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LA RESILIENCIA EN ENTRENADORES DE ATLETISMO DE ALTO RENDIMIENTO
Abstract
Los objetivos del presente estudio son: 1) Describir los niveles de resiliencia en
entrenadores de atletismo de alto rendimiento; 2) determinar los niveles de fiabilidad de los
datos obtenidos con la muestra seleccionada; 3) comparar los resultados obtenidos con
estudios precedentes. Se administró una adaptación de la entrevista para entrenadores de Ruiz
(2004) y la adaptación al castellano de la escala de Resiliencia de Wagnield y Young (1993). La
evaluación se realizó a 30 entrenadores de atletismo de alto rendimiento españoles (28
hombres y 2 mujeres). Los resultados muestran elevados niveles de resiliencia (M = 141; DT =
11.54). La comparación con estudios precedentes muestran diferencias significativas en la
puntuación total de resiliencia y en el Factor I Competencia Personal. Los niveles de fiabilidad
hallados son similares a estudios previos. Se concluye que las propias exigencias laborales del
entrenador de atletismo podrían influir en la presencia de elevados niveles de resiliencia.
... y algo más baja para el F2 "aceptación de uno mismo y de la vida" (α = .674); valor de éste último factor algo superior a lo observado anteriormente (Ruiz, et al., 2012;Ruiz, Campo y De la Vega, 2015). ...
... Estos resultados pudieran derivarse también del hecho de que los árbitros de baloncesto, al agruparse en categorías semiprofesionales, muestren un desarrollo de habilidades de afrontamiento y recuperación derivadas de sus experiencias con entornos de mayor nivel de competición, mayor presión recibida durante su labor arbitral, etc. como se ha constatado en investigaciones previas Ruiz, et al., 2015). ...
Resumen Se analiza el síndrome de burnout en árbitros de fútbol vs. de baloncesto y la relación que las puntuaciones en resiliencia pueden mostrar con dicho síndrome. En la muestra han participado 265 árbitros, de fútbol el 41.9% y de baloncesto el 58.1%. Se ha evaluado mediante el Inventario de Burnout en Deportistas-Reducido (IBD-R) y la Resilience Scale (RS). Los árbitros de fútbol, frente a los de baloncesto, muestran un mayor agotamiento emocional (p = .002), despersonalización (p = .024) y realización personal (p < .001). Quienes obtienen puntuaciones altas en resiliencia (29.8%) (> 147 puntos en RS), frente a quienes obtienen baja resiliencia (70.2%), muestran un menor agotamiento emocional (p = .007) y realización personal (p < .001); pero no muestran diferencias en despersonalización (p = .561). Los árbitros de fútbol presentan un mayor riesgo de obtener puntuaciones que indican baja resiliencia [OR = 2.83] frente a los árbitros de baloncesto (p < .001, 95%IC. [1.58-5.06]). Se muestra que es la Competencia Personal la que produce un mayor incremento explicativo (ΔR 2 = .207) y de la capacidad predictiva (β = .539) sobre la Realización Personal.
... O estudo com treinadores espanhóis de atletismo de Ruiz- Barquín et al. (2015) corrobora os achados nesta pesquisa, pois ambos os participantes, no momento do estudo, possuíam titulação de treinadores nacionais. Em Mato Grosso, além dessa formação técnica pela IAAF, os cinco treinadores participantes também são graduados em Educação Física. ...
Os desafios na formação esportiva de treinadores no Brasil são inúmeros, e no atletismo não é diferente. Para tal, são neces-sários programas de formação bem estruturados que compreendam melhor a prática dos treinadores e atendam adequadamente as suas demandas. O objetivo do estudo foi compreender a trajetória da formação dos treinadores de atletismo brasileiros considerando seu contexto evolutivo, desde a formação inicial, passando pelas características da atuação e a qualificação ao longo da carreira. Com o uso da técnica de entrevista pessoal, por meio de uma pesquisa retrospectiva desenhada para explorar fatos do período de 2012 a 2019 (referidos a dois ciclos olímpicos de planejamento de treinamentos), foram entrevistados cinco treinadores de atletismo. Após a análise de conteúdo, os dados foram interpretados por meio da técnica de análise temática. Observou-se que os treinadores continuam no clube que iniciaram a atuação profissional, sofreram adversidades como a falta de estrutura ambiental, mas isso não os impediu de atuarem em diferentes níveis de rendimento e provas. Ainda, apresentaram um forte comprometimento com seu trabalho e com a formação de seus respectivos atletas engajados nesse processo, e procuraram estar sempre se atualizando em cursos, buscando infor-mações de qualidade para conseguirem se manter alcançando os objetivos com seu trabalho desde a formação ao alto rendimento. Os treinadores criaram um contexto evolutivo de modo ascendente, pois buscaram qualificação e demonstraram-se comprometidos com o trabalho que desempenham desde o início da atuação.
