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LA RESILIENCIA EN ENTRENADORES DE ATLETISMO DE ALTO RENDIMIENTO

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Los objetivos del presente estudio son: 1) Describir los niveles de resiliencia en entrenadores de atletismo de alto rendimiento; 2) determinar los niveles de fiabilidad de los datos obtenidos con la muestra seleccionada; 3) comparar los resultados obtenidos con estudios precedentes. Se administró una adaptación de la entrevista para entrenadores de Ruiz (2004) y la adaptación al castellano de la escala de Resiliencia de Wagnield y Young (1993). La evaluación se realizó a 30 entrenadores de atletismo de alto rendimiento españoles (28 hombres y 2 mujeres). Los resultados muestran elevados niveles de resiliencia (M = 141; DT = 11.54). La comparación con estudios precedentes muestran diferencias significativas en la puntuación total de resiliencia y en el Factor I Competencia Personal. Los niveles de fiabilidad hallados son similares a estudios previos. Se concluye que las propias exigencias laborales del entrenador de atletismo podrían influir en la presencia de elevados niveles de resiliencia.
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... y algo más baja para el F2 "aceptación de uno mismo y de la vida" (α = .674); valor de éste último factor algo superior a lo observado anteriormente (Ruiz, et al., 2012;Ruiz, Campo y De la Vega, 2015). ...
... Estos resultados pudieran derivarse también del hecho de que los árbitros de baloncesto, al agruparse en categorías semiprofesionales, muestren un desarrollo de habilidades de afrontamiento y recuperación derivadas de sus experiencias con entornos de mayor nivel de competición, mayor presión recibida durante su labor arbitral, etc. como se ha constatado en investigaciones previas Ruiz, et al., 2015). ...
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Resumen Se analiza el síndrome de burnout en árbitros de fútbol vs. de baloncesto y la relación que las puntuaciones en resiliencia pueden mostrar con dicho síndrome. En la muestra han participado 265 árbitros, de fútbol el 41.9% y de baloncesto el 58.1%. Se ha evaluado mediante el Inventario de Burnout en Deportistas-Reducido (IBD-R) y la Resilience Scale (RS). Los árbitros de fútbol, frente a los de baloncesto, muestran un mayor agotamiento emocional (p = .002), despersonalización (p = .024) y realización personal (p < .001). Quienes obtienen puntuaciones altas en resiliencia (29.8%) (> 147 puntos en RS), frente a quienes obtienen baja resiliencia (70.2%), muestran un menor agotamiento emocional (p = .007) y realización personal (p < .001); pero no muestran diferencias en despersonalización (p = .561). Los árbitros de fútbol presentan un mayor riesgo de obtener puntuaciones que indican baja resiliencia [OR = 2.83] frente a los árbitros de baloncesto (p < .001, 95%IC. [1.58-5.06]). Se muestra que es la Competencia Personal la que produce un mayor incremento explicativo (ΔR 2 = .207) y de la capacidad predictiva (β = .539) sobre la Realización Personal.
... O estudo com treinadores espanhóis de atletismo de Ruiz- Barquín et al. (2015) corrobora os achados nesta pesquisa, pois ambos os participantes, no momento do estudo, possuíam titulação de treinadores nacionais. Em Mato Grosso, além dessa formação técnica pela IAAF, os cinco treinadores participantes também são graduados em Educação Física. ...
