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Validity of tests performed to diagnose acute abdominal pain in patients admitted at an emergency department

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Abstract

To determine the real importance of anamnesis, physical examination, and various tests in the assessment of acute abdominal pain. A retrospective observational study with patients complaining of abdominal pain at the Emergency Department, Altiplano Health Area (Murcia) was performed. In our study we considered the following variables: socio-demographic data, history of previous surgery, symptoms, place and type of pain. Imaging tests were labeled as positive, negative, or inconclusive for assumed diagnoses, which were retrospectively assessed by an external radiologist who was unaware of the patient s final diagnosis. Our study includes 292 patients with a mean age of 45.49 years; 56.8% of these patients were women. Regarding the frequency of the different acute abdomen diagnoses, appendicitis was the main cause (approx. 25%), followed by cholecystitis (10%). We found a significant diagnostic correlation between pain location in the right hypochondrium (RHC) and a diagnosis with cholecystitis. This location was also significant for acute appendicitis (up to 74%). Regarding clinical signs, we only observed a significant correlation between fever and viscera perforation, and between Murphy s sign and cholecystitis. Sensitivity and specificity found in relation to the psoas sign were similar to those seen in other series, 16 and 95% respectively, and slightly lower than the Blumberg or rebound sign, which we found to be around 50 and 23%, respectively. a) Anamnesis and physical examination offer limited accuracy when assessing acute abdomen; b) ultrasound scans offer a low diagnostic agreement index for appendicitis; and c) laparoscopy may prove useful for diagnosis, and is also a possible treatment for acute abdominal pain despite its low diagnostic efficiency.
ABSTRACT
Objective: to determine the real importance of anamnesis,
physical examination, and various tests in the assessment of acute
abdominal pain.
Methods: a retrospective observational study with patients
complaining of abdominal pain at the Emergency Department, Al-
tiplano Health Area (Murcia) was performed. In our study we con-
sidered the following variables: socio-demographic data, history of
previous surgery, symptoms, place and type of pain. Imaging tests
were labeled as positive, negative, or inconclusive for assumed di-
agnoses, which were retrospectively assessed by an external radi-
ologist who was unaware of the patient’s final diagnosis.
Results: our study includes 292 patients with a mean age of
45.49 years; 56.8% of these patients were women. Regarding
the frequency of the different acute abdomen diagnoses, appen-
dicitis was the main cause (approx. 25%), followed by cholecystitis
(10%). We found a significant diagnostic correlation between pain
location in the right hypochondrium (RHC) and a diagnosis with
cholecystitis. This location was also significant for acute appen-
dicitis (up to 74%). Regarding clinical signs, we only observed a
significant correlation between fever and viscera perforation, and
between Murphy's sign and cholecystitis. Sensitivity and specificity
found in relation to the psoas sign were similar to those seen in
other series, 16 and 95% respectively, and slightly lower than the
Blumberg or rebound sign, which we found to be around 50 and
23%, respectively.
Conclusions: a) anamnesis and physical examination offer
limited accuracy when assessing acute abdomen; b) ultrasound
scans offer a low diagnostic agreement index for appendicitis; and
c) laparoscopy may prove useful for diagnosis, and is also a possi-
ble treatment for acute abdominal pain despite its low diagnostic
efficiency.
Key words: Emergency. Abdominal pain. Diagnosis.
INTRODUCTION
Abdominal pain is one of the most frequent symptoms
in patients attended at the Emergency Department, and
constitutes almost 50% of the reasons for going to a hos-
pital’s A+E. Half of patients with abdominal pain attend-
ed to in an emergency room remain undiagnosed (1).
The term ‘acute abdomen’ was introduced into the
medical literature by John B Deaver, who described it as:
“any acute intra-abdominal trouble that requires urgent
surgical treatment”. In 1921, Sir Zachary Cope pointed
out the importance of preparing an anamnesis and doing
a thorough physical examination. Those attitudes that do
not consider immediate action when faced with possible
acute abdominal trouble are only justified under excep-
tional circumstances. Cope went on to stress that not
making a decision within 8 or 10 hours may imply endan-
gering the patient’s life, and that a delay of 2 hours is
equivalent to between 2 weeks and 2 months for the pa-
tient to recover. Moreover, a few standard techniques are
sufficient to confirm a clinical diagnosis in the case of
acute abdomen (2).
We may define acute abdomen as the presence of ab-
dominal pain that has evolved in less than a week and
remains undiagnosed. This pain is characterized by: a)
its originating from and referring to the abdomen; b) its
being acute given its chronology and intensity; c) its be-
ing accompanied by intestinal passage disturbances; and
d) severe deterioration of the patient’s overall health
status.
Validity of tests performed to diagnose acute abdominal pain in
patients admitted at an emergency department
J. A. Navarro Fernández, P. J. Tárraga López
1
, J. A. Rodríguez Montes
2
and M. A. López Cara
3
Department of Emergency of Yecla, Murcia. Spain.
1
Medical Center in Albacete. School of Medicine. Albacete, Spain.
2
Department of Surgery. Autonomous University of Madrid. Spain.
3
Medical Center in Alcaraz. Albacete, Spain.
Autonomous University of Madrid. Spain
1
130-0108/2009/101/9/610-618
R
EVISTA ESPAÑOLA DE ENFERMEDADES DIGESTIVAS
C
opyright © 2009 A
R
ÁN
ED
ICIONES
,
S. L.
R
EV ESP ENFERM DIG (
Madrid)
V
ol. 101. N.° 9, pp. 610-618, 2009
Received: 11-12-08.
Accepted: 12-05-09.
Correspondence: Pedro J. Tárraga López. C/ Ángel, 53, 1 E. 02002 Alba-
cete, Spain. e-mail: pedrojuan.tarraga@uclm.es
Navarro Fernández JA, Tárraga López PJ, Rodríguez Montes
JA, López Cara MA. Validity of tests performed to diagnose
acute abdominal pain in patients admitted at an emergency
department. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2009; 101: 610-68.
07. OR 1437 NAVARRO:Maquetación 1 29/9/09 10:27 Página 610
Acute abdominal pain represents 10% of consultations
in a hospital’s emergency service (3). Although there are
numerous causes for acute abdominal pain, there is a
group of such causes that appears most frequently. There-
fore, we consider them first when we examine a patient.
In an analysis of 10,682 cases of acute abdominal pain
followed by the World Gastroenterology Organization,
34% were diagnosed as nonspecific abdominal pain, 28%
as acute appendicitis, and 10% as cholecystitis (4).
The main causes of acute abdominal pain requiring ur-
gent treatment may be summarized as follows: acute ap-
pendicitis, abdominal aorta aneurysm, hollow viscera
perforation, obstructed intestine with or without strangu-
lation, intestinal ischemia, cholecystitis and acute cholan-
gitis, rupture of ectopic pregnancy, intra-abdominal ab-
scess, hepatic rupture, ruptured spleen and
extra-abdominal pathology. These causes also depend on
the patient’s sex and age (5) (Table I ).
The main objective of this study was to determine the
real importance of the anamnesis, physical examination,
and the various laboratory tests to assess acute abdominal
pain. The second objective was to know the percentage of
patients who take painkillers during the acute process (6),
and of patients who return for the same cause within 10
days after being discharged from a hospital emergency
room.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
This is an observational, retrospective study which we
carried out in a population from the “Altiplano Health
Area V”, Yecla (Murcia). Inclusion criteria were based
on patients who came to our hospital emergency room
complaining of abdominal pain during the period be-
tween January first 2004 and December 31
st
2004. We
randomly selected a sample of 300 patients which we ho-
mogeneously divided into two groups: a) patients who
had not been hospitalized; and b) patients who had been
admitted to our General Surgery Service and had been di-
agnosed with non-traumatic acute abdomen. We exclud-
ed eight patients in whom the necessary studies to reach a
definite diagnosis had not been completed. Therefore,
our study sample consisted of 292 patients.
