 2007). The results of this study could help outline the effectiveness of post-exercise BP and HRV response after RT sessions performed with appropriate RIs between sets and help individuals concerned with identifying and employing specific RIs between sets of RT or looking for low disturbance of the SNS and PNS to maximize the effect of acute training adaptation on BP and HRV for healthy, physically active men. ...
The purpose of this study was to compare blood pressure and heart rate variability responses in physically active men after performing resistance training sessions with rest intervals of 1 min, 2 min and 3 min. Eighteen men (age, 21.6 ± 1.1 years; body mass, 74.1 ± 8.1 kg; body height, 175.3 ± 7.1 cm) who performed 180 min of physical activity per week participated in this study. After determining the 15RM loads for the squat, bench press, bent-over row and deadlift, participants performed a resistance training session. Participants performed three resistance training protocols in randomized counterbalanced order. Each experimental protocol comprised different rest intervals between sets of resistance training exercises (1 min, 2 min or 3 min). During each experimental session, participants performed three sets with a 15RM load. Blood pressure and heart rate variability were measured before and for 2 h after each session. The results demonstrated a greater blood pressure (p < 0.05) reduction with a longer rest interval. There was no statistically significant difference in heart rate variability changes between groups. These results indicate that 2 min and 3 min rest intervals while using a 15RM load provide the best stimulus for a blood pressure reduction response after a resistance training session. Our findings suggest that strength and conditioning professionals should prescribe 2 min or 3 min rest intervals when resistance training is performed with a 15RM load if the aim is to obtain an acute reduction in blood pressure after a resistance training session.
Keywords: Systolic Pressure, Diastolic Pressure, Autonomic Nervous Systems
... 5,6 It was noticed higher sympathetic activation in the post resistance training in groups of higher intensity, and also individuals that had training with higher volumes, showed bigger changes in the autonomic modulation. 7 However, there are few studies that noticed the influence of advanced methods of RT in the acute response of cardiac autonomic modulation. 8 In this context, the aim of this study was to compare the acute response of cardiac autonomic modulation after different methods of advanced resistance training, testing the hypothesis that the method of higher training volume, German Volume Training (GVT) would cause a bigger change of HRV, than the method of Sarcoplasma Stimulating Training (SST). ...
... Our findings differ from the study of Figueiredo et al. 7 which analyzed three different numbers of sets for each exercise (1 set, 3 sets and 5 sets) and it was observed that the higher volume of training caused more changes in HRV. However, the training sessions were done by the same individuals, which can decrease the power of comparison among groups. ...
... The SST session consisted of eight repetitions (of 85% of 1-RM) to failure, i.e., inability to complete a higher the volume of training, the longer the hypotensive effect, 6 others have suggested that high-and low-volume training have similar effects on BP. 11 More advanced methods of RT have been developed over years, such as the German volume training (GVT) [13][14][15] and the sarcoplasm stimulating training (SST), 16,17 but no effect of these programs on BP have been reported so far. Thus, the objective of this study is to assess the acute response of BP to different methods of RT in trained individuals. ...
... In a study that compared the effect of different volumes of strength training on BP showed that a higher volume of training caused a more prolonged post-exercise hypotension. 6 Our results reinforce these findings, since only GVT, which is an exercise program that involves sets and repetitions with high weights, showed significant hypotension after training. Our data differ from those previously published by Neto et al., 11 who found similar responses of BP to trainings with different volumes. ...
Background
Resistance training is used in different exercise programs, with different objectives and different levels of physical fitness. Training-related variables, such as volume, rest time and intensity, can affect the response of blood pressure (BP), but studies on the effect of these variables on BP are still needed.
Objective
To evaluate the acute response of BP in trained individuals undergoing two different methods of resistance training.
Methods
The sample was divided into three groups: (1) the German volume training (GVT) (n= 15), which consisted of 10 series of 10 repetitions at 50% of 1-repetition maximum (RM) with intervals of 30 seconds; (2) the sarcoplasm stimulating training (SST) (n= 16), performed at 8 RM and 85% of 1-RM and interval of 10 seconds until failure, followed by removal of 20% of weight and repetition of the whole series (total of three sets), and the control group (CG) (n= 15) who underwent BP measurements only. The two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used for analysis of variations, and a p< 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
In the within-group analysis, a significant lowering of systolic blood pressure (SBP) was found at 10 minutes (125.4±10.8 mmHg, p= 0.045) and 20 minutes (124.5±8.5 mmHg, p= 0.044) post-training compared with immediately after training. In the between-group comparison, higher SBP values were observed immediately after training in the SST group (142.1±28.2, p= 0.048) compared with the CG.
Conclusion
High-volume and high-intensity resistance training programs did not cause abnormal changes in blood pressure. (Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2021; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)
... Inoltre, sono stati riscontrati effetti positivi di una serie di proposte di esercizi contro resistenza sulla pressione arteriosa (PA) in soggetti normotesi, pre-ipertesi e ipertesi. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] Studi precedenti hanno rilevato benefici in diversi programmi di allenamento contro resistenza (AR) per la pressione sanguigna di giovani, anziani, soggetti normotesi e/o pre-ipertesi e/o ipertesi. Inoltre, Cornelissen et al., 5 mediante una metaanalisi di studi randomizzati controllati, hanno suggerito che sia un AR dinamico da moderato a intenso, sia un AR isometrico a bassa intensità possano portare a una riduzione della PA. ...
... In addition, positive effects of a range of resistance exercise proposals on blood pressure (BP) have been found for normotensive, prehypertensive and hypertensive subjects. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] In fact, previous studies have found benefits of diverse resistance training (RT) programs for the blood pressure of the young, the elderly, the normotensive and/or prehypertensive and/ or hypertensive individuals. Additionally, Cornelissen et al., 5 using Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials, have suggested that both moderate-to-intense dynamic RT and lowintensity isometric RT may lead to a reduction in BP. ...
BACKGROUND: The exponential growth of people diagnosed with hypertension have encouraged the global scientific community to focus on researching new therapeutic strategies, including resistance training. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the acute effects of resistance training using the German Volume Training Method on the blood pressure of prehypertensive subjects.
METHODS: A total of 20 subjects were divided into a control group (CG, N.=10; age: 25.2±5.2 years; Body Mass Index: 24.3±3.1 kg/m2) and German Volume Training Method group (GVTMG, N.=10; age: 26.5±4.6 years; Body Mass Index: 25.6±2.9 kg/m2). Before and after each session (baseline, post, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 minutes), blood pressure was evaluated.
RESULTS: Significant intragroup differences can be observed for GVTMG in diastolic blood pressure (40 minutes post-session: 72.9±8.4 vs. 66.2±10.3 mmHg; P=0.046; Δ=-6.7 mmHg). Additionally, we observed changes in systolic blood pressure (40 minutes post-session: 130.7±4.3 vs. 124.9±8.7 mmHg; Δ=-5.8 mmHg; d=-0.9) and diastolic blood pressure (20 minutes post-session: 72.9±8.4 vs. 67.1±4.7 mmHg; Δ=-5.8 mmHg; d=-0.9).
CONCLUSIONS: German Volume Training Method promoted positive changes in blood pressure of the present study sample.
... For instance, the number of repetitions performed in the high-effort group was approximately twice that of the low-effort group at the same loading intensity (75% 1RM). Research has conclusively demonstrated that training volume is a major determinant of hypertrophic (Schoenfeld et al., 2017), cardiovascular (Figueiredo et al., 2015), and metabolic responses to RT (Strasser et al., 2010). Thus, it remains unclear whether such findings can be attributed exclusively to the different intensity of effort exerted by the aforementioned study's participants, and whether these responses persist when the volume load is equated between conditions. ...
This study compared acute changes in measures of arterial stiffness (AS) between two resistance training (RT) protocols that were load, volume and rest matched, but differed in intensity of effort. Eleven healthy adults (36.4 ± 6.8 years) performed a RT protocol with high intensity of effort (HE) and a RT protocol with low intensity of effort (LE). The HE protocol consisted of 3 sets of 12 repetitions, while the LE comprised of 6 sets of 6 repetitions. Loading intensity, volume load, and total rest duration were equivalent between the RT sessions. Pulse wave velocity, augmentation index values collected at baseline, immediately post and 15 min post‐exercise. HE elicited significantly greater increases in carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity (6.4 ± 0.3 to 7.3 ± 0.5 m/s) when compared to LE (6.6 ± 0.3 to 6.7 ± 0.3 m/s) (p < 0.05). Both HE and LE induced significant increases in augmentation index (13 ± 5.6 to 28.1 ± 9.3%) post exercise (all p < 0.05). These findings demonstrate that RT with a lower intensity of effort attenuate increases in measures of arterial stiffness compared to a RT scheme at higher intensity of effort when volume load and total rest are equalized.
... Traditional approaches for managing BP include choosing lower intensities [13], extending rest periods between sets and exercises [19], or reducing the number of repetitions [20][21][22] and sets per exercise [23][24][25]. These approaches can help maintain more stable BP levels throughout the session. ...
Background
Stage 1 hypertension influences acute cardiovascular responses to resistance exercises and post-exercise recovery. We examined whether the order of exercises, particularly in agonist-antagonist pairings, can alter these cardiovascular responses. This study compares systolic and diastolic blood pressure responses during agonist and agonist-antagonist paired sets of upper and lower-body resistance exercises with a load of 75% repetition maximum in individuals with normotension and stage 1 hypertension.
Methods
A cross-sectional study enrolled 47 participants with sedentary jobs, comprising 30 normotensive individuals (47.8 ± 5.9 years, height 174.8 ± 10.2 cm, weight 77.7 ± 15.4 kg, BMI 25.3 ± 3.6 kg/m²) and 17 hypertensive individuals (54.3 ± 6.0 years, 177.6 ± 11.3 cm, 89.8 ± 16.4 kg, BMI 28.5 ± 4,5 kg/m²). Acute cardiovascular parameters were measured using an arteriograph, a non-invasive device designed to assess vascular stiffness and cardiovascular health, after each set of resistance training.
Results
No significant differences in systolic blood pressure changes were found between the resistance training methods and aerobic exercise when comparing normotensive and hypertensive individuals. However, significant increases in systolic blood pressure were observed during lower-body exercises (11.3–24.7 mmHg for normotensives and 11.7–24.1 mmHg for hypertensives, p < 0.05). Hypertensive individuals showed slightly higher increases during lower-body supersets (p < 0.05). Regarding diastolic blood pressure, significant decreases were noted during upper-body resistance training for both groups, especially for normotensives (-10.6 to -13.7 mmHg, p < 0.05).