Palavras-chave: Treinador. Atuação profissional. Carreira esportiva. Pesquisa retrospectiva. Atletismo
... Son numerosos los estudios sobre resiliencia en el deporte y factores psicológicos (de riesgo y protectores) y deportivos asociados. El constructo de resiliencia en el deporte ha presentado distintos intereses a lo largo de los años y es así que se ha estudiado con estrategias de intervención con los atletas en distintos niveles (Schinke & Jerome, 2002); con variables relacionadas como optimismo, ansiedad, autoconfianza, capacidad percibida (Martin-Krumm, Sarrazin, Peterson, & Famose, 2003); ansiedad, depresión y calidad de vida (Connor & Davidson, 2003); apoyo social, disciplina y compromiso (Holt & Dunn, 2004); estrategias de afrontamiento y enfermedad (Yi, Smith, & Vitalino, 2005); influencia socio-cultural y recursos personales (Galli & Vealey, 2008); logro deportivo y el bienestar psicológico (Hosseini & Besharat, 2010); rendimiento óptimo y éxito en el deporte (Fletcher & Sarkar, 2012); autoestima, autonomía y estilos de afrontamiento (Pérez, Romanchugova, & Jiménez, 2012); personalidad positiva, motivación, confianza, enfoque y apoyo social percibido (Fletcher & Sarkar, 2012); recientemente en atletas con discapacidad (Machida, Irwin & Feltz, 2013); relacionada negativamente con burnout y de forma positiva con optimismo Tutte, & Ortín, 2014); se ha estudiado con entrenadores y técnicos deportivos (Ruiz-Barquín, Vega & Campo, 2015; Ruiz-Barquín, de la Vega, De la Rocha & Ortín, 2017); y finalmente con variables relacionadas como la ansiedad, asilamiento, depresión y estrés post-traumático (Durán, Lavega, Salas, Tamarit, & Invernó, 2015); o las lesiones deportivas en función del nivel competitivo (Zurita-Ortega, Rodríguez-Fernández, Olmo-Extremera, Castro-Sánchez, Chacón-Cuberos, Cepero-González, 2017). ...
La resiliencia y la dependencia al ejercicio físico son
constructos que emergen en ciertos deportistas en sus
diferentes niveles deportivos. Es objeto de esta investigación conocer la prevalencia del riesgo de dependencia al
ejercicio físico y de resiliencia en deportistas; analizar las
diferencias en función del sexo y su nivel deportivo (aficionados/élite). Además, analizar su relación. Se evaluó a
387 deportistas de diferentes modalidades, 281 varones
y 106 mujeres (edad: M = 20.10, DT = 4.2), a los que se
le administró la versión española de la Escala de Dependencia del Ejercicio Revisada (EDS-R; Sicilia & González,
2011) y la Escala de Resiliencia (Ruiz, De la Vega, Poveda,
Rosado, & Serpa, 2012; adaptación de Wagnild & Young,
1993) al español. Los resultados mostraron cómo un 8.3%
presentaban riesgo por dependencia al ejercicio físico, y
un 24.8% elevada resiliencia. Teniendo en cuenta el sexo
y el nivel deportivo no se observan diferencias en las escalas aplicadas, aunque sí en algunas de sus dimensiones.
Las mujeres y la élite presentan una mayor competencia
personal (autoconfianza, independencia, decisión, invencibilidad, poderío, ingenio y perseverancia) y los hombres
y los aficionados una reducción de otras actividades no
relacionadas con el ejercicio físico y una práctica durante
más tiempo de lo que generalmente se planeó. Aparece
una asociación significativa reducida entre los constructos riesgo de dependencia al ejercicio físico y resiliencia
en deportistas (r = .14). Se sugiere que en los programas
intervención para la mejora del perfil resiliente de los
deportistas se evalúe, y se prevenga si fuera necesario la
dependencia al ejercicio físico asociada, con características sensibles a problemas psicológicos adyacentes.
... Wrestlers' characteristics -Mage=23. 21 [Ruiz-Barquín 2008©;in Mendoza 2012] and a socio-demographic questionnaire [Ruiz-Barquín et al. 2015] were used for this study. The LSS has three versions: Athletes' preferences (LSS1), Athletes' perceptions on the coach (LSS2), and Coaches' self-perceptions (LSS3). ...
Ruiz-Barquín, R., Batista, F., Pérez2ABCDEF, I., & Gutiérrez-García, C. (2018). Leadership qualities in Canary Islands Wrestling. In W. J. Cynarski & G. Szanja (Eds.), 4th World Scientific Congress of Combat Sports and Martial Arts and 7th IMACSSS International Conference. Abstract Book (pp. 73-75). University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow (Poland): International Martial Arts and Combat Sports Scientific Society.
Keywords: Canary Islands Wrestling, Combat Sports, Multidimensional Leadership Model, Sport Psychology
Introduction
Leadership in competitive sport is a key area of study in sport psychology. One of the most used models is Chelladurai’s Multidimensional Model of Sport Leadership [Chelladurai 1990; Chelladurai and Saleh 1980]. Although there are some studies on combat sports [e.g., Ruiz-Barquín, 2007], this model has not been yet applied to Canary Islands Wrestling, a traditional wrestling style which nowadays is practiced as a high-level competitive sport [Gutiérrez-García and Martín 2010]. The objectives of this study were: (1) To describe the characteristics of leadership in a sample of Canary Islands Wrestling coaches and competitors; (2) Analyze the adjustment between competitors’ and coaches’ preferences and perceptions regarding leadership.