Samples were selected from the hospital’s admission
registry database, and that of the Emergency Department,
which includes data such as reason for consultation and
diagnosis at discharge. We reviewed case histories, and
collected socio-demographic data, histories of previous
surgery, associated symptoms, and location and type of
pain. The doctor doing the physical examination consid-
ered whether there were any general clinical signs (hy-
potension/hypoperfusion, tachycardia, and temperature),
as well as any clinical signs when examining the patient’s
abdomen: presence or absence of abdominal distension,
palpable masses, pulsatile masses, as well as various
signs of irritated peritoneum (7).
Complementary imaging tests were labeled positive,
negative, and inconclusive for the assumed diagnosis,
and were reassessed later by an external radiologist who
was unaware of the patient’s final diagnosis (8). The
analysis for agreement and efficacy between clinical di-
agnosis (patients history/laboratory tests) and laparas-
copic/laparotomic diagnosis was performed after con-
sidering the laparoscopic/laparotomic finding as a true
criterion, which in turn refuted the pathological diagno-
sis (9).
Operational definitions
Anamnesis, physical examination, and tests form part
of the diagnosis procedure. Evidently, a good diagnostic
test offers positive results in patients and negative results
in the healthy population. Therefore, the following para-
meters must be expected of such a test (10):
—Validity: the extent to which a test measures what it
ought to measure. Sensitivity and specificity are mea-
surements of this validity.
—Reproducibility: the capacity of the test to offer the
same results when applying the test again under similar
circumstances.
—Safety: determined by a predictive value of a posi-
tive or a negative result.
It is advisable that the test be easy to perform, accept-
ed by patients, with a minimum of potential adverse ef-
fects, and economically feasible.
In this study, we will fundamentally review the con-
cepts that determine the validity of a test (sensitivity and
specificity), and its safety (positive and negative predic-
tive values) using the Kappa index (κ) for agreement.
We used SPSS, version 11.0, for data analyses and to
determine the frequency of study variables. We carried
out and calculated data analyses with CASPe (11). This
was also used to calculate agreement, Kappa value, and
the rest of diagnostic efficacy indices by applying a 95%
level of confidence (α < 0.05) (12-18).
RESULTS
The number of patients studied was 292, with a mean
age of 45.49 years, of whom 56.8% were women. In
terms of frequency of the various causes of acute ab-
domen, appendicitis was found to be the main cause
with a percentage of around 25%, followed by chole-
cystitis with a frequency of 10%. A laparoscopy was
done in approximately 45% of patients, and was the
main procedure in almost 75% of them. Up to 9% of
these patients were diagnosed after performing various
diagnostic tests, including laparoscopy for nonspecific
abdominal pain (Fig. 1).
V
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Pain location in the right lower quadrant of the ab-
domen may relate to acute appendicitis with an accuracy
of 76.5%, a Jouden index of 0.6, a likelihood ratio (CPP
or LR+) of 5.98, and a 95% CI (2.03-17.68). The rela-
tionship between pain in the right upper quadrant and
cholecystitis increased considerably with an LR+ of
26.14 and a 95% CI (6.47-105).
Although there was no diagnostic agreement between
fever and acute appendicitis, it did exist in relation to perfo-
rated hollow viscera with an LR+ of 5.7 and a 95% CI (1.8-
48.9).
The presence of signs of irritated peritoneum did not
correlate with the presence of appendicitis. All the results
analyzed had an LR+ close to one, or included a 95% CI.
On the other hand, a significant relationship was ob-
served between the presence of Murphy’s sign and acute
cholecystitis with an LR+ of 21.50 and a 95% CI (1.99-
273.73).
Regarding laboratory tests, the relationship between
leukocytosis and appendicitis was minor, with an LR+ of
2.10 and a 95% CI (1.27-3.50).
When we analyzed imaging tests, plain X-rays show a
moderate relationship with perforated hollow viscera
with an LR+ of 5.17 and a 95% CI (1.71-15.58), and with
intestinal ischemia with an LR+ of 10.83, 95% CI (5.05-
23.33). However, abdominal X-rays while standing re-
veals a moderate relationship with perforated hollow vis-
cera, with an LR+ of 6.20, 95% CI (1.48-25.96).
Abdominal ultrasounds show a significant relationship
with cholecystitis [LR+ 4.69, 95% CI (2.90-7.60)]. Nei-
ther ultrasounds nor CAT show diagnostic agreement
with the remaining conditions (Table I).
In order to determining diagnostic agreement among
the various tests, we have to point out that the agreement
and Kappa index observed among the various diagnostic
tests revealed a moderate degree of correlation that dif-
fered considerably from the unit (Figs. 2, 3 and 4).
The correlation obtained among the various diagnostic
tests and laparoscopy was poor, as it was in relation to the
gold standard (pathology confirmation), which rendered
it sensitive, but inefficient in terms of specificity to rule
out the pathology in question, thus facilitating the appear-
ance of a considerable amount of false negatives.
The Kappa index for interobserver variability in the di-
agnostic assessment of imaging tests was 0.7, which is
considered a good diagnostic correlation.
A rectal examination was done in only 6.3% of pa-
tients attended in our Emergency Department and a good
diagnostic correlation was found in more than 50% of pa-
tients undergoing this examination.
612 J
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REV ESP ENFERM DIG 2009; 101 (9): 610-618
Fig. 1. Main diagnoses.
Principales diagnósticos y sus frecuencias.
Table I
Location Location Appendicitis Obstruction- Ultrasound Cholecystitis-
right lower right upper leukocytosis abdominal cholecystitis Murphy‘s sign
quadrant quadrant X-ray
Acute Cholecystitis
appendicitis
Sensitivity 69.04% 85.71% 81.0% 50.0% 100.0% 50.0%
55.06 to 83.02% 66.7 to 90.0% 18.8 to 81.2% 64.6 to 100.0% 9.5 to 90.5%
Specificity 88.46% 96.72% 61.5% 90.3% 78.7% 97.7%
76.18 to 100.74% 92.25 to 101.19% 42.5 to 77.6% 80.5 to 95.5% 66.9 to 87.1% 87.9 to 99.6%
Positive predictive value 90.62% 75.0% 77.3% 33.3% 35.0% 50.0%
80.52 to 100.72% 44.99 to 105.00% 63.0 to 87.2% 86.1 to 19.5% 18.1 to 56.7% 9.5 to 90.5%
Negative predictive value 63.88% 98.33% 66.7% 94.9% 100.0% 97.7%
48.19 to 79.57% 95.09 to 101.57% 46.7 to 82.0% 86.1 to 19.5% 92.6 to 100.0% 87.9 to 99.6%
Positive likelihood
coefficient (CP+) 5.98 26.14 2.10 5.17 4.69 21.50
2.02 to 17.68 6.47 to 105.60 1.27 to 3.50 1.71 to 15.58 2.90 to 7.60 1.99 to 232.73
Negative likelihood
coefficient (CP-) 0.34 0.14 0.31 0.55 0.51
0.21 to 0.56 0.02 to 0.90 0.16 to 0.60 0.24 to 1.27 0.13 to 2.08
07. OR 1437 NAVARRO:Maquetación 1 29/9/09 10:27 Página 612
The percentage of patients who returned for the same
cause within 10 days after being discharged from the hos-
pital emergency department was around 2.4%, and in no
patient, the history or diagnosis at discharge was modi-
fied.
DISCUSSION
The main causes of acute abdominal pain found in our
study are acute appendicitis, nonspecific abdominal pain,
and biliary tract diseases. The literature we reviewed not
only includes biliary tract diseases as the main cause of
such pain (13), but also nonspecific abdominal pain or
abdominal pain of unknown origin as one of the most
common final diagnoses (14), which also comes across in
our study. In terms of etiologic distribution, however, we
note differences in relation to diverticular disease, non-
specific abdominal pain, appendicitis, neoplasms and in-
testinal obstruction, which are noted much more fre-
quently in the literature than in this study (19).