Conclusions
Agonist and agonist-antagonist paired set resistance training for both lower and upper-body exercises resulted in similar blood pressure changes in individuals with normotension and stage 1 hypertension. These findings suggest that both methods may have comparable cardiovascular effects across blood pressure.
Trial registration
The study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT06047678). Registration date: 31 August 2023.
... Furthermore, crosstalk mechanisms between pgc1-α and mTOR pathways also compromise strength training adaptations as a function of aerobic activity [34,35]. On the other hand, SW can be considered a potentiating strategy of strength performance through the post-activation potential involving peripheral mechanisms, such as facilitating myosin phosphorylation, and central mechanisms, such as greater motor neuron excitability, and an increase in the number of recruited motor units [36]. Thus, it is observed that pre-ST strategies can have different impacts on muscular responses; thus, it is fitting to analyze different interventions in this sense to observe the outcome. ...
Background This study aimed to examine the acute effects of different pre-ST strategies on muscular performance and blood pressure (BP) responses in recreationally strength-trained women. Methods: Twelve overweight women with normal-to-elevated BP were recruited and performed six exper-imental protocols in a randomized order: 1) control protocol (CC) – BP assessed without exercises performed, 2) strength training (ST), 3) foam rolling warm-up followed by strength training (FR+ST), 4) specific warm-up followed by strength training (SW+ST), 5) aerobic exercise followed by strength training (AE+ST), and 6) stretching exercises followed by strength training (SE+ST). Strength training consisted of three sets at 80% of 10RM with a self-suggested rest interval between sets for bench press, back squat, bench press 45º, front squat, lat pull-down, leg press, shoulder press, and leg extension. Results: All experimental protocol had a lower total training volume, fa-tigue index, and repetitions performance in relation to ST (p
... Furthermore, crosstalk mechanisms between pgc1-α and mTOR pathways also compromise strength training adaptations as a function of aerobic activity [34,35]. On the other hand, SW can be considered a potentiating strategy of strength performance through the post-activation potential involving peripheral mechanisms, such as facilitating myosin phosphorylation, and central mechanisms, such as greater motor neuron excitability, and an increase in the number of recruited motor units [36]. Thus, it is observed that pre-ST strategies can have different impacts on muscular responses; thus, it is fitting to analyze different interventions in this sense to observe the outcome. ...
Background: This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of different pre-ST strategies on muscular performance and blood pressure (BP) responses in recreationally strength-trained women. Methods: Twelve overweight women with normal BP were recruited and performed six experimental protocols in a randomized order: (1) control protocol (CC), where BP was assessed without exercises performed; (2) ST; (3) foam rolling warm-up followed by ST (FR + ST); (4) specific warm-up followed by ST (SW + ST); (5) aerobic exercise followed by ST (AE + ST); and (6) stretching exercises followed by ST (SE + ST). ST consisted of three sets at 80% of 10 repetition maximum with a self-suggested rest interval between sets for bench press, back squat, bench press 45°, front squat, lat pull-down, leg press, shoulder press, and leg extension. Results: All experimental protocol had a lower total training volume, fatigue index, and repetitions performance in relation to ST (p < 0.05). No significant reduction was observed in systolic and diastolic BP for any protocol or exercise, although the effect size magnitudes ranged from trivial to large. Decreases in maximum repetitions, resistance to fatigue, and total training volume were performed before ST as warm-up strategies. However, these strategies indicated a clinical reduction in BP with a large and meaningful magnitude (effect size) in recreationally strength-trained women with normal to elevated BP. Conclusions: The results of this investigation may help to influence decision-making by practitioners who desire to elicit a post-exercise hypotension response in both subjects with normal BP and hyper-tension.
... One possible explanation for the increase in HR after GVT could be attributed to the glycolytic involvement, leading to elevated blood lactate levels and vagal withdrawal 22,23 , which can be observed in our results by the time and frequency domain indices representing vagal activity. In addition, previous studies have demonstrated that volume 24 and intensity 23 can influence autonomic control after an acute resistance training session. ...
The present study aims to evaluate the effect of German Volume Training (GVT) on heart rate variability (HRV) at different stages of the menstrual cycle (MC) in young women with resistance training experience. Methods: Nine women (age: 25.88 ±3.13 years) performed ten sets (German Volume Training-load 80% 1RM) until concentric failure with 1 minute of rest on Leg Press 45°. The MC phases were determined using the mobile application Flo flem®, estrogen and progesterone blood concentration, and Clearblue Digital (ovulation). The HRV was collected before GVT, immediately after, 24 and 48 hours after. Time (HR, SDNN, RMSSD, and PNN50) and frequency (LF; HF and LF: HF) domains were analyzed. Results: Progesterone concentration was higher (p = 0.0001) in the luteal phase. The load in the 1RM test was higher in the luteal phase compared to the follicular phase: 174.67 (53.89) kg and 167.67 (48.74) kg, respectively (p = 0.0065) and HRV did not demonstrate a statistical difference between the MC phases (p>0.05). No statistical difference was observed analyzing the 24 and 48 Hours (p>0.05). Conclusion: Heart rate variability did not differ between MC phases.
... Among these parameters, the RMSSD and HF reflect vagal activity, whereas LF is indicative of predominantly sympathetic activity, albeit also influenced by vagal tone to a lesser degree [4]. Previous research has demonstrated that both load intensities and training volumes can influence cardiac vagal control following an RT session [5,6]. In recent years, RT programs emphasizing muscle repetition failure for strength and hypertrophic gains have gained popularity. ...
Background: The modulation of cardiac sympathovagal balance alters following acute resistance training (RT) sessions. Nevertheless, the precise influence of RT at varying load intensities on this physiological response remains to be fully elucidated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the time course of recovery following low- (40%), moderate- (60%), and high- (80%) load-intensity RT protocols performed up to muscle repetition failure in resistance-trained men. Method: Sixteen young, resistance-trained men (mean age: 21.6 ± 2.5 years, mean height: 175.7 ± 8.9 cm, mean weight: 77.1 ± 11.3 kg) participated in a randomized crossover experimental design involving three sessions, each taken to the point of muscle failure. These sessions were characterized by different load intensities: low (40% of 1-repetition maximum, 1RM), moderate (60% of 1RM), and high (80% of 1RM). The exercise regimen comprised four exercises—back squat (BS), bench press (BnP), barbell row (BR), and shoulder press (SP)—with each exercise consisting of three sets. Throughout each session, heart rate variability (HRV) and blood pressure (BP) parameters were assessed both pre-exercise and during a 40 min post-exercise period, segmented into 10 min intervals for stabilization. Statistical analysis involved the use of a repeated measures ANOVA. Results: It was observed that the 40% and 60% RT sessions resulted in a significantly higher root mean square of successive R-R intervals (RMSSD) value compared to the 80% RT session in the post-exercise recovery process in 30 min (respectively, p = 0.025; p = 0.028) and 40 min (respectively, p = 0.031; p = 0.046), while the 40% and 60% RT sessions produced similar responses. The 40% RT session was significantly higher in the high frequency (HF) value post-exercise in 40 min compared to the 80% RT session (p = 0.045). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that engaging in resistance training (RT) sessions to muscle failure at an intensity of 80% induces acute increases in sympathetic activity, potentially leading to elevated cardiovascular stress. For individuals with normal blood pressure, it is advisable to opt for lighter loads and higher repetition volumes when prescribing RT, as heavier-load RT may carry an increased risk of cardiac-related factors.
... Os programas de exercícios físicos adquirem especial relevância na melhoria da qualidade de vida da população idosa hipertensa, uma vez que esta parcela da sociedade é vulnerável não somente aos desafios impostos pela hipertensão, mas também às vicissitudes inerentes ao envelhecimento. Estudos revelam a redução pressórica após o exercício resistido (Delmonico et al., 2005;Terra et al., 2008;Cunha et al., 2012;Mota et al., 2013;Figueiredo et al., 2015). No entanto, estudos como de Polito e Farinatti (2003) mostraram que este tipo de treinamento não reduziu a PA pós-exercício. ...
O treinamento resistido vem sendo recomendado como um importante componente nos programas de condicionamento para idosos, sobretudo devido às perdas musculares auxiliando com aumento da força e potência muscular, redução da sarcopenia e melhora das capacidades funcionais no idoso, e redução da PA. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo atentou-se em analisar o impacto do treinamento resistido nos níveis pressóricos de idosos hipertensos com idades ≥ a 50 anos. A metodologia da pesquisa adotada se configurou em pesquisa bibliográfica, de natureza exploratória. Foram analisados 10 artigos publicados no período de 2018 a 2023 nas bases de dados Scielo e Pudmed, após aplicação de critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Dados promissores revelam diminuição da PAS e PAD pós exercício (7), porém outros (3) presenciaram os efeitos controversos. O efeito hipotensivo pós exercício não se torna 100% garantido aqueles que realizarem os treinamentos. Devido a isso, torna importante a realização de estudos de aprofundamento que levem em consideração maiores indicadores para averiguar possíveis medidas que expliquem essa variância nas intervenções.
... Previous studies (Figueiredo et al., 2015;Bentes et al., 2017) indicate that ST result in acute reductions in hemodynamic parameters; the Table 1 Systolic blood pressure. Median and Interquartile range between protocols (Median (IQR)). ...
Foam rolling (FR) has recently become very popular among athletes and recreational exercisers and is often used during warm up prior to strength training (ST) to induce self-myofascial release. The purpose was to examine the acute effects of ST and FR performed in isolation or in combination on blood pressure (BP) responses during recovery in normotensive women. Sixteen normotensive and strength trained women completed four interventions: 1) rest control (CON), 2) ST only, 3) FR only, and 4) ST immediately followed by FR (ST+ FR). ST consisted of three sets of bench press, back squat, front pull-down, and leg press exercises at 80% of 10RM. FR was
applied unilaterally in two sets of 120s to each of the quadriceps, hamstring, and calf regions. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) BP were measured before (rest) and every 10 min, for 60 min, following (Post 10–60) each intervention. Cohen's d effect sizes were calculated to indicate the magnitude effect by the formula d = Md/Sd,
where Md is the mean difference and Sd is the standard deviation of differences. Cohen's d effect-sizes were defined as small (≥0.2), medium (≥0.5), and large (≥0.8). There were significant reductions in SBP for ST at Post-50 (p<0.001; d=−2.14) and Post-60 (p<0.001; d=−4.43), for FR at Post-60 (p=0.020; d=−2.14), and for ST+FR at Post-50 (p=0.001; d=−2.03) and Post-60 (p<0.001; d=−2.38). No change in DBP was observed. The current findings suggest that ST and FR performed in isolation can acutely reduce SBP but without an additive effect. Thus, ST and FR can both be used to acutely reduce SBP and, importantly, FR can be added to a ST regimen without furthering the SBP reduction during recovery.