Methods
Participants: 67 competitors (44 seniors and 23 juniors) and 7 coaches, all males. Wrestlers’ characteristics – Mage=23.21; SD=5.796. Experience in wrestling (years): M=12.96; SD=7.53. Years with actual coach: M=3.55; SD=3.68. Hours of training per week: M=8.03; SD=.24. Performance level: 43 “Libre” (3rd level), 17 “Destacado” (2nd level), and 7 “Puntal” (1st level, the highest). Coaches’ characteristics – Mage=46.29, SD=12.93. Experience in wrestling (years): M=22.57; SD=8.923. Years as coach: M=15.71; SD=12.15. Dedication to training=8 hours per week.
Instruments: A Spanish version of Chelladurai and Saleh’s [1980] Leadership Scale for Sport (LSS) adapted for Canary Islands Wrestling [Ruiz-Barquín 2008©; in Mendoza 2012] and a socio-demographic questionnaire [Ruiz-Barquín et al. 2015] were used for this study. The LSS has three versions: Athletes’ preferences (LSS1), Athletes’ perceptions on the coach (LSS2), and Coaches’ self-perceptions (LSS3). All versions have 40 items, which are answered on a five-level Likert scale ranging from 1=never to 7=always, and five factors: Training and Instruction (TI), Democratic Behaviour (DB), Autocratic Behaviour (AB), Social Support (SS), and Positive Feedback (PF). The reliability of LSS1 and LSS2 was α=.917 and .930 respectively (for LSS3 it was not calculated due to the small size of the sample).
Procedure: Informed consents were obtained for all participants. The administration of the questionnaires was carried out at the wrestlers’ training facilities on April 2017, on one single supervised session of 30 minutes of duration.
Data analysis: Descriptive statistics (frequencies, means and standard deviations) were used for describing the tests results. Nonparametric tests (Wilcoxon W, Mann-Whitney U and Kruskall-Wallis) were used for group comparison.
Results
(1) LSS1 - Athletes’ preferences, mean values: PF=4.14, TI=4.04, SS=3.84, DB=3.75, AB=2.73. (2) LSS2 - Athletes’ perceptions on the coach, mean values: PF=3.70, TI=3.69, SS=3.63, DB=3.47, AB=2.91. (3) LSS3 - Coaches’ self-perceptions, mean values: PF=4.54, TI=4.49, SS=4.04, DB=3.41, AB=2.63. Juniors achieved higher scores than seniors in the AB scale of LSS2 (p < .05). According to performance level differences were found in the TI scale of LSS2 (p < .05), although post-hoc analyses did not confirm these differences.
There was a high level of adjustment between LSS1 and LSS3, but there were differences in TI, DB, PF (p<.001) and SS (p<.05) factors. With regard to differences between LSS2 and LSS3, coaches achieved higher scores than wrestlers except for AB. Significant differences were found in TI, AB, SS and PF (for all p<.001). Comparison between LSS1 and LSS2 shows the wrestlers’ preferences for their coach to develop all factors (p<.001) but AB (p<.10).
According to performance level, higher adjustments were found between LSS1 (wrestlers’ preferences) and LSS2 (wrestlers’ perceptions) for the highest performance group (1st level) in TI (-.077), SS (-.161) and PF (-.200) factors, while the lower performance group (3rd level) had higher adjustments in DB (-.23) and AB (-.251). LSS3 (coaches’ perceptions)-LSS2 comparison showed higher adjustments in TI (.209), AB (-.171), SS (.125) and PF (.200) for 1st level wrestlers, and in DB for those of 3rd level (-.090). LSS3-LSS1 comparison obtained higher adjustments for the 1st level wrestlers in TI (.132), SS (-.036) and PF (.000), for 3rd level wrestlers in DB (-.315), and for 2nd level wrestlers in AB (-129). Significant differences were only found for LSS3-LSS2 comparison in TI (p<.05), and a tendency to statistical significance in PF (p<.10), showing higher adjustments in higher performance levels.
Discussion and conclusions
This study has described the characteristics of leadership in a sample of Canary Islands Wrestling competitors and coaches. Comparison among age categories and among performance levels did not find differences except for the AB factor in LSS2 (Athletes’ perceptions). Despite juniors perceived their coaches more autocratic than did the seniors, results globally showed that there exists a homogeneous view of coaches among the studied groups.
High adjustments were observed among the three versions of the LSS, despite the existence of significant and non-random differences. Higher performance levels had higher adjustments. This suggest that the wrestlers’ perception and preferences and the coaches’ perception tend to fit better as the level of the wrestlers increase, therefore making their work together easier. Further studies could include performance and satisfaction measurements, as it is proposed by the Multidimensional Model of Sport Leadership.
References
1. Chelladurai P. (1990), Leadership in sports: A review, “International journal of sport psychology”, vol. 21, no.4, pp. 328-354.
2. Chelladurai P., & Saleh S. D. (1980), Dimensions of leader behavior in sports: Development of a leadership scale, “Journal of sport psychology”, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 34-45.
3. Gutiérrez-García C., Martín, J.C. (2010), Canary Islands Stick Fighting and Wrestling [in] T. Green and J.R. Svinth [ed.], Martial arts of the world: An encyclopedia of history and innovation, ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara (CA), pp. 1-6.
4. Mendoza, F. (2012). Análisis de las características psicológicas de los luchadores del CAR de Madrid: un estudio descriptivo y correlacional en lucha libre y grecorromana, Unpublished Masters’ Thesis, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain.