We also observe a significant diagnostic agreement be-
tween the location of pain in the right upper quadrant and
the diagnosis of cholecystitis. However, in the literature,
only 38% of cases of cholecystitis, the pain was confined
to the right upper quadrant. This location of pain is also
significant in the case of acute appendicitis since up to
74% of patients had pain confined to the right lower
quadrant at the time of emergency room admissions
(20,21).
With regard to the correlation with other symptoms,
we noted no significant differences. In a large series,
100% of patients with appendicitis, cholecystitis and in-
testinal obstruction complained of pain followed by vom-
iting, in contrast with 20 and 24% of patients with non-
specific abdominal pain and gastroenteritis, respectively.
Other studies also support this fact and fever and vomit-
ing are more common in patients with acute appendicitis
than in those with other causes of acute abdomen (22,23).
With respect to clinical signs, we have only found a
significant correlation between fever and perforated hol-
low viscera, and between Murphy’s sign and acute chole-
cystitis. The sensitivity and specificity found with respect
to the psoas sign are very similar to those observed in
other series, around the 16 and 95%, respectively. These
percentages are somewhat lower in terms of Blumberg’s
or rebound sign that in our study are around 50 and 23%,
respectively (24).
The main indication for white blood count and differ-
ential is the discrimination between acute appendicitis
and nonspecific abdominal pain. Indeed, leukocytosis ac-
companies acute appendicitis in most cases, less in chole-
cystitis and about half of cases of obstruction, compared
with gastroenteritis by 43% and nonspecific abdominal
pain in 31% (25).
With regard to imaging tests, ultrasound scans provide
an accurate diagnosis for acute cholecystitis in 95 to 99%
of cases, and for appendicitis being lower, around 76%
(25).
The correlation among the various diagnostic tests and
laparoscopy is poor, as well as between latter and the
gold standard (pathological confirmation). Therefore, de-
spite being sensitive, it is not efficient in terms of speci-
ficity to rule out the pathology in question, thus facilitat-
V
ol. 101. N.° 9, 2009 VALIDITY OF TESTS PERFORMED TO DIAGNOSE ACUTE ABDOMINAL PAIN IN PATIENTS
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REV ESP ENFERM DIG 2009; 101 (9): 610-618
1
0.9
0.8
0
.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
CO
Kappa index
random
Appendicitis Cholecystitis Perforated
hollow viscera
Obstructed
intestine
Fig. 2. Agreement and the Kappa index observed between the patho-
logical diagnosis and laparoscopy.
Concordancia observada e índice Kappa entre el diagnóstico AP y lapa-
roscopia.
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
CO
Kappa index
random
Appendicitis Cholecystitis Perforated
hollow viscera
Obstructed
intestine
Û
Û
Û
Û
Û
Fig. 3. Agreement and Kappa index observed between ultrasono-
graphy and laparoscopy.
Concordancia observada e índice kappa entre ecografía y laparoscopia.
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
CO
Kappa index
random
Appendicitis Cholecystitis Perforated
hollow viscera
Obstructed
intestine
Û
Û
Û
Û
Fig. 4. Agreement and Kappa index observed between pathological
diagnosis and laparotomy.
Concordancia observada e índice Kappa entre diagnóstico AP y laparo-
tomía.
07. OR 1437 NAVARRO:Maquetación 1 29/9/09 10:27 Página 613
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. A. NAVARRO FERNÁNDEZ ET AL. R
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REV ESP ENFERM DIG 2009; 101 (9): 610-618
ing the appearance of a considerable number of false neg-
atives. Laparoscopy may be a useful tool for diagnosis,
and possibly treatment of acute abdominal pain; although
its efficiency was somewhat low in our study, but not in
other series (26).
The standard reference used (pathology findings on
the surgical specimen) may only be verified in patients
undergoing surgery, which may possibly imply a se-
quence bias (or verification bias). A sequence bias is usu-
al when the reference pattern is an invasive technique,
and it is more likely to take place when the diagnostic test
is positive (an abdominal ultrasonogram suggesting ap-
pendicitis). The reliability of diagnostic tests is only as-
sessed for imaging techniques, and the same process is
not taken into account for physical examination (27).
CONCLUSIONS
1. Patient’s history and physical examination are of
limited accuracy when assessing acute abdominal pain.
2. An ultrasound scan presents a low diagnostic
agreement index in relation to appendicitis.
3. Laparoscopy may prove useful to diagnose, and
possibly treatment, acute abdominal pain despite a low
diagnostic efficiency.
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RESUMEN
Objetivo: determinar la importancia real que en tienen la
anamnesis, la exploración física y las diferentes pruebas comple-
mentarias en la valoración del dolor abdominal agudo.
Métodos: estudio observacional y retrospectivo en una pobla-
ción a estudio: Área V de Salud Altiplano (Murcia). Enfermos
que consultan por dolor abdominal en el Servicio de Urgencias.
Se realiza una revisión de las historias clínicas. Variables a estudio:
datos socio-demográficos, antecedentes personales de cirugía pre-
via, síntomas asociados, localización del dolor y tipo del mismo.
Las pruebas complementarias de imagen se etiquetaron como po-
sitivas, negativas y no concluyentes para el diagnóstico de presun-
ción y fueron a posteriori reevaluadas por un radiólogo externo
que desconocía el diagnóstico final del enfermo.
Resultados: el número de pacientes estudiados fue de 292,
cuya edad media estuvo en los 45,49 años. El 56,8% fueron mu-
jeres. En cuanto a la frecuencia de los diferentes diagnósticos de
abdomen agudo podemos hablar de la apendicitis como principal
causa con un porcentaje cercano al 25%, seguido de la colecistitis
con un 10%. Encontramos una concordancia diagnóstica signifi-
cativa entre la localización del dolor en HCD y el diagnóstico de
colecistitis. Esta localización también resulta significativa en el
caso de la apendicitis aguda, en esta, hasta un 74%. En cuanto a
los signos clínicos sólo hemos encontrado una correlación signifi-
cativa entre la fiebre y la perforación de víscera hueca y entre el
signo de Murphy y la colecistitis. La sensibilidad y especificidad
encontradas con respecto al signo del psoas son muy similares a
las encontradas en otras series entorno al 16 y 95% respectiva-
mente; siendo algo menores con respecto al Blumberg o signo de
rebote que se sitúa en nuestro estudio entorno al 50 y 23%.
Conclusiones: a) la anamnesis y la exploración física tienen
una exactitud limitada a la hora de valorar abdomen agudo; b) la
ecografía presenta con respecto a la apendicitis un índice de con-
cordancia diagnóstica bajo; y c) la laparoscopia puede resultar un
instrumento útil para el diagnóstico y posible tratamiento del dolor
abdominal agudo, aunque la eficiencia diagnóstica que determina-
ría su utilización sea baja.
Palabras clave: Urgencias. Dolor abdominal. Diagnóstico.
INTRODUCCIÓN
El dolor abdominal es uno de los síntomas por el que
con más frecuencia acude el paciente a Urgencias, consti-
tuyendo cerca del 50% de los motivos de consulta en ser-
vicio de urgencias hospitalario. La mitad de estos dolores
abdominales que acuden a urgencias quedan sin diagnós-
tico (1).
El término abdomen agudo fue introducido en la litera-
tura médica por John B. Deaver como “cualquier afec-
ción aguda intraabdominal que necesita tratamiento qui-
rúrgico urgente”. En 1921, Sir Zachary Cope señaló la
importancia de realizar una anamnesis y un examen físi-
co cuidadoso. Las actitudes de espera frente a un posible
abdomen agudo sólo excepcionalmente están justifica-
das. No tomar decisiones en 8 ó 10 horas, señala Cope, es
poner en peligro la vida del enfermo. Una demora de
2 horas equivale de 2 semanas a 2 meses en la recupera-
ción del paciente. Además, en caso del abdomen agudo
basta con unas pocas técnicas estandarizadas para confir-
mar el diagnóstico clínico (2).