... The blood entering the interstitial cellular space, which alters the sensitivity of the arterial baroreflex to maintain the variations in blood pressure brought on by a reduction in stroke volume, is cause of this imbalance (a consequence of an increase in heart rate after resistance exercise) [38]. As a result, greater metaboreceptors and mechanoreceptors are activated, resulting in sufficient blood flow to support the working muscles' metabolic needs [39]. There may also be an increase in peripheral vascular resistance in arteries supplying visceral organs when reallocated blood travels to the active muscles during the recovery period in patients [26]. ...
Background:
Effectiveness and safety of Resistance Training in treating various Cerebrovascular Disease diagnoses have drawn attention in recent years. Patients suffering with coronary artery disease should be offered individually tailored Resistance Training in their exercise regimen. Resistance Training was developed to help individuals with their functional status, mobility, physical performance, and muscle strength.
Objective:
The objective of this review was to collect, summarize and present information on the state of science focusing on usefulness, viability, safety and efficacy of Resistance Training in treating coronary artery disease and enhancing the aerobic capacity and improving overall health-related quality of life.
Methods:
The review is prepared in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Searches were conducted in Cochrane Library, PubMed/MEDLINE, PEDro and Scopus database. PEDro scale was used for methodological quality assessment of included studies. Two independent reviewers determined the inclusion criteria of studies by classifying interventions based on core components, outcome measures, diagnostic population and rated the quality of evidence and strength of recommendations using GRADE criteria.
Results:
Total 13 studies with 1025 patients were included for the detailed analysis. Findings emphasize the importance of assessing effectiveness and safety of Resistance Training in individuals with coronary artery disease. Patient specific designed exercise programs as Resistance Training targets at enhancing patients' exercise tolerance, improves hemodynamic response and muscular strength with reduction in body fat composition.
Conclusion:
Resistance Training is an effective exercise that should be incorporated to counteract the loss of muscle strength, muscle mass, and physiological vulnerability, as well as to combat the associated debilitating effects on physical functioning, mobility and overall independence and Quality of Life during rehabilitation of patients with coronary artery disease.
... The absence of PEH in the present study may be justified because a recent meta analytical study suggests that PEH is more accentuated in aerobic exercises such as jogging and in moderate to long sessions that includes a higher number of resistance exercises [39]. Indeed, PEH seems to be more pronounced in strength exercises performed for both upper and lower limbs, with higher set numbers (≥5), 8-10 repetitions, and at 70% of maximal strength [40,41]. Therefore, regarding that the present study was conducted using a FW exercise bout characterized by a high velocity concentric action followed by an eccentric overload in healthy subjects, it is reasonable to assume that this 6/7 type of exercise prescription (i.e., 4 sets x 12 repetitions), was not capable to induce PEH. ...
Flywheel (FW) apparatus is a non-gravity-dependent exercise system that has been proposed to increase eccentric workload and skeletal muscle strength. The acute effect of FW exercise on cardiac, hemodynamic, autonomic, and neuromuscular responses remains scarce. The present study aimed to investigate the heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), HR variability (HRV), and vertical jump performance (VJ) following a FW exercise. The effort consisted of 4 sets x 12 repetitions on the half squat exercise executed with 3 flywheel rotations and 1-min of intervals between sets. HR was assessed during all experimental session. BP and VJ were assessed pre and immediately 5-, 20-, and 35-min post-exercise. HRV was evaluated by root mean square of the successive differences (RMSSD), at rest, 20-, and 35-min post-exercise. The ANOVA one way was applied followed by Bonferroni´s post hoc test if necessary. The FW moderately improved the cardiac and hemodynamic stress with a concomitant reduction on HRV. The VJ performance was not significantly affected at 5-min post FW exercise, but was impaired at 20-min and remained reduced until 35-min post-exercises. In conclusion, the FW induced a moderate stress in cardiac and hemodynamic responses followed by a decrease in the HRV. In addition, the FW impaired the jumping ability at 20-and 35-min of passive recovery. These findings are important to better comprehend the physiological responses of a FW exercise.
... Furthermore, the added tension time provided by the continuous execution of two or more exercises in a circuit mode, as typical in CrossFit®, have a more expressive effect in the HRV response (Paz et al., 2013), supporting our findings. Figueiredo et al. (2015) compared the effect of 1, 3 and 5 sets in a strength training session on SBP, DBP and HRV. The results showed that the post-exercise hypotensive effect is dependent on the training volume and the high volume of training influenced the HRV response, observed by the reduction of the parasympathetic system through the mean values of HF and RMSSD index, which were more significant when the subjects performed 5 sets. ...
CrossFit® is a training program characterized by high intensity stimulus with constantly varied and multifunctional movements that induces a significant range of physiological, hemodynamic and biochemical responses. Heart rate variability (HRV) can be used to measure how individuals react to physiological stress and fatigue. Thus, the aim of this study was to verify HRV and blood pressure acute responses during and after three sessions of Crossfit®. Nine subjects with more than one year of experience performed three different sessions of CrossFit® to verify the response of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and HRV. Significant reductions in HRV were observed through parasympathetic indexes (High Frequency(HF), p<0.001) and an increase in the activity of sympathetic indexes (Low Frequency (LF), p < 0.01; LF/HF, p<0.001) after all Crossfit® workouts. SBP decreased (p<0.05) and there were no significant differences between workouts of the day in both HRV and SBP. Different CrossFit® sessions induced similar activity of the autonomic nervous system with reduced HRV and post-exercise hypotension. Keywords. high intensity interval training; Fran; Megan; Diane; autonomic response; post-exercise hypotensive effect.
... Two common training methodologies are the most frequently prescribed: aerobic training and resistance training (RT). Aerobic training exercises have been promoted as a convenient strategy to prevent and reverse AS in healthy adults [16,17]. Similarly, RT has been recommended for treating CVD-related conditions, such as osteoporosis, sarcopenia [18], impaired glucose and lipid metabolism [19], and related risks, such as falling and functional disability [20]. ...
Purpose
Arterial stiffness (AS) describes the mechanical properties of the arterial wall and predicts cardiovascular health. Even if it is known that AS is improved by aerobic exercise, the effects of resistance training (RT) are less clear. Therefore, this meta-analysis aimed to assess the effects of RT on AS.
Methods
A systematic search for randomized controlled trials published until October 2020 was performed in the PubMed, SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE, and Web of Science databases. Overall, 19 studies were selected, with 12.58 ± 0.82 methodological quality points (from a total 15 points) and a total of 626 participants.
Results
No significant long-term effect was noted for RT on AS ( ES = –0.07; 95% CI: –0.59 to 0.45; p = 0.789). However, RT induced a significant acute increase in AS ( ES = 1.07; 95% CI: 1.55 to 0.59; p < 0.001). No other factors (i.e., age, gender, AS measurement, upper- vs. lower-body RT, training intensity, duration, frequency) had a significant modifying effect on AS in acute or long-term interventions.
Conclusions
Although RT induces an acute AS increase, this effect has no long-term impact, irrespective of the participant’s age, sex, or RT variables, such as intensity. However, the clinical implications of acute AS increase after RT are unknown.
... Regarding the cardiovascular assessments, we also found a significant DBP decrease but no significant difference in SBP. Acute BP reductions have been shown after resistance training sessions, with a greater reduction obtained with a greater exercise volume (Figueiredo, et al., 2015). However, we only noted a reduction in DBP and not in SBP. ...
In order to maintain physical fitness during the COVID-19 quarantine, we designed a short-term intervention with one body-weight exercise – burpees. Thus, the aim of this study was to understand level of feasibility and potential benefits of our protocol to different variables in young adults during the COVID-19 quarantine. An online 4-week intervention was administered to 13 young adults (age 22.5±1.39 years, weight 71.8±10.1 kg). The main phase of each session consisted of burpees, a calisthenics body-weight exercises. The training was administered daily. Data regarding quality of life (QoL), body composition, posture, heart rate variability (HRV), cardiovascular health, and strength were collected before and after the intervention period. Participants’ QoL significantly increased after four weeks (p=.025). Also, participants’ strength improved, assessed by the push-up test (p=.017). Systolic blood pressure showed no difference between the pre- and post-measures, while a significant reduction was found in diastolic blood pressure. The HRV assessment showed increased mean RR (p=.005) and RMSSD (p=.014) and decreased mean HR (p=.004) (in the time-domain). For the frequency-domain variables, no significant difference was found. No significant changes were noted in body composition, posture, handgrip strength and countermovement squat jump height. Our preliminary results suggest that the 4-week daily online burpees intervention is a feasible method that could improve QoL, upper body strength and HRV in young adults. This non-time-consuming approach could be easily administered to promote healthy living and counteract physical inactivity during COVID-19 restrictions thanks to its feasibility, short duration, and low cost.
... It is well known that after a single RT session, cardiac parasympathetic modulation is reduced (Kingsley & Figueroa, 2016;Rúa-Alonso et al., 2020). The magnitude of this decrease is lower with small training volume (Figueiredo et al., 2015) and a limited intensity of load (Niemela et al., 2008), suggesting that the control of the RT parameters moderates the possible responses. Another RT variable that has shown to modulate the acute parasympathetic withdrawal after resistance exercise is set configuration , which does not only refer to the rest periods and number of sets and repetitions completed but also the number of repetitions performed in a set with respect to the maximum possible number of repetitions . ...
Purpose: This study explored the changes in blood pressure and cardiac autonomic modulation after
training programs differin in set configuration. Methods: Thirty-nine individuals were randomly
assigned to a traditional, rest-redistribution, or control group. Throughout five weeks, the traditional
and rest-redistribution groups performed 10 sessions of four exercises with the same load, number of
repetitions, and total rest time, but with different inter-set rest duration and frequency (traditional
group: 4 sets of 8 repetitions, 10 repetition maximum load, 5 min rest between sets and exercises; restredistribution
group: 16 sets of 2 repetitions, 1 min rest between sets, 5 min rest between exercises).