5. Ruiz-Barquín R. (2007), Características de liderazgo en el deporte del judo, “Revista de Psicología del Deporte”, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 9-24.
6. Ruiz-Barquín R., del Campo-Vecino J., de la Vega R. (2015), La resiliencia en entrenadores de atletismo de alto rendimiento, “Revista iberoamericana de psicología del ejercicio y el deporte”, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 69-75.
... La preparación psicológica en la actividad física en general y el deporte en específico permite modelar diversas variables de importancia transcendental para alcanzar altos rendimientos deportivos, destacándose aspectos tales como el liderazgo deportivo, ya sea negativo o positivo ( Aoyagi, Ishii, Shibata, Arai, Hibi, & Oka, 2013;Cranmer, & Myers, 2015), las que se evidencian a través del diseño e implementación de diversas acciones estratégicas implementadas como parte del contexto del entrenamiento deportivo ( Sánchez, Díaz, & Sánchez, 2012;Acevedo, & Pérez, 2013;Eime, Young, Harvey, Charity, & Payne, 2013;Zafra, Toro, Esteve, Montero, & Belmonte, 2013), donde se incluye el estudio de la inteligencia emocional ( Ros Martínez, Moya, & Garcés de Los Fayos, 2013), el perfil de la habilidades psicológicas específicas para cada deporte ( Álvarez, Estevan, Falcó, Hernández, & Castillo, 2014), las respuestas emitidas por los deportistas al impacto psicológico provocado por las lesiones deportivas ( Ardern, Taylor, Feller, & Webster, 2012;Liberal, López, Cantallops, & Ponseti, 2014) y la ansiedad asociada al periodo de entrenamiento y sobre todo el periodo competitivo extenso ( Leitenberg, 2013;Englert, & Bertrams, 2012), entre otros aspectos que le son propias a las ciencias psicológicas en general y a la psicología deportiva en especial. Para el caso de la aplicación de la psicología del deporte en deportistas de atletismo, la literatura nacional e internacional proyecta numerosas investigaciones relacionadas con la determinación de los factores determinantes que influyen en la motivación por la práctica deportiva ( Zarauz, & Ruiz, 2015), el análisis de la ansiedad como variable influyente en el rendimiento del atletismo ( Ruiz, & Zarauz, 2013;Charry, 2013), los aspectos de la resiliencia ( Ruiz, Campo, & Vega Marcos, 2015) y el flow ( Jiménez, Godoy, Ramírez Navarrón, & García, 2013 Por ello, como primer paso investigativo, los autores se han planteado como objetivo de la investigación estudiar las relaciones interpersonales existentes en el , Estevan, Falcó, Hernández, & Castillo, 2014) o la ansiedad asociada al periodo de entrenamiento, la cual puede influir en modificar las relaciones interpersonales en ciertos periodos con relación a otros periodos menos competitivos como la etapa de preparación general ( Leitenberg, 2013;Englert, & Bertrams, 2012). Ardern, C. L., Taylor, N. F., Feller, J. A., & Webster, K. E. (2012). ...
La investigación tiene por objetivo realizar un estudio de las relaciones interpersonales atleta-atleta existente en el equipo de atletismo de la Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo en la República del Ecuador. Se estudia a la población de deportistas de atletismo (54 sujetos entre los 18-25 años) pertenecientes a diferentes modalidades deportivas del atletismo. A la población se le aplicó la Escala Bipolar para las Relaciones Interpersonales entre Deportistas, evaluando las manifestaciones en el grupo en cada uno de los ítems estudiados, dando a conocer el clima psicológico imperante. El estudio de las relaciones interpersonales existente en la población de deportistas de atletismo de la Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo determinó la existencia de indicadores favorables en términos de comunicación y relación atleta-atleta (28,69).
Resilience is a psychological characteristic that encourages positive adaptation in the face of adversity (Connor & Davidson, 2003; Grotberg, 2001; Wagnild & Young, 1990). It has seldom been studied within the field of sports but, in the last years the studies began to be more common (Fletcher & Sarkar, 2012; Galli & Vealey, 2012; García- Secades et al., 2015). This work has as purposes, to adapt the resilience scale (CD-RISC) for the sport field, to confirm its psychometrics properties and to analyses, validation its internal consistency in a population of elite athletes in different sports. The scale was administered to a sample of 287 athletes, 76.7% male and 23.3% female, determined by four levels of competition; 21.5% professionals, 21.3% semi-professionals, 43.9% amateur and 9.8% enthusiastic. It was an analysis based on structural equations modelling (SEM) encompassed within confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and its internal consistency (Cronbach's Alpha). The results verified that the modelling of structural equation, the model for measuring the questionnaire and the covariant structure of the responses obtained have a good fit. Thus, the CD-RISC scale has shown itself to be a reliable and valid tool for measuring the resilience of elite athletes and it can also be used to measure psychological parameters related to the field of sports.Resumen. La resiliencia es una característica psicológica que permite una adaptación positiva ante la adversidad (Connor & Davidson, 2003; Grotberg, 2001; Wagnild & Young, 1990). Sus estudios en el campo deportivo no han sido muy numerosos, aunque en los últimos años esta tomando fuerza en esta area (Fletcher & Sarkar, 2012; Galli & Vealey, 2012; García- Secades et al., 2015). El trabajo que se presenta tiene como objetivos adaptar al campo deportivo la escala de resiliencia (CD-RISC), confirmar sus propiedades psicométricas, analizar y validar su consistencia interna en una población de atletas de élite en diferentes deportes. La escala fue aplicada a una muestra de 287 atletas, 76,7% hombres y 23,3% mujeres diferenciados por cuatro niveles de competición; 21,5% profesionales, 21,3% semi-profesionales, 43,9% amateur y 9,8% aficionados. Se utilizó un análisis basado en un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM) circunscritos a un análisis de confirmación de los factores (CFA) y su consistencia interna (Alfa de Cronbach). Los resultados verificaron que el modelo de ecuaciones estructurales, la mediación del cuestionario y la estructura covariante de las respuestas obtenidas tienen un buen ajuste. Por tanto, la escala CD-RISC ha demostrado ser una herramienta confiable y válida para medir la capacidad de resiliencia de los deportista de élite pudiendo ser utilizada para medir los parámetros psicológicos relacionados con el campo deportivo.