Podemos definir el abdomen agudo como la presencia
de un dolor abdominal hasta entonces no diagnosticado y
que tiene una evolución inferior a una semana. Se trata de
un dolor caracterizado por: a) ser originado y referido al
abdomen; b) agudo por su cronología e intensidad; c)
acompañado de alteraciones del tránsito intestinal; y d)
deterioro grave del estado general.
El dolor abdominal agudo supone el 10% de las con-
sultas en servicios de urgencias (3). Aunque son múlti-
ples las causas de dolor abdominal agudo, hay un grupo
de ellas que son más frecuentes y por tanto son en ellas
en las que hemos de pensar en primer lugar cuando valo-
ramos al paciente. En un análisis de 10.682 casos de do-
lor abdominal agudo seguidos por la Organización Mun-
dial de Gastroenterología, el 34% fueron diagnosticados
como dolor abdominal inespecífico, un 28% de apendici-
tis aguda y un 10% de colecistitis (4).
Las principales afecciones causantes de dolor abdo-
minal agudo y que precisan un tratamiento urgente se
pueden resumir en: apendicitis aguda, aneurisma de la
aorta abdominal, perforacn de scera hueca, obstruc-
ción intestinal con o sin estrangulación, isquemia intes-
tinal, colecistitis y colangitis aguda, rotura de embara-
Validez de las pruebas diagnósticas realizadas a pacientes con
dolor abdominal agudo en un servicio de urgencias hospitalario
J. A. Navarro Fernández, P. J. Tárraga López
1
, J. A. Rodríguez Montes
2
y M. A. López Cara
3
Servicio de Urgencias de Yecla, Murcia.
1
Centro de Salud de Albacete. Facultad de Medicina de Albacete.
2
Departamento de Cirugía. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.
3
Centro de Salud de Alcaraz. Albacete. Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid
07. OR 1437 NAVARRO:Maquetación 1 29/9/09 10:27 Página 615
zo ectópico, absceso intraabdominal, rotura hepática,
rotura de bazo y patoloa extraabdominal; aunque de-
pende de la edad y sexo del paciente (5) (Tabla I).
Analizado lo presente, el objetivo principal del presen-
te estudio es determinar la importancia real que en tie-
nen la anamnesis, la exploración física y las diferentes
pruebas complementarias en la valoración del dolor ab-
dominal agudo, así como objetivo secundario conocer el
porcentaje de enfermos con tratamiento analgésico du-
rante el proceso agudo (6) y el de pacientes que dados de
alta del servicio de urgencias consultan por el mismo mo-
tivo en los siguientes 10 días.
MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS
Se trata de un estudio observacional y retrospectivo,
con una población de estudio localizada en el Área V
de Salud de Altiplano Yecla (Murcia), con unos crite-
rios de inclusión basado en enfermos que consultan por
dolor abdominal en el Servicio de Urgencias del hospi-
tal durante el periodo comprendido entre el 01/01/04 y
el 31/12/04, seleccionándose aleatoriamente una mues-
tra total de 300 pacientes, conformada en dos grupos
homoneos, uno que pa por servicio de urgencias
sin requerir ingreso y otro que ingresó en Servicio de
Cirua General con diagnóstico de abdomen agudo no
trautico. Se excluyeron 8 pacientes debido a que no
se haan completado los estudios necesarios para lle-
gar a un diagstico, quedando una poblacn final de
292 pacientes.
Las muestras se seleccionaron a partir de la base de da-
tos que recoge las altas hospitalarias y la del propio servi-
cio de urgencias, en la que se recoge el motivo de consul-
ta y el diagnóstico al alta del mismo. Realizamos una
revisión de las historias clínicas de estos enfermos, extra-
yendo datos sociodemográficos, antecedentes personales
de cirugía previa, síntomas asociados, localización del
dolor y tipo del mismo. Dentro del examen físico se tu-
vieron en cuenta la presencia o no de signos clínicos ge-
nerales (hipotensión/hipoperfusión, taquicardia y fiebre),
así como signos clínicos de la exploración abdominal: la
presencia o ausencia de distensión abdominal, masas pal-
pables, masas pulsátiles, así como diferentes signos de
irritación peritoneal (7).
Las pruebas complementarias de imagen se etiqueta-
ron como positivas, negativas y no concluyentes para el
diagnóstico de presunción y fueron a posteriori reevalua-
das por un radiólogo externo que desconocía el diagnósti-
co final del enfermo (8). El análisis de concordancia y de
eficiencia entre el diagnóstico clínico (historia
clínica/pruebas complementarias), y el diagnóstico lapa-
roscópico/laparotómico se realizó considerando como
criterio de verdad el hallazgo laparoscópico/laparotómico
y este a su vez refutando el diagnóstico anatomopatológi-
co (9).
Definiciones operacionales
En las fases del proceso diagnóstico intervienen la his-
toria clínica, la exploración física y la realización de
pruebas complementarias. Es evidente que una buena
prueba diagnóstica es la que ofrece resultados positivos
en enfermos y negativos en sanos. Por lo tanto, las condi-
ciones que deben ser exigidas a un test son (10):
—Validez: es el grado en que un test mide lo que se su-
pone que debe medir. La sensibilidad y la especificidad
son medidas de su validez.
—Reproductividad: es la capacidad del test para ofre-
cer los mismos resultados cuando se repite su aplicación
en circunstancias similares.
—Seguridad: la seguridad viene determinada por el
valor predictivo de un resultado positivo o negativo.
Es conveniente que el test sea sencillo de aplicar, acep-
tado por los pacientes, tenga los mínimos efectos adver-
sos posibles y sea económicamente soportable.
En este estudio se revisarán fundamentalmente los
conceptos que determinan la validez de un test (sensibili-
dad y especificidad) y su seguridad (valores predictivos
positivos y negativos), usándose el índice Kappa (κ)
como índices de concordancia.
Para el tratamiento de los datos se utilizó en SPSS
11.0, facilitando la determinación de la frecuencia de las
variables a estudiar. Los análisis de los datos fueron eje-
cutados y calculados mediante el soporte informático de
CASPe (11). Se usó también para el cálculo de la concor-
dancia, valor Kappa y el resto de los índices de eficacia
diagnóstica, trabajándose con un nivel de confianza de
95% (α < 0,05) (12-18).
RESULTADOS
El número de pacientes estudiados fue de 292, cuya
edad media estuvo en los 45,49 años. El 56,8% fueron
mujeres. En cuanto a la frecuencia de los diferentes diag-
nósticos de abdomen agudo podemos hablar de la apendi-
citis como principal causa con un porcentaje cercano al
25%, seguido de la colecistitis con un 10%. Se realizó la-
paroscopia en alrededor de un 45% de los enfermos, sien-
do este el procedimiento principal en casi tres cuartas
partes de los mismos. Hasta en 9% de estos enfermos fue-
ron diagnosticados tras diferentes pruebas diagnósticas,
incluyendo la laparoscopia de dolor abdominal inespecí-
fico (Fig. 1).
La localizacn del dolor en fosa iliaca derecha esta-
blece una pequeña relación con respecto a la apendici-
tis aguda, presentando una exactitud de 76,5%, siendo
el índice J de Jouden de 0,6 y la ran de verosimilitud
(CPP o LR+) de 5,98 con un IC al 95% (2,03-17,68).
Con respecto a la relación entre la localizacn del do-
lor en hipocondrio y la colecistitis esta presenta un in-
cremento amplio con LR+ de 26.14 con IC al 95%
(6,47-105).
616 J
. A. NAVARRO FERNÁNDEZ ET AL. R
EV ESP ENFERM DIG (
Madrid)
REV ESP ENFERM DIG 2009; 101 (9): 610-618
07. OR 1437 NAVARRO:Maquetación 1 29/9/09 10:27 Página 616
No existe concordancia diagnóstica entre la fiebre y
apendicitis aguda, aunque se presenta esta, con respec-
to a perforación de víscera hueca LR+ de 5,7 con IC 95%
(1,8-48,9).