Heart rate and heart rate recovery were recorded during each training session, and heart rate variability,
baroreflex sensitivity and effectiveness, blood pressure, and blood pressure variability were evaluated at
rest bedore and after the interventions. Results: During the sessions, traditional sets entailed greater
peak heart rate compared to rest-redistribution (P = .018) but mean heart rate, minimum heart rate, and
heart rate recovery were similar between training programs (P >.05). Baroreflex effectiveness was
reduced after the traditional intervention (P = .013). No changes were detected for the rest of the
cardiovascular variables obtained at rest after intervention (P > .05). Conclusions: Despite some
differences in heart rate response during exercise, neither traditional nor rest-redistribution resistance
training protocols produced changes in cardiac autonomic modulation, sympathetic vasomotor tone,
and cardiac baroreflex sensitivity of young healthy active individuals. However, traditional sets affected
the baroreflex effectiveness.
... Some studies suggest that variation in PREH magnitude may be influenced by factors related to the population and/ or the exercise protocol characteristics. Along this line, Queiroz et al. (2015) found greater magnitude of PREH in hypertensives than normotensives, and greater PREH has been reported after dynamic resistance exercises involving larger muscle mass (Polito and Farinatti, 2009) and multiple sets (Polito and Farinatti, 2009;De Brito et al., 2014;Figueiredo et al., 2015b). Nevertheless, the influence of these factors on PREH has been mainly defined based on comparisons of mean responses (i.e. ...
Background: Post-dynamic resistance exercise hypotension (PREH) has been largely demonstrated. However, little is known regarding the interindividual variation of PREH magnitude and its predictors (i.e. factors of influence).
Aims: To assess the interindividual variation of PREH and its predictors related to the characteristics of the individuals and the exercise protocol.
Methods: This study retrospectively analysed data from 131 subjects included in seven controlled trials about PREH (including at least one dynamic resistance exercise and one control session) conducted by two research laboratories. The interindividual variation was assessed by the standard deviation of the individual responses (SDIR), and linear regression analyses were conducted to explore the predictors.
Results: PREH showed moderate interindividual variation for systolic (SBP, SDIR=4.4mmHg; 0.35 standardised units) and diastolic blood pressures (DBP, SDIR=3.6mmHg; 0.32 standardised units). For systolic PREH, multivariate regression analysis (R²=0.069) revealed higher baseline SBP (B=−0.157, p=0.008) and higher number of sets (B=−3.910, p=0.041) as significant predictors. For diastolic PREH, multivariate regression analysis (R²=0.174) revealed higher baseline DBP (B=−0.191, p=0.001) and higher exercise volume (i.e. number of exercises *sets per exercise *repetitions per sets >150; B=−4.212, p=0.001) as significant predictors.
Conclusion: PREH has a considerable interindividual variation. Greater PREH magnitude is observed in individuals with higher baseline blood pressure and after exercise protocols that comprehend higher number of sets and exercise volume.
... Thus, physical exercise has been used as a form of prevention, control, and nonpharmacological treatment of arterial hypertension, providing an effective and cheaper strategy than pharmacological intervention [4,6]. Therefore, blood pressure reduction below the resting volume after exercise is defined as a hypotensive effect [7,8]. ...
Citation: Aidar, F.J.; Paz, Â.d.A.; Gama, D.d.M.; de Souza, R.F.; Vieira Souza, L.M.; Santos, J.L.d.; Almeida-Neto, P.F.; Marçal, A.C.; Neves, E.B.; Moreira, O.C.; et al. Evaluation of the Post-Training Hypotensor Effect in Paralympic and Conventional Powerlifting. J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2021, 6, 92.
Abstract: High blood pressure (HBP) has been associated with several complications and causes of death. The objective of the study was to analyze the hemodynamic responses in Paralympic bench press powerlifting (PP) and conventional powerlifting (CP) before and after training and up to 60 minutes (min) after training. Ten PP and 10 CP athletes performed five sets of five repetition maximal bench press exercises, and we evaluated systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure (SBP, DBP, and MBP, respectively), heart rate (HR), heart pressure product (HPP), and myocardial oxygen volume (MVO 2). The SBP increased after training (p < 0.001), and there were differences in the post training and 30, 40, and 60 min later (p = 0.021), between 10 and 40 min after training (p = 0.031, η 2 p = 0.570), and between CP and PP (p =0.028, η 2 p = 0.570). In the MBP, there were differences between before and after (p = 0.016) and 40 min later (p = 0.040, η 2 p = 0.309). In the HR, there was a difference between before and after, and 5 and 10 min later (p = 0.002), and between after and 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 min later (p < 0.001, η 2 p = 0.767). In HPP and MVO 2 , there were differences between before and after (p = 0.006), and between after and 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 min later (p < 0.001, η 2 p = 0.816). In CP and PP, there is no risk of hemodynamic overload to athletes, considering the results of the HPP, and training promotes a moderate hypotensive effect, with blood pressure adaptation after and 60 min after exercise.
... This result suggests a vasodilatation after exercise with increase blood flow to the elbow flexors muscles [26,27]. Hemodynamics responses were modest specially by the low-volume session, which consisted of only one exercise, with three sets [28]. In addition, EF is an exercise that recruit small muscle groups, and multi-joint or lower limbs exercises shows greater hemodynamics alterations based on greater muscle involved [29,30] Probably a session with different exercises performed with Ponto zero or TRA should reveal different responses considering hemodynamics responses. ...
The purpose of this study was to compare metabolic, hemodynamic and performance of traditional (TRA) resistance training vs. Ponto zero method. Sixteen recreationally trained men (26.6±5.1 years old; 83.4±13.9 kg; 176.7±7.1cm; 26.60±3.39BMI) participated in this study. Subjects visited the laboratory four times, in which the first visit, anthropometrics data was measured, and the second visit consisted of 10 repetition maximum (RM) test performed in the elbow flexion with straight bar. In the TRA protocol, subjects were oriented to flex their elbows in the concentric phase and fully extend, back to the starting position, during subjects the eccentric phase. In the Ponto zero, five-seconds of isometric action was used in the 120º elbow flexion in each repetition. In both protocols, subjects were instructed to perform three sets of 10 repetitions with 60% of 10 RM and two-min rest interval between sets. The volume load (total repetitions x load) was the same between conditions, however, Ponto zero showed significantly greater time under tension (TUT) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) in all sets when compared to TRA (p <0.001). Blood lactate increased significantly only immediately after session in the TRA (p =0.015), and Ponto zero increased significantly immediately after, 30-min and 60-min time-points (p < 0.001). Similar reductions in diastolic blood pressure was observed in both sessions (p< 0.05). In conclusion, Ponto zero seems to be a good alternative of method to increase TUT, RPE and metabolic stress.
... Different RE features such as intensity [8], volume [9], rest intervals [10] and type of exercise [11] may lead to different responses in HRV after exercise. The set configuration is another RE feature that could modulate the HRV responses after exercise [12]. ...
We compared the heart rate variability (HRV) after a low-intensity resistance exercise (LI-RE) with short (SSC/LI-RE) and long (LSC/LI-RE) set configurations, composed of 10 and 20 repetitions, respectively. Randomly, ten young males performed one session of both RE protocols. Time- and frequency-domain, and nonlinear HRV parameters were assessed at baseline and 20-30 and 50-60 minutes after protocols. Significant reductions in time-domain, frequency-domain and nonlinear HRV parameters were observed at 20-30 minutes and 50-60 minutes after LSC/LI-RE compared to baseline. A low-intensity RE with a long set configuration induces an acute vagal withdrawal and loss of heart rate complexity after exercise.
... Ahora bien, en la literatura previa se ha mencionado que, aún los mecanismos fisiológicos que podrían explicar el efecto hipotensivo generado a partir de una sesión de ECR no están completamente claros (del Valle Soto et al., 2015;Queiroz, Kanegusuku, y Forjaz, 2010). A pesar de ello, algunos de los estudios en los que han evaluado posibles mecanismos fisiológicos han explicado que la hipotensión lograda a partir de una sesión de ECR puede deberse a: 1) modificaciones del gasto cardíaco (GC) y la resistencia vascular periférica total (Brito, Oliveira, Santos, y Santos, 2014;Moraga Rojas, 2008), 2) modificaciones neurohumorales (Figueiredo et al., 2015;Queiroz et al., 2015;Rezk, Marrache, Tinucci, Mion, y Forjaz, 2006;Teixeira, Ritti-Dias, Tinucci, Júnior, y de Moraes Forjaz, 2011), 3) incremento en sustancias vasodilatadoras como el óxido nítrico y las cininas (Moraes et al., 2007). ...
Actualmente, se recomienda el ejercicio contra resistencia (ECR) como una de las estrategias no farmacológicas para el control y tratamiento de la presión arterial (PA). Sin embargo, es necesario profundizar esta línea de investigación. El propósito del estudio fue comparar el efecto del tipo de descanso al realizar ECR sobre la PA de participantes normotensos. Participaron nueve hombres; siguiendo un diseño de investigación de medidas repetidas, realizaron tres condiciones experimentales en orden aleatorio: a) Descanso Activo (DA), b) Descanso Pasivo (DP), c) Sesión Control. En las 3 sesiones, se midió la PA y la frecuencia cardíaca (FC) pre-tratamiento, 1 minuto post-sesión y cada 10 minutos post-tratamiento durante 120 minutos. Las sesiones experimentales estuvieron precedidas por: mediciones antropométricas, familiarización y aplicación del test de 1RM. En el análisis estadístico se aplicó ANOVA de 2 vías para medidas repetidas, análisis de efectos simples y post hoc de Tukey. Entre los principales resultados, se encontró que, en comparación con la sesión control, los valores de PA disminuyen de forma significativa (p < .05): 1) al realizar ECR utilizando DP y DA a los 50, 100, 110 minutos post-ejercicio; 2) posterior a ejecutar ECR utilizando DA a los 20, 30, 70, 80,100, 120 minutos; 3) después de finalizada la sesión ECR con DP a los 10, 40 y 120 minutos. Respecto a la medición pre-test, los valores de PA disminuyeron de forma significativa (p < .05) a los 10, 20, 40, 50, 60, 100 y 120 minutos post ECR utilizando DP. En conclusión, al comparar con los valores de PA mostrados en un día de control, la ejecución de ECR aplicando DP y DA es funcional en el control de la PA de hombres jóvenes normotensos. En relación al pre-test, se podría indicar que el DP es el que promueve el efecto hipotensivo del ECR.
... These results are similar to those reported after traditional strength training (2) and also after plyometric training (5). However, others have reported no significant changes in blood pressure after high (11) or moderate (4) intensity plyometric training, although in these studies only a 10-min and a 3-min post-exercise measurement period was used, respectively, which probably reduced the chances to observe PEH (12,69), as blood pressure values tend to decrease with the advance of the post-exercise recovery period (3,29). ...
