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Comparative Analysis of Grade-standard Deviation Method and Factors Analysis Method for Environmental Sensitive Factor Analysis (in Chinese with English abstract)

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基金项目
国家自然科学基金
40901027
41106036
中科院知识创新工程
YW
山东省自然科学基金
第一作者简介
陈桥
讲师
主要从事环境地质学和环境地球化学研究
标准偏差法和主成分因子分析法
在粒度敏感因子提取中的对比
 
刘东艳
陈颖军
申旭红
蒋金杰
 
姜晓华
1 .
山东省沉积成矿作用与沉积矿产重点实验室
山东科技大学
地质科学与工程学院
东 青
中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所
东 烟
 
沉积物全样粒度参数已很难对受不同物源和不同沉积动力影响的古环境进行深入研究
不同来源的多组分分离提取
敏感粒级方法较多
不同的方法提取的粒级兼容性及其所反映的环境意义差别值得探讨本文利用烟台四十里湾个柱状
沉积物粒度分析数据为基础
对比分析粒级
标准偏差法和主成分因子分析法提取的环境敏感因子及其反映的古环境意义
结果表明
两种方法提取的环境敏感因子粒级一一对应
两种方法所提取的敏感粒级含量在沉积物中存在相同的变化趋势
这说明了两种方法均能敏感地反映沉积物相同的沉积动力特征
但粒级
标准偏差法所提取的粒级易受端元组分影响
标准偏差法所提取的敏感因子主要反演主控因子环境信息
关键词
标准偏差
主成分因子分析
环境敏感因子
古环境
沉积物
四十里湾
中图分类号
  文献标识码
  文章编号
  物粒积物
主要受搬运
水动力强弱和搬运方式等因素控制
并且与沉
积环境息息相关
因而可以通过沉积物粒度参数之
的关进行积环
推断沉积物发生沉
时的力条
利用沉积物柱状样粒度特征
行沉速率
水动力环境与古气候变化记录
动记录及污染历史记录的研究成果不断出
一系列研究揭示沉积物粒度在沉积环境研
中有好的用前
沉积物粒度广泛运用于沉积物来源及沉积环境
力的
往往以组分含量
及参数
分选
峰态等
为标准来划分
境变
这些研究对探讨沉积物特征及恢复沉积
境等面取
沉积物受多
物源沉积力过
用全样的粒度
数只
经很难对受多种物源和不同沉积动力影响的古环境
行深研究
至这指标
还存
人们试图从复杂的
粒度数据中分离出单一组分的粒度特征来探讨各组
分所指示的沉积学意义
近几年来
同来源的多组分分离方法
如基于 分布的
数拟
如重建北大西洋
北大平洋
南海
拉伯
和非洲西南岸外
沉积柱状样中地质历史时期古气候演化
对于追溯
探讨季风
海流等提供了重要信息在进
多组分分离提取环境敏感因子时
一运
少对
分析
那么不同方法提取的因子能否兼容
方法提取的因子是否具有一致性和差异性因此
进行不同方法之间对比分析将有助于更为综合准确
地反映古环境信息及选择合理的分析方法
准偏
标准偏差变化来获取环境敏感因子
它的基本思
路是计算每一粒级在柱状沉积物中标准偏差值
标准偏差值最大的粒级作为环境敏感因子
其敏感
卷第
    
 
 
粒级往往是单一的主成分因子分析法旨在将不同
粒级进行关联性分析
将相关联的粒级成分组合在
起构一个合因
分析各个因子对粒级的贡
献大小
将贡献较大的因子作为主要因子
该因子所
包含的粒级范围作为沉积环境最敏感的粒级组分
众多级的很显然
两种方法的原理和
含的级成具有较大差异
基于此
本文以烟台四十里湾不同环境下沉积
物柱样粒分析
对比
标准偏
差法和主成分因子分析法所提取环境敏感因子
论两种方法所提取环境敏感因子的兼容性和差异
 样品来源及分析方法
  烟台市四十里湾是烟台市区主要海湾
位于烟
市莱
隶属黄海
西北与芝罘湾相
邻养
北面为湾口
一面向海
在该湾采集
°
°
5 m
离 岸 约 0 m
°
°
柱长2 m
0 m
°
°
9 m
将采集的样品送回实验室
间距进行子
样分割
共获取样品
粒度分析采用常用的粒度分析方法
取适量样
0 m
后在 水浴加热
去除
加入少量蒸馏水
将沉积物离心
2h
再加入5 m
偏六磷酸钠溶液
2 m
 