Ruiz-Barquín, R., Robles, J. J., García, S., & Gutiérrez-García, C. (2018). Judo competitors’ resilience levels at the 2017 Inter-army Spanish Championship. In W. J. Cynarski & G. Szanja (Eds.), 4th World Scientific Congress of Combat Sports and Martial Arts and 7th IMACSSS International Conference. Abstract Book (pp. 75-77). University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow (Poland): International Martial Arts and Combat Sports Scientific Society.
Keywords: Judo, Combat Sports, Sports Psychology, Resilience, Military, Civil Guard
Introduction
The term (psychological) resilience refers to the ability observed in some people, that allows them to face, resist and overcome adversity with more resources and better results than the rest of the population [Schiera 2005]. This construct is part of the studies that analyze the importance of personality in sport. There exist some studies on judo and resilience which highlight a close connection of resilience and other psychological constructs such as burnout [Reche et al. 2014] or self-concept and motivation [Zurita et al. 2017]. The aim of the present study was to describe the characteristics of resilience in a sample of judokas participating in the 2017 Inter-army Spanish Championship, and compare these results with those obtained in previous studies.
Methods
Participants: A total of 28 judokas, 18 males and 10 females, between 27 and 46 years-old (M=34.29, SD=5.12), participated in this study. They all had a rank of 1st Dan (black belt) or higher and trained between one and six hours per week (M=2.81, SD=1.76). Most of them (n=21) practiced other sports (Mtraining hours/week=4.07, SD=3.0).
Instruments: The Wagnild and Young Resilience Scale (RS) [Wagnield and Young 1993; Spanish version by Ruiz-Barquín et al. 2012] and a socio-demographic questionnaire were used. The RS has 25 items grouped into two factors: Factor I, Personal Competence and Factor II, Acceptance of Self and Life. Each item is answered on a seven-level Likert scale ranging from 1=strongly disagree to 7=completely agree. The reliability of the original RS was .808, and for this study, it was .711.
Procedure: Informed consents were obtained for all participants. The administration of the questionnaires was done prior to competition; it lasted approximately 20 minutes and was supervised by a sport psychologist.
Data analyses: Frequencies, means and standard deviations were calculated, and contingency tables were prepared. T-tests were used for detecting differences with other studies.
Results and discussion
RS total mean score was 138.5 (SD=9.53). Personal Competence factor mean score was
96.79 [SD=6.35] and Acceptance of Self and Life factor mean score was 41.71 (SD=4.72). Total resilience mean score can be considered high; it was lower than that obtained by athletics and padel (a racquet sport popular in Hispanic countries) trainers [Ruiz-Barquín et al. 2015, 2017], similar to that of ultra-marathon runners [de la Vega et al., 2012], and significantly higher than previous studies with judokas and with multiple sports [Reche et al., 2014; García et al., 2015, p values <.001]. Personal Competence factor mean score was lower than those obtained by athletics and padel trainers [Ruiz-Barquín et al. 2015, 2017, p values <.001], and higher than that of fencers [Reche and Ortín, 2013; p<.01]. Finally, for the Acceptance of Self and Life factor only differences were found with respect to fencers [Reche and Ortín, 2013], with judokas achieving higher scores (p<.05).
Conclusions
This study has described the levels of resilience in a sample of judokas in a military setting. The results show global levels of resilience similar to or greater than those obtained in other studies on different sports and in non-military settings. In general, competitive judo training is associated with high levels of resilience, regardless of whether the practice takes place in a civil or military context. More studies are needed in order to increase the external validity of the obtained results. They would also allow studying how other variables related to training and sport performance relate to resilience.
References
1. De la Vega R., Ruiz R., Rivera O. (2012), Perfil resiliente en atletas de fondo, Actas del XIII Congreso Nacional de la Actividad Física y el Deporte, Murcia (Spain).
2. García X., Salguero A., Molinero O., De la Vega R., Ruiz-Barquín R., & Márquez S. (2015), Role of resilient profile and coping on recovery stress levels of the competitive athlete, “Kronos”, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 15-18.
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9. Wagnild G. M., Young H. M. (1993), Development and psychometric evaluation of resilience scale, “Journal of Nursing Measurement”, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 165-178.
10. Zurita F., Zafra E.O., Valdivia P., Rodríguez S., Castro M., Muros J.J. (2017), Análisis de la resiliencia, autoconcepto y motivación en judo según el género, “Revista de Psicología del Deporte”, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 71-81.