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... Son numerosos los estudios sobre resiliencia en el deporte y factores psicológicos (de riesgo y protectores) y deportivos asociados. El constructo de resiliencia en el deporte ha presentado distintos intereses a lo largo de los años y es así que se ha estudiado con estrategias de intervención con los atletas en distintos niveles (Schinke & Jerome, 2002); con variables relacionadas como optimismo, ansiedad, autoconfianza, capacidad percibida (Martin-Krumm, Sarrazin, Peterson, & Famose, 2003); ansiedad, depresión y calidad de vida (Connor & Davidson, 2003); apoyo social, disciplina y compromiso (Holt & Dunn, 2004); estrategias de afrontamiento y enfermedad (Yi, Smith, & Vitalino, 2005); influencia socio-cultural y recursos personales (Galli & Vealey, 2008); logro deportivo y el bienestar psicológico (Hosseini & Besharat, 2010); rendimiento óptimo y éxito en el deporte (Fletcher & Sarkar, 2012); autoestima, autonomía y estilos de afrontamiento (Pérez, Romanchugova, & Jiménez, 2012); personalidad positiva, motivación, confianza, enfoque y apoyo social percibido (Fletcher & Sarkar, 2012); recientemente en atletas con discapacidad (Machida, Irwin & Feltz, 2013); relacionada negativamente con burnout y de forma positiva con optimismo Tutte, & Ortín, 2014); se ha estudiado con entrenadores y técnicos deportivos (Ruiz-Barquín, Vega & Campo, 2015; Ruiz-Barquín, de la Vega, De la Rocha & Ortín, 2017); y finalmente con variables relacionadas como la ansiedad, asilamiento, depresión y estrés post-traumático (Durán, Lavega, Salas, Tamarit, & Invernó, 2015); o las lesiones deportivas en función del nivel competitivo (Zurita-Ortega, Rodríguez-Fernández, Olmo-Extremera, Castro-Sánchez, Chacón-Cuberos, Cepero-González, 2017). ...
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La resiliencia y la dependencia al ejercicio físico son constructos que emergen en ciertos deportistas en sus diferentes niveles deportivos. Es objeto de esta investigación conocer la prevalencia del riesgo de dependencia al ejercicio físico y de resiliencia en deportistas; analizar las diferencias en función del sexo y su nivel deportivo (aficionados/élite). Además, analizar su relación. Se evaluó a 387 deportistas de diferentes modalidades, 281 varones y 106 mujeres (edad: M = 20.10, DT = 4.2), a los que se le administró la versión española de la Escala de Dependencia del Ejercicio Revisada (EDS-R; Sicilia & González, 2011) y la Escala de Resiliencia (Ruiz, De la Vega, Poveda, Rosado, & Serpa, 2012; adaptación de Wagnild & Young, 1993) al español. Los resultados mostraron cómo un 8.3% presentaban riesgo por dependencia al ejercicio físico, y un 24.8% elevada resiliencia. Teniendo en cuenta el sexo y el nivel deportivo no se observan diferencias en las escalas aplicadas, aunque sí en algunas de sus dimensiones. Las mujeres y la élite presentan una mayor competencia personal (autoconfianza, independencia, decisión, invencibilidad, poderío, ingenio y perseverancia) y los hombres y los aficionados una reducción de otras actividades no relacionadas con el ejercicio físico y una práctica durante más tiempo de lo que generalmente se planeó. Aparece una asociación significativa reducida entre los constructos riesgo de dependencia al ejercicio físico y resiliencia en deportistas (r = .14). Se sugiere que en los programas intervención para la mejora del perfil resiliente de los deportistas se evalúe, y se prevenga si fuera necesario la dependencia al ejercicio físico asociada, con características sensibles a problemas psicológicos adyacentes.
... Wrestlers' characteristics -Mage=23. 21 [Ruiz-Barquín 2008©;in Mendoza 2012] and a socio-demographic questionnaire [Ruiz-Barquín et al. 2015] were used for this study. The LSS has three versions: Athletes' preferences (LSS1), Athletes' perceptions on the coach (LSS2), and Coaches' self-perceptions (LSS3). ...