激光度仪行测
重复
复测的误
标准偏差法是通过计算每一粒级所对
应含量的标准偏差获得粒度组分的个数和分布范
准偏计算
[ ]
偏差
样本
样本
进行主成分因子分析获得各沉积物柱状样粒度主控
 
 
标准偏差法提取环境敏感因子
出了
标准偏差的算法获得的每
粒级分的准偏
其中横坐标
采用对数表示
即对沉积环境敏感的粒度众数
沉积
标准偏差曲线均呈现
典型
峰分
柱而言
个明显的标准偏差峰值分别出
μ
μ
所对应的粒度组分
范围别为
μ
μ
柱 有 个 标 准 偏 差 峰 值
分别出现在
μ
个粒级
组分的分界线约在
μ
μ
μ
μ
柱出个标准偏差峰值
分别出现
μ
粒级 μ
μ
μ
μ
μ
柱状积物
μ
含量较少
在绝大
数样品中
μ
的环境
敏感组分在本研究中不作考虑
 柱状沉积物粒级
标准偏差曲线
 
 
 
 
 
        
 因子分析法提取环境敏感因子
成分子分
将多个实测粒度变
转换少数个不
寻找隐藏在
众多粒级变量中起控制作用的粒级组分即通过探
各粒之间内部
将多个粒级归数到有
代表性的因子中
根据各个粒级之间的共生组合状
寻找境敏的粒级组个柱状沉积物不
粒级百分为变
 
进行主
分因分析
获得各沉积物柱状样粒度主控因子
和表
获得两个主控因子
μ
μ
粒级主要反映
了因子 的特征
μ
粒级主
反映因子 的特征
控制了
粒度化特
控制了
这两个主控
子反粒度体特化的
因子贡献率相对较小 柱共获得
其中是主控因子
所对应的粒级范
围分μ
μ
所对应的粒级范围为
μ
这两个因子分别控制 的粒度
化特
两主
的总体粒度变化特征
分别控制了 粒度总体特
粒级范围分别为μ
μ
粒级范围为
μ
μ
因子贡献率分别为
其对应的粒级范围分别为
μ
μ
μ
因子表的在样
品中含量较少
不予考虑
因子对应粒级范围为
μ
因子贡献率仅为
 两种方法提取环境敏感因子关系
柱状积物过因析法
因子 均存在两个敏感粒级
通过相关性分析
两个粒级
除此之外
柱通过因子分
 柱状沉积物粒度因子结构分析
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
公因子 1 F2 F3 F4 F
因子构成
μ
 
 
 
特征值
 
 
 
 
因子贡献率
 
 
 
 
累积贡献率
 
 
 
 
 柱状沉积物粒度因子结构分析
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
公因子 1 F2 F3 F
因子构成
μ
 
 
特征值
 
 
 
因子贡献率
 
 
 
累积贡献率
 
 
 
 柱状沉积物粒度因子结构分析
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
公因子 1 F2 F3 F4 F
因子构成
μ
 
 
特征值
 
 
 
 
因子贡献率
 
 
 
 
累积贡献率
 
 
 
 
    
粒级
标准偏差法和主成分因子分析法在粒度敏感因子提取中的对比
取的环境敏感因子
过相关性
反映相同事实上
由于某同环境
其中某一粒级随环境扰
作用强而量减
而另一粒级随环境扰动作
加强含量
在用该粒级反映古环境
只需对其中一个粒级含量进行分析即可
 柱状沉积物粒级
标准偏差法提取
环境敏感组分相关性
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  对比各柱状沉积物粒级
标准偏差法提取的环
敏感
主成分析
的粒范围
偏差法提取的敏感粒级正好落在主成分因子分析法
提取 主控因子对应的粒级范围之内
标准偏差法提取的μ
μ
敏感粒级正好落在主成分因子分析法所提取的
控因子对
μ
级落 主控因子对应的粒级范围内
准偏差法 μ
落在主成分因子分
析法所提取的主控因子中并未得到体现
其原
因为该粒
因子的
关程
标准偏差法提取个粒级正好落在主成分因
分析法所 提取 的 主控因子对应的粒级
范围
标准偏差法和主成分因子
分析法提取的某些环境敏感粒级具有较好的一一对
关系
种方
反映其古环境意义
柱状
因子分析法提取对应环境敏感粒级含量相关性分析
于同
利用粒级
偏差法和主成分因子分析法所提取的环境敏感粒级
含量有极著的关性
系数
标准偏差法提取的敏感粒级含量与主成分因子
分析法提取的敏感粒级含量在沉积物中存在相同的
变化
标准偏差法和主成分因子
分析法在同一沉积物柱状样中都能提取相同的环境
化信
两种方法具有一致性和兼容性
 