La presencia de signos de irritación peritoneal no se
correlaciona con la presencia de apendicitis, todos los re-
sultados analizados llevan a una LR+ cercana a uno, o
que incluyen el mismo con IC 95%; existe por el con-
trario una relación importante entre la presencia de signo
de Murphy y colecistitis aguda con una LR+ de 21,50 con
IC 95% (1,99-273,73).
Con respecto a determinaciones analíticas, la relación
de leucocitosis y apendicitis es pequeña, el LR+ se sitúa
en 2,10 con IC 95% (1,27-3,50).
Si nos centramos en pruebas de imagen, la radiología
simple de abdomen presenta una relación moderada con
la perforación de víscera hueca situándose el LR+ en 5,17
con IC 95% (1,71-15,58) y la isquemia intestinal LR+
10,83 con IC 95% (5,05-23,33), por otro lado la radiolo-
gía de abdomen en bipedestación presenta una relación
moderada con la perforación de víscera hueca situándose
en LR+ 6,20 con IC 95% (1,48-25,96). La ecografía ab-
dominal presenta un relación significativa con respecto a
la colecistitis con LR+ 4,69 IC 95% (2,90-7,60). Ni la
ecografía ni el TAC presentan concordancia diagnóstica
con el resto de patologías (Tabla I).
Con respecto a la determinación de la concordancia
diagnóstica entre las diferentes pruebas tenemos que se-
ñalar que la concordancia observada y el índice de Kappa
entre las diferentes pruebas diagnósticas muestran un
grado de correlación discreto que difiere mucho de la
unidad (Figs. 2, 3 y 4).
La correlación obtenida entre los diferentes pruebas
diagnósticas y la laparoscopia es deficiente, así como esta
con respecto al gold estándar (confirmación AP), hacién-
dola sensible, pero ineficiente en cuanto a su especifici-
dad para descartar la patología en cuestión, facilitando la
aparición de falsos negativos en cantidad considerable.
El índice Kappa para la variabilidad interobservador
en la valoración diagnóstica de pruebas de imagen se si-
túo en 0,7, lo que traduce una buena correlación diagnós-
tica.
Sólo en el 6,3% de los enfermos que consultaron en el
servicio de urgencias se realizó tacto rectal para orientar
el diagnóstico, presentando una buena correlación diag-
nóstica en más del 50% de estos pacientes a los que se les
practicó.
El porcentaje de enfermos que dados de alta del servi-
cio de urgencias consultaron por el mismo motivo en los
siguientes 10 días se situó en torno al 2,4%, no presenta-
do ninguno de ellos modificación alguna en la historia
clínica ni en el diagnóstico al alta.
DISCUSIÓN
Las principales causas de dolor abdominal agudo en-
contradas fueron, la apendicitis aguda, el dolor abdomi-
nal inespecífico y las enfermedades del tracto biliar. La
enfermedad del tracto biliar es descrita como la principal
causa en la literatura revisada (13); así mismo se describe
al dolor abdominal inespecífico o de origen indetermina-
do como uno de los diagnósticos finales más comunes
(14), como ocurre en nuestro estudio. Sin embargo, en
cuanto a la distribución etiológica se encuentran diferen-
cias frente a enfermedad diverticular, dolor abdominal
inespecífico, apendicitis, neoplasias y obstrucción intesti-
nal que en la literatura tienen una presentación mucho
más frecuente que la encontrada en el presente (19).
V
ol. 101. N.° 9, 2009 VALIDEZ DE LAS PRUEBAS DIAGNÓSTICAS REALIZADAS A PACIENTES CON DOLOR
617
ABDOMINAL AGUDO EN UN SERVICIO DE URGENCIAS HOSPITALARIO
REV ESP ENFERM DIG 2009; 101 (9): 610-618
Tabla I
Localización Localización Apendicitis Obstrucción- Eco-colecistitis Colecistitis-
FID-apendicitis HCD-colecistitis leucos Rx abdomen Murphy
aguda
Sensibilidad 69,04% 85,71% 81,0% 50,0% 100,0% 50,0%
55,06 a 83,02% 66,7 a 90,0% 18,8 a 81,2% 64,6 a 100,0% 9,5 a 90,5%
Especificidad 88,46% 96,72% 61,5% 90,3% 78,7% 97,7%
76,18 a 100,74% 92,25 a 101,19% 42,5 a 77,6% 80,5 a 95,5% 66,9 a 87,1% 87,9 a 99,6%
Valor predictivo positivo 90,62% 75,0% 77,3% 33,3% 35,0% 50,0%
80,52 a 100,72% 44,99 a 105,00% 63,0 a 87,2% 86,1 a 19,5% 18,1 a 56,7% 9,5 a 90,5%
Valor predictivo negativo 63,88% 98,33% 66,7% 94,9% 100,0% 97,7%
48,19 a 79,57% 95,09 a 101,57% 46,7 a 82,0% 86,1 a 19,5% 92,6 a 100,0% 87,9 a 99,6%
Consciente de probabilidad
positivo (CP+) 5,98 26,14 2,10 5,17 4,69 21,50
2,02 a 17,68 6,47 a 105,60 1,27 a 3,50 1,71 a 15,58 2,90 a 7,60 1,99 a 232,73
Consciente de probabilidad
negativo (CP-) 0,34 0,14 0,31 0,55 0,51
0,21 a 0,56 0,02 a 0,90 0,16 a 0,60 0,24 a 1,27 0,13 a 2,08
07. OR 1437 NAVARRO:Maquetación 1 29/9/09 10:27 Página 617
618 J
. A. NAVARRO FERNÁNDEZ ET AL. R
EV ESP ENFERM DIG (
Madrid)
REV ESP ENFERM DIG 2009; 101 (9): 610-618
Encontramos una concordancia diagnóstica significati-
va entre la localización del dolor en HCD y el diagnósti-
co de colecistitis, sin embargo en la literatura revisada
sólo en un 38% de casos de colecistitis el dolor se limita
al hipocondrio derecho. Esta localización también resulta
significativa en el caso de la apendicitis aguda, en esta,
hasta un 74% de casos presentan dolor confinado a la
fosa iliaca derecha en el momento de ingreso por urgen-
cias (20,21).
En cuanto a la correlación con otros síntomas no he-
mos encontrado diferencias significativas; en una larga
serie el 100% de pacientes con apendicitis, colecistitis y
obstrucción intestinal refieren dolor seguido de vómitos
en contraste con un 20 y 24% con dolor abdominal no fi-
liado y gastroenteritis respectivamente. Otros trabajos
también apoyan este hecho, así, fiebre y los vómitos son
más frecuentes con apendicitis aguda que en las otras
causas de abdomen agudo (22,23).
Con respecto a los signos clínicos sólo hemos encon-
trado una correlación significativa entre la fiebre y la per-
foración de víscera hueca y entre el signo de Murphy y la
colecistitis. La sensibilidad y especificidad encontradas
con respecto al signo del psoas son muy similares a las
encontradas en otras series en torno al 16 y 95% respecti-
vamente; siendo algo menores con respecto al Blumberg
o signo de rebote que se sitúa en nuestro estudio entorno
al 50 y 23% (24).
La principal indicación del recuento y fórmula leuco-
citaria es la diferenciación entre apendicitis aguda y dolor
abdominal inespecífico. En este sentido, la leucocitosis
acompaña a la apendicitis aguda en la mayoría de los ca-
sos, algo menos en colecistitis y aproximadamente en la
mitad de casos de obstrucción, frente a gastroenteritis en
un 43% y dolor abdominal inespecífico en un 31% (25).
En cuanto a las pruebas de imagen, la ecografía tiene
con respecto a la colecistitis aguda una exactitud diag-
nóstica del 95-99%, siendo para la apendicitis menor en-
torno a 76% (25).