The present doctoral dissertation is a compendium of three different studies underling the general
purpose of examine the effects of different types of explosive efforts in cardiovascular and
hormonal parameters of subjects with different levels of physical performance.
The aim of the study 1 was to compare the acute effects of low-, moderate-, high-, and combinedintensity plyometric training on heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood
pressure (DBP), and rate-pressure product (RPP) cardiovascular responses in male and female
normotensive subjects. Fifteen (8 women) physically active normotensive subjects participated in
this study (age 23.5 ± 2.6 years, body mass index 23.8 ± 2.3 kg.m-2). Using a randomized crossover
design, trials were conducted with rest intervals of at least 48 hours. Each trial comprised 120
jumps, using boxes of 20, 30, and 40 cm for low, moderate, and high intensity, respectively. For
combined intensity, the 3 height boxes were combined. Measurements were taken before and after
(i.e., every 10 minutes for a period of 90 minutes) each trial. When data responses of men and
women were combined, a mean reduction in SBP, DBP, and RPP was observed after all plyometric
intensities. No significant differences were observed pre- or postexercise (at any time point) for
HR, SBP, DBP, or RPP when low-, moderate-, high-, or combined-intensity trials were compared.
No significant differences were observed between male and female subjects, except for a higher
SBP reduction in women (212%) compared with men (27%) after high-intensity trial. Although
there were minor differences across postexercise time points, collectively, the data demonstrated
that all plyometric training intensities can induce an acute postexercise hypotensive effect in young
normotensive male and female subjects.
The aim of the study 2 was to compare the effects of a jump training program, with or without
haltere type handheld loading, on maximal intensity exercise performance. Youth soccer players
(12.1 ± 2.2 y) were assigned to either a jump training group (JG, n = 21), a jump training group
plus haltere type handheld loading (LJG, n = 21), or a control group following only soccer training
(CG, n = 21). Athletes were evaluated for maximal intensity performance measures before and
after 6 weeks of training, during an in-season training period. The CG achieved a significant change
in maximal kicking velocity only (ES = 0.11–0.20). Both jump training groups improved in right
leg (ES = 0.28–0.45) and left leg horizontal countermovement jump with arms (ES = 0.32–0.47),
horizontal countermovement jump with arms (ES = 0.28–0.37), vertical countermovement jump
with arms (ES = 0.26), 20-cm drop jump reactive strength index (ES = 0.20–0.37), and maximal
kicking velocity (ES = 0.27–0.34). Nevertheless, compared to the CG, only the LJG exhibited
greater improvements in all performance tests. Therefore, haltere type handheld loading further
enhances performance adaptations during jump training in youth soccer players.
A soccer match induce changes in physiological stress biomarkers as testosterone (T), cortisol (C),
and testosterone:cortisol (T:C) ratio. Hydration state may also modulate these hormones, and
therefore may alter the anabolic/catabolic balance in response to soccer match. The role of
hydration status before the match in these biomarkers has not yet been reported. The aim of the
study 3 was to compare the salivary T, C, and the T:C ratio responses after two friendly matches
in well-hydrated and mild-dehydrated (MD) elite young male soccer player. Seventeen players
(age, 16.8 ± 0.4 years; VO2max 57.2 ± 3.6 ml.kg-1.min-1) were divided into two teams. Before the
matches the athletes were assessed for hydration level by the urine specific gravity method and
divided for the analysis into well-hydrated (WH; n = 9; USG < 1.010 g/mL-1) and milddehydrated
7
(MD; n = 8; USG 1.010 to 1.020 g/mL-1) groups. Hormones were collected before and after each
match by saliva samples. The mean (HRmean) and maximal (HRmax) heart rate were measured
throughout the matches. A two-way ANOVA was used to compare T, C, and T:C between and
within groups. Similar HRmean (WH, 83.1 ± 4.7%; MD, 87.0 ± 4.1; p = 0.12) and HRmax (WH,
93.2 ± 4.4%; MD, 94.7 ± 3.7%; p = 0.52) were found for both groups during the matches. No
differences were found before the matches in the T (p = 0.38), C (p = 66), nor T:C (p = 0.38)
between groups. No changes within groups were found after matches in neither group for T (WH,
p = 0.20; MD, p = 0.36), and T:C (WH, p = 0.94; MD, p = 0.63). Regarding the C, only the MD
group showed increases (28%) after the matches (MD, p = 0.03; WH, p = 0.13). In conclusion, MD
exacerbate the C response to friendly matches in elite young male soccer players, suggesting that
dehydration before match may be an added stress to be considered.
... Upon completion of the warm-up, the participants completed the resistance exercise protocol consisting of 6 sets of 10 repetitions of BSs, 3 sets of 10 repetitions of BPs, and 3 sets of 10 repetitions of BRs. The relative load was 70% of 1RM for all the exercises, with 120 s of rest between each set and 180 s of rest between each exercise [27,28]. If a participant reached failure during a set before completing the prescribed 10 repetitions, 30-60 s of rest was allowed before continuing with the set. ...
The aim was to examine the validity of heart rate variability (HRV) measurements from photoplethysmography (PPG) via a smartphone application pre- and post-resistance exercise (RE) and to examine the intraday and interday reliability of the smartphone PPG method. Thirty-one adults underwent two simultaneous ultrashort-term electrocardiograph (ECG) and PPG measurements followed by 1-repetition maximum testing for back squats, bench presses, and bent-over rows. The participants then performed RE, where simultaneous ultrashort-term ECG and PPG measurements were taken: two pre- and one post-exercise. The natural logarithm of the root mean square of successive normal-to-normal (R-R) differences (LnRMSSD) values were compared with paired-sample t-tests, Pearson product correlations, Cohen’s d effect sizes (ESs), and Bland–Altman analysis. Intra-class correlations (ICC) were determined between PPG LnRMSSDs. Significant, small–moderate differences were found for all measurements between ECG and PPG: BasePre1 (ES = 0.42), BasePre2 (0.30), REPre1 (0.26), REPre2 (0.36), and REPost (1.14). The correlations ranged from moderate to very large: BasePre1 (r = 0.59), BasePre2 (r = 0.63), REPre1 (r = 0.63), REPre2 (r = 0.76), and REPost (r = 0.41)—all p < 0.05. The agreement for all the measurements was “moderate” (0.10–0.16). The PPG LnRMSSD exhibited “nearly-perfect” intraday reliability (ICC = 0.91) and “very large” interday reliability (0.88). The smartphone PPG was comparable to the ECG for measuring HRV at rest, but with larger error after resistance exercise.
... Notably, the beneficial effects of physical exercise are not restricted to its chronic practice since reduced BP levels may be observed after an acute session of exercise, a phenomenon denominated postexercise hypotension (PEH) [10,13,18]. PEH is found after aerobic (AER) and resistance (RES) exercises in NON-RH and normotensive people [19][20][21][22]. Furthermore, PEH may predict the success of exercise protocols [21,22] and likely contribute to low cardiovascular risk during the performance of activities of daily living [23,24]. ...
Aim:
The present study compared the acute effects of aerobic (AER), resistance (RES), and combined (COM) exercises on blood pressure (BP) levels in people with resistant hypertension (RH) and nonresistant hypertension (NON-RH).
Methods:
Twenty patients (10 RH and 10 NON-RH) were recruited and randomly performed three exercise sessions and a control session. Ambulatory BP was monitored over 24 hours after each experimental session.
Results:
Significant reductions on ambulatory BP were found in people with RH after AER, RES, and COM sessions. Notably, ambulatory BP was reduced during awake-time and night-time periods after COM. On the other hand, the effects of AER were more prominent during awake periods, while RES caused greater reductions during the night-time period. In NON-RH, only RES acutely reduced systolic BP, while diastolic BP was reduced after all exercise sessions. However, the longest postexercise ambulatory hypotension was observed after AER (~11 h) in comparison to RES (~8 h) and COM (~4 h) exercises.
Conclusion:
Findings of the present study indicate that AER, RES, and COM exercises elicit systolic and diastolic postexercise ambulatory hypotension in RH patients. Notably, longer hypotension periods were observed after COM exercise. In addition, NON-RH and RH people showed different changes on BP after exercise sessions, suggesting that postexercise hypotension is influenced by the pathophysiological bases of hypertension.
... Yet, it should be pointed out that the subjects were normotensive and PEH is more prone to occur in hypertensive people (5) and the fact that this finding is related to the low volume of the performed STS (only 1 exercise, 4 sets, 4-6 repetitions) may have influenced the subjects' response. Hence, if PEH is influenced by the amount of muscle mass used in the exercise session, a higher ST volume would be required to induce PEH (3,7). Despite the absence of PEH in both Groups (intragroup analysis), it is interesting to note that G14 presented a lower DBP value at Rec 30 after the STS compared to G30 after the supplementation period. ...
Clael S, Dutra MT, Leite MM, Oliveira PFA, Carvalho BP, Aquino MFS, Dantas RAE, Mota MR. Metabolic, Hemodynamic, and Strength Changes Associated with Pequi Oil Supplementation in Healthy Men. JEPonline 2020;23(4)135-145. The aim of this study was to compare several biomarkers after two different time periods of pequi oil supplementation. Twenty men (age, 21.70 ± 3.18 yrs) were allocated to 2 groups: (a) Group 14 (G14) was supplemented with pequi oil at 400 mg•d-1 for 14 days; and (b) Group 30 (G30) was supplemented with pequi oil at 400 mg•d-1 for 30 days. Before and after supplementation, 1RM strength, hemodynamic and metabolic biomarkers were analyzed. Also, they performed a strength session with hemodynamic evaluation for 30 min after the session. Mixed ANOVA was used to analyze the data. After supplementation, no differences between the groups were observed in systolic blood pressure, heart rate, double product, 1RM, and total cholesterol. Compared to G30, G14 presented reduced diastolic blood pressure at 30 min after the exercise session (∆=-6.9 mmHg, P=.006). G14 presented greater blood triglyceride compared to baseline value (∆= +34.2 mg•d-1 , P=.03). Perceived exertion was higher (P<.05) in G14 compared to G30 (8.3 ± 0.8 vs. 6.4 ± 0.6 AU). Pequi oil does not increase strength, nor reduce resting metabolic and hemodynamic biomarkers after 14 and 30 days of supplementation.