  对于粒度来说
如水流流速等敏感组分的粒度范围可能很小
所以需要判别沉积物中可能包含的多个粒级组分的
沉积学意义
虽然粒级
从不同的角度提取敏感粒级因子
括粒级范围存在巨大差异从本烟台十里
柱状沉积物两种方法提取的环境敏感粒度可
标准偏差法所提取的μ
μ
μ
μ
μ
μ
μ
μ
μ
敏感粒级在主成分因子
析法 因子
其对应的粒级范围一致
且反映的沉积环境变化趋势一致
提取的因子相对应
特征
两种方法具有一定的兼容性
比 可 知
粒 级
标 准 偏 差 法 提 取 的
μ
μ
两个敏感粒级在
        
 柱状沉积物粒级
标准偏差法和主成分
因子分析法提取环境敏感粒级含量相关性
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
主成分因子分析
因子
是因为这两个级均处于端元组分
即粒级处于
细或粗的围之
这些粒级范围仅在柱状沉
物中部分品中存在
在部分样品中含量为零
导致该粒级在整个柱状沉积物中标准偏差值较高
因此
用粒
标准偏差法提取环境敏感粒级时要
关注端元组分的影响
从以上对比也可以看出
标准偏差法所提
取的这些敏感粒级均是处于主成分因子分析法提取
控因粒级
献最
两主控因
粒度变化特征也就是说
偏差
因子更为重要的是反演对该柱状沉积物粒度影响最
为深远的环境意义主成分因子分析法提取的其它
因子在粒级
标准偏差法提取的敏感因子粒级中并
未得到体现
其环境意义尚需进一步分析
烟台四十里湾沉积物来源及沉积动力受多环境
因素的综合影响个柱状沉积物中
柱位
排污
柱位于远岸
柱状沉积物之间所提取的敏感粒级变化趋势并不相
表明这些敏感粒级受不同的沉积环境主控
同一状沉物来
用粒
偏差
分因子分析法均能较好地而且较一致地提取这些环
境敏感因子
两种
的影响而发生差异
前的大多数研
往往运用这两种方法来恢复沉积物沉积时的古气候
温度
如东亚季风
干旱区气候变化及沙尘活动
本文通过对
比分析也表明
该方法不仅在探讨古气候信息方面
而且其它环境要素如河流改道
殖等柱状
沉积物粒度中也有较好地体现用该也能
地提取敏感粒级
中国
道多集中于南海和冲绳海槽
而对黄海及邻近区
域研究较少
的环
围分
μ
μ
王可等
东海内陆架的研究表明近年以有两对环
的粒度组分分布范围在 μ
μ
郑洪波等
析南陆源
沉积粒度敏感粒级组分为
μ
μ
相比较而言
本文所提取的黄海沉积
物环境敏感粒级偏细
是由冬季沿岸流输送的主要来自黄河在渤海的沉积
物而形成的
两种
海沉积环境演变特征
 
  本文以烟台四十里湾不同环境下沉积物柱状样
粒度
对比分析粒级
标准偏差法和主成分因子
    
粒级
标准偏差法和主成分因子分析法在粒度敏感因子提取中的对比
分析法在同一沉积物的环境敏感因子提取中的应
果表
两种方法提取的环境敏感因子一一
两种方法所提取的敏感粒级含量在沉积物中
存在相同的变化趋势
这两种方法均能敏感地反映
沉积物相同的沉积动力特征
个柱状沉积物均表
现出
标准偏差法和主成分因子分析法主控因
提取
趋势
但粒级
准偏法所粒级
元组影响
准偏法所敏感
要反演主控因子环境信息两种法不能够
效地恢复沉积物沉积时的古气候
在探讨其它一些环境要素
河流
养殖等
在柱状沉积物粒度中也有较好地体现
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 陈沈良
杨世伦
吴瑞明
杭州湾北岸潮滩沉积物粒度的时间变化及其沉积动力学意义
海洋科学进展
 张宗雁
郭志刚
东海泥质区表层沉积物中多环芳烃的分布特征及物源
地球化学
 段凌云
王张华
李茂田
长江口沉积物
分布及沉积环境解释
沉积学报
 杨作升
陈晓辉
百年来长江口泥质区高分辨率沉积粒度变化及影响因素探讨
第四纪研究
 肖尚斌
李安春
东海内陆架泥区沉积物的环境敏感粒度组分
沉积学报
 张晓东
许淑梅
翟世奎
东海内陆架沉积气候信息的端元分析模型反演
海洋地质与第四纪地质
 