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Ruiz-Barquín, R., Batista, F., Pérez2ABCDEF, I., & Gutiérrez-García, C. (2018). Leadership qualities in Canary Islands Wrestling. In W. J. Cynarski & G. Szanja (Eds.), 4th World Scientific Congress of Combat Sports and Martial Arts and 7th IMACSSS International Conference. Abstract Book (pp. 73-75). University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow (Poland): International Martial Arts and Combat Sports Scientific Society. Keywords: Canary Islands Wrestling, Combat Sports, Multidimensional Leadership Model, Sport Psychology Introduction Leadership in competitive sport is a key area of study in sport psychology. One of the most used models is Chelladurai’s Multidimensional Model of Sport Leadership [Chelladurai 1990; Chelladurai and Saleh 1980]. Although there are some studies on combat sports [e.g., Ruiz-Barquín, 2007], this model has not been yet applied to Canary Islands Wrestling, a traditional wrestling style which nowadays is practiced as a high-level competitive sport [Gutiérrez-García and Martín 2010]. The objectives of this study were: (1) To describe the characteristics of leadership in a sample of Canary Islands Wrestling coaches and competitors; (2) Analyze the adjustment between competitors’ and coaches’ preferences and perceptions regarding leadership. Methods Participants: 67 competitors (44 seniors and 23 juniors) and 7 coaches, all males. Wrestlers’ characteristics – Mage=23.21; SD=5.796. Experience in wrestling (years): M=12.96; SD=7.53. Years with actual coach: M=3.55; SD=3.68. Hours of training per week: M=8.03; SD=.24. Performance level: 43 “Libre” (3rd level), 17 “Destacado” (2nd level), and 7 “Puntal” (1st level, the highest). Coaches’ characteristics – Mage=46.29, SD=12.93. Experience in wrestling (years): M=22.57; SD=8.923. Years as coach: M=15.71; SD=12.15. Dedication to training=8 hours per week. Instruments: A Spanish version of Chelladurai and Saleh’s [1980] Leadership Scale for Sport (LSS) adapted for Canary Islands Wrestling [Ruiz-Barquín 2008©; in Mendoza 2012] and a socio-demographic questionnaire [Ruiz-Barquín et al. 2015] were used for this study. The LSS has three versions: Athletes’ preferences (LSS1), Athletes’ perceptions on the coach (LSS2), and Coaches’ self-perceptions (LSS3). All versions have 40 items, which are answered on a five-level Likert scale ranging from 1=never to 7=always, and five factors: Training and Instruction (TI), Democratic Behaviour (DB), Autocratic Behaviour (AB), Social Support (SS), and Positive Feedback (PF). The reliability of LSS1 and LSS2 was α=.917 and .930 respectively (for LSS3 it was not calculated due to the small size of the sample). Procedure: Informed consents were obtained for all participants. The administration of the questionnaires was carried out at the wrestlers’ training facilities on April 2017, on one single supervised session of 30 minutes of duration. Data analysis: Descriptive statistics (frequencies, means and standard deviations) were used for describing the tests results. Nonparametric tests (Wilcoxon W, Mann-Whitney U and Kruskall-Wallis) were used for group comparison. Results (1) LSS1 - Athletes’ preferences, mean values: PF=4.14, TI=4.04, SS=3.84, DB=3.75, AB=2.73. (2) LSS2 - Athletes’ perceptions on the coach, mean values: PF=3.70, TI=3.69, SS=3.63, DB=3.47, AB=2.91. (3) LSS3 - Coaches’ self-perceptions, mean values: PF=4.54, TI=4.49, SS=4.04, DB=3.41, AB=2.63. Juniors achieved higher scores than seniors in the AB scale of LSS2 (p < .05). According to performance level differences were found in the TI scale of LSS2 (p < .05), although post-hoc analyses did not confirm these differences. There was a high level of adjustment between LSS1 and LSS3, but there were differences in TI, DB, PF (p<.001) and SS (p<.05) factors. With regard to differences between LSS2 and LSS3, coaches achieved higher scores than wrestlers except for AB. Significant differences were found in TI, AB, SS and PF (for all p<.001). Comparison between LSS1 and LSS2 shows the wrestlers’ preferences for their coach to develop all factors (p<.001) but AB (p<.10). According to performance level, higher adjustments were found between LSS1 (wrestlers’ preferences) and LSS2 (wrestlers’ perceptions) for the highest performance group (1st level) in TI (-.077), SS (-.161) and PF (-.200) factors, while the lower performance group (3rd level) had higher adjustments in DB (-.23) and AB (-.251). LSS3 (coaches’ perceptions)-LSS2 comparison showed higher adjustments in TI (.209), AB (-.171), SS (.125) and PF (.200) for 1st level wrestlers, and in DB for those of 3rd level (-.090). LSS3-LSS1 comparison obtained higher adjustments for the 1st level wrestlers in TI (.132), SS (-.036) and PF (.000), for 3rd level wrestlers in DB (-.315), and for 2nd level wrestlers in AB (-129). Significant differences were only found for LSS3-LSS2 comparison in TI (p<.05), and a tendency to statistical significance in PF (p<.10), showing higher adjustments in higher performance levels. Discussion and conclusions This study has described the characteristics of leadership in a sample of Canary Islands Wrestling competitors and coaches. Comparison among age categories and among performance levels did not find differences except for the AB factor in LSS2 (Athletes’ perceptions). Despite juniors perceived their coaches more autocratic than did the seniors, results globally showed that there exists a homogeneous view of coaches among the studied groups. High adjustments were observed among the three versions of the LSS, despite the existence of significant and non-random differences. Higher performance levels had higher adjustments. This suggest that the wrestlers’ perception and preferences and the coaches’ perception tend to fit better as the level of the wrestlers increase, therefore making their work together easier. Further studies could include performance and satisfaction measurements, as it is proposed by the Multidimensional Model of Sport Leadership. References 1. Chelladurai P. (1990), Leadership in sports: A review, “International journal of sport psychology”, vol. 21, no.4, pp. 328-354. 2. Chelladurai P., & Saleh S. D. (1980), Dimensions of leader behavior in sports: Development of a leadership scale, “Journal of sport psychology”, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 34-45. 3. Gutiérrez-García C., Martín, J.C. (2010), Canary Islands Stick Fighting and Wrestling [in] T. Green and J.R. Svinth [ed.], Martial arts of the world: An encyclopedia of history and innovation, ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara (CA), pp. 1-6. 4. Mendoza, F. (2012). Análisis de las características psicológicas de los luchadores del CAR de Madrid: un estudio descriptivo y correlacional en lucha libre y grecorromana, Unpublished Masters’ Thesis, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain. 5. Ruiz-Barquín R. (2007), Características de liderazgo en el deporte del judo, “Revista de Psicología del Deporte”, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 9-24. 6. Ruiz-Barquín R., del Campo-Vecino J., de la Vega R. (2015), La resiliencia en entrenadores de atletismo de alto rendimiento, “Revista iberoamericana de psicología del ejercicio y el deporte”, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 69-75.
... La preparación psicológica en la actividad física en general y el deporte en específico permite modelar diversas variables de importancia transcendental para alcanzar altos rendimientos deportivos, destacándose aspectos tales como el liderazgo deportivo, ya sea negativo o positivo ( Aoyagi, Ishii, Shibata, Arai, Hibi, & Oka, 2013;Cranmer, & Myers, 2015), las que se evidencian a través del diseño e implementación de diversas acciones estratégicas implementadas como parte del contexto del entrenamiento deportivo ( Sánchez, Díaz, & Sánchez, 2012;Acevedo, & Pérez, 2013;Eime, Young, Harvey, Charity, & Payne, 2013;Zafra, Toro, Esteve, Montero, & Belmonte, 2013), donde se incluye el estudio de la inteligencia emocional ( Ros Martínez, Moya, & Garcés de Los Fayos, 2013), el perfil de la habilidades psicológicas específicas para cada deporte ( Álvarez, Estevan, Falcó, Hernández, & Castillo, 2014), las respuestas emitidas por los deportistas al impacto psicológico provocado por las lesiones deportivas ( Ardern, Taylor, Feller, & Webster, 2012;Liberal, López, Cantallops, & Ponseti, 2014) y la ansiedad asociada al periodo de