The proposition of a minimal dose of resistance training (RT) to elicit health benefits, encompassing physiological and psychological aspects, has garnered attention. While empirical investigations have demonstrated the efficacy of low-volume RT protocols in inducing adaptations such as enhanced strength and functional capacity, further exploration of the effects of this paradigm across a broader spectrum of variables is warranted. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of minimal dose RT on strength and functional capacity, cardiac autonomic modulation, and hemodynamic parameters in menopausal women. Twenty-six women were randomly assigned to the training (TG: 63.2 ± 9.3 years) or control group (CG: 59.3 ± 7.6 years). Anthropometric measurements, strength and functional performance tests, cardiac autonomic assessment, and hemodynamic parameters were performed before and after four weeks of intervention. The TG performed the minimum dose RT twice weekly for four weeks (2 sets of 8–12 repetitions in three dynamic exercises, plus three 1-min isometric planks), and the CG had a weekly meeting with lectures and stretching. Two-way ANOVA with repeated measures was applied to each variable. Regarding time comparisons, there was a significant increase for LniRR (F = 4.78; ω² = 0.046; p = 0.04), one repetition maximum (1RM) bench press (F = 8.06; ω² = 0,013; p = 0.01), and 1RM leg press (F = 17.3; ω² = 0,098; p < 0.01). There was a group*time interaction only for the index LnRMSSD (F = 5.11; ω² = 0.042; p = 0.03), and 1RM bench press (F = 9.52; ω² = 0,016; p = 0.01). No between-group main effect for any variable was found. The minimal dose RT protocol improved muscle strength, while cardiac autonomic and hemodynamic variables, as well as functional capacity, remained stable over 4 weeks in menopausal women.
Background: The Physical Activity Guidelines 2nd Edition recommends ≥2 days of resistance training (RT). Evidence supports a dose-response relation between RT volume and cardiometabolic health. We examined whether RT guidelines and volume were associated with lower all-cause mortality. Methods: Participants from the 1999-2006 NHANES cycles (N = 5855) self-reported the past 30 days of physical activity including the number of sessions, average session duration in minutes, and activity type. Mortality was ascertained from the linked National Death Index through the end of 2019. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratios for all-cause mortality by RT Guideline adherence and per 1000 MET-minutes of monthly RT volume. Results: Approximately 1-in-10 participants met the RT Guidelines (n = 612, 11.6%). The mean monthly RT volume was 2033.3 ± 2487.7 MET-minutes. Mortality incidence was 10.6% (n = 886). Neither meeting the Guidelines (HR [95% CI]; 1.02 [.74, 1.41], compared to not meeting the Guidelines) nor monthly RT volume per 1000 MET-minutes (1.02 [.92, 1.14]) was associated with all-cause mortality in adjusted models, with no evidence of effect modification by sex or age. Conclusions: The present study did not find an association between RT and all-cause mortality. These results do not support the RT canon, warranting further investigation.
This study compared blood pressure (BP) and heart rate variability (HRV) values considering the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) polymorphisms and physical activity (PA) level. Participants were stratified according to their ACE polymorphism and PA level. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect polymorphisms and PA level was assessed by questionnaire. Participants had their BP measured by an oscillometer and the HRV rerded using a heart monitor. Participants grouped by polymorphism II showed higher values of root mean square successive difference when compared to individuals with DD polymorphism. “Highly active”, compared to “active”, individuals exhibited a lower diastolic BP. There was no statistically significant difference in the behavior of the dependent variables between the different PA levels within each polymorphism. Polymorphism II attenuated parasympathetic activity in cardiac autonomic modulation and the “highly active” group displayed lower values of diastolic BP. PA level did not affect any variable when polymorphisms were considered.
Background: The isolated effect of resistance training (RT) on heart rate variability (HRV) and blood pressure (BP) is crucial when prescribing suitable training programmes for healthy individuals. Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare BP and HRV responses in physically active men after an acute RT session with loads of 5-, 10- or 15-repetition maximums (5RM, 10RM and 15RM). Method: Eighty-one men (age: 21.6±1.1yr; body mass: 74.1±5.8 kg; height: 175.3 ±7.1cm) who performed moderate to vigorous physical activities for at least 30 min a day on most days of the week participated in this study. After the of 5RM loads for the bent-over row (BR), bench press (BEP), Dead-lift (DL) and squats (SQ), participants were divided into three training load groups (15RM = GrpL, 10RM = GrpM or 5RM = GrpH). During the experimental session, each group (n=27) performed 3 sets for each of the four exercise, with 2-min rest intervals between sets and exercises with their assigned training load. BP and HRV were measured prior to, immediately after, and at 15-min intervals until two hours post-experiment. Results: All three groups attained improved BP (p = .001) reductions and longer HRV (p = .0001) changes after an acute exercise session but the GrpM (10RM) and and GrpL (15RM) performed better than GrpH (5RM). Conclusion: Strength and conditioning professionals may prescribe exercises with 10-15RM loads if the aim is to obtain an acute reduction in BP after an RT session.
Water exercise has various health benefits. However, effects of low-intensity water exercise program, frequently conducted as a health promotion activity, on high frequency component of heart rate variability (HF, an index of cardiovagal activity and a predictor of future cardiovascular disease) has been unexplored. To investigate acute effects of a low-intensity water exercise program on cardiovagal activity, 35 young healthy men participated in this study as a part of the water exercise group (15 min of walking, 10 min of jogging, and 10 min of supine floating) or the control group (35 min of sitting at rest on land). Heart rate during walking, jogging, and floating in water were 88±13, 104±19, and 73±14 bpm, respectively. Ratings of perceived exertion (Borg’s 6—20 scale) were 9±2, 10±2, and 7±2, respectively. Before the low-intensity water exercise program or 35-min sitting rest, there were no intergroup differences in natural logarithm of HF (lnHF), the ratio of low to high frequency component of heart rate variability (LF/HF), heart rate, blood pressure, sublingual temperature, and salivary amylase activity. An interaction between time and group was found in lnHF (P = 0.01); lnHF was greater 15 min and 30 min after versus before the program in the water exercise group, whereas there were no differences in the control group. There were no interactions in LF/HF, heart rate, blood pressure, sublingual temperature, and salivary amylase activity. These results suggest that the low-intensity water exercise program consists of walking, jogging, and supine floating acutely enhances cardiovagal activity.
There is little evidence on the acute effect of isometric
exercise on blood pressure in overweight and obese
adolescents. The aim of the study was to evaluate the
acute response of systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP) and
heart rate recovery (HRR) after a session of highvolume
and low-volume isometric exercise in two
physical education classes in overweight adolescents.
A quasi-experimental study design with pre and posttest
was utilized. Twelve men, 17 ± 0.7 years, body
mass index (BMI) 30 ± 4.8, performed a low volume
IE session (BV) of 1 series of 10 exercises of 10
seconds duration and a high volume IE session (VA)
of 1 series of 10 exercises of 15 seconds duration on
non-consecutive days. Both protocols used 10 seconds
of rest between exercises. The SBP, DBP and HRR
were recorded before and after both L-V and H-V
interventions immediately after exercise and every 10
minutes until completing 60 minutes. The SBP was
only significantly reduced after the IE of L-V (p ≤
0.05) in -7 ± 2.8, -9.6 ± 2.9, -6.5 ± 2.5 and -5.3 ± 1, 6
mmHg at 10, 40, 50 and 60 minutes post-exercise
respectively. Regarding the changes in HRR, the BV
group presented a greater recovery compared to the
AV group (p ≤ 0.005) immediately and at 10, 20, 30,
40 and 60 minutes after exercise. No significant
differences were observed for the rest of the variables
measured. In conclusion, a L-V IE session reduces
SBP and this response is maintained for at least 60
minutes after exercise without altering HRR in
physically inactive adolescents with overweight and
obesity.
PurposeTo investigate the hemodynamic responses, especially HPE following different resistance exercises RE protocols in young adult subjects.Methods
Eighty-nine men (28.0 ± 3.4 years, 82.0 ± 5.4 kg, and 26.4 ± 2.1 kg/m2) participated in the present study and were randomly allocated into six groups as follows: (a) control group (n = 12), (b) circuit group (n = 19), (c) 50% Group (n = 12), (d) 70% Group (n = 14), (e) 80% Group (n = 13), and (f) 90% Group (n = 19). Blood pressure and heart rate were measured in 7 different times: rest, 1, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 120 min after the RE section. Results were considered significant at P < 0.05.ResultsDifferent RE protocols with the same total volume elicit different hemodynamic responses. Interestingly, all groups, except for the 90% group presented systolic blood pressure (SBP) SBP area under the curve to be significantly lower than control. In addition, all RE groups, except for the 90% group, elicited a reduction of SBP from 60 to 120 min after exercise compared with pre-exercise values.Conclusion
Our findings suggest RE as an optimal tool for the control of blood pressure (BP), as it promotes a post-exercise hypotension. In addition, different protocols of RE lead to different BP response.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of nonlinear periodized (NLP) and linear periodized (LP) resistance training (RT) on muscle thickness (MT) and strength, measured by an ultrasound technique and 1 repetition maximum (1RM), respectively. Thirty untrained men were randomly assigned to 3 groups: NLP (n = 11, age: 30.2 ± 1.1 years, height: 173.6 ± 7.2 cm, weight: 79.5 ± 13.1 kg), LP (n = 10, age: 29.8 ± 1.9 years, height: 172.0 ± 6.8 cm, weight: 79.9 ± 10.6 kg), and control group (CG; n = 9, age: 25.9 ± 3.6 years, height: 171.2 ± 6.3 cm, weight: 73.9 ± 9.9 kg). The right biceps and triceps MT and 1RM strength for the exercises bench press (BP), lat-pull down, triceps extension, and biceps curl (BC) were assessed before and after 12 weeks of training. The NLP program varied training biweekly during weeks 1-6 and on a daily basis during weeks 7-12. The LP program followed a pattern of intensity and volume changes every 4 weeks. The CG did not engage in any RT. Posttraining, both trained groups presented significant 1RM strength gains in all exercises (with the exception of the BP in LP). The 1RM of the NLP group was significantly higher than LP for BP and BC posttraining. There were no significant differences in biceps and triceps MT between baseline and posttraining for any group; however, posttraining, there were significant differences in biceps and triceps MT between NLP and the CG. The effect sizes were higher in NLP for the majority of observed variables. In conclusion, both LP and NLP are effective, but NLP may lead to greater gains in 1RM and MT over a 12-week training period.
Cardiac sympathovagal balance is altered after resistance exercise. However, the impact of the characteristics of resistance training in this response remains unclear.