La correlación obtenida entre las diferentes pruebas
diagnósticas y la laparoscopia es deficiente, así como esta
con respecto al gold estándar (confirmación AP), hacién-
dola sensible, pero ineficiente en cuanto a su especifici-
dad para descartar la patología en cuestión, facilitando la
aparición de falsos negativos en cantidad considerable.
La laparoscopia puede resultar un instrumento útil para el
diagnóstico y posible tratamiento del dolor abdominal
agudo, aunque la eficiencia en nuestro estudio es baja, no
así en otras series (26).
El patrón de referencia utilizado (hallazgo anatomopa-
tológico de la pieza quirúrgica) sólo puede comprobarse
en los pacientes intervenidos, lo que implica un posible
sesgo de secuencia (o verification bias). El sesgo de se-
cuencia es habitual cuando el patrón de referencia es una
técnica invasiva y tiene más probabilidad de llevarse a
cabo cuando la prueba diagnóstica es positiva (ecografía
abdominal indicativa de apendicitis). Se ha valorado la
fiabilidad de las pruebas diagnósticas sólo en las de ima-
gen, sin haber tenido en cuenta el mismo proceso en la
exploración física (27).
CONCLUSIONES
1. La anamnesis y la exploración física tienen una
exactitud limitada a la hora de valorar abdomen agudo.
2. La ecografía presenta con respecto a la apendicitis
un índice de concordancia diagnóstica bajo.
3. La laparoscopia puede resultar un instrumento útil
para el diagnóstico y posible tratamiento del dolor abdo-
minal agudo, aunque la eficiencia diagnóstica que deter-
minaría su utilización sea baja.
07. OR 1437 NAVARRO:Maquetación 1 29/9/09 10:27 Página 618
... [8] The study performed by Navarro Fernandez JA et al, noticed that 56.8% were women. [9] The most common diagnosis in the present study was Nonspecific Abdominal Pain (35.3%), followed by Appendicitis 14.5%. The study performed by Irvin et al, also noticed that Nonspecific Abdominal Pain (35%) was the commonest diagnosis, followed by Acute Appendicitis (17%), and Intestinal Obstruction (15%). ...
... [10] The study performed by Navarro Fernandez et al, noticed that regarding the frequency of different acute abdomen diagnoses, appendicitis was the main cause (25%), followed by cholecystitis (10%). [9] Amongst all nonspecific abdominal pain is commonest in both the sex, but more predominant in female (36%) than male (27%); Hollow viscus Perforation (22%), and Acute Pancreatitis were male predominating diagnoses, while Acute Appendicitis (22%), Acute Cholecystitis (18%) and Ureteral Colic (5%) were female predominating. Bowel obstruction (8%) is common in both the genders. ...
... [13] Additionally, another study noted that right hypochondrium pain strongly indicated cholecystitis and was also significant for acute appendicitis (up to 74%). [9,14] In this study, various symptoms and their associated diagnoses were examined. Abdominal distension (75 cases) most commonly led to a diagnosis of nonspecific abdominal pain (22.7%), while vomiting (169 cases) also frequently resulted in a diagnosis of non-specific abdominal pain (30.8%). ...
... Variations include emphysematous cholecystitis, gangrenous cholecystitis, and acalculous cholecystitis. The presenting clinical signs, symptoms, and laboratory findings of acute cholecystitis are nonspecific [5][6][7][8], so imaging is used to provide more definitive diagnosis. Ultrasound (US) is widely recognized as the first imaging test to consider when acute cholecystitis is clinically suspected [9]. ...
... The diagnostic algorithm established by the iterative methodology is summarized in Fig. 1 and Table 1. Figure 1 provides numerical data for observations sequentially as the flowchart progresses, whereas Table 1 provides numerical data for observations when applied to the entire group or subgroup. There were 7 groupings of US and clinical parameters that were highly predictive of negative acute cholecystitis, constituting negative predictors: (1) No patients in which the GB measured < 26 mm had acute cholecystitis (0%, 0/152 studies); (2) No patients in which the GB measured < 31 mm and in whom the clinical pain assessment was not considered definitely or possibly maximum in the RUQ had acute cholecystitis (0%, 0/171 studies); (3) No patients with normal GB wall thickness and GB diameter < 36 mm had acute cholecystitis (0%, 0/246 studies); (4) No patients with GB contents in group 1 (nothing more than typical sludge) with GB diameter < 36 mm had acute cholecystitis (0%, 0/204 studies); (5) No patients with GB contents 1, normal wall thickness, and negative sonographic pain assessment had acute cholecystitis (0%, 0/222 studies); (6) No patients who had normal WBC assessment, normal wall thickness, and negative sonographic pain assessment had acute cholecystitis (0%, 0/195 studies; (7) no patients with abnormal bile ducts and elevated lipase had acute cholecystitis (0%; 0/3 studies). Of the 296 studies showing any one of these seven For the remaining 26 patients with 26 studies without negative predictors or positive predictors (labeled subgroup 2), there were 7 with acute cholecystitis (26.9%, 7/26), 7 with chronic cholecystitis (26.9%, 7/26), and 12 with no acute cholecystitis (46.2%, 12/26). ...
Article
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PurposeIdentify an algorithm using clinical and ultrasound (US) parameters with high diagnostic performance for acute cholecystitis.Methods Consecutive emergency department (ED) patients from 4/1/2019 to 12/31/2019 were retrospectively reviewed to record non-US parameters and make US observations. Outcomes were categorized as either: (1) acute cholecystitis; or (2) negative acute cholecystitis. Pivot tables identified parameter combinations either not found with acute cholecystitis or with predictive value for acute cholecystitis to establish the algorithm. US Division radiologists finalized an US report prior to ED disposition without use of the algorithm. Radiologist impression and algorithm prediction for acute cholecystitis were categorized as either (1) acute cholecystitis; (2) negative acute cholecystitis; or (3) inconclusive.ResultsThree hundred and sixty-six studies on 357 patients (mean age, 51 yrs ± 20 yrs; 215 women) met the inclusion criteria. 10.9% (40/366) of US studies had acute cholecystitis, 12.6% (46/366) had pathologically identified chronic cholecystitis without acute cholecystitis, and 76.5% (280/366) were negative acute cholecystitis. Algorithm compared to radiologist diagnostic performance was as follows: (1) sensitivity: 90.0% vs. 55.0%, p < 0.001; (2) augmented sensitivity (defined as when inconclusive categorization is considered consistent with acute cholecystitis): 100% vs. 85.0%, p < 0.001; (3) specificity: 93.6% vs. 94.8%, p = 0.50; (4) diagnostic rate (opposite of inconclusive rate): 96.4% vs. 93.2%, p = 0.04; (5) adverse outcome rate: 0.0% vs. 1.6%, p undefined.Conclusion For acute cholecystitis, an algorithm using non-binary ultrasound and clinical assessments had higher sensitivity, higher diagnostic rate, and fewer adverse outcomes, than subspecialty radiologist impressions.Graphical abstract
... Along with the clinical examination and laboratory tests, imaging modality has also become an integral part of evaluating a patient with acute abdominal pain with conventional AXR performed as the first-line radiological test [23]. ...
... Evaluating patients with acute cholecystitis requires history-taking, physical examination, and laboratory testing, which are essential but exhibit limited accuracy [5]. Ultrasonography (USG), along with other examinations, assists physicians in making more accurate diagnoses and has been proposed in different studies as a rst-line imaging modality, with an estimated sensitivity and speci city of 81% and 83%, respectively [6]. ...