entrenamiento y sobre todo el periodo competitivo extenso ( Leitenberg, 2013;Englert, & Bertrams, 2012), entre otros aspectos que le son propias a las ciencias psicológicas en general y a la psicología deportiva en especial. Para el caso de la aplicación de la psicología del deporte en deportistas de atletismo, la literatura nacional e internacional proyecta numerosas investigaciones relacionadas con la determinación de los factores determinantes que influyen en la motivación por la práctica deportiva ( Zarauz, & Ruiz, 2015), el análisis de la ansiedad como variable influyente en el rendimiento del atletismo ( Ruiz, & Zarauz, 2013;Charry, 2013), los aspectos de la resiliencia ( Ruiz, Campo, & Vega Marcos, 2015) y el flow ( Jiménez, Godoy, Ramírez Navarrón, & García, 2013 Por ello, como primer paso investigativo, los autores se han planteado como objetivo de la investigación estudiar las relaciones interpersonales existentes en el , Estevan, Falcó, Hernández, & Castillo, 2014) o la ansiedad asociada al periodo de entrenamiento, la cual puede influir en modificar las relaciones interpersonales en ciertos periodos con relación a otros periodos menos competitivos como la etapa de preparación general ( Leitenberg, 2013;Englert, & Bertrams, 2012). Ardern, C. L., Taylor, N. F., Feller, J. A., & Webster, K. E. (2012). ...
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Resilience is a psychological characteristic that encourages positive adaptation in the face of adversity (Connor & Davidson, 2003; Grotberg, 2001; Wagnild & Young, 1990). It has seldom been studied within the field of sports but, in the last years the studies began to be more common (Fletcher & Sarkar, 2012; Galli & Vealey, 2012; García- Secades et al., 2015). This work has as purposes, to adapt the resilience scale (CD-RISC) for the sport field, to confirm its psychometrics properties and to analyses, validation its internal consistency in a population of elite athletes in different sports. The scale was administered to a sample of 287 athletes, 76.7% male and 23.3% female, determined by four levels of competition; 21.5% professionals, 21.3% semi-professionals, 43.9% amateur and 9.8% enthusiastic. It was an analysis based on structural equations modelling (SEM) encompassed within confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and its internal consistency (Cronbach's Alpha). The results verified that the modelling of structural equation, the model for measuring the questionnaire and the covariant structure of the responses obtained have a good fit. Thus, the CD-RISC scale has shown itself to be a reliable and valid tool for measuring the resilience of elite athletes and it can also be used to measure psychological parameters related to the field of sports.Resumen. La resiliencia es una característica psicológica que permite una adaptación positiva ante la adversidad (Connor & Davidson, 2003; Grotberg, 2001; Wagnild & Young, 1990). Sus estudios en el campo deportivo no han sido muy numerosos, aunque en los últimos años esta tomando fuerza en esta area (Fletcher & Sarkar, 2012; Galli & Vealey, 2012; García- Secades et al., 2015). El trabajo que se presenta tiene como objetivos adaptar al campo deportivo la escala de resiliencia (CD-RISC), confirmar sus propiedades psicométricas, analizar y validar su consistencia interna en una población de atletas de élite en diferentes deportes. La escala fue aplicada a una muestra de 287 atletas, 76,7% hombres y 23,3% mujeres diferenciados por cuatro niveles de competición; 21,5% profesionales, 21,3% semi-profesionales, 43,9% amateur y 9,8% aficionados. Se utilizó un análisis basado en un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM) circunscritos a un análisis de confirmación de los factores (CFA) y su consistencia interna (Alfa de Cronbach). Los resultados verificaron que el modelo de ecuaciones estructurales, la mediación del cuestionario y la estructura covariante de las respuestas obtenidas tienen un buen ajuste. Por tanto, la escala CD-RISC ha demostrado ser una herramienta confiable y válida para medir la capacidad de resiliencia de los deportista de élite pudiendo ser utilizada para medir los parámetros psicológicos relacionados con el campo deportivo.