Analyze the acute effect of resistance exercise intensity for trunk and upper limbs in cardiac autonomic modulation after exercise.
Fifteen young men performed three experimental sessions in random order: control (C), resistance exercise with 50% of 1-RM (E50%) and resistance exercise with 70% of 1-RM (E70%). The sessions included 05 exercises for the trunk and upper limbs performed in three sets of 12, 9 and 6 repetitions, respectively. Before and at 20 and 50 minutes after the interventions, the heart rate was measured for spectral analysis of variability.
In comparison to the values before the intervention, the RR interval and the band of high frequency (HF) increased (major changes: + 112 ± 83 ms; +10 ± 11 un, respectively, p < 0.01), while the low frequency band (LF) and LF/HF ratio decreased (major changes: -10 ± 11 pc; -2 ± 2, respectively, p < 0.01) after the session C. None of these variables changed significantly after the E50% session (p > 0.05). Compared to pre-exercise values, the RR interval and the HF band decreased (major changes: -69 ± 105 ms; -13 ± 14 un, respectively, p <0.01), while the LF band and the LF/HF ratio increased (major changes: -13 ± 14 un, 13 ± 3 14 ± 3 and un, respectively, p <0.01) after E70%.
The higher intensity of resistance exercise for trunk and upper limbs promoted, in an acute manner, greater increase in cardiac sympathovagal balance after exercise.
The effects of muscle mass and number of sets on postexercise hypotension (PEH) following resistance exercises are barely known. The aim of the study was to compare systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure, and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) after biceps curl and leg extension with different number of sets. Twenty-four trained men (23 +/- 1 year, 69 +/- 4 kg, 173 +/- 3 cm) were randomly assigned into control group, arm group, and leg group. On the first day, the 12 repetition maximum (12RM) workload was determined for both experimental groups. In the remaining days, arm group and leg group performed, randomly, 6 or 10 sets of 10 repetitions of the respective exercises at 12RM workload. Blood pressure was assessed before and every 10 minutes after the exercises for 1 hour. The 3-way analysis of variance identified a significant influence of the type of exercise (p = 0.000001), number of sets (p = 0.007), and postexercise period (p = 0.009) on SBP and of the type of exercise (p = 0.03) on MAP. No differences were found among the groups at rest. Postexercise hypotension was only observed for the leg group when 10 sets were performed. In this group, SBP was significantly (p <or= 0.05) lower than at rest during all the observation periods (120.6 +/- 2.7 vs. 107.1 +/- 3.2 to 113.4 +/- 2.8 mm Hg) and MAP was significantly lower than at rest only for the 30-minute assessment (90.3 +/- 2.1 vs. 85.1 +/- 1.5 mm Hg). It is therefore possible that the muscle mass activated during resistance exercise has an influence on PEH, especially in high-volume multiple-set training sessions.
Orthostatic stress, sitting, results in adjustments of cardiovascular variables to maintain blood pressure and is prominent in a variety of occupations. Sitting serves as the control position for head-out water immersion studies. This study addressed gender differences in the cardiovascular response to prolonged sitting. Ten men and 10 women had cardiovascular measurements in the supine position compared with measurements during 2 hours in the seated position (Sit). Supine cardiovascular measurements were similar for both sexes. Heart rate changed similarly for both sexes with Sit. With Sit, men had elevated mean arterial pressure (9 +/- 3%), total peripheral resistance (54 +/- 9%), and decreased cardiac index (-27 +/- 5%), while women had no change in mean arterial pressure, lesser elevations in total peripheral resistance (17 +/- 7%), and lesser decreases in cardiac index (-12 +/- 5%) than men. Thus men, compared to women, had an elevated mean arterial pressure response to prolonged orthostatic stress.
"The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure" provides a new guideline for hypertension prevention and management. The following are the key messages(1) In persons older than 50 years, systolic blood pressure (BP) of more than 140 mm Hg is a much more important cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor than diastolic BP; (2) The risk of CVD, beginning at 115/75 mm Hg, doubles with each increment of 20/10 mm Hg; individuals who are normotensive at 55 years of age have a 90% lifetime risk for developing hypertension; (3) Individuals with a systolic BP of 120 to 139 mm Hg or a diastolic BP of 80 to 89 mm Hg should be considered as prehypertensive and require health-promoting lifestyle modifications to prevent CVD; (4) Thiazide-type diuretics should be used in drug treatment for most patients with uncomplicated hypertension, either alone or combined with drugs from other classes. Certain high-risk conditions are compelling indications for the initial use of other antihypertensive drug classes (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin-receptor blockers, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers); (5) Most patients with hypertension will require 2 or more antihypertensive medications to achieve goal BP (<140/90 mm Hg, or <130/80 mm Hg for patients with diabetes or chronic kidney disease); (6) If BP is more than 20/10 mm Hg above goal BP, consideration should be given to initiating therapy with 2 agents, 1 of which usually should be a thiazide-type diuretic; and (7) The most effective therapy prescribed by the most careful clinician will control hypertension only if patients are motivated. Motivation improves when patients have positive experiences with and trust in the clinician. Empathy builds trust and is a potent motivator. Finally, in presenting these guidelines, the committee recognizes that the responsible physician's judgment remains paramount.
This review examines the influence on heart rate variability (HRV) indices in athletes from training status, different types of exercise training, sex and ageing, presented from both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. The predictability of HRV in over-training, athletic condition and athletic performance is also included. Finally, some recommendations concerning the application of HRV methods in athletes are made.
The cardiovascular system is mostly controlled by autonomic regulation through the activity of sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways of the autonomic nervous system. Analysis of HRV permits insight in this control mechanism. It can easily be determined from ECG recordings, resulting in time series (RR-intervals) that are usually analysed in time and frequency domains. As a first approach, it can be assumed that power in different frequency bands corresponds to activity of sympathetic (0.04–0.15Hz) and parasympathetic (0.15–0.4Hz) nerves. However, other mechanisms (and feedback loops) are also at work, especially in the low frequency band.
During dynamic exercise, it is generally assumed that heart rate increases due to both a parasympathetic withdrawal and an augmented sympathetic activity. However, because some authors disagree with the former statement and the fact that during exercise there is also a technical problem related to the non-stationary signals, a critical look at interpretation of results is needed.
It is strongly suggested that, when presenting reports on HRV studies related to exercise physiology in general or concerned with athletes, a detailed description should be provided on analysis methods, as well as concerning population, and training schedule, intensity and duration. Most studies concern relatively small numbers of study participants, diminishing the power of statistics. Therefore, multicentre studies would be preferable.
In order to further develop this fascinating research field, we advocate prospective, randomised, controlled, long-term studies using validated measurement methods. Finally, there is a strong need for basic research on the nature of the control and regulating mechanism exerted by the autonomic nervous system on cardiovascular function in athletes, preferably with a multidisciplinary approach between cardiologists, exercise physiologists, pulmonary physiologists, coaches and biomedical engineers.
Hypertension (HTN), one of the most common medical disorders, is associated with an increased incidence of all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. Lifestyle modifications are advocated for the prevention, treatment, and control of HTN, with exercise being an integral component. Exercise programs that primarily involve endurance activities prevent the development of HTN and lower blood pressure (BP) in adults with normal BP and those with HTN. The BP lowering effects of exercise are most pronounced in people with HTN who engage in endurance exercise with BP decreasing approximately 5-7 mm HG after an isolated exercise session (acute) or following exercise training (chronic). Moreover, BP is reduced for up to 22 h after an endurance exercise bout (e.g.postexercise hypotension), with greatest decreases among those with highest baseline BP. The proposed mechanisms for the BP lowering effects of exercise include neurohumoral, vascular, and structural adaptations. Decreases in catecholamines and total peripheral resistance, improved insulin sensitivity, and alterations in vasodilators and vasoconstrictors are some of the postulated explanations for the antihypertensive effects of exercise. Emerging data suggest genetic links to the BP reductions associated with acute and chronic exercise. Nonetheless, definitive conclusions regarding the mechanisms for the BP reductions following endurance exercise cannot be made at this time. Individuals with controlled HTN and no CVD or renal complications may participated in an exercise program or competitive athletics, but should be evaluated, treated and monitored closely. Preliminary peak or symptom-limited exercise testing may be warranted, especially for men over 45 and women over 55 yr planning a vigorous exercise program (i.e. > or = 60% VO2R, oxygen uptake reserve). In the interim, while formal evaluation and management are taking place, it is reasonable for the majority of patients to begin moderate intensity exercise (40-<60% VO2R) such as walking. When pharmacological therapy is indicated in physically active people it should be, ideally: a) lower BP at rest and during exertion; b) decrease total peripheral resistance; and, c) not adversely affect exercise capacity. For these reasons, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (or angiotensin II receptor blockers in case of ACE inhibitor intolerance) and calcium channel blockers are currently the drugs of choice for recreational exercisers and athletes who have HTN. Exercise remains a cornerstone therapy for the primary prevention, treatment, and control of HTN. The optimal training frequency, intensity, time, and type (FITT) need to be better defined to optimize the BP lowering capacities of exercise, particularly in children, women, older adults, and certain ethnic groups. based upon the current evidence, the following exercise prescription is recommended for those with high BP: Frequency: on most, preferably all, days of the week. Intensity: moderate-intensity (40-<60% VO2R). Time: > or = 30 min of continuous or accumulated physical activity per day. Type: primarily endurance physical activity supplemented by resistance exercise.
Although postexercise hypotension (PEH) has already been extensively demonstrated, the influence of exercise intensity on its magnitude and mechanisms is still controversial.
Twenty-three normotensive subjects were submitted to a control (45 minutes of rest) and 3 exercise sessions (cycle ergometer, 45 minutes at 30%, 50% and 75% of .VO(2peak)) to investigate the role of exercise intensity on PEH. Blood pressure (BP - auscultatory), heart rate (HR - ECG), and cardiac output (CO - CO2 rebreathing) were measured before and after the control and exercise sessions.
Systolic BP decreased significantly after exercise at 50% and 75% of .VO(2peak). Diastolic BP increased significantly during the control session, did not change after exercise at 30% of .VO(2peak), and decreased significantly after exercise at 50% and 75% of .VO(2peak). This fall was greater and longer after more intense exercise. CO and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) responses were similar between sessions, CO increased whereas SVR decreased significantly. Stroke volume (SV) increased and heart rate (HR) decreased following control and exercise at 30% of .VO(2peak) whereas SV decreased and HR increased after exercise at 50% and 75% of .VO(2peak).