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Objectives This study aimed to assess the diagnostic performance of a support vector machine (SVM) algorithm for acute cholecystitis and evaluate its effectiveness in accurately diagnosing this condition. Methods Using a retrospective analysis of patient data from a single center, individuals with abdominal pain lasting one week or less were included. The SVM model was trained and optimized using standard procedures. Model performance was assessed through sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and AUC-ROC, with probability calibration evaluated using the Brier score. Results Among 534 patients, 198 (37.07%) were diagnosed with acute cholecystitis. The SVM model showed balanced performance, with a sensitivity of 83.08% (95% CI: 71.73–91.24%), a specificity of 80.21% (95% CI: 70.83–87.64%), and an accuracy of 81.37% (95% CI: 74.48–87.06%). The positive predictive value (PPV) was 73.97% (95% CI: 65.18–81.18%), the negative predictive value (NPV) was 87.50% (95% CI: 80.19–92.37%), and the AUC-ROC was 0.89 (95% CI: 0.85 to 0.93). The Brier score indicated well-calibrated probability estimates. Conclusion The SVM algorithm demonstrated promising potential for accurately diagnosing acute cholecystitis. Further refinement and validation are needed to enhance its reliability in clinical practice.
... This suggests that clinicians use a more integrated approach, incorporating multiple pieces of diagnostic information. Individual signs and symptoms are of limited accuracy when assessing acute abdominal pain (36), but when combined they may be more accurate. However, no studies evaluated multiple clinical features as a prediction rule. ...
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Background Acute abdominal pain is a common complaint, caused by a variety of conditions, ranging from acutely life-threatening to benign and self-limiting with symptom overlap complicating diagnosis. Signs and symptoms may be valuable when assessing a patient to guide clinical work. Aim Summarising evidence on the accuracy of signs and symptoms for diagnosing serious illness in adults with acute abdominal pain in an ambulatory care setting. Design & setting We performed a systematic review, searching for prospective diagnostic accuracy studies who included adults presenting with acute abdominal pain to an ambulatory care setting. Method Six databases and guideline registers were searched, using a comprehensive search strategy. We assessed the risk of bias, calculated descriptive statistics and measures of diagnostic accuracy. Results were pooled when at least four studies were available. Results Out of 18,923 unique studies, 16 studies with moderate to high-risk bias were included. Fourteen clinical features met our criteria, including systolic blood pressure <100 mmHg (LR +7.01), shock index >0.85, uterine cervical motion tenderness (LR +5.62 and LR- 8.60) and a self-assessment questionnaire score >70 (LR +12.20) or <25 (LR- 0.19). Clinical diagnosis made by the clinician had the best rule-in ability (LR +24.6). Conclusions We identified 14 signs and symptoms that can influence the likelihood of a serious illness, including pain characteristics, systemic signs, gynaecological signs and clinician’s overall assessment. The risk of bias was moderate to high, leading to uncertainty, preventing us from making firm conclusions. This highlights the need for better research in this setting.
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Introduction. Acute abdomen is defined as an intra-abdominal process causing severe pain and often requiring surgical intervention, as it constitutes a life-threatening situation. The objective of this study is to evaluate the cases of acute abdomen presented to the emergency department at Baghdad Teaching Hospital and their final diagnoses at the surgical emergency ward where. A prospective study was conducted at the emergency department of Baghdad Teaching Hospital over a six-month period on a simple random sample of 100 patients with acute abdomen, selected between 1st August 2014 and the end of January 2015. The data was collected for patients presented to the emergency department with a chief complaint of acute abdominal pain. The researcher monitored the patients until they were discharged in order to ascertain the final diagnosis where The results demonstrated that the mean age of the patients was 34±17 years, with a male-to-female ratio of 3:1. The diagnosis of acute abdomen patients presented to the emergency department was appendicitis for 32% of patients, perforated viscus for 30% of patients (perforated DU for 17% of patients and gastric ulcer for 13% of patients), and cholecystitis for 28% of patients.
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Objectives This study aimed to assess the diagnostic performance of a support vector machine (SVM) algorithm for acute cholecystitis and evaluate its effectiveness in accurately diagnosing this condition. Methods Using a retrospective analysis of patient data from a single center, individuals with abdominal pain lasting one week or less were included. The SVM model was trained and optimized using standard procedures. Model performance was assessed through sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and AUC-ROC, with probability calibration evaluated using the Brier score. Results Among 534 patients, 198 (37.07%) were diagnosed with acute cholecystitis. The SVM model showed balanced performance, with a sensitivity of 83.08% (95% CI: 71.73–91.24%), a specificity of 80.21% (95% CI: 70.83–87.64%), and an accuracy of 81.37% (95% CI: 74.48–87.06%). The positive predictive value (PPV) was 73.97% (95% CI: 65.18–81.18%), the negative predictive value (NPV) was 87.50% (95% CI: 80.19–92.37%), and the AUC-ROC was 0.89 (95% CI: 0.85 to 0.93). The Brier score indicated well-calibrated probability estimates. Conclusion The SVM algorithm demonstrated promising potential for accurately diagnosing acute cholecystitis. Further refinement and validation are needed to enhance its reliability in clinical practice.
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El dolor abdominal es una causa frecuente de consulta en cualquier servicio de urgencias, y por esto, los médicos de atención primaria deben conocer las patologías que puedan poner en peligro la vida de sus pacientes. Se hace una revisión de las patologías mas frecuentemente asociadas a dolor abdominal en el ámbito de urgencias, y se hace énfasis en los medios por los que se puede llegar al diagnóstico adecuado y los conceptos generales del tratamiento de cada una de estas condiciones.
Chapter
In dit hoofdstuk zijn de meer specifieke onderdelen van het onderzoek van de buik beschreven, die doorgaans alleen worden uitgevoerd bij een verdenking op een bepaalde aandoening of pathologie van een specifiek orgaan. Deze verdenking kan naar voren komen bij het oriënterend onderzoek van de buik, al of niet in combinatie met andere klinische gegevens. We bespreken in dit hoofdstuk het onderzoek en de betekenis ervan van de nieren (bijv. bij structurele afwijkingen en pyelonefritis), de blaas (bijv. bij urineretentie), de galblaas (bijv. bij cholecystitis of andere galwegpathologie), ascites (bijv. bij leverpathologie of maligniteit) en de acute buik (bijv. bij peritonitis, appendicitis, pancreatitis).
Article
Objective To compare clinical characteristics, including postoperative outcomes, in Korean patients 65 years and older with those of younger patients.Design A retrospective medical record review.Setting An adult university hospital.Participants All patients who underwent various operative procedures, especially for stomach cancer, acute surgical abdomen, and abdominal wall hernia, in the Department of Surgery at Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea, in 1994 and 1995.Main Outcome Measures Demographics, disease pattern, length and extent of operation, hospital course including postoperative complications, and mortality.Results A clear increase in the patients 65 years and older was found. Of 2893 patients who underwent surgery in 1994, 735 were 40 years and younger (group 1), 1691 were 41 to 64 years old (group 2), and 467 were 65 years and older (group 3). The most common disease was stomach cancer in all age groups, with the highest incidence in group 3. Emergency operations were performed most often in group 1 (P<.05; χ2 test). Malignant neoplasm requiring a surgical procedure was identified more frequently with age (P<.001). Among patients with acute surgical abdomen, acute appendicitis was the most common disease in all age groups, whereas more serious diseases were found with age. In the analysis of stomach cancer, male patients increased with age (P<.001). Patients in group 3 had a poor preoperative physical status, and their perioperative courses were the most eventful among all groups (P<.05). However, no statistical differences among groups were present for resectability, postoperative length of hospitalization, postoperative complication, and mortality. In the analysis of operations for acute surgical abdomen including acute appendicitis, with their unfavorable preoperative physical status and eventful postoperative courses, perforation of the appendix and postoperative complications were most common in group 3 (P<.001). No statistical differences among groups were noted for operative mortality. In addition, in the analysis of abdominal wall hernia, no statistical differences among groups were found for postoperative complication and mortality.Conclusions The proportion of patients 65 years and older among all surgical cases has increased in recent years. The proportion of malignant neoplasms, especially stomach cancer, was higher in the aged patients. Most operations were performed electively on the aged patients, as were those on younger patients. In the case of the acute surgical abdomen, severe diseases with an underlying malignant neoplasm were more frequently found in the aged patients. Despite their generally poor physical status, the patients 65 years and older proved to be able to tolerate elective major operations, such as radical gastrectomy for stomach cancer, when optimal perioperative management was provided. However, results of emergency operations in these elderly patients were poorer, with a higher complication rate. Therefore, the aged patient should be regarded as a candidate for surgery but with a more careful and comprehensive approach to his or her treatment perioperatively.