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Ruiz-Barquín, R., Robles, J. J., García, S., & Gutiérrez-García, C. (2018). Judo competitors’ resilience levels at the 2017 Inter-army Spanish Championship. In W. J. Cynarski & G. Szanja (Eds.), 4th World Scientific Congress of Combat Sports and Martial Arts and 7th IMACSSS International Conference. Abstract Book (pp. 75-77). University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow (Poland): International Martial Arts and Combat Sports Scientific Society. Keywords: Judo, Combat Sports, Sports Psychology, Resilience, Military, Civil Guard Introduction The term (psychological) resilience refers to the ability observed in some people, that allows them to face, resist and overcome adversity with more resources and better results than the rest of the population [Schiera 2005]. This construct is part of the studies that analyze the importance of personality in sport. There exist some studies on judo and resilience which highlight a close connection of resilience and other psychological constructs such as burnout [Reche et al. 2014] or self-concept and motivation [Zurita et al. 2017]. The aim of the present study was to describe the characteristics of resilience in a sample of judokas participating in the 2017 Inter-army Spanish Championship, and compare these results with those obtained in previous studies. Methods Participants: A total of 28 judokas, 18 males and 10 females, between 27 and 46 years-old (M=34.29, SD=5.12), participated in this study. They all had a rank of 1st Dan (black belt) or higher and trained between one and six hours per week (M=2.81, SD=1.76). Most of them (n=21) practiced other sports (Mtraining hours/week=4.07, SD=3.0). Instruments: The Wagnild and Young Resilience Scale (RS) [Wagnield and Young 1993; Spanish version by Ruiz-Barquín et al. 2012] and a socio-demographic questionnaire were used. The RS has 25 items grouped into two factors: Factor I, Personal Competence and Factor II, Acceptance of Self and Life. Each item is answered on a seven-level Likert scale ranging from 1=strongly disagree to 7=completely agree. The reliability of the original RS was .808, and for this study, it was .711. Procedure: Informed consents were obtained for all participants. The administration of the questionnaires was done prior to competition; it lasted approximately 20 minutes and was supervised by a sport psychologist. Data analyses: Frequencies, means and standard deviations were calculated, and contingency tables were prepared. T-tests were used for detecting differences with other studies. Results and discussion RS total mean score was 138.5 (SD=9.53). Personal Competence factor mean score was 96.79 [SD=6.35] and Acceptance of Self and Life factor mean score was 41.71 (SD=4.72). Total resilience mean score can be considered high; it was lower than that obtained by athletics and padel (a racquet sport popular in Hispanic countries) trainers [Ruiz-Barquín et al. 2015, 2017], similar to that of ultra-marathon runners [de la Vega et al., 2012], and significantly higher than previous studies with judokas and with multiple sports [Reche et al., 2014; García et al., 2015, p values <.001]. Personal Competence factor mean score was lower than those obtained by athletics and padel trainers [Ruiz-Barquín et al. 2015, 2017, p values <.001], and higher than that of fencers [Reche and Ortín, 2013; p<.01]. Finally, for the Acceptance of Self and Life factor only differences were found with respect to fencers [Reche and Ortín, 2013], with judokas achieving higher scores (p<.05). Conclusions This study has described the levels of resilience in a sample of judokas in a military setting. The results show global levels of resilience similar to or greater than those obtained in other studies on different sports and in non-military settings. In general, competitive judo training is associated with high levels of resilience, regardless of whether the practice takes place in a civil or military context. More studies are needed in order to increase the external validity of the obtained results. They would also allow studying how other variables related to training and sport performance relate to resilience. References 1. De la Vega R., Ruiz R., Rivera O. (2012), Perfil resiliente en atletas de fondo, Actas del XIII Congreso Nacional de la Actividad Física y el Deporte, Murcia (Spain). 2. García X., Salguero A., Molinero O., De la Vega R., Ruiz-Barquín R., & Márquez S. (2015), Role of resilient profile and coping on recovery stress levels of the competitive athlete, “Kronos”, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 15-18. 