Ruiz-Barquín, R., García-Remis, M. P., & Gutiérrez-García, C. (2018). Psychological profile of competitive combat sports athletes: comparison between Mixed Martial Arts and other combat sports. In W. J. Cynarski & G. Szanja (Eds.), 4th World Scientific Congress of Combat Sports and Martial Arts and 7th IMACSSS International Conference. Abstract Book (pp. 77-79). University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow (Poland): International Martial Arts and Combat Sports Scientific Society.
Keywords: Psychological Profile, Personality, MMA, Combat Sports, Martial Arts
Introduction
Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) is a combat sport that is currently experiencing great growth. This interest has been reflected in the academic field, although studies focused on the psychological level are still scarce. The aims of the present study were: (1) To describe the psychological profile of the competitive MMA athlete; and (2) To compare that profile with the profiles of competitive athletes of other combat sports.
Method
A transversal and descriptive study was designed. Participants: 29 athletes (23 males and 6 females) between 19 and 43 years (M±SDage=26.66±6.18 years) that had participated in any official competitive event. The MMA group was composed of 18 athletes (17 males and 1 female) between 19 and 43 years (M±SDage=26.22±6.94 years). The comparison group was composed of 11 athletes (6 males and 5 females) between 21 and 35 years (M±SDage=27.36±4.93 years) from other combat sports (Boxing, Judo, Karate, Jiu-Jitsu, Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, Olympic Wrestling, Grappling, Kick-boxing and K1, and Muay-Thai). Instruments: Spanish versions of the following psychological assessment tools were used: (1) Socio-demographic questionnaire; (2) Ten-Item Personality Inventory; (3) Wagnild and Young Resilience Scale; (4) Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale; (5) General Self-Efficacy Scale; (6) Life Orientation Test (revised version); (7) Early/Late Preferences Scales; (8) Caen Chronotype Questionnaire; (9) Profile of Mood States Questionnaire (15-items version); (10) State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2; (11) Brief Inventory of Situations and Responses of Anxiety, and its adaptation to sport; and (12) Competitividad-10 questionnaire (see references in references section). Procedure: Coaches were informed on the study aims and informed consents were obtained for all participants. Tests were administered individually for each athlete in three sessions (30-40 minutes per session), by a sport psychologist specialized in combat sports. Data analysis: Frequencies, means and standard deviations were calculated, and contingency tables were prepared. Mann-Whitney U test was used for statistical comparison between the two groups.
Results
(1) Personality: medium to high values in extraversion, affability, responsibility, emotional stability and open-mindedness; (2) Resilience: very high levels; (3) Perfectionism: moderate levels in concern about errors, relatively high scores in doubts about actions, and high in parental expectations, parental criticism and organization; (4) General self-efficacy: high levels; (5) Optimism: moderate levels; (6) Chronotypic profile: predominantly early preferences, with higher perceived activation levels between 12 and 14 h. and 18 and 20 h.; (7) Mood: moderate levels of fatigue and very high levels of vigor; (8) Anxiety: average values in cognitive anxiety, but high values in physiological and motor anxiety; (9) Anxiety situations: Very low levels of phobic anxiety, and low levels of anxiety in the face of evaluation, interpersonal anxiety and anxiety in everyday life situations; (10) Anger: average levels of state anger, trait anger and in the index of anger expression; (11) Competitiveness: high levels of global competitiveness and motivation for success, and average levels of motivation to avoid failure. The psychological profile of the MMA group was similar to the comparison group (other combat sports athletes). Significant differences were only found in four of the 29 studied variables (personal competence, total resilience, self-efficacy and vigor), with higher scores for the MMA group.
Conclusions
This study has described a psychological profile of MMA athletes and has compared it with that of other combat sports athletes. Further studies could include other variables, such as gender or performance level, as well as increase the number of participants to obtain more representative data.
References
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Tobal M., Casado M. I., Cano-Vindel A., Spielberger C. D. (2001), Inventario de expresión de ira estado-rasgo (STAXI-2), TEA Ediciones, Madrid.
From a wide professional career of the sport psychologist into the medical services of the real Athletic Spanish federation, a program and a professional curriculm of the psychological area is introduced. The main objectives are that the professional athletes obtain a maximum sport performance level, the objective achievement, young athletes reach the highest performance level and to collaborate with the medical services in the injury and athlete health problems. This aspects are discussed and future viewpoints are discussed.
Resilience is a psychological characteristic that encourages positive adaptation in the face of adversity (Connor & Davidson, 2003; Grotberg, 2001; Wagnild & Young, 1990). It has seldom been studied within the field of sports but, in the last years the studies began to be more common (Fletcher & Sarkar, 2012; Galli & Vealey, 2012; García- Secades et al., 2015). This work has as purposes, to adapt the resilience scale (CDRISC) for the sport field, to confirm its psychometrics properties and to analyses, validation its internal consistency in a population of elite athletes in different sports. The scale was administered to a sample of 287 athletes, 76.7% male and 23.3% female, determined by four levels of competition; 21.5% professionals, 21.3% semi-professionals, 43.9% amateur and 9.8% enthusiastic. It was an analysis based on structural equations modelling (SEM) encompassed within confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and its internal consistency (Cronbach's Alpha). The results verified that the modelling of structural equation, the model for measuring the questionnaire and the covariant structure of the responses obtained have a good fit. Thus, the CD-RISC scale has shown itself to be a reliable and valid tool for measuring the resilience of elite athletes and it can also be used to measure psychological parameters related to the field of sports. © Federación Española de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educación Física (FEADEF).