Article
Introducción Aunque la apendicitis aguda es la primera causa de abdomen agudo en la infancia, el diagnóstico continúa sien-do difícil en algunas ocasiones. En los casos en que existan dudas diagnósticas la ecografía abdominal es una herra-mienta útil, de rápida realización y accesible en la cabece-ra del enfermo. Objetivo Evaluar la eficacia en nuestro medio de la ecografía abdominal para el diagnóstico de apendicitis aguda. Pacientes y métodos Estudio retrospectivo, entre el 1 de enero de 1999 y el 31 de diciembre de 2000, de todas las consultas en el ser-vicio de urgencias por dolor abdominal indicativo de abdomen agudo, en los que se realizó una ecografía abdominal para descartar apendicitis aguda. Resultados Consultaron en nuestro servicio 4.217 niños por dolor abdominal. Se realizó ecografía en 528 niños. De éstos, en 308 niños la exploración ecográfica se llevó a cabo para descartar el diagnóstico de apendicitis aguda. De los 308 pacientes que reunieron los criterios de inclusión en el estudio, en 112 ocasiones la ecografía fue indicativa de apendicitis aguda y en 196, normal. En 16 pacientes el diagnóstico ecográfico fue discordante con el diagnóstico final. En 8 pacientes el informe ecográfico de apendicitis y laparotomía en blanco. Los otros 8 niños restantes con ecografía informada como normal y diagnóstico quirúrgi-co de apendicitis aguda. Con estos datos, el rendimiento global de la ecografía para el diagnóstico de apendicitis aguda que se obtuvo en el presente estudio se tradujo en una sensibilidad del 96,6 %, especificidad del 95,9 %, un va-lor predictivo positivo del 86 % y un valor predictivo nega-tivo del 95,9 %. Conclusiones El rendimiento global de la ecografía abdominal para el diagnóstico de apendicitis aguda en nuestro medio es aceptable. La presencia de falsos positivos y negativos, aunque mínima, obliga a valorar la utilización de otras pruebas diagnósticas (tomografía computarizada) en los casos dudosos.
Article
This paper presents the clinical features of 600 patients suffering from abdominal pain of acute onset and admitted to either the General Infirmary or St. James's Hospital, Leeds. The survey was initially retrospective, but later put on a prospective basis. Roughly two-thirds of these 600 patients presented a "typical" picture of the disease with which they presented, while the remaining third presented one or more atypical features. Since other prospective studies have indicated that the diagnostic accuracy of a group of clinicians in respect of the acute abdomen is roughly 65% it is tentatively suggested (a) that clinical diagnosis contains a large element of "pattern-matching," and (b) that such a policy can be expected to be ineffective in roughly one-third of all cases of acute abdominal pain.
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The accuracy of the clinical diagnosis of acute appendicitis in patients more than 50 years old was studied in connection with the Research Committee of the World Organization of Gastroenterology (OMGE) survey of acute abdominal pain. Criteria for inclusion and the diagnostic criteria in this prospective study were those set out by the OMGE Research Committee. The clinical findings in each patient were recorded in detail, using a predefined structured data collection sheet, and the collected data were compared with the final diagnosis of the patients. Twenty-three preoperative clinical history variables, 14 clinical signs, and 3 tests were evaluated in a single variable and multivariate analysis. In multivariate logistic regression analysis the most significant predictors of acute appendicitis in patients more than 50 years old were tenderness (relative risk (RR) = 39.4), rigidity (RR = 18.8), and pain at diagnosis (RR = 11.0). The sensitivity of the preoperative clinical decision is detecting acute appendicitis in the aged was 0.87, with a specificity of 0.92, an efficiency of 0.91 and a usefulness index (UI) of 0.69. The computer-aided diagnostic score (DS) reached a sensitivity of 0.92 in detecting acute appendicitis, with a specificity of 0.90 and an efficiency of 0.90. When the patients with a DS value between -0.47 and 0.07 were considered nondefined (n = 43, follow-up required before the decision to operate), the efficiency of the computer-aided diagnosis in detecting acute appendicitis in the aged improved to 0.97. In patients more than 50 years old whose body temperature was available (n = 374), tenderness, rigidity, location of pain at diagnosis, and body temperature predicted significantly acute appendicitis. At a cut-off level of -1.49 the diagnostic score reached a sensitivity of 0.94 in detecting acute appendicitis, with a specificity of 0.91, an efficiency of 0.92 and a UI of 0.80. When the patients with a DS value between -1.49 and 0.46 were considered nondefined (n = 43, follow-up required before the decision to operate), the sensitivity of the computer-aided diagnosis in detecting acute appendicitis in the aged was 0.92, with a specificity of 0.99 and an efficiency of 0.98, and the UI improved to 0.84. Acute abdominal pain at the right lower quadrant, with tenderness, rigidity, and increased body temperature (> or = 37.1 degrees C), is indicative of acute appendicitis in patients more than 50 years old. The diagnostic scoring system did perform well, increasing the sensitivity, specificity, efficiency, and usefulness index of the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in the aged.
Article
We reviewed 201 consecutive patients aged over 65 years who were operated on for acute abdomen during the period 1986-89. Emergency procedures were most commonly performed on the biliary tract (24%), the appendix (20%), bowel (15%) and abdominal wall (12%). The postoperative morbidity was 26%, and the mortality rate of 22% was related most commonly to mesenterial thrombosis and intestinal obstruction. In fatal cases, 44% of the patients were over 80 years old and 64% were placed into the ASA classes IV-V. Eighty-four patients (42%) underwent postoperative intensive care, and 22 re-operations (9.0%) were performed. The mean hospital stay was 12 days and 70% of patients returned home after surgery. In conclusion, the outcome of emergency abdominal surgery in patients under 80 years of age and with no serious co-existing diseases has improved. Very old patients in ASA classes 4-5 still have a poor outcome.
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In this article, I review the diagnosis and immediate prognosis of acute abdominal pain in elderly patients. I draw on published work and on three major series of patients, one collected since 1976 by the World Organization of Gastroenterology (OMGE) Research Committee, one by the 1986 United Kingdom National Study of Human and Computer-Aided Diagnosis, and one by the European Community 1993 Concerted Action on Acute Abdominal Pain. These series include approximately 42,000 patients. Acute abdominal pain in the elderly patient presents a significant and challenging problem. Diagnostic accuracy is lower, and mortality far higher, than in younger patients. Reasons for these differences are multifactorial: the case mix is different, the evolution and prognosis of specific diseases are different, and the ways in which diseases present are also different in elderly patients. It is not difficult therefore to understand why serious problems in management occur. I conclude by discussing implications of existing studies and the literature that--if implemented--should significantly improve both management resource utilization and patient outcome.
Article
Appendicitis is a common cause of abdominal pain for which prompt diagnosis is rewarded by a marked decrease in morbidity and mortality. The history and physical examination are at least as accurate as any laboratory modality in diagnosing or excluding appendicitis. Those signs and symptoms most helpful in diagnosing or excluding appendicitis are reviewed. The presence of a positive psoas sign, fever, or migratory pain to the right lower quadrant suggests an increased likelihood of appendicitis. Conversely, the presence of vomiting before pain makes appendicitis unlikely. The lack of the classic migration of pain, right lower quadrant pain, guarding, or fever makes appendicitis less likely. This article reviews the literature evaluating the operating characteristics of the most useful elements of the history and physical examination for the diagnosis of appendicitis.