PEH is greater and longer after more intense exercise. BP profile is followed by a decrease in SVR and an increase in CO, what was not influenced by previous exercise. The increase in CO is caused by an increase in SV after rest and low intensity exercise and by an increase in HR after moderate and more intense aerobic exercise.
Accurate measurement of blood pressure is essential to classify individuals, to ascertain blood pressure-related risk, and to guide management. The auscultatory technique with a trained observer and mercury sphygmomanometer continues to be the method of choice for measurement in the office, using the first and fifth phases of the Korotkoff sounds, including in pregnant women. The use of mercury is declining, and alternatives are needed. Aneroid devices are suitable, but they require frequent calibration. Hybrid devices that use electronic transducers instead of mercury have promise. The oscillometric method can be used for office measurement, but only devices independently validated according to standard protocols should be used, and individual calibration is recommended. They have the advantage of being able to take multiple measurements. Proper training of observers, positioning of the patient, and selection of cuff size are all essential. It is increasingly recognized that office measurements correlate poorly with blood pressure measured in other settings, and that they can be supplemented by self-measured readings taken with validated devices at home. There is increasing evidence that home readings predict cardiovascular events and are particularly useful for monitoring the effects of treatment. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory monitoring gives a better prediction of risk than office measurements and is useful for diagnosing white-coat hypertension. There is increasing evidence that a failure of blood pressure to fall during the night may be associated with increased risk. In obese patients and children, the use of an appropriate cuff size is of paramount importance.
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The occurrence of post-exercise hypotension after resistance exercise is controversial, and its mechanisms are unknown. To evaluate the effect of different resistance exercise intensities on post-exercise blood pressure (BP), and hemodynamic and autonomic mechanisms, 17 normotensives underwent three experimental sessions: control (C-40 min of rest), low- (E40%-40% of 1 repetition maximum, RM), and high-intensity (E80%-80% of 1 RM) resistance exercises. Before and after interventions, BP, heart rate (HR), and cardiac output (CO) were measured. Autonomic regulation was evaluated by normalized low- (LF(R-R)nu) and high-frequency (HF(R-R)nu) components of the R-R variability. In comparison with pre-exercise, systolic BP decreased similarly in the E40% and E80% (-6 +/- 1 and -8 +/- 1 mmHg, P < 0.05). Diastolic BP decreased in the E40%, increased in the C, and did not change in the E80%. CO decreased similarly in all the sessions (-0.4 +/- 0.2 l/min, P < 0.05), while systemic vascular resistance (SVR) increased in the C, did not change in the E40%, and increased in the E80%. Stroke volume decreased, while HR increased after both exercises, and these changes were greater in the E80% (-11 +/- 2 vs. -17 +/- 2 ml/beat, and +17 +/- 2 vs. +21 +/- 2 bpm, P < 0.05). LF(R-R)nu increased, while ln HF(R-R)nu decreased in both exercise sessions.
In conclusion:
Low- and high-intensity resistance exercises cause systolic post-exercise hypotension; however, only low-intensity exercise decreases diastolic BP. BP fall is due to CO decrease that is not compensated by SVR increase. BP fall is accompanied by HR increase due to an increase in sympathetic modulation to the heart.
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The purpose of this study was to compare the postexercise hypotensive response after different rest intervals between sets (1 and 2 minutes) in normotense older men. Seventeen older men (67.6 ± 2.2 years) with at least 1 year of strength training experience participated. After determination of 10 repetition maximum (10RM) loads for exercises, subjects performed 2 different strength training sessions. On the first day, volunteers performed 3 sets of 10 repetitions per exercise at 70% 10RM, with 1 or 2 minutes' rest interval between sets depending on random assignment. On the second day, the procedures were similar but with the other rest interval. There was no difference in systolic and diastolic blood pressure between rest intervals at any time point measure. Before 1- and 2-minute sessions, the systolic blood pressure values were 122.7 ± 6.0 and 123.2 ± 3.7 mm Hg, and diastolic blood pressure values were 80.5 ± 5.6 and 82.0 ± 3.7 mm Hg, respectively. Both 1 and 2 minute sessions still presented reduced values for systolic blood pressure after 60 minutes (102.9 ± 6.9 and 106.7 ± 5.4 mm Hg, respectively), while the diastolic blood pressure presented significant reductions for 50 minutes after a 1 minute session (12.1 to 5.6 mm Hg) and for 60 minutes after the 2 minute session (13.3 to 6.5 mm Hg). Additionally, the systolic and diastolic blood pressure effect size data demonstrated higher magnitudes at all time point measures after the 2-minute rest sessions. These results suggest a poststrength training hypotensive response for both training sessions in normotense older men, with higher magnitudes for the 2-minute rest session. Our findings suggest a potentially positive health benefit of strength training.
Acute resistance exercise can reduce the blood pressure (BP) of hypertensive subjects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different volumes of acute low-intensity resistance exercise over the magnitude and the extent of BP changes in treated hypertensive elderly individuals. Sixteen participants (7 men, 9 women), with mean age of 68 ± 5 years, performed 3 independent randomized sessions: Control (C: 40 minutes of rest), Exercise 1 (E1: 20 minutes, 1 lap in the circuit), and Exercise 2 (E2: 40 minutes, 2 laps in the circuit) with the intensity of 40% of 1 repetition maximum. Blood pressure was measured before (during 20 minutes) and after each session (every 5 minutes during 60 minutes) using both a mercury sphygmomanometer and a semiautomatic device (Omrom-HEM-431). After that, 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was performed (Dyna-MAPA). Blood pressure decreased during the first 60 minutes (systolic: p < 0.01, diastolic: p < 0.05) after all exercise sessions. Only the highest volume session promoted a reduction of mean systolic 24-hour BP and awake BP (p < 0.05) after exercise, with higher diastolic BP during sleep (p < 0.05). Diastolic 24-hour BP and both systolic and diastolic BP during sleep were higher after E1 (p < 0.05). Concluding, acute resistive exercise sessions in a circuit with different volumes reduced BP during the first 60 minutes after exercise in elderly individuals with treated hypertension. However, only the highest volume promoted a reduction of mean 24-hour and awake systolic BP.
This study investigated the effects of body posture on systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and heart rate (HR) after a session of resistance exercises. Twelve normotensive men were randomly assigned to either a control group (CG) or exercise group (EG). The EG performed 4 sets of 10 lifts at 80% of repetition maximum (10RM) using 4 different exercises. The BP and HR were assessed on different days in seated and supine postures at rest and at 10-minute intervals during 30 minutes of postexercise recovery. Except for DBP, a 3-way ANOVA revealed that postexercise SBP in EG was always lower than at rest during seated (minimum of 109.5 +/- 1.4 mm Hg at 10 min vs. 119.2 +/- 3.4 mm Hg at rest; p < 0.01) and supine recovery (minimum of 112.7 +/- 3.0 mm Hg at 20 min vs. 118.4 +/- 1.7 mm Hg at rest; p < 0.05). The MAP during recovery in the seated posture was lower than at rest (minimum 83.3 +/- 2.6 mm Hg at 30 min vs. 89.3 +/- 0.9 mm Hg at rest; p < 0.05), whereas in the supine posture, no difference was identified (minimum 83.6 +/- 1.9 mm Hg at 10 min vs. 87.1 +/- 1.8 mm Hg at rest; p > 0.05). The HR at 10 minutes (82.0 +/- 4.8 bpm; p < 0.01), 20 minutes ([83.7 +/- 6.3 bpm; p < 0.05), and 30 minutes (80.5 +/- 6.2 bpm; p < 0.01) of recovery during the seated posture was higher than at rest (71.5 +/- 2.1 bpm). In contrast, in the supine posture, HR was higher than at rest (66.8 +/- 3.7 bpm; p < 0.01) throughout 10 minutes (79.7 +/- 5.3 bpm) and 20 minutes of recovery (74.5 +/- 4.2 bpm). In conclusion, the postexercise hypotensive response can be affected by posture during BP assessment.
In human subjects the length of the first complete cardiac cycle after the onset of static finger or hand muscle contractions was recorded. Graded contractions as well as maximal contractions in which muscle fatigue was provoked by ischaemia were studied. Maximal finger muscle contractions were also weakened by partial neuromuscular blockade with either decamethonium or tubocurarine. The change in R-R interval at the onset of exercise was variable and in part dependent on the length of the last R-R interval before the onset of exercise. The largest decreases were seen when the preceding R-R interval was long. During graded submaximal and maximal contractions a correlation was demonstrated between the change of the R-R interval at the onset of exercise and the contraction intensity. At the onset of the weakest contractions a 3% prolongation of the R-R interval was seen while the strongest contractions were associated with a shortening of 8%. At the onset of all maximal contractions, whether fatigued due to ischaemia or weakened by decamethonium or tubocurarine, a decrease in R-R interval was seen independent of the force developed. When compared at the same resting R-R interval, contractions performed with hand muscles elicited a greater shortening of R-R interval than contractions with finger muscles. The results suggest that the initial change in heart rate at the onset of static muscle contractions is related to the voluntary effort rather than to the force developed, the state of the working muscles or to the type of muscle fibres involved. It may thus be elicited by 'cortical irradiation' rather than by a 'muscle-heart reflex'. Its size depends on the length of the preceding R-R interval, the intended contraction intensity and the muscle mass involved.
In order to improve the applicability of research to exercise professionals, it is suggested that researchers analyze and report data in intervention studies that can be interpreted in relation to other studies. The effect size and proposed scale for determining the magnitude of the treatment effect can assist strength and conditioning professionals in interpreting and applying the findings of the strength training studies.
The effect of resistance exercise (RE) on the postexercise systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) response in young men was investigated. Group 1 (G1) and group 2 (G2) performed three 6 repetition maximum (6RM) sets in a set repetition format for 5 and 6 exercises, respectively. G1 and G2 also performed a circuit and set repetition format session, respectively, using 50% of the 6RM for 3 sets of 12 repetitions (12-repetition protocol). SBP and DBP were determined before and up to 60 minutes postexercise. G1's postexercise SBP demonstrated a significant decrease from its preexercise SBP, lasting 50 minutes after both RE sessions. G2's postexercise SBP demonstrated a significant difference from its preexercise SBP after the 6RM and 12-repetition protocol, lasting 60 and 40 minutes, respectively. The only significant difference in the DBP from rest was at 10 minutes postexercise for G2 after the 12-repetition-per-set protocol. In summary, results indicate that RE intensity affects the duration, but not the magnitude, of the postexercise hypotensive response.
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