Son escasos los estudios de resiliencia en contexto deportivo, siendo
este un proceso que corresponde a un funcionamiento psicológico óptimo en los
deportistas y representa una característica de la personalidad positiva que favorece su
adaptación afrontando eficazmente las adversidades. El análisis de la relación entre
resiliencia, optimismo y burnout puede establecer nuevas aportaciones. Es objeto de
este estudio caracterizar estos constructos en judokas. Fueron evaluados 45
deportistas (9 mujeres y 36 hombres; edad: M = 19.95, DT = 5.34). Los resultados
señalan que el 38% de los judokas presenta una elevada resiliencia, con una
significativa y negativa relación con sintomatología de burnout, relacionada con bajo
optimismo. Se establece la Escala de Resiliencia (Ruíz, De la Vega, Poveda, Rosado y
Serpa, 2012) como confiable y se concluye que resiliencia asociada a optimismo
protege de sintomatología de burnout. Este trabajo facilita la elaboración de
estrategias de intervención para el logro de un rendimiento óptimo deportivo.
La descripción de las características de personalidad en el ámbito deportivo ha sido uno de los temas más tratados por la Psicología del Deporte, existiendo diferentes líneas de investigación al respecto. En los últimos años, el Modelo de los Cinco Grandes Factores de Personalidad ha supuesto uno de los modelos más utilizados en el ámbito deportivo. A pesar de ello, han sido reducidos los estudios realizados aplicando este modelo en deportes de combate, y menos desde una perspectiva de deporte universitario. En el presente estudio, se administró diferentes pruebas a una muestra de 96 deportistas universitarios de deportes de combate, destacando la administración del cuestionario BFQ de personalidad, y el cuestionario POMS. Los principales objetivos del presente estudio son: 1.- Describir las características de personalidad de la muestra; 2.- Establecer comparaciones de personalidad con otras muestras de la población general, y comparar los estados de ánimo con otras muestras de deportistas universitarios; 3.- Establecer posibles relaciones de personalidad con los estados de ánimo evaluados. Los resultados, muestran cómo existen importantes diferencias de personalidad y estados de ánimo al comparar la muestra de deportistas con la población general tanto a nivel dimensional como subdimensional, y en la comparación de lo estados de ánimo con otras muestras universitarias.
Asimismo, se observan correlaciones estadísticamente significativas entre las características de personalidad y los estados de ánimo, desarrollando una discusión sobre las implicaciones prácticas de los resultados obtenidos en posibles situaciones de entrenamiento y competición.
This study was aimed to investigate the association of resilience with sport achievement and menatal health in a sample of athletes. One hundred and thrty-nine athletes (96 males, 43 females) were included in this study. All participants completed Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) and Mental Health Inventory (MHI). The athletes' coaches were asked to rate the Sport Achievement Scale (SAS) in order to measure athletes' sport achievement. The results revealed that resilience was positively associated with sport achievement and psychological well-being, and negatively associated with psychological distress. It can be concluded that resilience is associated with sport achievement and mental health.
A coach is a key to developing an athlete's career and one of the most important factors in his/her success. The career of a coach is a stressful one, it requires a lot of work and dedication, and a great amount of involvement. The goal was to find any differences that might arise between coaches who were in this profession for a longer time and were thus older and those who worked as coaches for a shorter period of time. We assumed that such differences occur in coaches due to the stressfulness of the occupation. Our hypothesis was confirmed by the results obtained on the sample of 275 Slovene coaches. The group of younger coaches consisted of those who were up to 34 years old, whilst the older coaches were 35 years of age or older. Their personality traits, social skills, leadership styles, achievement motivation and self–motivation, emotional competences and attitudes were measured. The younger coaches are more accurate, more open to novelties, more conscious, more agreeable and they know how to manage their emotions better. The older coaches behave in a more democratic manner, but they more frequently behave autocratically as well. The older coaches report more frequently that working as a coach is a source of problems for them.
Resumen: El objetivo del presente trabajo es conocer el perfil de personalidad
de los entrenadores, las diferencias en función de su éxito profesional,
edad y los años de experiencia como entrenador. Para ello, se aplicó el Inventario
de Personalidad NEO (NEO-FFI; Costa y McCrae, 2008) a 32 entrenadores
(hombres) con una edad comprendida entre los 25 y 59 años (M=
36.63; d.t.= 8.69). Los resultados indican que los entrenadores de éxito
obtienen significativamente mayores puntuaciones en el rasgo Amabilidad
(p<.001) y una tendencia a la significación estadística en el factor Responsabilidad
(p<.10), donde los entrenadores obtienen menores puntuaciones
que la población normal de referencia. Además, no existen diferencias estadísticamente
significativas en la personalidad de los entrenadores en función
del éxito profesional. Por último, los entrenadores de menos años de
experiencia tienen mayores puntuaciones en el rasgo Amabilidad (p<.05) y
menores puntuaciones en el rasgo Neuroticismo (p<.05) que los entrenadores
de mayor experiencia deportiva. Se concluye que el ejercicio profesional
y prolongado del rol del entrenador acentúa cierto tipo de personalidad.