3. Reche C., Ortín F. (2013), Consistencia de la versión española de la escala de resiliencia en esgrima, “Avances de la Psicología del Deporte en Iberoamérica”, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 49-57. 4. Reche C., Tutte V., Ortín F. J. (2014). Resiliencia, optimismo y burnout en judokas de competición uruguayos. “Revista iberoamericana de psicología del ejercicio y el deporte”, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 267-279. 5. Ruiz R., De la Vega R., Poveda J., Rosado A., Serpa S. (2012), Psychometric analysis of the Resilience Scale in the sport of football, “Revista de Psicología del Deporte”, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 143-151. 6. Ruiz-Barquín R., De la Vega R., Rocha M. D. L., Ortín, F. J. (2017), La resiliencia en entrenadores de Pádel Adaptado, “Anales de Psicología”, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 743-754. 7. Ruiz-Barquín R., Del Campo J., De la Vega, R. (2015), La resiliencia en entrenadores de atletismo de alto rendimiento, “Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología del Ejercicio y el Deporte”, vol. 10 , no. 1, pp. 69-76. 8. Schiera A. (2005), Use and abuse of the resilience concept, “Revista Investigación en Psicología”, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 129-135. 9. Wagnild G. M., Young H. M. (1993), Development and psychometric evaluation of resilience scale, “Journal of Nursing Measurement”, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 165-178. 10. Zurita F., Zafra E.O., Valdivia P., Rodríguez S., Castro M., Muros J.J. (2017), Análisis de la resiliencia, autoconcepto y motivación en judo según el género, “Revista de Psicología del Deporte”, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 71-81.
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Ruiz-Barquín, R., García-Remis, M. P., & Gutiérrez-García, C. (2018). Psychological profile of competitive combat sports athletes: comparison between Mixed Martial Arts and other combat sports. In W. J. Cynarski & G. Szanja (Eds.), 4th World Scientific Congress of Combat Sports and Martial Arts and 7th IMACSSS International Conference. Abstract Book (pp. 77-79). University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow (Poland): International Martial Arts and Combat Sports Scientific Society. Keywords: Psychological Profile, Personality, MMA, Combat Sports, Martial Arts Introduction Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) is a combat sport that is currently experiencing great growth. This interest has been reflected in the academic field, although studies focused on the psychological level are still scarce. The aims of the present study were: (1) To describe the psychological profile of the competitive MMA athlete; and (2) To compare that profile with the profiles of competitive athletes of other combat sports. Method A transversal and descriptive study was designed. Participants: 29 athletes (23 males and 6 females) between 19 and 43 years (M±SDage=26.66±6.18 years) that had participated in any official competitive event. The MMA group was composed of 18 athletes (17 males and 1 female) between 19 and 43 years (M±SDage=26.22±6.94 years). The comparison group was composed of 11 athletes (6 males and 5 females) between 21 and 35 years (M±SDage=27.36±4.93 years) from other combat sports (Boxing, Judo, Karate, Jiu-Jitsu, Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, Olympic Wrestling, Grappling, Kick-boxing and K1, and Muay-Thai). Instruments: Spanish versions of the following psychological assessment tools were used: (1) Socio-demographic questionnaire; (2) Ten-Item Personality Inventory; (3) Wagnild and Young Resilience Scale; (4) Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale; (5) General Self-Efficacy Scale; (6) Life Orientation Test (revised version); (7) Early/Late Preferences Scales; (8) Caen Chronotype Questionnaire; (9) Profile of Mood States Questionnaire (15-items version); (10) State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2; (11) Brief Inventory of Situations and Responses of Anxiety, and its adaptation to sport; and (12) Competitividad-10 questionnaire (see references in references section). Procedure: Coaches were informed on the study aims and informed consents were obtained for all participants. Tests were administered individually for each athlete in three sessions (30-40 minutes per session), by a sport psychologist specialized in combat sports. Data analysis: Frequencies, means and standard deviations were calculated, and contingency tables were prepared. Mann-Whitney U test was used for statistical comparison