 
 
 
M.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
M.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 薛积彬
干旱区湖泊沉积物粒度组分记录的区域沙尘活动历史
以新疆巴里刊湖为例
沉积学报
 
郑洪波
 
东海内陆架泥质沉积反映的古环境演化
海洋地质与第四纪地质
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
0k
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 孙有斌
边缘海陆源物质中环境敏感粒度组分的初步分析
科学通报
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
.M
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
A.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 陈国成
郑洪波
李建如
南海西部陆源沉积粒度组成的控制动力及其反映的东亚季风演化
科学通报
        
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 郑洪波
陈国成
南海晚第四纪陆源沉积
度组
动力控制及反映的东亚季风演化
第四纪研究
 
王张华
长江口区晚新生代沉积物粒度特征和沉积地貌环境演变
沉积学报
 
 
M.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 董太禄
渤海现代沉积作用与模式的研究
海洋地质与第四纪地质
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
& S
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
& E
 
 
 
& T
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    
粒级
标准偏差法和主成分因子分析法在粒度敏感因子提取中的对比
... The time of sediments' last subaerial exposure can be determined using OSL dating. Since its emergence in the 1980s, the OSL dating method has been used extensively (e.g., Wintle, 2000, 2003;Roberts, 2008;Lai et al., 2010;Stevens et al., 2013;Chen et al., 2013), especially on aeolian sediments in north China (e.g., Lai, 2012, 2014;. In the current study, three samples were collected at the depths of 0.8 m, 2.5 m, and 3.9 m and by hamming tubes into the profile for OSL dating. ...
... Multicomponent separation methods of different sediment grain were widely discussed in recent years. Methods for extracting environmentally sensitive factors mainly include the function-fitting method based on the Weibull distribution (Sun et al., 2001), the end-member model method (Sun et al., 2003), the factor analysis method (Chen et al., 2013), and the grain size-standard deviation method (Chen et al., 2013). In the grain size-standard deviation method, the standard deviation corresponding to each grain size is used to extract the environmentally sensitive grain size (Xu et al., 2006) based on the sample particle size. ...
... Multicomponent separation methods of different sediment grain were widely discussed in recent years. Methods for extracting environmentally sensitive factors mainly include the function-fitting method based on the Weibull distribution (Sun et al., 2001), the end-member model method (Sun et al., 2003), the factor analysis method (Chen et al., 2013), and the grain size-standard deviation method (Chen et al., 2013). In the grain size-standard deviation method, the standard deviation corresponding to each grain size is used to extract the environmentally sensitive grain size (Xu et al., 2006) based on the sample particle size. ...
... The grain size-standard deviation method is a mathematically centered calculation of the standard deviation values of the contents of different grain size fractions. It is usually considered that one or more grain sizes with larger standard deviation values constitute the environmental sensitivity factors (Chen et al., 2013). The larger the standard deviation value of the grain size corresponding to the sensitivity factor, the more complex and drastic the changes in the depositional environment are indicative for the specialized grain size levels (Cheng et al., 2018). ...
... Each factor is then analyzed and its contribution to the grain size is calculated by SPSS software. Generally, the factor with the largest contribution is defined as the main control factor, and the range of grain sizes corresponding to this factor is the environmentally sensitive component (Chen et al., 2013). ...
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... The standard deviation (STD DEV) is a statistical term used in mathematics to measure the degree to which a data distribution of is scattered and quantifies the degree to which the data values deviate from the arithmetic mean (Wang, 2009;Chen et al., 2013;Mahmud et al., 2020;Qie et al., 2021). The smaller the standard deviation, the less these values deviate from the mean, and vice versa (Zhang and Song., 1981;Gu., 2006;Dong et al., 2020;Yoshida and Santosh., 2020;Wang and Wang., 2021). ...
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