Abstract: The objective of the present work is to know the personality profile of coaches, the differences based on professional success, edge and years of experience as a coach. In order to do this, we applied the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-FFI, Costa and McCrae, 2008) to 32 coaches (men) between the ages of 25 and 59 (M = 36.63, d.t. = 8.69). The results indicate that successful coaches obtained significantly higher scores on the trait Agreeableness (p <.001) and a trend to statistical significance in the Responsibility factor (p <.10), where coaches have lower scores than normal reference population. In addition, there are no statistically significant differences in the personality of the coaches according to professional success. Finally, coaches with fewer years of experience have higher scores on the Kindness trait (p<.05) and lower scores in Neuroticism trait (p<.05) than most experienced sports coaches. It is concluded that a prolonged and professional role as coach accentuates certain type of personality.
Introducción: Los riesgos físicos y psicológicos asociados a las operaciones, el desarrollo del modelo positivo de salud mental y el avance en las prácticas basadas en la evidencia en psicología, han determinado que las estrategias de Defensa en determinados países incorporen programas de entrenamiento de la resiliencia para los militares y sus familias. Objetivos: Identificar tendencias en el estudio de la resiliencia en contextos militares; analizar el contenido de los programas de resiliencia en población militar; valorar las evidencias de dichos programas, entre ellos el Comprehensive Soldier and Family Fitness y el Battlemind Trainig; y examinar qué barreras dificultan la implementación de dichos programas en contextos militares. Método: Se emplearon bases de datos civiles y militares para realizar la revisión de publicaciones sobre resiliencia en personal militar. Se seleccionaron aquellas revisiones sistemáticas, metanálisis e investigaciones que hubieran demostrado un grado de evidencia fuerte o moderado. Resultados: Se observa una tendencia creciente a abordar la resiliencia en contextos militares desde las prácticas basadas en la evidencia; se demuestra que los contenidos de los programas militares de resiliencia se basan en evidencias fuertes o moderadas; se expone un resumen de programas militares de resiliencia; se detallan las fuertes evidencias en las que se basan el Battlemind Training y el Comprehensive Soldier and Family Fitness. y se relatan algunas de las barreras que obstaculizan la implementación de dichos programas en los ejércitos. Discusión: El avance de la psicología basada en la evidencia ha sido significativo en los ejércitos, redundando en resultados positivos en el personal militar. Sin embargo, existen todavía algunas barreras que dificultan realizar estos programas en contextos militares.
In this line of work we analyze the possible differences between trainers of judo belonging to the competitive level of high level judo in function of the characteristics of leadership and in different personal and sport variables. Using a sample of 26 trainers of judo, applying the adjustment of the leadership scale for judo trainers in the version "of the trainers perspective" (LSS-3) together with five evaluated questionnaire in the form of an interview, establishing relationships between the different factors of the questionnaire and the following differences between personal variables and sports of the trainers: "importance given in the judo sport", "hours dedicated to the training", "experience", "technical degree" and sports grade". As a second objective, we distinguish differences between male trainers and female in function of the profile of leadership and personal variables and mentioned sports. To finalize, we establish possible differences in leadership between trainers in function of the technical degree, belt, sports grade and level of experience. The results show the existence of important relationship between the characteristics leadership, the importance granted to judo as a sport, degree, sports grade, experience and hours dedicated to training. These relationships demonstrate differences de pending onthe factor, if the factor is positive it does not show significant statistics results. Therefore, we emphasize the importance of the factor autocratic behaviour, constructing the factor with a major number of statistics significant correlations. With relationship of variable sexes, there is no difference statistically significant between the group of male and female trainers. To finalize, it shows statistically significant differences between the factor autocratic behaviour and the technical grade and sports degree, existing a ignificant relationship with the level of experience. In respect to social support, it is only considered endency when obtaining the belt or the technical degree.
Three different samples (total N = 485) participated in the development and refinement of the Leadership Scale for Sports (LSS). A five-factor solution with 40 items describing the most salient dimensions of coaching behavior was selected as the most meaningful. These factors were named Training and Instruction, Democratic Behavior, Autocratic Behavior, Social Support, and Positive Feedback. Internal consistency estimates ranged from .45 to .93 and the test-retest reliability coefficients ranged from .71 to .82. The relative stability of the factor structure across the different samples confirmed the factorial validity of the scale. The interpretation of the factors established the content validity of the scale. Finally, possible uses of the LSS were pointed out.
Sumario Resiliencia ha sido definida de modo distinto en la literatura científica y esta exposición presenta el punto de vista del autor y su definición. El artículo revisa la literatura sobre resiliencia e ilustra los conceptos a tra- vés de una descripción de varios programas conduci- dos en su mayor parte en Canadá durante los últimos 25 años. Varios programas de prevención y de servicios clí- nicos son descritos y evaluados. Espérase que estos ejemplos de muchos años de evaluación e investiga- ción refuerzen la tesis de que soporte para competen- cia y resiliencia pueden ser suministrados en cada etapa del ciclo de vida de una persona, en vez de, como otros investigadores han reivindicado, estar sim- plemente restrictos a los pocos primeros años de vida. Unitermos: Competencia, programas clínicos, pro- gramas de servicio, resiliencia, prevención en la ado- lescencia, Canadá.