between the two groups. Results (1) Personality: medium to high values in extraversion, affability, responsibility, emotional stability and open-mindedness; (2) Resilience: very high levels; (3) Perfectionism: moderate levels in concern about errors, relatively high scores in doubts about actions, and high in parental expectations, parental criticism and organization; (4) General self-efficacy: high levels; (5) Optimism: moderate levels; (6) Chronotypic profile: predominantly early preferences, with higher perceived activation levels between 12 and 14 h. and 18 and 20 h.; (7) Mood: moderate levels of fatigue and very high levels of vigor; (8) Anxiety: average values in cognitive anxiety, but high values in physiological and motor anxiety; (9) Anxiety situations: Very low levels of phobic anxiety, and low levels of anxiety in the face of evaluation, interpersonal anxiety and anxiety in everyday life situations; (10) Anger: average levels of state anger, trait anger and in the index of anger expression; (11) Competitiveness: high levels of global competitiveness and motivation for success, and average levels of motivation to avoid failure. The psychological profile of the MMA group was similar to the comparison group (other combat sports athletes). Significant differences were only found in four of the 29 studied variables (personal competence, total resilience, self-efficacy and vigor), with higher scores for the MMA group. Conclusions This study has described a psychological profile of MMA athletes and has compared it with that of other combat sports athletes. Further studies could include other variables, such as gender or performance level, as well as increase the number of participants to obtain more representative data. References 1. Balaguer I., Fuentes I., Meliá J. L., García-Merita M., Pérez, G. (1993), El perfil de los estados de ánimo (POMS), “Revista de Psicología del Deporte”, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 39-52. 2. Carrasco Á., Belloch A., Perpiñá C. (2009), La evaluación del perfeccionismo: utilidad de la Escala Multidimensional de Perfeccionismo en población española, “Análisis y Modificación de Conducta”, vol. 36, no. 153, pp. 49-65. 3. Díaz E. (2000), Estudio de los aspectos psicológicos determinantes de la adaptación al trabajo nocturno. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain. 4. Dosseville F., Laborde S., Lericollais R. (2013). Validation of a chronotype questionnaire including an amplitude dimension, “Chronobiology international”, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 639-648. 5. Ferrando P. J., Chico E., Tous, J. M. (2002), Propiedades psicométricas del test de optimismo Life Orientation Test, “Psicothema”, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 673-680. 6. Navarro S. (2015), El estado de flow en judokas de alto rendimiento deportivo: Un análisis longitudinal de los entrenamientos en el CAR de Madrid. Unpublished Masters’ Thesis, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain. 7. Remor E. (2007). Propuesta de un cuestionario breve para la evaluación de la competitividad en el ámbito deportivo: Competitividad-10, “Revista de Psicología del Deporte”, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 167-183. 8. Renau V., Oberst U., Gosling S. D., Rusiñol J., Chamarro A. (2013), Translation and validation of the Ten-Item-Personality Inventory into Spanish and Catalan, “Aloma”, no. 31, pp. 85-97. 9. Ruiz-Barquín R., de la Vega R., Poveda J., Rosado A., Serpa S. (2012). Análisis psicométrico de la Escala de Resiliencia en el deporte del fútbol, “Revista de Psicología del Deporte”, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 143-151. 10. Ruiz-Barquín, R. (2004). Análisis de las características psicológicas, deportivas y sociales en el deporte del judo a nivel competitivo: una propuesta teórica y metodológica para la predicción del rendimiento. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain. 11. Ruiz-Barquín R., Del Campo J., De la Vega R. (2015), La resiliencia en entrenadores de atletismo de alto rendimiento, “Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología del Ejercicio y del Deporte”, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 69-75. 12. Schwarzer R., Baessler J. (1996), Evaluación de la autoeficacia.: Adaptación española de la escala de Autoeficacia General, “Ansiedad y Estrés”, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1-8. Tobal M., Casado M. I., Cano-Vindel A., Spielberger C. D. (2001), Inventario de expresión de ira estado-rasgo (STAXI-2), TEA Ediciones, Madrid.
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